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1
Mack, James L., Marian B. Patterson, Audrey H. Schnell, and Peter J. Whitehouse. "Performance of Subjects with Probable Alzheimer Disease and Normal Elderly Controls on the Gollin Incomplete Pictures Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3 (1993): 951–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.951.
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Our study was designed to evaluate perceptual ability measured by the Gollin Incomplete Pictures Test (in which subjects identify fragmented pictures of common objects) in Alzheimer Disease. We developed a standardized procedure for administering Gollin's test and compared the performance of 58 Alzheimer patients and 37 elderly controls on the Gollin, two design copying tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination, a verbal version of the Knox Cubes test, a recognition memory test, and a verbal fluency test. Alzheimer patients performed significantly more poorly than controls on all tests. Factor analysis demonstrated a visual perceptual factor, with loadings on the Gollin test and design copying and three other factors representing primary memory, secondary memory, and language Results indicate the Gollin test measures visual perceptual ability, but the precise nature of the task requires further study. Identification of fragmented pictures appears a practical and potentially useful measure for evaluating at least some aspects of visual perception in patients with generalized cognitive impairment.
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McCallum, Marvin, Alvah Bittner, Joshua Rubinstein, James Brown, Joel Richman, and Randal Taylor. "Factors Contributing to Airport Screener Expertise." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 10 (2005): 922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901011.
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An airport X-ray Screener Test Battery was developed to better understand how selected aspects of screeners' visual and perceptual capabilities, attentional and verbal processing, work schedule, medication use, work history, training, equipment knowledge, personal style, attitudinal characteristics, and job satisfaction are related to job performance. The Test Battery was administered to 92 X-ray screeners and analyses compared Test Battery performance with X-ray screening job performance. Analyses suggest that important factors related to X-ray screening performance include several aspects of perceptual and attentional processing; screeners' time on the job; screeners' work schedules; and their use of pharmaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, and dietary supplements. Potential applications of the findings for improving screener performance through personnel selection, training, workforce management, and X-ray equipment design enhancements are discussed. Ongoing research is also outlined.
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Porto Noronha, Ana Paula, Acácia A. Angeli dos Santos, Fabián Javier Marín Rueda, et al. "Correction systems of the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test: A systematic mapping of the literature." Liberabit: Revista Peruana de Psicología 26, no. 2 (2020): e392. http://dx.doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2020.v26n2.07.
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Background: the Bender test, developed by Lauretta Bender, is intended to evaluate children’s perceptual maturity. Because the instrument lacks a standardized correction system, other researchers have designed different systems for this purpose at distinct periods. Objective: for the present research, we reviewed articles that included the Bender test to identify the most widely used correction systems. Method: eligibility criteria included the instrument application in children up to 10 years of age, focusing on evaluating cognitive aspects. Searches were carried out through the CAPES periodicals portal, which covers both Brazilian and international databases. Results: at the end of the search, 72 published articles were selected and analyzed in their entirety. The four most widely used correction systems were the Koppitz System, Gradual Scoring System, Qualitative Classification System, and Global Classification System. Brazil, Peru and the United States were the countries with the highest number of studies. The predominant objectives were the evaluation of the psychometric properties of correction systems and the use of the Bender test to predict possible learning difficulties, especially in reading and writing. Conclusion: suggested prospects for future Bender test studies are reviews of studies developed with an emotional focus, and the addition of other research databases.
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Laux, Lila F., and David M. Lane. "Individual Differences in Visual Perceptual Processing: Attention, Intelligence, and Display Characteristics." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 14 (1988): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786761992.
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Researchers have found little evidence that the ability to identify briefly presented simple stimuli (single letters, symbols) is related to intelligence in normal populations although performance on visual processing tasks which impose a greater attentional load (words, phrases, sentences) has been found to correlate with scores on reading tests. This study assessed the correlation between performance on seven visual processing tasks and intelligence as measured by the Raven's and the Nelson-Denny Reading Test. Intelligence correlated with tasks that required the identification of a confusable target, tasks in which the target was defined by a conjunction of features, and tasks in which the target was defined by its location. Intelligence did not correlate with the ability to identify single targets or targets defined by a single non-confusable feature. Other studies have shown that when attentional load is increased by increasing the number of characters in the display, performance is affected differently for confusable and conjunction targets. Increasing the attentional load reduces the number of hits in the confusable condition and increases the number of false alarms in the conjunction condition. In this study these two measures correlated with intelligence but not with each other, meaning that they assess different aspects of visual perceptual processing efficiency. We conclude that when it is critical to correctly identify targets and to avoid false alarms when monitoring complex displays, targets should not be confusable and should be defined by a single feature. When this is not possible, it is important to select operators who are more efficient at processing confusable and conjunction-defined stimuli.
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Leopold, David A., Gillian Rhodes, Kai-Markus Müller, and Linda Jeffery. "The dynamics of visual adaptation to faces." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1566 (2005): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.3022.
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Several recent demonstrations using visual adaptation have revealed high-level aftereffects for complex patterns including faces. While traditional aftereffects involve perceptual distortion of simple attributes such as orientation or colour that are processed early in the visual cortical hierarchy, face adaptation affects perceived identity and expression, which are thought to be products of higher-order processing. And, unlike most simple aftereffects, those involving faces are robust to changes in scale, position and orientation between the adapting and test stimuli. These differences raise the question of how closely related face aftereffects are to traditional ones. Little is known about the build-up and decay of the face aftereffect, and the similarity of these dynamic processes to traditional aftereffects might provide insight into this relationship. We examined the effect of varying the duration of both the adapting and test stimuli on the magnitude of perceived distortions in face identity. We found that, just as with traditional aftereffects, the identity aftereffect grew logarithmically stronger as a function of adaptation time and exponentially weaker as a function of test duration. Even the subtle aspects of these dynamics, such as the power-law relationship between the adapting and test durations, closely resembled that of other aftereffects. These results were obtained with two different sets of face stimuli that differed greatly in their low-level properties. We postulate that the mechanisms governing these shared dynamics may be dissociable from the responses of feature-selective neurons in the early visual cortex.
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Mungas, Dan. "Psychometric Correlates of Episodic Violent Behaviour." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 2 (1988): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.2.180.
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Three groups of neuropsychiatric out-patients, homogeneous according to parameters of violent behaviour, were identified in a previous study using a cluster analysis procedure and compared in this study on psychometric variables. These groups were (a) a group manifesting frequent, impulsive violence (n= 35), (b) a non-violent group (n= 57), and (c) a group whose violent behaviour was much less frequent and severe than in the first group, and more provoked (n= 31). Impulsively violent patients showed language and visual-perceptual deficits, but no other neuropsychological or intellectual deficits. The MMPI F, K and Ma and MacAndrews Alcoholism scales and a perceptual organisation factor derived from the Holtzman Inkblot Test significantly discriminated groups. Results of this and the initial study have implications regarding psychological aspects of aggression and underlying biological mechanisms.
