Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vitamins'

A adição de vitaminas aos produtos industrializados tornou-se prática comum para as indústrias de alimentos e os teores adicionados devem obedecer à legislação brasileira durante toda a vida de prateleira dos produtos. Sabendo da sensibilidade das vitaminas a fatores como oxigênio, luz e calor, é essencial conhecer o comportamento destes compostos no alimento frente aos fatores críticos. Informações confiáveis sobre teores de vitaminas somente podem ser obtidas com métodos analíticos validados. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e validado um método de análise para vitaminas B1, B2, B6 e PP em leite em pó/fórmulas infantis, cereais e bebidas instantâneas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com uma única etapa de extração que apresentou recuperações de 90 a 120% dependendo do teor e da matriz analisada. Após a validação do método analítico, foi avaliada a estabilidade das vitaminas em amostras submetidas a diferentes condições de estocagem durante 10 meses. Os resultados mostram que a principal causa de perda das vitaminas B2 e B6 é a exposição à luz, que pode ser agravada pela temperatura e/ou presença de oxigênio no meio, enquanto as vitaminas PP e B1 mostraram-se bem estáveis sob as diferentes condições e no tempo estudado.
Food fortification with vitamins is a very common practice in food industry and the added content must be in compliance with Brazilian Legislation during the whole product shelf life. Due to the vitamins sensibility to light, temperature and oxygen it\'s necessary to know the behavior of these compounds when submitted to these critical conditions. Trustful information about the vitamins content just can be obtained from validated analytical methods. In this work it was developed and validated a HPLC method for determination of vitamins B1, B2, B6 e PP in milk/infant formula, cereals and beverage powders with the same extract which presented recoveries within 90 and 120% depending on the matrix and the vitamins level. After method validation, the vitamins stability in different samples was evaluated during 10 months under different storage conditions. The results showed the high sensitivity of vitamins B2 and B6 to light exposure that can become worse when samples were exposed to high temperature and oxygen. Vitamins PP and B1 had very stable behavior under the studied conditions and for the period of this study.

Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
As vitaminas são compostos orgânicos, presentes em alguns alimentos, essenciais à vida de modo a proporcionarem um funcionamento normal do organismo e aproveitamento de energia por parte dos alimentos. No entanto, se houver um défice ou um excesso destes compostos podem surgir doenças que poderiam ser evitadas se se ingerisse a quantidade diária recomendada. Neste trabalho foi abordada a importância das vitaminas, os seus benefícios e malefícios, outras curiosidades e aspectos importantes sobre elas incluindo as quantidades diárias necessárias para o bom funcionamento do organismo evitando, assim, desequilíbrios. O objectivo deste trabalho é perceber o grau de conhecimento dos indivíduos sobre as vitaminas e tentar esclarecer o maior número de dúvidas que possam existir sobre este tema. Foram estudados 130 cidadãos do concelho de Porto com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. O questionário consistiu em 20 perguntas, que incluíram perguntas de resposta fechada e de resposta aberta sobre vitaminas e suplementos vitamínicos. Incluiu também dados sócio-demográficos: idade e sexo; dados antropométricos: peso e estatura e dados específicos relativos ao conhecimento sobre as vitaminas (se o inquirido tomou suplementos e quem lhos indicou, qual o motivo para suplementação, que vitaminas o inquirido conhece, onde existe maior teor em determinada vitamina e questões sobre determinadas propriedades que estes nutrientes têm). Todos os participantes foram informados que este questionário se inseria numa tese de Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas, tendo sido pedido a todos os inquiridos que fossem sinceros e que não tivessem receio de não saber qual a resposta correcta. Foi também explicado que os dados que fossem fornecidos seriam confidenciais. Todos os inquiridos assinaram uma declaração de consentimento informado. Efectuou-se uma análise estatística descritiva, sendo que os resultados serão apresentados na forma de média (desvio-padrão), mínimo e máximo e percentagens. Após a realização do questionário os dados foram tratados estatisticamente através do programa SPSS, versão 17.0 para Windows. De acordo com os resultados encontrados verificou-se que os motivos que levam à toma de um suplemento vitamínico são variados. Apesar da percentagem de respostas totalmente correctas ser superior à das totalmente erradas, a percentagem de respostas incompletas é muito significativa, e 6,92% é um número muito pequeno, o que comprova que esta amostra deveria estar melhor informada sobre o tema.
