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1
Dellmann, Sarah. Images of Dutchness. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983007.
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Why do early films present the Netherlands as a country full of canals and windmills, where people wear traditional costumes and wooden shoes, while industries and modern urban life are all but absent? Images of Dutchness investigates the roots of this visual repertoire from diverse sources, ranging from magazines to tourist brochures, from anthropological treatises to advertising trade cards, stereoscopic photographs, picture postcards, magic lantern slide sets and films of early cinema. This richly illustrated book provides an in-depth study of the fascinating corpus of popular visual media and their written comments that are studied for the first time. Through the combined analysis of words and images, the author identifies not only what has been considered Ÿtypically DutchŒ in the long nineteenth century, but also provides new insights into the logic and emergence of national clichés in the Western world.
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Emison, Patricia. Moving Pictures and Renaissance Art History. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724036.
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Film, like the printed imagery inaugurated during the Renaissance, spread ideas – not least the idea of the power of visual art – across not only geographical and political divides but also strata of class and gender. Moving Pictures and Renaissance Art History examines the early flourishing of film, from the 1920s to the mid-1960s, as partly reprising the introduction of mass media in the Renaissance, allowing for innovation that reflected an art free of the control of a patron though required to attract a broad public. Rivalry between word and image, between the demands of narrative and those of visual composition, spurred new ways of addressing the compelling nature of the visual. The twentieth century also saw the development of the discipline of art history; transfusions between cinematic practice and art historical postulates are part of the story told here.
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Osipova, Larisa. Development of touch and fine motor skills in children with visual impairments. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1039808.
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The training manual summarizes the scientific and theoretical issues of the study of compensation for visual impairment, reveals the role of touch in overcoming the shortcomings of sensory experience in visual disorders, identifies the features and conditions of the development of touch and fine motor skills as a means of compensating for visual impairment in preschool children with strabismus and amblyopia, and considers the main methodological approaches to the organization of correctional work in this direction. A program for the development of touch and fine motor skills is proposed, and the main organizational, methodological, and didactic aspects of its implementation are considered. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions enrolled in directions of preparation "Special (defectological) education" (qualification "bachelor" profiles "Preschool defectology", "management skills"), "Pedagogical education (profile-Preschool education), "Psychological and pedagogical education (profile Psychology and pedagogics of preschool education"), "Special (defectological) education" (qualification "master", master program "Psychological and pedagogical support of persons with disabilities", "Psychology-pedagogical support of persons with visual impairments»), as well as for students of advanced training and retraining courses in the field of special and inclusive education. It can be useful for teachers, postgraduates, students of defectology departments of pedagogical universities, teachers of special (correctional) educational institutions.
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Lyang, Viktor. CAD programming: Spatial modeling of a column apparatus in the Autodesk Inventor environment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/991773.
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The tutorial describes in detail the creation of an external subsystem for Autodesk Inventor in the high-level language C# Microsoft Visual Studio of the column apparatus. Such issues as working in the Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 programming environment, connecting the library of functions of the Autodesk Inventor API to an external user subsystem, spatial solid-state modeling of elements of a column apparatus, saving constructed objects, assembling the apparatus from stored modules by the interface method of surfaces are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of "Computer Science and computer engineering", in preparation for laboratory work and the exam. It can be used by students of other specialties when studying the courses "Fundamentals of Computer Science", "High-level programming language" and "3D modeling of machines and apparatuses". It may be useful for programmers engaged in spatial modeling of objects.
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Shitov, Viktor. Application Software Package. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989598.
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The tutorial describes the methods of effective work with application software products: text editors, spreadsheets, presentation editors, database management systems, as well as the basics of programming in the Visual Basic for Applications environment. More than 40 practical and independent works are offered. It can be used in the development of the professional module PM. 02 "Development, implementation and adaptation of industry software" for the specialty "Programming in computer systems".
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
For students of secondary vocational education institutions studying in the specialty 09.02.03 "Programming in computer systems".
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Dadyan, Eduard. Modern programming technologies. The C#language. Volume 2. For advanced users. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1478383.
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The task of volume 2 of the textbook is to describe in detail, in an accessible way, and with practical examples, all the features of the C# language, one of the most promising modern object-oriented programming languages. The course assumes a good command of the material set out in volume 1 of the textbook, and is designed to learn additional features of the C#language. The work with strings, dates and times, threads and the file system, ISON and XML (using practical examples), etc. is considered in detail.
The Visual Studio. NET environment is considered as the development environment. All sample programs are given in C#.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the direction of training 09.03.03 "Applied Informatics", undergraduate and graduate students of all areas of training and specialties, as well as graduate students and students of the IPK.
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Carol Geronès, Lídia. Un bric-à-brac de la Belle Époque. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-434-9.
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Fortuny (1983) by Pere Gimferrer is the only novel (at least to date) that the author has written in Catalan and it represents one of the most unique novels of contemporary Hispanic narrative. The aims of the present study are mainly two: to shed light on one of the most important, but least studied, works by Pere Gimferrer, the greatest representative of Hispanic creativity for the Post-War Generation, and to analyse critical reception of the work and show how the novel has evolved from the time of publication in 1983 until today. This essay consists of three major parts: the study of critical reception, the narratological analysis of the text and the unveiling of the textual, but above all visual, references that make up the novel. The latter allows us to explain two essential elements of the novel: the imaginary Fortuny on the one hand and, on the other, the novel’s intertextual concrete figure of speech, its ekphrasis. The study of this intentionally visual character of the novel not only wanted to highlight the importance of two arts to which Gimferrer has always paid special attention – we refer to cinema and painting – but has also demonstrated the desire of the writer to innovate the Catalan narrative scene, using different literary devices to push the limits of the genre novel.