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Cooke, Deirdre M., Kryss McKenna, Jennifer Fleming, and Ross Darnell. "The Reliability of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST)." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 68, no. 11 (2005): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260506801105.
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The Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST) is designed to screen for impairments in visual perception and apraxia in adults following stroke. The OT-APST is a comprehensive battery that contains 25 items in the following seven subscale areas: agnosia (5 items); visuospatial relations covering elements of body scheme (4 items) and unilateral neglect (5 items); constructional skills (3 items); apraxia (6 items); acalculia (1 item); and functional skills (5 items). Several OT-APST items contribute to more than one subscale, hence there is a difference in the number of items in each subscale and the overall number of items. This study reports three aspects of the reliability of the OT-APST: interrater, intrarater and test-retest reliability. The participants in the interrater and intrarater reliability study were 15 people following stroke. Videotaped OT-APST performance was scored by nine occupational therapists and the results compared with the scores of the first author as the gold-standard rater. The participants in the test-retest reliability study were 10 people who were neurologically stable one year after stroke and were assessed 2 weeks apart on the OT-APST. The results obtained for each of the 25 OT-APST items included intraclass correlation coefficients (Type 3,1) for interrater reliability ranging from 0.66 to 1.0, for intrarater reliability ranging from 0.64 to 1.0, and for test-retest reliability ranging from 0.76 to 0.95. These results indicate that the OT-APST has good interrater, intrarater and test-retest reliability and offers a reliable screening tool for use by occupational therapists working in the area of stroke.
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Popadić, Marko, and Siniša Ristić. "Influence of verbal, auditory and visual incentives on art perception and reception of primary school students." Биомедицинска истраживања 11, no. 2 (2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bii2002151p.
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Introduction. Art reception and experiencing is a complex process, containing creative components. The experience of a work of art involves reproduction, in the viewer's consciousness, of the experiences and excitement that the artist himself or herself have undergone in the process of creating the same works of art. When viewing visual images, our perception is directed towards the identification of objects, and when viewing visual images as works of art, we also tend to experience them - we subjectively react to elements, such as stylistic and structural characteristics. The aim of the research is to examine the effectiveness of the experimental program named the Impact of Verbal, Auditory and Visual Incentives, designed to foster students' visual perception and visual reception during art education. Methods. The experimental method with parallel groups was used. The research included the sample consisting of 98 students, out of which 45 belonged to experimental group while 53 were control students from Trebinje region. Test LV1, examining visual creativity, as well as visual perception and visual reception (art appreciation), was used. Results. The results indicated that the experimental program influenced the development of the visual perceptive (F = 3.76; p = 0.05) and visual receptive (F = 8.01; p = 0.00) abilities among students during art education because the experimental group students achieved significantly better results than the control group students. The experimental program was aligned with the curriculum and designed to influence the development of students' visual-perceptual and visual-receptive abilities. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to influence the development of students' visual-perceptual and visual-receptive abilities by using a specially designed program, aimed at stimulating verbal, auditory and visual aspects of visual expression.
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Matthey, Stephen, Sharon M. Donnelly, and Donna L. Hextell. "The Clinical Usefulness of the Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery: Statistical Considerations." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 56, no. 10 (1993): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269305601003.
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The Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery (RPAB) is designed to assess visual perception deficits in people suffering from stroke and head Injury. It Is one of the few standardised perceptual assessments specifically developed for occupational therapists. This article examines some aspects of the statistical background of the RPAB. The RPAB authors have reported limited statistical data, which Is Insufficient to understand fully the clinical usefulness of this assessment tool. Reliability and validity are examined and the implications of test results are discussed. The true score range for patients on each subtest is calculated, as well as the amount of change over time required before clinicians can be confident that such change represents a real improvement or decline In the patient's ability. Further, the discriminative power of each subtest is examined, as are the criteria for determining the presence and type of perceptual deficit. These statistical analyses were based on the data reported in the test's manual, as well as from patients assessed at The Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, over a 2-year period.
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Kennedy, Robert S. "Temporal Factors in Visual Perception: A Differential Approach." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 13 (1995): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901308.
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Traditionally, sensory, perceptual, and cognitive psychology were normative fields of study where investigators were interested in those aspects of the responses that are normal (common, shared). In the 70's a “new look” emerged where individual dserences were emphasized and paradigms were developed. The predicate for the work reported here follows from the notion that people with better spatial abilities often perform better in jobs that require such skills, while static vision acuity relates to the perception of small spots, fine lines, and grids. We hypothesize that there are other, perhaps equally important abilities ON WHICH INDIVIDUALS DIFFER, and we refer to them collectively as temporal visual factors. These are visual functions that operate faster (neurally) than static acuity and support such activities as real and apparent motion perception. We propose to report on the recent development of a computerized temporal acuity test battery. Separate empirical studies at three universities will describe how the different tests are shown to be stable over repeated measures, have high (r > .707) retest reliability, are factorially rich, and are largely uncorrelated with spatial acuity and intelligence. The tests all work on a 386PC, or better, and are transportable by disk.
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Coates, Daniel R., Johan Wagemans, and Bilge Sayim. "Diagnosing the Periphery: Using the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Drawing Test to Characterize Peripheral Visual Function." i-Perception 8, no. 3 (2017): 204166951770544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669517705447.
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Peripheral vision is strongly limited by crowding, the deleterious influence of neighboring stimuli on target perception. Many quantitative aspects of this phenomenon have been characterized, but the specific nature of the perceptual degradation remains elusive. We utilized a drawing technique to probe the phenomenology of peripheral vision, using the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure, a standard neuropsychological clinical instrument. The figure was presented at 12° or 6° in the right visual field, with eye tracking to ensure that the figure was only presented when observers maintained stable fixation. Participants were asked to draw the figure with free viewing, capturing its peripheral appearance. A foveal condition was used to measure copying performance in direct view. To assess the drawings, two raters used standard scoring systems that evaluated feature positions, spatial distortions, and omission errors. Feature scores tended to decrease with increasing eccentricity, both within and between conditions, reflecting reduced resolution and increased crowding in peripheral vision. Based on evaluation of the drawings, we also identified new error classes unique to peripheral presentation, including number errors for adjacent similar features and distinctive spatial distortions. The multifaceted nature of the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure—containing configural elements, detached compound features, and texture-like components—coupled with the flexibility of the free-response drawing paradigm and the availability of standardized scoring systems, provides a promising method to probe peripheral perception and crowding.
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Tiwasing, Wichanat, and Nopadon Sahachaisaeree. "Distinctive Design Perception: Toy packaging design." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 2, no. 3 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v2i3.189.