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Dadyan, Eduard. Modern programming technologies. The C#language. Volume 1. For novice users. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1196552.
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Volume 1 of the textbook is addressed to novice users who want to learn the popular object-oriented programming language C#. The tutorial provides complete information about the C# language and platform .NET. Basic data types, variables, functions, and arrays are considered. Working with dates and enumerations is shown. The elements and constructs of the language are described: classes, interfaces, assemblies, manifests, namespaces, collections, generalizations, delegates, events, etc. It provides information about Windows processes and threads, as well as examples of organizing work in multithreaded mode. The questions of creating console applications, applications such as Windows Forms and applications for working with databases, as well as questions of deep and advanced development of the material are described. The Visual Studio. NET environment is considered as the development environment. All sample programs are given in C#.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the direction of training 09.03.03 "Applied Informatics", undergraduate and graduate students of all specialties, as well as graduate students and students of the IPC.
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Nagayama, Kaoru. Erotic Comics in Japan. Translated by Patrick Galbraith and Jessica Bauwens-Sugimoto. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727129.
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Comics and cartoons from Japan, or manga and anime, are an increasingly common feature of visual and popular culture around the world. While it is often observed that these media forms appeal to broad and diverse demographics, including many adults, eroticism continues to unsettle critics and has even triggered legal action in some jurisdictions. It is more urgent than ever to engage in productive discussion, which begins with being informed about content that is still scarcely understood outside small industry and fan circles. Erotic Comics in Japan: An Introduction to Eromanga is the most comprehensive introduction in English to erotic comics in Japan, or eromanga. Divided into three parts, it provides a history of eroticism in Japanese comics and cartoons generally leading to the emergence of eromanga specifically, an overview of seven themes running across works with close analysis of outstanding examples and a window onto ongoing debates surrounding regulation and freedom of expression in Japan.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Primary Visual Perception from the Bottom Up. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0008.
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This chapter addresses primary visual perception, detailing how visual information comes about and, as a consequence, which visual properties provide particularly useful information about the environment. The brain extracts this information systematically, and also separates redundant and complementary visual information aspects to improve the effectiveness of visual processing. Computationally, image smoothing, edge detectors, and motion detectors must be at work. These need to be applied in a convolutional manner over the fixated area, which are computations that are predestined to be solved by means of cortical columnar structures in the brain. On the next level, the extracted information needs to be integrated to be able to segment and detect object structures. The brain solves this highly challenging problem by incorporating top-down expectations and by integrating complementary visual information aspects, such as light reflections, texture information, line convergence information, shadows, and depth information. In conclusion, the need for integrating top-down visual expectations to form complete and stable perceptions is made explicit.
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Green, Alexandra. Buddhist Visual Cultures, Rhetoric, and Narrative in Late Burmese Wall Paintings. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390885.001.0001.
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This volume draws upon art historical, anthropological, and religious studies methodologies to delineate the structures and details of late Burmese wall paintings and elucidate the religious, political, and social concepts driving the creation of this art form. The combination of architecture, paintings, sculpture, and literary traditions created a complete space in which devotees could interact with the Buddha through his biography. Through the standardization of a repertoire of specific forms, codes, and themes, the murals were themselves activating agents, spurring devotees to merit-making, worship, and other ritual practices, partially by establishing normative religious behavior and partly through visual incentives. Much of this was accomplished through the manipulation of space, and the volume contributes to the analysis of visual narratives by examining how the relationships between word and image, layouts, story and scene selection, and narrative themes both demonstrate and confirm social structures and changes, economic activities, and religious practices of seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century Burma. The visual material of the wall painting sites worked together with the sculpture and the architecture to create unified spaces in which devotees could interact with the Buddha. This analysis takes the narrative field beyond the concept that pictures are to be “read” and shows the multifarious and holistic ways in which they can be viewed. To enter temples of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries was to enter a coherent space created by a visually articulated Burmese Buddhist world to which the devotee belonged by performing ritual activities within it.
12
Armstrong, Jeffrey Kurtis. Developmental trends in word form perception errors among primary school aged children. 1986.
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13
Callahan, William A. Sensible Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190071738.001.0001.
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Visual images are everywhere in international politics. But how are we to understand them? Callahan uses his expertise in theory and filmmaking to explore not only what visuals mean, but also how visuals can viscerally move and connect us in “affective communities of sense.” Sensible Politics explores the visual geopolitics of war, peace, migration, and empire through an analysis of photographs, films, and art. It then expands the critical gaze to consider how “visual artifacts”—maps, veils, walls, gardens, and cyberspace—are sensory spaces in which international politics is performed through encounters on the local, national, and world stages. Here “sensible politics” isn’t just sensory, but looks beyond icons and ideology to the affective politics of everyday life. This approach challenges the Eurocentric understanding of international politics by exploring the meaning and impact of visuals from Asia and the Middle East. Sensible Politics thus decenters our understanding of social theory and international politics by (1) expanding from textual analysis to highlight the visual and the multisensory; (2) expanding from Eurocentric investigations of IR to a more comparative approach that looks to Asia and the Middle East; and (3) shifting from critical IR’s focus on inside/outside and self/Other distinctions. It draws on Callahan’s documentary filmmaking experience to see critique in terms of the creative processes of social-ordering and world-ordering. The goal is to make readers not only think visually, but also feel visually—and to creatively act visually for a multisensory appreciation of politics.
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Grossberg, Stephen. The Visual World as Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0007.
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This chapter shows how visual illusions arise from neural processes that play an adaptive role in achieving the remarkable perceptual capabilities of advanced brains. It clarifies that many visual percepts are visual illusions, in the sense that they arise from active processes that reorganize and complete perceptual representations from the noisy data received by retinas. Some of these representations look illusory, whereas others look real. The chapter heuristically summarizes explanations of illusions that arise due to completion of perceptual groupings, filling-in of surface lightnesses and colors, transformation of ambiguous motion signals into coherent percepts of object motion direction and speed, and interactions between the form and motion cortical processing streams. A central theme is that the brain is organized into parallel processing streams with computationally complementary properties, that interstream interactions overcome these complementary deficiencies to compute effective representations of the world, and how these representations generate visual illusions.
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Mason, Peggy. Seeing the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0015.
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Modern life is highly dependent on high-acuity vision, and this chapter emphasizes the mechanisms and pathways that support high-acuity or form vision. Because the most common visual impairment is refractive error, the refractive power of the cornea and lens is described at some length. The processes of emmetropization, accommodation, and far viewing are considered. The participation of the outer retina in phototransduction and the visual cycle are detailed, and relevant diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, are introduced. The neural processes that transform different wavelengths of light into color perception and common forms of color blindness are explained. Visual processing within cortex, including processing through the dorsal and visual streams, are presented. The process through which babies learn to interpret the firing in their brains as representing visual objects and the importance of the initial years of life to this process are described.
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Madary, Michael. Visual Phenomenology. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035453.001.0001.
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The main argument of the book is as follows: (1) The descriptive premise: The phenomenology of vision is best described as an ongoing process of anticipation and fulfillment. (2) The empirical premise: There are strong empirical reasons to model vision using the general form of anticipation and fulfillment. (AF) Conclusion: Visual perception is an ongoing process of anticipation and fulfillment. The book consists of three parts and an appendix. The first part of the book makes the case for premise (1) based on descriptive claims about the nature of first-person experience. The initial support for (1) in Chapter 2 is based on the fact that visual experience has the general features of being perspectival, temporal, and indeterminate. Chapter 3 includes an argument for (1) based on the possibility of surprise when appearances do not change as we expect, and Chapter 4 contains a discussion of the content of visual anticipations. The second part of the book focuses on empirical support. Chapter 5 covers a range of evidence from perceptual psychology that motivates premise (2). Chapter 6 turns to evidence from neuroscience, including recent work in predictive coding. The seventh chapter shows how evidence for the two-visual systems hypothesis can be re-interpreted in support of (2). The third part of the book turns to general methodological questions (Chapter 8) and the relationship between visual perception and social cognition (Chapter 9). The appendix addresses the ways in which Husserlian phenomenology relates to the main theme of the book.
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Cowey, Alan. TMS and visual awareness. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0027.
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This article describes the ways in which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be a means of studying consciousness by interfering with the physical occurrences of the brain. The focus of this article is aspects of consciousness, i.e. being aware or unaware, and their cerebral basis. TMS has been used to demonstrate regional cortical functional specialization. The reasons for the effects caused by TMS are still not fully known. Further work must be done in order to address this problem. TMS can briefly impose (or disrupt) rhythmic discharge in the underlying cortex and some of these rhythms are thought to be important for selective attention and awareness. TMS can disrupt activity in underlying brain tissue with millisecond precision but thus far it is usually used in isolation. When combined with event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging its usefulness will expand.
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Kennedy, David, and Richard Meek, eds. Ekphrastic encounters. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526125798.001.0001.
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This book offers a comprehensive reassessment of ekphrasis: the verbal representation of visual art. In the past twenty five years numerous books and articles have appeared covering different aspects of ekphrasis, with scholars arguing that it is a fundamental means by which literary artists have explored the nature of aesthetic experience. However many critics continue to rely upon the traditional conception of ekphrasis as a form of paragone (competition) between word and image. This interdisciplinary collection seeks to complicate this critical paradigm, and proposes a more reciprocal model of ekphrasis that involves an encounter or exchange between visual and textual cultures. This critical and theoretical shift demands a new form of ekphrastic poetics, which is less concerned with representational and institutional struggles, and more concerned with ideas of ethics, affect, and intersubjectivity. The book brings together leading scholars working in the fields of literary studies, art history, modern languages, and comparative literature, and offers a fresh exploration of ekphrastic texts from the Renaissance to the present day. The chapters in the book are critically and methodologically wide-ranging; yet they share an interest in challenging the paragonal model of ekphrasis that has been prevalent since the early 1990s, and establishing a new set of theoretical frameworks for exploring the ekphrastic encounter.
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Helfer, Laurence R. The World Blind Union guide to the Marrakesh Treaty: Facilitating access to books for print-disabled individuals. 2017.
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Boyd Maunsell, Jerome. You are never yourself to yourself. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789369.003.0007.