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 The present research uses toy packaging as an exploratory case study to test the research design. The case study is so selected since it involves merchandizes in conflict between the needs of children and the trust of guardians. It also engages the role of playing as a learning process promoting children’s imaginary and creativity thinking. Visual stimuli along with self-report questionnaires are used to test the perceptual response of both children and guardians on the aspects of attractiveness, safety, value and taste. The study found a number of contradictions on preferences between children and parents which demands design rethinking.
 Keywords: children’ visual perception, package design
 © 2017. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Roll, J. P., K. Popov, V. Gurfinkel, et al. "Sensorimotor and Perceptual Function of Muscle Proprioception in Microgravity." Journal of Vestibular Research 3, no. 3 (1993): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1993-3307.
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Adaptive properties of the human proprioceptive systems were studied during the French-Soviet orbital flight (Aragatz mission, December 1988). The present space experiment investigated the hypothesis that the modifications of both biomechanical and physiological conditions occurring under microgravity involve considerable reorganization of body perception and postural control. The proprioceptive information originating in muscles is known to contribute, together with visual, vestibular, and sole cutaneous information to postural regulation. Moreover, by specifically activating the proprioceptive channel, muscle vibration is able to elicit both illusory movement sensations and postural responses. This experimental tool was used in microgravity in order to test various aspects of muscle sensory function. Ankle flexor and extensor vibration was applied under different experimental conditions. Quantitative analysis of motor responses was carried out on leg muscle EMG, goniometric, and kinesigraphic recordings. Joystick recordings and astronauts’ comments were used to describe the kinaesthetic sensations. The main results were as follows: 1) Under microgravity, the sensitivity of muscle receptors remains unchanged. 2) During the flight, the tonic vibration reflexes (TVR) increased significantly in flexor muscles, which exhibited a sustained tonic activity. 3) The whole-body postural responses normally induced by ankle flexor muscle vibration were suppressed, whereas they remained unchanged or were only reduced when vibrations were applied to the ankle extensor muscles. In all cases, the postural response velocity decreased. 4) A disfacilitation of the vibration-induced postural illusions was observed to occur during long-term exposure to microgravity. These illusions became atypical however. For example: body lift illusion could be induced by tibialis anterior muscle vibration, whereas it was never induced in the controls. The characteristics of the illusory body movements described under normal gravity can be restored by artificially increasing the axial foot support forces during the flight. In conclusion, these data suggest that a functional reorganization of the proprioceptive information processing occurs in microgravity, affecting both perceptual and motor aspects of behavior. It is possible that these proprioceptive adaptations may be partly attributable to the new whole-body propulsive foot functions imposed by exposure to weightlessness and to the adaptation of motor behavior to the third dimension of space.
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BERGVALL, Å. H., H. WESSELY, A. FORSMAN, and S. HANSEN. "A deficit in attentional set-shifting of violent offenders." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 6 (2001): 1095–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004317.
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Background. Recent brain imaging studies suggest that proneness to violence and antisocial behaviour may be associated with dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex. The present study, therefore, examined aspects of prefrontally guided executive functions in a group of criminal violent men.Methods. Violent offenders undergoing forensic psychiatric examination by court order undertook computerized tasks for planning, visual working memory and attentional set-shifting from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Their performance was compared to that of subjects with marginal mental retardation and normal controls.Results. Violent offenders performed well on tasks for spatial and figurative working memory, as well as on a test for planning. A marked impairment was observed in the attentional set-shifting task: offenders made significantly more errors than the other groups when required to shift attention from one perceptual dimension to another. Reversal learning was also deficient. Correlational analyses within the offender group revealed that poor performance on the perceptual shift problem was associated with fewer errors in tasks for working memory and planning.Conclusions. The present results suggest that violent offenders show dual impairments in inhibitory cognitive control. First, they are deficient in shifting attention from one category to another. Secondly, the ability to alter behaviour in response to fluctuations in the emotional significance of stimuli is compromised. These deficits might constitute cognitive reflections of the biological prefrontal alterations observed in this group of people.
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Minissale, Gregory. "Conceptual Art: A Blind Spot for Neuroaesthetics?" Leonardo 45, no. 1 (2012): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00324.
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Conceptual art presents an important challenge for neuroaesthetics. Such art helps to stimulate complex psychological events—beyond the perceptual responses usually studied by neuroscience. If science is to engage meaningfully with art, scientists need to address the conceptual content of our experience of many different kinds of art. As a test case, this essay suggests that neuroaesthetics should come to terms with works such as Marcel Duchamp's Bôite-en-valise (1935–1941), which is representative of many artworks and art exhibitions organized into composite parts or groups of works. The essay shows that, typically, art stimulates a network of conceptual relations rather than merely perceptions of the visible aspects of single artworks.
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Sukirwan, Sukirwan, Dedi Muhtadi, Hairul Saleh, and Warsito Warsito. "PROFILE OF STUDENTS' JUSTIFICATIONS OF MATHEMATICAL ARGUMENTATION." Infinity Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v9i2.p197-212.
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This study investigates the aspects that influence students' justification of the four types of arguments constructed by students, namely: inductive, algebraic, visual, and perceptual. A grounded theory type qualitative approach was chosen to investigate the emergence of the four types of arguments and how the characteristics of students from each type justify the arguments constructed. Four people from 75 students were involved in the interview after previously getting a test of mathematical argumentation. The results of the study found that three factors influenced students' justification for mathematical arguments, namely: students' understanding of claims, treatment given, and facts found in arguments. Claims influence the way students construct arguments, but facts in arguments are the primary consideration for students in choosing convincing arguments compared to representations. Also, factor treatment turns out to change students' decisions in choosing arguments, and these changes tend to lead to more formal arguments.
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Greene, Ernest, and Daniel Levinson. "Angular Induction as a Function of the Length and Position of Segments and Gaps." Perception 23, no. 7 (1994): 785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230785.
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The perceptual distortions which are manifested in the Poggendorff illusion can be studied with the use of a more restricted set of stimulus elements. Experiments were designed in which angular induction effects between two line elements, known respectively as the test segment and induction segment, were evaluated. In some stimulus configurations the induction ‘segment’ consisted of a tandem pair of segments. Previous studies had shown that the induction segment will bias operant judgments of collinearity for a test segment, this effect being a function of the relative angle between the two. Six experiments are reported, in which the length and position of segments in relation to the tip of the test segment were varied. It was found that substantial induction is produced by a very short segment, and that this can bias judgment even when its displacement spans more than 10 deg of visual angle. Several aspects of the data suggest that the strength of effect is a log—linear function of segment position. However, the results from displacement of single or tandem segments do not conform to predictions based on length/response summation, and thus do not support a linear-systems approach. Neural substrates for these interactions are given brief attention.
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Lawfield, Angela, Dennis J. McFarland, and Anthony T. Cacace. "Dichotic and Dichoptic Digit Perception in Normal Adults." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 06 (2011): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.6.3.