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This chapter begins with an account of Stein sitting for Picasso in 1905–6, and a discussion of her word portraits, before tracing how her art of portrait-writing evolved. It examines The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933), Everybody’s Autobiography (1938), Paris France (1940), and Wars I Have Seen (1945). The role of collaboration is explored, as well as how memoir-writing and autobiography implicate others. The chapter explores the aftermath of Stein’s first autobiography, as depicted in her second memoir; her ideas on autobiography and detective stories; the strong influence of visual art and Cubism on her work as an autobiographer; and the dichotomy between the present and the role of memory in all her literary portraiture. Stein’s portrayals of Ford, James, and Lewis are also discussed, as well as her years in Occupied France during the Second World War.
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Wade, Nicholas J. Early History of Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0001.
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Illusions are considered in the context of the history of vision rather than the history of psychology. For much of its long history, the study of vision has been confined to naturalistic observation, and many motion illusions were observed in the natural world. With the move to the laboratory, the oddities of visual perception multiplied, and they received ever more detailed scrutiny. This survey examines the origins of research on visual illusions in both the natural world and the laboratory. It commences with celestial illusions and pictorial representation then proceeds to subjective visual phenomena and spatial illusions like ambiguous figures and geometrical optical illusions. However, most attention is paid to motion illusions; these include visual persistence and stroboscopic motion, induced motion, motion aftereffects, visual vertigo, and autokinetic sensations. The basis for the explosion of research on visual illusions in the nineteenth century is speculated upon.
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Hult, Francis M. Language Policy and Planning and Linguistic Landscapes. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.35.
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Linguistic landscape analysis is the study of visual language use in public space. Its fundamental premise is that the ways in which languages are visually used (or not used) contribute to the discursive construction of a distinct sense of place. Linguistic landscape analysis is related to language policy in two key ways, one indirect and one direct. Indirectly, all language policies entextualize language ideologies; analyzing the visual representation of the linguistic order in the public space of a community provides insight into how values present in policies may or may not be iterated in everyday experiences. Directly, some polities regulate what languages may be used in public spaces, as well as how they may be used. Language policy researchers investigate such regulations and how they may or may not relate to the actual practice of language use on signs in specific communities. This chapter reviews work that has taken indirect and direct orientations to studying language policy and linguistic landscapes. Suggestions for future directions for both are provided.
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Kim, Christine. Ephemeral Publics and Roy Kiyooka’s StoneDGloves. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040139.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter outlines a form of ephemeral intimacy that emerges within racialized publics and that might also potentially be extended to include dominant publics by examining the work of poet and visual artist Roy Kiyooka and his influence on Asian Canadian creative and critical work. Kiyooka's work operates as an Asian Canadian archive for how it historicizes racialized logics that are often at odds with racialized representations. The chapter then focuses on Kiyooka's StoneDGloves (1997), which, as an experimental piece of visual art and poetry, explores the limits of aesthetic and social representation—a concern that is also at the heart of Asian Canadian publics.
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Kleege, Georgina. More than Meets the Eye. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604356.001.0001.
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More Than Meets the Eye: What Blindness Brings to Art explores the ways blindness and visual art are linked in many facets of the culture. The author writes from her position as the blind daughter of two visual artists. Due to this background, she claims to know something about art, but recognizes that this claim challenges cultural notions that conflate seeing with knowing. The book examines the ways blindness has been represented in philosophy, visual culture, and cognitive science, showing how these traditional understandings of blindness rely on an over-determined, one-to-one correspondence between touch in the blind and sight in the sighted, as if the other senses and other forms of cognition play no role in perception. Unfortunately, this reductive image of blindness often influences the design of museum access programs for the blind, including touch tours and verbal description of art. The book places these representations in conversation with autobiographical accounts by blind people, especially blind and visually impaired artists. It also gives a first-hand account of access programs at art institutions around the world, and speculates on how acceptance of the idea of blind artists and blind art lovers can change future museum practices and aesthetic values. The book is more of an extended, speculative essay than a scholarly treatment or how-to manual that seeks to show that what blindness brings to art is the recognition that there is more to it than meets the eye.
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Brogaard, Berit. The Semantics of ‘Appear’ Words. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495251.003.0002.
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In this initial chapter, the author establishes her framework for discussion of perceptual verbs like ‘look’, ‘see’, ‘seem’. Perceptual reports are particular speech acts made by utterances of sentences that contain a perceptual verb. More specifically, they are assertions made by utterances of these sentences. Perceptual reports assert how objects in the world and their perceptible property instances are perceived by subjects. A subset of these reports purport to assert how objects in the world and their visually perceptible property instances are visually perceived by subjects. This chapter is primarily concerned with the semantics of ‘seem’ and ‘look’, which—it is argued—subject-raising verbs. Subject-raising verbs function as intensional operators at the level of logical form, just like ‘it is possible’, ‘it was the case’, and ‘it might be the case’. The author’s main argument for the representational view rests on this fact about ‘seem’ and ‘look’.
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Mason, Peggy. Perceiving the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0014.
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As exemplified by sensory illusions, perception is interpretative rather than faithfully representational of the changes in the world. All perceptual pathways involve stimulus transduction, transmission, and modulation before sensory events are coded by the nervous system. The set of stimuli that humans respond to are a subset of the stimuli that elicit reactions across the animal kingdom. The brain processes visual, auditory, mechanical, and vestibular stimuli by breaking stimuli into their sinusoidal components for neuronal processing. The probabilistic response of sensory receptors to stimulation within a receptive field is described. A fundamental property of sensory perception is responsiveness to a wide range of stimulus intensities over several orders of magnitude. Yet, at any one time, the response to a stimulus is proportional to the background level of stimulation. The concept of labeled line sensory transmission is described, and the reality of multimodal integration is revealed through examples.
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Rueschemeyer, Shirley-Ann, and M. Gareth Gaskell, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198786825.001.0001.
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This handbook reviews the current state of the art in the field of psycholinguistics. Part I deals with language comprehension at the sublexical, lexical, and sentence and discourse levels. It explores concepts of speech representation and the search for universal speech segmentation mechanisms against a background of linguistic diversity and compares first language with second language segmentation. It also discusses visual word recognition, lexico-semantics, the different forms of lexical ambiguity, sentence comprehension, text comprehension, and language in deaf populations. Part II focuses on language production, with chapters covering topics such as word production and related processes based on evidence from aphasia, the major debates surrounding grammatical encoding. Part III considers various aspects of interaction and communication, including the role of gesture in language processing, approaches to the study of perspective-taking, and the interrelationships between language comprehension, emotion, and sociality. Part IV is concerned with language development and evolution, focusing on topics ranging from the development of prosodic phonology, the neurobiology of artificial grammar learning, and developmental dyslexia. The book concludes with Part V, which looks at methodological advances in psycholinguistic research, such as the use of intracranial electrophysiology in the area of language processing.
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Boyd Maunsell, Jerome. My life being so difficult a one to live. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789369.003.0008.
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An account of Wyndham Lewis’s career as a portrait painter opens this chapter, with a focus on the many self-portraits he painted during his life. The theme of the difference between visual and literary self-portraiture is explored, and the role of satire in portraiture. The chapter examines Lewis’s first autobiography Blasting and Bombardiering (1937), and his depiction of the period leading up to and through the First World War. It also analyzes Lewis’s self-imposed exile during the Second World War during his emigration to America and Canada with his wife Anne, portrayed in Self Condemned (1954), and the subsequent writing of Rude Assignment (1950) after Lewis’s return to England. Lewis’s word portraits of Ford and Stein in his autobiographies are discussed, as are the omissions in these autobiographies.
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Anderson, James A. The Brain Doesn’t Work by Logic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0008.
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This chapter gives three examples of real neural computation. The conclusion is that the “brain doesn’t work by logic.” First, is the Limulus (horseshoe crab) lateral eye. The neural process of “lateral inhibition” tunes the neural response of the compound eye to allow crabs to better see other crabs for mating. Second, the retina of the frog contains cells that are selective to specific properties of the visual image. The frog responds strongly to the moving image of a bug with one class of selective retinal receptors. Third, experiments on patients undergoing neurosurgery for epilepsy found single neurons in several cortical areas that were highly selective to differing images, text strings, and spoken names of well-known people. In addition, new selective responses could be formed quickly. The connection to concepts in cognitive science seems inevitable. One possible mechanism is through associatively linked “cell assemblies.”
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0009.
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While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.
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Beck, Diane M., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Systems for Spatial Attention in the Human Brain. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.011.
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Spatial attention has been studied for over a half a century. Early behavioural work showed that attending to a location improves performance on a variety of tasks. Since then substantial progress has been made on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these effects. This chapter reviews the neuroimaging literature, as well as related behavioural and single-cell physiology studies, on visual spatial attention. In particular, the chapter frames much of the work in the context of the biased competition theory of attention, which argues that a primary mechanism of attention is to bias competition among stimuli in the visual cortex in favour of an attended stimulus that, as a result, receives enhanced processing to guide behaviour. Accordingly, the authors have organized this chapter into two related sections. The first summarizes the effects of attention in the visual cortex and thalamus, the so-called ‘site’ of attention. The second explores the relationship between attention and fronto-parietal mechanisms which are thought to be the ‘source’ of the biasing signals exerted on the visual cortex.
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Morgan, David. Images at Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272111.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Advocates of the ideology of modern progress and rationalism are fond of regarding human beings as rational agents and the universe as a collection of inanimate things that obey laws and do not exhibit agency. Yet evidence of nonrational practices of enchantment abounds in every part of human life: people commonly regard things as capable of independent action and expect the universe to respond to their desire for magic, miracles, and action at a distance. Clearly, rationalism is not as pervasive or singularly influential as some would insist. Enchantment consists of the things we do and how we do them to make the world go our way. This book argues that enchantment is not simply an irrational, primitive impulse that needs to be curbed or eliminated, but should be understood as problem solving. Images are ways of working on the world to achieve what people need. Images at Work explores how images operate, what their effects on viewers are, and how enchantment can be understood as visual dynamics that we need to take seriously. Enchantment is more than religion and is not identical with magic. And its effects are not fully discernible apart from its material culture because enchantment is about things and our engagement with them.
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Brundin, Abigail, Deborah Howard, and Mary Laven. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816553.003.0011.
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The conclusion offers a brief analysis of a set of textual and visual annotations that are preserved on a piece of paper pasted into a late sixteenth-century devotional work. The interaction of the owner with the book provides a focus for the book’s concluding remarks on the domestication of devotion.
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Webborn, Nick. Disability sport. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0037.