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Background: Verbally based dichotic-listening experiments and reproduction-mediated response-selection strategies have been used for over four decades to study perceptual/cognitive aspects of auditory information processing and make inferences about hemispheric asymmetries and language lateralization in the brain. Test procedures using dichotic digits have also been used to assess for disorders of auditory processing. However, with this application, limitations exist and paradigms need to be developed to improve specificity of the diagnosis. Use of matched tasks in multiple sensory modalities is a logical approach to address this issue. Herein, we use dichotic listening and dichoptic viewing of visually presented digits for making this comparison. Purpose: To evaluate methodological issues involved in using matched tasks of dichotic listening and dichoptic viewing in normal adults. Research Design: A multivariate assessment of the effects of modality (auditory vs. visual), digit-span length (1–3 pairs), response selection (recognition vs. reproduction), and ear/visual hemifield of presentation (left vs. right) on dichotic and dichoptic digit perception. Study Sample: Thirty adults (12 males, 18 females) ranging in age from 18 to 30 yr with normal hearing sensitivity and normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. Data Collection and Analysis: A computerized, custom-designed program was used for all data collection and analysis. A four-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluated the effects of modality, digit-span length, response selection, and ear/visual field of presentation. Results: The ANOVA revealed that performances on dichotic listening and dichoptic viewing tasks were dependent on complex interactions between modality, digit-span length, response selection, and ear/visual hemifield of presentation. Correlation analysis suggested a common effect on overall accuracy of performance but isolated only an auditory factor for a laterality index. Conclusions: The variables used in this experiment affected performances in the auditory modality to a greater extent than in the visual modality. The right-ear advantage observed in the dichotic-digits task was most evident when reproduction mediated response selection was used in conjunction with three-digit pairs. This effect implies that factors such as “speech related output mechanisms” and digit-span length (working memory) contribute to laterality effects in dichotic listening performance with traditional paradigms. Thus, the use of multiple-digit pairs to avoid ceiling effects and the application of verbal reproduction as a means of response selection may accentuate the role of nonperceptual factors in performance. Ideally, tests of perceptual abilities should be relatively free of such effects.
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Aksentijevic, Aleksandar, Anja Mihailovic, and Dragutin T. Mihailovic. "Time for Change: Implementation of Aksentijevic-Gibson Complexity in Psychology." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (2020): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060948.
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Given that complexity is critical for psychological processing, it is somewhat surprising that the field was dominated for a long time by probabilistic methods that focus on the quantitative aspects of the source/output. Although the more recent approaches based on the Minimum Description Length principle have produced interesting and useful models of psychological complexity, they have not directly defined the meaning and quantitative unit of complexity measurement. Contrasted to these mathematical approaches are various ad hoc measures based on different aspects of structure, which can work well but suffer from the same problem. The present manuscript is composed of two self-sufficient, yet related sections. In Section 1, we describe a complexity measure for binary strings which satisfies both these conditions (Aksentijevic–Gibson complexity; AG). We test the measure on a number of classic studies employing both short and long strings and draw attention to an important feature—a complexity profile—that could be of interest in modelling the psychological processing of structure as well as analysis of strings of any length. In Section 2 we discuss different factors affecting the complexity of visual form and showcase a 2D generalization of AG complexity. In addition, we provide algorithms in R that compute the AG complexity for binary strings and matrices and demonstrate their effectiveness on examples involving complexity judgments, symmetry perception, perceptual grouping, entropy, and elementary cellular automata. Finally, we enclose a repository of codes, data and stimuli for our example in order to facilitate experimentation and application of the measure in sciences outside psychology.
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Ahmadou, Taher Moussa, EL-Mossati Mohamed Salim, Toudou Daouda Moussa, Aboulem Ghita, Belahsen Mohammed Faouzi, and Ahmed Omar Touhami Ahami. "STUDY OF UNILATERAL SPATIAL NEGLECT IN PARKINSON'S PATIENTS." Acta Neuropsychologica 19, no. 2 (2021): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9720.
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In Africa, few studies are interested in unilateral spatial neglect (NSU) in Parkinson's disease. However, this syndrome is a deficit to detect, respond to or orientate towards meaningful stimuli (Heil- man, KM 1973), observable after an injury affecting the non-dominant hemisphere for language. The significant handicap it entails justifies the need for early diagnosis and care. The NSU study is mo- tivated by its link with neurocognitive phenomena that are important on the theoretical level (attention, visuospatial and perceptual awareness). The objective is to study USN in Parkinson's pa tients, followed and hospitalized at the Neurology Department of Hassan II University Hospital in Fez. The visual-graphic test that has been used to detect this pathology is that of Bell's test. The test focuses on the detection of targets placed among several stimuli on a sheet of A4 paper. The material included 120 people: 60 Parkinsonian patients: 34 men (56,7%), and 26 women (43,3%) and 60 control subjects: 34 men (56,7%), and 26 women (43,3%). The groups were matched by age and sex. Different aspects of neglect have been observed throughout the Bell's test. It was found that total omission of bell figures was significantly influenced by age, being less frequent in the 35-49 age group in both groups, and higher in the elderly (50-80 years), as well the level of education. It have been reduced considerably with the increase in education. The hand used and the laterality had no effect; t = 3.76 degrees of freedom (df) = 108.27 and p = 0.000. Unilateral spatial neglect has a negative effect in subjects with Parkin- son's disease. It deserves to be systematically sought for a better clinical evaluation and therapeutic management of the patients.
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BYRNE, M., A. HODGES, E. GRANT, D. C. OWENS, and E. C. JOHNSTONE. "Neuropsychological assessment of young people at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia compared with controls: preliminary findings of the Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS)." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 5 (1999): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001002.
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Background. Finding risk indicators for schizophrenia among groups of individuals at high genetic risk for the disorder, has been the driving force of the high risk paradigm. The current study describes the preliminary results of a neuropsychological assessment battery conducted on the first 50% of subjects from the Edinburgh High Risk Study.Methods. One hundred and four high risk subjects and 33 normal controls, age and sex matched, were given a neuropsychological assessment battery. The areas of function assessed and reported here include intellectual function, executive function, perceptual motor speed, mental control/encoding, verbal ability and language, learning and memory measures, and handedness.Results. The high risk subjects performed significantly more poorly than the control subjects in the following domains of neuropsychological function: intellectual function, executive function, mental control/encoding and learning, and memory. Controlling for IQ, high risk subjects made significantly more errors on the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT), took longer to complete section A of the HSCT, had lower scores on the delayed recall condition of the visual reproductions subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, and had significantly poorer Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) standardized scores. The presence of significant group by IQ interactions for the RBMT and time to complete section A of the HSCT suggested that differences among the groups were more marked in the lower IQ range. Performance on the HSCT was found to be related to the degree of family history of schizophrenia.Conclusions. High risk subjects performed more poorly than controls on all tests of intellectual function and on aspects of executive function and memory.