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Disability sport is the term used for any sport undertaken by someone with a disability and in this respect is all encompassing. The word ‘Paralympic’ is the term applied to elite sport competition for people with disabilities who have physical or visual impairments. It is derived from the Greek word ‘para’ meaning ‘alongside’ and the word ‘Olympic’, i.e. it is ‘parallel to the Olympics’. The International Paralympic Committee was formed in 1989 and is the overall body that organizes the summer and winter Paralympic Games. There are 20 summer Paralympic sports and five winter Paralympic sports. Reference to injuries in these sports will be discussed in this chapter rather than injuries in disability sport in general which is too broad a topic....
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Franks, Hallie M. The World Underfoot. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863166.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In the Greek Classical period, the symposium—the social gathering at which male citizens gathered to drink wine and engage in conversation—was held in a room called the andron. From couches set up around the perimeter of the andron, symposiasts looked inward to the room’s center, which often was decorated with a pebble mosaic floor. These mosaics provided visual treats for the guests, presenting them with images of mythological scenes, exotic flora, dangerous beasts, hunting parties, or the specter of Dionysos, the god of wine, riding in his chariot or on the back of a panther. This book takes as its subject these mosaics and the context of their viewing. Relying on discourses in the sociology and anthropology of space, it argues that the andron’s mosaic imagery actively contributed to a complex, metaphorical experience of the symposium. In combination with the ritualized circling of the wine cup from couch to couch around the room and the physiological reaction to wine, the images of mosaic floors called to mind other images, spaces, or experiences, and, in doing so, prompted drinkers to reimagine the symposium as another kind of event—a nautical voyage, a journey to a foreign land, the circling heavens or a choral dance, or the luxury of an abundant past. Such spatial metaphors helped to forge the intimate bonds of friendship that are the ideal result of the symposium and that make up the political and social fabric of the Greek polis.
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Bock, Mary Angela. Seeing Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190926977.001.0001.
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Seeing Justice examines the way criminal justice in the United States is presented in visual media by focusing on the grounded practices of visual journalists in relationship with law enforcement. The book extends the concept of embodied gatekeeping, the corporeal and discursive practices connected to controlling visual media production and the complex ways social actors struggle over the construction of visual messages. Based on research that includes participant observation, extended interviews, and critical discourse analysis, the book provides a detailed examination of the way these practices shape media constructions and the way digitization is altering the relationships between media, citizens, and the criminal justice system. The project looks at contemporary cases that made the headlines through a theoretical lens based on the work of Michel Foucault, Walter Fisher, Stuart Hall, Nicholas Mirzoeff, Nick Couldry, and Roland Barthes. Its cases reveal the way powerful interests are able to shape representations of justice in ways that serve their purposes, occasionally at the expense of marginalized groups. Based on cases ranging from the last US public hanging to the proliferation of “Karen-shaming” videos, this monograph offers three observations. First, visual journalism’s physicality increases its reliance on those in power, making it easy for officials in the criminal justice system to shape its image. Second, image indexicality, even while it is subject to narrative negation, remains an essential affordance in the public sphere. Finally, participation in this visual public sphere must be considered as an essential human capability if not a human right.
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Clüver, Claus. Ekphrasis and Adaptation. Edited by Thomas Leitch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331000.013.26.
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In discussing word-and-image interactions, ekphrasis and adaptation are frequently cited as major instances of intermedial transposition. Ekphrasis, redefined as “the verbal representation of real or fictive configurations composed in a non-kinetic visual medium,” can occur in literary and non-literary texts and represent two- and three-dimensional images. Some ekphrastic texts can be read as fully developed intermedial translations; others may render readers’ encounters with visual images that the text does not actually transpose at all. Ekphrasis is a descriptive monomedial mode of intermedial reference. In contrast, adaptations incorporate transmedial elements of the source texts transposed into a new medium. Verbal texts are most frequently adapted to plurimedial media, but also to such mixed-media forms as the comic book. Novelizations of films or videogames exemplify adaptation to the verbal medium. More common is the adaptation to literary texts of structural devices employed in other media, as in the musicalization of fiction.
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Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.
Full textAbstract:
Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can prime the production of a rapid eye movement (saccade). Importantly, LIP cells can select visual targets without triggering saccades, showing that they implement an internal (covert) form of selection that can be flexibly linked with action by virtue of additional, independent mechanisms. The target selection response in LIP is modulated by bottom-up factors and by multiple task-related factors. These modulations are likely to arise through learning and may reflect a multitude of computations through which the brain decides when and to what to attend.
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Georgeson, Mark. The Graph-Paper Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0107.
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Most visual illusions involve distorted or altered perception of objects or events or misinterpretation of image information. The discrepancy between what we experience and what is physically present in the world or in the retinal image can be large, surprising, and dramatic. It is much rarer to see things that simply are not there at all. Repetitive stimuli, such as grating patterns or flickering lights, can induce perception of a range of illusory geometric patterns, forms, and movements—during or after exposure to the inducing stimulus. This chapter describes one such illusory phenomenon—the graph-paper effect—a striking illusion of moving, oriented lines and edges; links it to a family of related effects; and offers a general theory for these effects in terms of neural inhibition and disinhibition at the level of the visual cortex.
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Reichle, Erik D. Computational Models of Reading. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195370669.001.0001.
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This book describes computational models of reading, or models that simulate and explain the mental processes that support the reading of text. The book provides introductory chapters on both reading research and computer models. The central chapters of the book then review what has been learned about reading from empirical research on four core reading processes: word identification, sentence processing, discourse representation, and how these three processes are coordinated with visual processing, attention, and eye-movement control. These central chapters also review an influential sample of computer models that have been developed to explain these key empirical findings, as well as comparative analyses of those models. The final chapter attempts to integrate this empirical and theoretical work by both describing a new comprehensive model of reading, Über-Reader, and reporting several simulations to illustrate how the model accounts for many of the basic phenomena related to reading.
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Fracchia, Carmen. 'Black but Human'. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767978.001.0001.
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The African presence in imperial Spain, of between 10-15 per cent of the population, was due to the institutionalization of the transatlantic slave trade that brought between seven- to eight hundred thousand Africans as slaves to Spain and Portugal. If we add those slaves born in these European territories and the three to four hundred thousand Moor, Berber and Turk slaves, there were approximately two million slaves living in the Iberian Peninsula during this period. The Afro-Hispanic proverb ‘Black but Human’ that provides part of the book’s title, serves as a lens through which to explore the ways in which certain visual representations of slavery both embody and reproduce hegemonic visions of subaltern groups, and at the same time provide material for critical and emancipatory practices by Afro-Hispanic slaves and ex-slaves themselves. It thus allows us to generate critical insights into the articulations of slave subjectivity by exploring the links between visual regimes and the early modern Spanish and New World discourses on slavery and human diversity. My book provides a complex new reading of neglected moments of artistic production in Hapsburg Spain establishing their importance as relays of power and resistance. We could claim that the ‘Black but Human’ topos encodes the multilayered processes through which a black emancipatory subject emerges and a ‘black nation’ forges a collective resistance, and the ways in which these moments are articulated visually by a range of artists. Thus, this proverb is the main thread of the six chapters of this book.
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Mason, Peggy. Forebrain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0007.
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The anatomy and function of forebrain circuits is described. The role of the hypothalamus as the executive center for regulating and protecting the body’s physiology is detailed. The thalamus is a necessary interpreter for subcortical inputs to cerebral cortex, which uses thalamic input to map the sensory world. The amygdala, critical to expressing and interpreting fear, has been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder. During resting conditions, the basal ganglia suppress movement. Damage to the basal ganglia produces a hypo- or hyperkinetic disorder. The representation of visual fields in pathways from retina to striate cortex is described in detail. The student is then introduced to the invaluable use of visual field deficits for localizing forebrain lesions. Extrastriate, somatomotor, and prefrontal contributions to abstract functions are outlined in a clinically relevant way. Finally, the importance of the hippocampus to declarative memory is discussed, and common memory symptoms are described.
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Fearn, David. Pindar's Eyes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746379.001.0001.
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This book assesses the ways in which Pindar, as well as other epinician poets, investigates the theme of aesthetic, and specifically visual, experience in early classical Greece. Major case studies offer complete readings of Pindar’s Nemean 5, Nemean 8, and Pythian 1. These poems reveal Pindar’s deep interest in the relation between lyric poetry and the material and visual world of commemorative and religious sculpture and other significant visual phenomena. The book offers an account of the reception of Pindaric themes in the Aeginetan logoi of Herodotus’ Histories and also offers new insights into Simonides’ own material-cultural interests, a fresh treatment of narrative style and material culture in Bacchylides, and a visual and material-cultural reading of Pindar’s Nemean 10. Pindar uses the concept of vision within his poetry to assess the extent to which either encomiastic poetry or sculpture can achieve its commemorative or religious purposes; this book uses current theoretical methodologies to evaluate how this is done. New claims are made about the nature of classical Greek visuality and ritual subjectivity. Literary studies of Pindar’s evocation of cultural attitudes through elaborate use of the lyric first person are combined with art-historical treatments of ecphrasis, of image and text, and of art’s framing of ritual experience in ancient Greece. Pindar uses a particularly complex and alluring poetic language to create empowering and highly valued paradigms for social, cultural, and religious subjectivity.
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Neer, Richard, ed. Conditions of Visibility. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845560.001.0001.
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We often assume that works of visual art are meant to be seen. Yet that assumption may be a modern prejudice. The ancient world - from China to Greece, Rome to Mexico - provides many examples of statues, paintings, and other images that were not intended to be visible. Instead of being displayed, they were hidden, buried, or otherwise obscured. In this third volume in the Visual Conversations in Art & Archaeology series, leading scholars working at the intersection of archaeology and the history of art address the fundamental question of art's visibility. What conditions must be met, what has to be in place, for a work of art to be seen at all? The answer is both historical and methodological; it concerns ancient societies and modern disciplines, and encompasses material circumstances, perceptual capacities, technologies of visualization, protocols of classification, and a great deal more. The emerging field of archaeological art history is uniquely suited to address such questions. Intrinsically comparative, this approach cuts across traditional ethnic, religious, and chronological categories to confront the academic present with the historical past. The goal is to produce a new art history that is at once cosmopolitan in method and global in scope, and in doing so establish new ways of seeing - new conditions of visibility - for shared objects of study.
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Prinz, Jesse. Is Consciousness a Trick or a Treat? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0011.