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Varkki Chacko, Ravi, Kenny Kim, Kate Jung, Gordon Shulman, Maurizio Corbetta, and Eric Leuthardt. "2371." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.226.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Attention is a cognitive function that binds perception and behavior. Recent evidence suggests that attention involves phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) of neural signals. PAC occurs when the amplitude of one frequency (frequency for amplitude) is maximal at particular phases of another frequency (frequency for phase). However, some studies suggest PAC improves attention, while others maintain that PAC inhibits attention. The present study seeks to determine whether PAC promotes or inhibits neural signals that underlie attention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Six adult epilepsy patients with implanted electrodes participated in a cued attention task. Subjects participated in a cued attention task where they oriented attention to one side of the screen at a time and discriminated between stimuli as fast as possible with mouse clicks. Perception-related electrodes discriminated the location and/or shape of the target. These were determined with a cluster-based permutation test. Behavior-related electrodes predicted reaction time (RT) with neural activity prior to target appearance. These were determined with correlations between PAC and RT. PAC was calculated using the modulation index (MI). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found 47 perception-related electrodes that discriminated location and/or shape of target (p<0.05, FDR corrected). We found 27 behavior-related electrodes where PAC prior to the target predicted RT (p<0.05 FDR corrected). There was little overlap between the perception-related and behavior-related electrodes (3%). PAC also did not discriminate left-sided and right-sided cues. In addition, behavior-related electrodes had less local neural activity and higher PAC during the period of cued attention than perception-related electrodes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: PAC minimally facilitates perceptual aspect of visual attention. However, PAC facilitate response speed. We suggest that PAC might improve response speed by “quieting” task irrelevant neural activity. For the same reason, PAC is absent in electrodes that are actively processing meaningful streams of visual data. These findings highlight separable aspects of the human attention system and how PAC contributes to both. Future directions include determining differences in PAC for attentional disorders like ADHD and neurological neglect.
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van Tonder, Gert. "Perceptual Aspects of Visual Stylization." Art & Perception 3, no. 3 (2015): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-00002039.
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Visual style is instantly recognized as that which sets the qualitative tone of what we look at. For all its intuitive immediacy, verbal articulation of the fundamental visual characteristics of style can be elusive. This paper conceptually analyses the perceptual dimensions of style, suggesting at least eight general properties applicable to visual stylization. These characteristics not only embody the essential dimensions of perceptual experience of a given style, but can also be thought of as a generative grammar of stylistic expression. Together they can be utilized as an early attempt to more clearly conceptualize experimental inquiries regarding the effect of visual stylization in perceptual experience.
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De Marchis, Giorgio P., José M. Reales-Avilés, and María del Prado Rivero. "Comparative values of variables related to brand logos." Measuring Business Excellence 22, no. 1 (2018): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-12-2016-0062.
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PurposeThis research aims to provide data and insights about the perception of commercial logos and to offer practical benchmark data useful to business organizations. Design/methodology/approachThe first study uses a pencil-and-paper survey to gather perceptual data about familiarity, subjective and objective visual complexity, aesthetic attraction, emotionality, number of colors and symbolic-social-status function of 142 brand logos. The second study uses a response time methodology to measure variables related to memory (i.e., cued recall and types of non-response). FindingsThe paper offers insights into the relationship of relevant symbol-related variables. Emotional arousal correlates positively to aesthetic attraction and cued recall, and negatively to symbol knowledge. Emotional arousal and social reputation correlate weakly. Business organizations should be interested in knowing how users rate the emotions of their own and other organizations’ isotypes. Familiarity correlates negatively to response times, and positively to proper cued recall, aesthetic attraction and self-assessment manikin emotional scale. The subjective measure of complexity and the measures related to emotions correlate. Surprisingly, no correlation exists for the objective measure of complexity with emotion. The results could indicate that an unknown effect of mere exposure of complexity exists. The study found no correlation between visual complexity and variables related to memory. Practical implicationsValues of performance are needed to interpret business excellence. Data presented as supplementary file can be used for benchmark brand-logo relevant aspects. Also, the study suggests measuring the emotional value of logos, especially strength, as it is a predictor of recall. Moreover, companies with a socially reputed logo should try to create an emotional link to it. Repetition and likeness are two ways to improve emotional ratings. Therefore, the study suggests organizations to assure that their target likes their logo. As more complex logos are considered more attractive, the authors would recommend organizations to test logos with different degrees of complexity. Originality/valueThis study is the first that offers normative logo data that can be used by practitioners as a benchmark of logo performance. Moreover, it promotes future research as it confirms and disconfirms previous findings and offers some new insight on brand research.
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Leonard, Penelope, Cheryl Foxcroft, and Tertia Kroukamp. "Are Visual-Perceptual and Visual-Motor Skills Separate Abilities?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 2 (1988): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.423.
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This study explored the independence of visual-perceptual and visual-motor abilities. Scores on the Motor-free Visual Perception Test were correlated by Pearson's method with scores on tests that weight the visual-perceptual, motor, and visual-motor components differently. Small but significant correlations were found between the Motor-free Visual Perception Test and tests of visual-motor integration, but there was no relationship between the motor-free test and tests of motor ability. These findings support the premise that tests of visual perception, visual-motor integration, and motor ability measure different skills.
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Makin, Alexis DJ, Mai Helmy, and Marco Bertamini. "Visual cortex activation predicts visual preference: Evidence from Britain and Egypt." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 8 (2018): 1771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1350870.
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The term “Perceptual goodness” refers to the strength, obviousness, or salience of a visual configuration. Recent work has found strong agreement between theoretical, neural, and behavioural measures of perceptual goodness across a wide range of different symmetrical visual patterns. We used these pattern types again to explore the relationship between perceptual goodness and aesthetic preference. A group of 50 U.K. participants rated the patterns on a 0 to 100 scale. Preference ratings positively correlated with four overlapping measures of perceptual goodness. We then replicated this finding in Egypt, suggesting that our results reflect universal aspects of human preference. The third experiment provided consistent results with a different stimulus set. We conclude that symmetry is an aesthetic primitive that is attractive because of the way it is processed by the visual system.
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van Lier, Rob, Peter van der Helm, and Emanuel Leeuwenberg. "Integrating Global and Local Aspects of Visual Occlusion." Perception 23, no. 8 (1994): 883–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230883.