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Dennett often argues that consciousness is an illusion, which we should aim to explain away. But his debunking claims are rarely met with approval. This paper provides a strategy for demystifying consciousness, while accepting the force of Dennett's critical project. While Dennett is probably wrong to claim that visual imagery is encoded in mental pictures or linguistic descriptions of such pictures, he's probably right that an adequate phenomenology of visual imagery will preserve the content and structure of the representations employed by subpersonal processes. And while conscious experience is richer than Dennett believes, we often think we are experiencing the world in richer detail than we actually are. But attention is at play wherever we find conscious experience. And an account of conscious conscious experience that begins from this fact—Attention to Intermediate-level Representations—suggests a way of naturalizing qualia that even Dennett could learn to love.
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Aurnhammer, Achim, and Dieter Martin, eds. Arthur Schnitzler und die bildende Kunst. Ergon – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783956508400.
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Arthur Schnitzler’s relationships to the visual arts are examined for the first time systematically and in source-based special studies in the fourteen articles in this volume. Schnitzler’s staging of authorship in portrait art and photography, his aesthetic preferences in the acquisition of art objects as well as on trips and during visits to museums, references to art and quotations in Schnitzler’s stories and dramas, and his significant participation in the art of book design of the modern age are discussed. It ranges from productive collaborations with well-known contemporary book and cover artists to posthumous visual art adaptations of his work in current graphic novels. With contributions by Achim Aurnhammer, Judith Becher, Judith Beniston, Barbara Beßlich, Eva Höfflin-Grether, Julia Ilgner, Nikolas Immer, Dieter Martin, Martin Anton Müller, Susanne Neubrand, Günther Schnitzler, Roland Stark, Reinhard Urbach, Ralf von den Hoff and Evi Zemanek.
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Hutchinson, G. O. Motion in Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855620.001.0001.
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Ancient literature is full of people, gods, and animals in impressive motion. But while the importance of space has been realized recently, motion has had little attention, for all its prominence in literature, and its interest to ancient philosophy. Motion is bound up with decisions, emotions, character; its specific features are expressive. The book starts with motion in visual art: this leads to the characteristics of literary depiction. Literary works discussed are: Homer’s Iliad; Ovid’s Metamorphoses; Tacitus’ Annals; Sophocles’ Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus; Parmenides’ On Nature; Seneca’s Natural Questions. The two narrative poems here diverge rewardingly, as do philosophical poetry and prose; in the prose narrative, as in the philosophical poem, the absence of motion, and metaphorical motion, are important; the dramas scrutinize motion verbally and visually. Each discussion pursues the general roles of motion in a work, with detail on its language of motion; then passages are analysed closely, to show how much emerges when this aspect is scrutinized. A conclusion brings works and passages together. It considers the differences made by genre and by the time of writing. Among aspects of motion which emerge as important are speed, scale, shape of movement, motion and fixity, movement of one person and a group, motion willed and imposed, motion in images and unrealized possibilities. A companion website makes it easier to see passages and analyses together; it offers videos of readings to convey the vitality and subtlety with which motion is portrayed.
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Bailey, Doug. Incomplete. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.003.0008.
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Holes are paradoxes of visual culture and human behavior. Difficult to define, alive with consequence, holes affect behavior in significant ways. This chapter examines holes as slippery, elusive, material, always absent, and as parasites (to surfaces). Starting with the author’s excavation of 8,000-year-old pit-houses from the Neolithic site at Măgura (Romania), this chapter investigates the complexities of holes and surfaces as philosophic entities, and then examines the cutting work of the late twentieth-century artist Gordon Matta-Clark. The approach taken is to juxtapose otherwise disparate examples and analyses from within archaeology, art, and beyond. Though immaterial objects, holes have relations and properties. They disrupt at subconscious levels, altering understandings of our place(s) in the world, and our relations with other people, objects, and institutions. By unpacking and closely redefining holes, one gains new perspectives and analytic tools for the study of human behavior, and the traces it leaves behind, that are applicable across the humanities and social sciences, from archaeology to art history, from anthropology to design and material culture studies.
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Fox, Kieran C. R., and Manesh Girn. Neural Correlates of Self-Generated Imagery and Cognition Throughout the Sleep Cycle. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.16.
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Humans have been aware for thousands of years that sleep comes in many forms, accompanied by different kinds of mental content. This chapter reviews the first-person report literature on the frequency and type of content experienced in various stages of sleep, showing that different sleep stages are dissociable at the subjective level. It then relates these subjective differences to the growing literature differentiating the various sleep stages at the neurophysiological level, including evidence from electrophysiology, neurochemistry, and functional neuroimaging. The authors suggest that there is emerging evidence for relationships between sleep stage, neurophysiological activity, and subjective experiences. Specifically, they emphasize that functional neuroimaging work suggests a parallel between activation and deactivation of default network and visual network brain areas and the varying frequency and intensity of imagery and dream mentation across sleep stages; additionally, frontoparietal control network activity across sleep stages may parallel levels of cognitive control and meta-awareness.
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Gert, Joshua. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785910.003.0001.
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In the classes I teach—from general introductory courses, to Ethics, to Philosophy of Language—it is remarkable how often the discussion turns to color. The best explanation for this may simply be a combination of my own idiosyncratic interest, obsessive nature, and lack of imagination. But I think there is more to it than that. The external world is our model for reality. Our access to that world proceeds via our senses. Vision is, in many ways, the most attention-grabbing of those senses. And color is plausibly the most salient aspect of visual experience. Color “jumps out” at us in a way that shape and distance do not. It is no surprise to me that there are many more books in philosophy about color than about smell, taste, texture, or sound....