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The phenomenon of visual occlusion has frequently been studied by means of two-dimensional line drawings. These drawings may elicit various interpretations. Sometimes a mosaic of shapes is seen, sometimes a shape that partly occludes another shape. In the latter case, observers often have a clear idea about the form of the partly occluded shape. Local and global pattern aspects both seem to be decisive with respect to the preferred interpretation. An attempt is made to integrate these aspects by applying the global-minimum principle to the perceptual complexity of three distinct components of those pattern interpretations: (i) The internal structure, dealing with each of the shapes separately, (ii) the external structure, dealing with the positional relation between these shapes, and (iii) the virtual structure, dealing with the occluded parts of the shapes. The perceptual complexity of each of these three components can be expressed in terms of structural information. The hypothesis that the perceptually preferred interpretation is the one for which the total information load is minimal is tested on many patterns stemming from different studies on pattern completion.
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Machizawa, M., D. Kim, and T. Watanabe. "Perceptual training boosts separable aspects of visual attention and working memory." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (2013): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.247.
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Ted Brown, G., Sylvia Rodger, and Aileen Davis. "Test of Visual Perceptual Skills--Revised: An Overview and Critique." Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 10, no. 1 (2003): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11038120310004510.
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Sells, Rebecca, and Andrew J. Larner. "The Poppelreuter figure visual perceptual function test for dementia diagnosis." Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (2011): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pnp.193.
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Woehrle, Mary Beth, Brian Carney, Amy Lahay, and Robert Peters. "SUBTEST CORRELATION OF THE TEST OF VISUAL PERCEPTUAL SKILLS AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL TEST OF VISUAL PERCEPTION-2." Optometry and Vision Science 72, SUPPLEMENT (1995): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199512001-00329.
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Tania, Danny Kurniawan. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA INTELIGENSI, KETERAMPILAN PERSEPSI VISUAL DENGAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA [CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS' INTELLIGENCE, VISUAL PERCEPTION SKILLS, AND MATHEMATICS LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT]." Jurnal Teropong Pendidikan 1, no. 2 (2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/jtp.v1i2.3461.
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Students’ mathematics achievement is the priority for the XYZ elementary school, but particularly in 2015 and 2016 school’s years, there was about 39% student who had poor mathematics achievement and didn’t pass the school’s minimum requirement. In most cases, student’s mathematics achievement is generally affected by two internal factors such as: student’s intelligence and visual perceptual skills. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between intelligence, visual perceptual skills and the students’ mathematics achievement. The subject of this study were grade two and grade three students with the total sample of 43 pupils. This study employed the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-third edition (TVPS-3) and the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT). The results of this study showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between intelligence, visual perceptual skills and mathematics achievement. A correlation value of 0.664 was obtained for the relationship between intelligence and mathematics achievement. A correlation value of 0.723 was obtained for the relationship between visual perceptual skills and mathematics achievement and a correlation value of 0.903 was obtained for the relationship between intelligence and visual perceptual skills. These findings indicate that the higher the level of the student’s intelligence and visual perceptual skill, the higher their mathematics achievement too.
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Hermelin, B., L. Pring, and L. Heavey. "Visual and motor functions in graphically gifted savants." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 3 (1994): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700027823.
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SynopsisSavant artists represent a conundrum to our understanding of the nature of high level specific talents as well as to the concept of general intellectual impairment. In the present paper, we are particularly concerned with the relationship between general perceptual-motor functions in relation to drawing aptitude. Drawing is by definition a perceptual-motor operation, yet mental handicap tends to be associated with some degree of impairment in this area. The following study seeks to isolate such aspects of performance on general perceptual-motor skills that might be associated with drawing ability, and may thus be regarded as building blocks underlying the manifestation of graphic talent. The results are discussed in terms of the relationships between graphic talent, non-verbal intelligence and visual-motor functions.
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Elloumi, Nessrine, Habiba Loukil Hadj Kacem, Nilanjan Dey, Amira S. Ashour, and Med Salim Bouhlel. "Perceptual Metrics Quality." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 8, no. 1 (2017): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2017010105.
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A 3D mesh can be subjected to different types of operations, such as compression, watermarking etc. Such processes lead to geometric distortions compared to the original version. In this context, quantifying the resultant modifications to the original mesh and evaluating the perceptual quality of degraded meshes become a critical issue. The perceptual 3D meshes quality is central in several applications to preserve the visual appearance of these treatments. The used metrics results have to be well correlated to the visual perception of humans. Although there are objective metrics, they do not allow the prediction of the perceptual quality, and do not include the human visual system properties. In the current work, a comparative study between the perceptual quality assessment metrics for 3D meshes was conducted. The experimental study on subjective database published by LIRIS / EPFL was used to test and to validate the results of six metrics. The results established that the Mesh Structural Distortion Measure metric achieved superior results compared to the other metrics.
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Aniței, Mihai, Cornel Laurențiu Mincu, and Mihaela Chraif. "Aspects of the relationship between the processing of stimuli in the peripheral perceptual field and in the perceptual central field." Psihologia Resurselor Umane 6, no. 1 (2020): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24837/pru.v6i1.349.
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As humans have limited information processing abilities and rely on three fallible mental functions: perception, attention and memory, the driving error is easy to appear. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the male/female differences in processing the perceptive information from the external stimuli in the peripheral visual field and to demonstrate that the mean of the estimate errors in evaluating the speed and distances in the central visual perceptual field is in inverse ratio to the reaction time value at the visual stimuli from the peripheral driving tasks simulation. Between the variables number of wrong reactions and number of omissions there has been obtained a relatively high negative correlation (r=-0.728, p<0.001). The result has a strong implication in visual stimuli processing during driving tasks.
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Erbes, Sabine, and Georg Michelson. "Stereoscopic Visual Perceptual Learning in Seniors." Geriatrics 6, no. 3 (2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6030094.
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Background: We showed that seniors can improve their stereoscopic ability (stereoacuity) and corresponding reaction time with repetitive training and, furthermore, that these improvements through training are still present even after a longer period of time without training. Methods: Eleven seniors (average age: 85.90 years) trained twice a week for six weeks with dynamic stereoscopic perception training using a vision training apparatus (c-Digital Vision Trainer®). Stereoscopic training was performed in 12 training session (n = 3072) of visual tasks. The task was to identify and select one of four figures (stereoscopic stimuli) that was of a different disparity using a controller. The tests included a dynamic training (showing rotating balls) and a static test (showing plates without movement). Before and after training, the stereoacuity and the corresponding reaction times were identified with the static stereotest in order to determine the individual training success. The changes in respect to reaction time of stereoscopic stimuli with decreasing disparity were calculated. Results: After 6 weeks of training, reaction time improved in the median from 936 arcsec to 511 arcsec. Stereoscopic vision improved from 138 arcsec to 69 arcsec, which is an improvement of two levels of difficulty. After 6 months without training, the improvement, achieved by training, remained stable. Conclusions: In older people, visual training leads to a significant, long-lasting improvement in stereoscopic vision and the corresponding reaction time in seniors. This indicates cortical plasticity even in old age.
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Tseng, Mei Hui, and Elizabeth A. Murray. "Differences in Perceptual-Motor Measures in Children with Good and Poor Handwriting." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 14, no. 1 (1994): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929401400102.
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The concept that handwriting is primarily a perceptual-motor act is held by various authors (Chapman & Wedell, 1972; Furner, 1969; Sovick, 1975; Ziviani, Hayes, & Chant, 1990). However, the assumption that poor handwriters would perform less well than good handwriters on perceptual-motor tests has not yet been well researched. The purpose of this study was to examine this assumption as well as the relationship of perceptual-motor abilities to the legibility of handwriting. One hundred forty-three Chinese children in grades 3 through 5 served as subjects. Perceptual-motor tests that measured the abilities proposed to be subskills of handwriting were administered along with a handwriting test. Results showed that poor handwriters scored more poorly than good handwriters on most of the perceptual-motor tests. Regression analysis revealed that among the perceptual-motor measures visual-motor integration, as measured by the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, and eye-hand coordination, as measured by the Motor Accuracy Test, contributed most to the legibility of handwriting for the total group of handwriters. However, for poor handwriters, results of a stepwise regression analysis revealed that motor planning, as measured by the Finger Position Imitation Test, contributed the most to the legibility of handwriting. In contrast, for good handwriters, visual perception, as measured by the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills, contributed most to the legibility of handwriting.
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Kashiwagi, Hirosuke. "Visual perceptual characteristics of developmental disorders on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): 2AM—1–042–2AM—1–042. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_2am-1-042.
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Blake, Annabel, and Stephen Palmisano. "Divergent Thinking Influences the Perception of Ambiguous Visual Illusions." Perception 50, no. 5 (2021): 418–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211000192.
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This study investigated the relationships between personality and creativity in the perception of two different ambiguous visual illusions. Previous research has suggested that Industriousness and Openness/Intellect (as measured by the Big Five Aspects Scale) are both associated with individual differences in perceptual switching rates for binocular rivalry stimuli. Here, we examined whether these relationships generalise to the Necker Cube and the Spinning Dancer illusions. In the experimental phase of this study, participants viewed these ambiguous figures under both static and dynamic, as well as free-view and fixation, conditions. As predicted, perceptual switching rates were higher: (a) for the static Necker Cube than the Spinning Dancer, and (b) in free-view compared with fixation conditions. In the second phase of the study, personality type and divergent thinking were measured using the Big Five Aspects Scale and the Alternate Uses Task, respectively. Higher creativity/divergent thinking (as measured by the Alternate Uses Task) was found to predict greater switching rates for the static Necker Cube (but not the Spinning Dancer) under both free-view and fixation conditions. These findings suggest that there are differences in the perceptual processing of creative individuals.
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Banks, Joe. "Rorschach Audio: Ghost Voices and Perceptual Creativity." Leonardo Music Journal 11 (December 2001): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/09611210152780728.
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The author considers research into allegedly supernatural “Electronic Voice Phenomena” (EVP) in light of both anecdotal reports and formal experimental studies of related aspects of human auditory perception. He offers the primary hypothesis that an understanding of the relevant aspects of psychoacoustics provides a complete explanation for most EVP recordings, and a secondary hypothesis that an informed understanding of these processes is as relevant to the emergent field of sound art as studies of optical illusions have been to the study of visual art.
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Merrier, Louisette, Réjean Hébert, and Louise Gauthier. "Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test: Impact of Vertical Answer Cards Position on Performance of Adults with Hemispatial Visual Neglect." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 15, no. 4 (1995): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929501500401.
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Patients who have hemispatial visual neglect (HVN) have difficulty directing their attention toward the visual field contralateral to the side of the lesion. This affects their performance on perceptual assessment tests and masks related visual perceptual deficits. The aim of this study was to verify whether a vertical position of the answer cards of the Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test (MVPT) could overcome this problem. Three groups of subjects were involved in the study: 15 healthy subjects, 15 subjects who had right brain damage without HVN, and 9 subjects who had right brain damage with HVN. The presence of HVN was established by positive test results for at least one of the two tests used, the Albert Test and the Bells Test. The subjects performed the MVPT twice—once in its standard version, and once in a modified version in which the answer cards were presented in a vertical position. The equivalence between the two forms was confirmed with healthy subjects and subjects with right brain damage without HVN. Tor the subjects who had HVN, the vertical positioning of the answer cards caused significantly less interference (p < .05). The test-retest reliability coefficient for the two versions of the MVPT was 0.92–0.94.
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Hopwood, Melissa J., David L. Mann, Damian Farrow, and Tim Nielsen. "Does Visual-Perceptual Training Augment the Fielding Performance of Skilled Cricketers?" International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 6, no. 4 (2011): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.4.523.
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This study examined the effectiveness of visual-perceptual training for improving fielding performance in cricket. Twelve highly-skilled cricket players completed a video-based decision-making test and an in-situ fielding test before and after a six-week training intervention. During this period, all participants completed the same on-field training program, but seven players completed three additional perceptual training sessions per week (TRAIN). The remaining five players acted as a control (CON). Despite no group differences at pre-test, TRAIN scored significantly higher than CON at post-test for decision accuracy within the video-based test. For the in-situ fielding test, TRAIN demonstrated greater improvements in fielding success following the intervention compared to CON. The results indicate that six weeks of on-field training combined with visual-perceptual training can lead to improvements in the fielding performance of skilled cricketers above those of on-field training alone. Findings are discussed from empirical and applied coaching perspectives.
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Klink, P. C., R. J. A. van Wezel, and R. van Ee. "United we sense, divided we fail: context-driven perception of ambiguous visual stimuli." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1591 (2012): 932–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0358.
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Ambiguous visual stimuli provide the brain with sensory information that contains conflicting evidence for multiple mutually exclusive interpretations. Two distinct aspects of the phenomenological experience associated with viewing ambiguous visual stimuli are the apparent stability of perception whenever one perceptual interpretation is dominant, and the instability of perception that causes perceptual dominance to alternate between perceptual interpretations upon extended viewing. This review summarizes several ways in which contextual information can help the brain resolve visual ambiguities and construct temporarily stable perceptual experiences. Temporal context through prior stimulation or internal brain states brought about by feedback from higher cortical processing levels may alter the response characteristics of specific neurons involved in rivalry resolution. Furthermore, spatial or crossmodal context may strengthen the neuronal representation of one of the possible perceptual interpretations and consequently bias the rivalry process towards it. We suggest that contextual influences on perceptual choices with ambiguous visual stimuli can be highly informative about the neuronal mechanisms of context-driven inference in the general processes of perceptual decision-making.
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Hagemann, Norbert, Bernd Strauss, and Rouwen Cañal-Bruland. "Training Perceptual Skill by Orienting Visual Attention." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 28, no. 2 (2006): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.2.143.
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A major element in expert sports performance, particularly racket-and-ball games, is excellent anticipatory skill. A prestudy combined the temporal and spatial occlusion paradigms to ascertain which key stimuli badminton players use for anticipating the direction of overhead shots. The main study then evaluated a program for training anticipatory skills; 200 video clips were employed to orient attention toward these key stimuli. Participants were 63 badminton novices, 20 national league players, and 21 local league players. A transparent red patch (exogenous orienting) was used to orient attention toward the trunk up to 160 ms before racket-shuttle contact; the arm, from 160 ms to 80 ms before contact; and the racket, from 80 ms before to actual contact. Results showed that badminton novices who trained with this program significantly improved their anticipatory skill between post- and retention test compared with controls. Whereas local league players improved from pre- to posttest, training had no effect on expert national league players. It is concluded that using red transparent patches to highlight the most informative cues in perceptual training programs is a promising way to improve anticipatory skill.
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Walker, Neff, Arthur D. Fisk, Donita Phipps, and Alex Kirlik. "Training Perceptual-Rule Based Skills." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 18 (1994): 1178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801807.
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The results of an experiment are discussed that address how best to train perceptual-rule based skills within a domain where rules correlate to perceptual aspects of a dynamic evolving environment. Participants performed the role of football quarterback where the object of the task was to learn to identify the correct pass receiver in a simulated football system. The correct receiver could always be specified by a set of rules or subtle perceptual cues. Subjects were assigned to one of four training groups which were constructed by complete crossing of rule versus no rule learning and visual enhancement training versus no visual enhancement training. After training trials all subjects transferred to new plays in which new rules or perceptual cues were required. Transfer performance was superior for the participants who received the visually enhanced training. These results are discussed in light of theories of part-task training.
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Wattenberg, Martin, and Danyel Fisher. "Analyzing Perceptual Organization in Information Graphics." Information Visualization 3, no. 2 (2004): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500070.
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We propose a new method for assessing the perceptual organization of information graphics, based on the premise that the visual structure of an image should match the structure of the data it is intended to convey. The core of our method is a new formal model of one type of perceptual structure, based on classical machine vision techniques for analyzing an image at multiple resolutions. The model takes as input an arbitrary grayscale image and returns a lattice structure describing the visual organization of the image. We show how this model captures several aspects of traditional design aesthetics, and we describe a software tool that implements the model to help designers analyze and refine visual displays. Our emphasis here is on demonstrating the model's potential as a design aid rather than as a description of human perception, but given its initial promise we propose a variety of ways in which the model could be extended and validated.
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Fouty, H. Edward, and Ronald A. Yeo. "Lateralization of Perceptual Closure Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 2 (1995): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003151259508100237.
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The present study investigated lateralization of perceptual closure ability. A zero-power, partially occluded, soft contact-lens system was used to lateralize visual input. This technique has been shown to create reliable artificial visual-field deficits when used in situations offering unlimited duration of stimulus exposure. The Street Gestalt Completion Test was administered to 18 right-handed men with no history of head trauma, neurological disorders, or familial sinistrality. Using repeated-measures analyses, and controlling for age, we found no significant hemispheric advantage for either speed or accuracy of performance.
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Giusberti, Fiorella, Cesare Cornoldi, Rossana De Beni, and Manfredo Massironi. "Perceptual Illusions in Imagery." European Psychologist 3, no. 4 (1998): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.3.4.281.
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A mental image is in many ways analogous to a percept but it is not completely identical to it. In some respects, visual perception and visual imagery work in different ways. One area which is worth examining with regard to similarities and asymmetries between perception and imagery is the initial phases of visual information processing. The literature includes some references to the equivalence of imagery and perception in optical illusions, but data are contradictory. In our view, a mental image should not be particularly sensitive to variables which are critical in producing an optical illusion, i.e., variables affecting the early phases of information processing and field global effects. Our hypothesis is that an optical illusion will be present in a perception condition but not in an equivalent imagery condition. To test this, we carried out two experiments using the Ebbinghaus illusion and the Ponzo illusion. The results confirmed our hypothesis, demonstrating that there are indeed asymmetries between perception and imagery and that such differences mainly concern specific perceptual processes that differ from those involved in the generation of a mental image.
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Conrod, Beverley E., Michael Bross, and Charles W. White. "Active and Passive Perceptual Learning in the Visually Impaired." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 80, no. 1 (1986): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8608000103.
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Active and passive perceptual training methods were tested with 30 macular degeneration patients to improve their residual vision. Four different measures assessed improvement: a reading test, the Frostig Figure Ground Test (FFG), the Bender-Bestalt Test, and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test (FM-100). Participants were grouped according to two levels of impairment (moderate or severe) and three training conditions (active, passive, and control) in a 2 x 3 multivariate design. It was expected that the training sessions would improve visual task performance, and that active participants would show more improvement than other groups. A multivariate ANOVA found an overall main effect for the learning factor, and univariate tests showed that the active group improved significantly more than the passive and control groups on the FFG test. The main conclusion was that perceptual training may contribute to successful visual adjustment and that the effect of training is not limited to a particular level of visual impairment.
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KÉRI, SZABOLCS, IMRE KISS, OGUZ KELEMEN, GYÖRGY BENEDEK, and ZOLTÁN JANKA. "Anomalous visual experiences, negative symptoms, perceptual organization and the magnocellular pathway in schizophrenia: a shared construct?" Psychological Medicine 35, no. 10 (2005): 1445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705005398.
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Background. Schizophrenia is associated with impaired visual information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anomalous perceptual experiences, positive and negative symptoms, perceptual organization, rapid categorization of natural images and magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) visual pathway functioning.Method. Thirty-five unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 20 matched healthy control volunteers participated. Anomalous perceptual experiences were assessed with the Bonn Scale for the Assessment Basic Symptoms (BSABS). General intellectual functions were evaluated with the revised version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The 1–9 version of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was used to investigate sustained attention. The following psychophysical tests were used: detection of Gabor patches with collinear and orthogonal flankers (perceptual organization), categorization of briefly presented natural scenes (rapid visual processing), low-contrast and frequency-doubling vernier threshold (M pathway functioning), isoluminant colour vernier threshold and high spatial frequency discrimination (P pathway functioning).Results. The patients with schizophrenia were impaired on test of perceptual organization, rapid visual processing and M pathway functioning. There was a significant correlation between BSABS scores, negative symptoms, perceptual organization, rapid visual processing and M pathway functioning. Positive symptoms, IQ, CPT and P pathway measures did not correlate with these parameters. The best predictor of the BSABS score was the perceptual organization deficit.Conclusions. These results raise the possibility that multiple facets of visual information processing deficits can be explained by M pathway dysfunctions in schizophrenia, resulting in impaired attentional modulation of perceptual organization and of natural image categorization.