Vitamins are organic compounds, present in some foods, essential to life so as to provide a normal body function and use of energy from food. However, if an excess or a deficit of these compounds may arise diseases could be prevented if they ingest the recommended daily amount. In this work we addressed the importance of vitamins, their benefits and disadvantages, trivia and other important aspects about them including daily amounts necessary for the proper functioning of the body, thus avoiding imbalances. The aim of this study is to understand the degree of knowledge of individuals about the vitamins and try to clear as many doubts that may exist on this topic. We studied 130 citizens of the municipality of Porto aged over 18 years. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions, which included closed-ended questions and open-response on vitamins and supplements. It also included socio-demographic data: age and sex, anthropometric data: weight and height data specifically related to knowledge about vitamins (if the respondent took supplements and those who lhos stated the reason for supplementation, vitamins that the respondent knows where there is a higher content of certain vitamin and questions about certain properties that have these nutrients). All participants were informed that this survey were part of a Master's thesis in Pharmaceutical Sciences, was asked to all respondents who were sincere and had no fear of not knowing what the correct answer. It was also explained that the data provided would be confidential. All respondents signed an informed consent form. It was performed a descriptive statistical analysis, and the results are presented as mean (standard deviation), minimum and maximum percentages. After completing the questionnaire data were statistically analyzed using SPSS, version 17.0 for Windows. According to the results it was found that the reasons that lead to taking a vitamin supplement are varied, regardless of age or sex. Although the percentage of completely correct answers to be superior to the completely wrong, the percentage of incomplete responses is very significant, and 6.92% is a very small number, which proves that this sample should be better informed on the subject.

Dissertação composta por 3 artigos.
CAPES
Processar os alimentos pode estimular a formação de interações químicas entre nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de interação das vitaminas A e D com o amido de milho usando as técnicas de análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e espectrometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) em diferentes condições de processamento – temperatura, tempo e concentração de vitamina. Dentre um total de 06 (seis) condições avaliadas, foi identificada a ocorrência de interação entre vitamina e amido em 03 (três) amostras. O resultado das análises em FTIR dos sistemas contendo vitamina A e D3 tratados por temperatura e tempo mais elevados apresentou maior diferença, com deslocamento de pico na região entre 3000-3800 cm-1 (-OH), verificando-se inclusive uma inversão na intensidade entre os picos de 1000 cm-1 e 1020 cm-1(C-O-C) em um dos sistemas enriquecidos com vitamina D. Conclui-se, portanto que, essas diferenças indicam possíveis interações entre a vitamina A ou D e o amido.
Processing foods can stimulate the formation of chemical interactions between nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of interaction of vitamins A and D with cornstarch using the techniques of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR) at different processing conditions - temperature, time and vitamin concentration. Among a total of 06 (six) conditions evaluated, we identified the occurrence of interaction between vitamin and starch in 03 (three) samples. The results of the FTIR analysis on the systems containing vitamin D3 and treated with higher temperature and time showed greater difference, with peak displacement in the region between 3000-3800 cm-1 (-OH), including verifying an inversion intensity peaks between 1000 cm-1 and 1020 cm-1 (C-O-C) in a system fortified with vitamin D. We conclude, therefore, that these differences indicate possible interactions between vitamin A or D and starch.
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Background Vitamin supplements are commonly used in women of reproductive age. There is a range of vitamin supplements such as iron, folate, vitamin B and vitamin D that are used. Deficiencies in vitamin D can result in adverse health outcomes, such as exacerbation of asthma and fractures. Some studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with increases in depressive symptoms and severity. These associations need further exploration to ascertain confirmation, with more vigorous research. Furthermore, there has been limited research on the reasons behind vitamin supplement use in women of reproductive age who originate from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations. These need further exploration to examine the beliefs, attitudes and practices of women regarding vitamin supplement use. Aims and Objectives Aims: To explore vitamin supplements use in women of reproductive age in terms of their beliefs, attitudes and practices particularly in CALD communities, with a focus on vitamin D and its potential role in depression in women of reproductive age. Objectives: 1) To investigate any association of vitamin D deficiency with depression in women of reproductive age. 2) To examine whether vitamin D supplementation results in a decrease depressive symptoms and severity. 3) To explore the beliefs, attitudes and practices of women of reproductive age, including those from CALD backgrounds, in relation to vitamin supplement use. 4) To explore the beliefs, attitudes and practices of CALD women regarding the Hijab and vitamin D. Content of this thesis This thesis is made up of four chapters. Chapter 1 contains the background. The challenges identified in Chapter 1 led to the exploration of the effect of vitamin D on depression in women of reproductive age via a systematic review in Chapter 2. The qualitative study in Chapter 3 describes the factors behind the beliefs, attitudes and practices of women of reproductive age in terms of vitamin supplement use. Lastly Chapter 4 presents general discussion and conclusions from the work described in this thesis. Methods A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of vitamin D on depression in women of reproductive age based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement checklist (Chapter 2). A systematic search strategy was deployed in ten databases including Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AMED, International pharmaceutical abstracts, Maternal and infant care, EBM ALL, Global health, and PubMed to identify primary studies that met eligibility criteria. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was undertaken to explore the use of vitamin supplements in women of reproductive age. A semi-structured interview guide was developed and applied to facilitate the interview. Participants were recruited through advertisements in pharmacies, medical centres and community centres as well as via the distribution of flyers across a large university campus in Sydney, through social media, word of mouth and snowball sampling. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was achieved and data was analysed. NVivo12 Plus Qualitative Data Analysis software (QSR International Pty Ltd. Version 12, 2019) was used to analyse the emerging themes. Initial codes were highlighted and organised into general themes and sub-themes, which were reviewed and refined. Results Chapter 2 Systematic review identified a total of 2377 studies through comprehensive search and search of cited references. After removing duplicates and based on title and abstract screening, 128 studies remained. Full text review yielded 21 observational studies (11 cohort studies and 10 cross-sectional studies) that assessed the association between vitamin D deficiency and depression and two intervention studies (two RCTs) that investigated women of reproductive age of 15-49 years in US, Australia, New Zealand, Asia, Europe, Middle East and South America. Two cohort studies that showed no difference in depression scores in relation to vitamin D, while 9 other cohort studies reported that after measuring participants’ depression scores and vitamin D level over time, lower vitamin D levels were associated with higher depression scores. Similarly, there were two cross sectional studies that did not find an association between vitamin D level and depression scores. However, eight other cross-sectional studies showed that low vitamin D levels were linked with higher depression scores. One RCT did not find any improvement in depression symptoms and severity based on the supplementation of vitamin D used. Another RCT showed a reduction in depression scores compared to controls. Chapter 3 Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 women aged 19-49 years old, all from CALD backgrounds. The beliefs, attitudes and practices regarding the use of vitamin supplements of women from CALD backgrounds were explored. Thematic analysis generated four main themes: 1) health literary 2) cultural factors that influence vitamin supplement use 3) life circumstances and 4) women’s perception of health outcomes. Health literacy and information sources were key factors that affected women’s decision-making about taking vitamin supplements; and sources such as Google were heavily relied upon. Moreover, cultural factors greatly influenced women’s initiation of vitamin supplement therapy. There were discrepancies regarding the impact of wearing the Hijab on vitamin D status and more research in this area is needed. Conclusion Prior to this research, there has been limited data on CALD women of reproductive age and their beliefs, attitudes and practices in terms of vitamin supplement usage. This body of research was the first to explore the use of vitamin supplements in women of reproductive age particularly from CALD backgrounds. Furthermore, it was also one of the few studies around the world that examined the effect of vitamin D on depression in women of reproductive age. Findings from this body of work demonstrated the reoccurring themes that shaped women’s beliefs, attitudes and practices towards vitamin supplement use specifically include health literacy, cultural factors, life circumstances and women’s perception of health outcomes. This study also ascertained that CALD women of reproductive age had differing levels of health literacy and use of a range of information sources. This study also highlighted differing views regarding the practice of Hijab and rate of vitamin D supplementation. In addition, this study provides a basis for further studies to explore whether the practice of Hijab affects vitamin D levels, which has consequences for recommendations around vitamin D supplementation in countries where the Hijab is commonly worn. There was an indication of an association between vitamin D deficiency and depression symptoms and severity from this research. However, the exact clinical association in terms of vitamin D being a causal factor in developing depression remains unclear. Supplementation with vitamin D that results in changing status from vitamin D deficient to vitamin D sufficient warrants further investigation, specifically to ascertain whether an optimal level is needed to achieve a reduction in depressive symptoms and severity. Thesis overview This thesis presents an analysis of previous research on the role of vitamin D deficiency in depression in women of reproductive age. It explores the role of supplementation with vitamin D on depression symptoms and severity. It also investigates the beliefs, attitudes and practices of women of reproductive age regarding their vitamin supplements usage. It examines the motivations behind usage in women particularly those from CALD backgrounds. Rationale for this study Vitamin D deficiency is common throughout the world, including Australia which has ample sunlight all year round. Low vitamin D status has been associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, one of which is depression (1). Consensus around the optimal level of vitamin D for women of reproductive age remains to be reached. It is critical to establish if a relationship between vitamin D levels and depression exists and what that relationship is in women of reproductive age. In order to evaluate this association, a systematic review of past studies was undertaken to examine the effect of vitamin D on depression in women of reproductive age. This is further discussed in Chapter 2 of this thesis. Similarly, vitamin supplementation use has grown in the last decade worldwide and in Australia (2). This may be due to increased advertising and availability, cultural influences, affordability and increase in the use of social media platforms. It is important to understand the beliefs, attitudes and cultural practices especially in women of reproductive age, around their use of vitamin supplements. In order to explore this research question, a qualitative study was undertaken to explore the use of vitamin supplements in women of reproductive age from CALD backgrounds. This is further discussed in Chapter 3 of this thesis. Research aim, objectives and research questions The overall aim of this project was to explore the use of vitamin supplements in women of reproductive age, with a focus on CALD communities as well as investigating vitamin D and its possible association with depression in women of reproductive age. The specific objectives of this research were to: • Evaluate the effect of vitamin D status on depression and depressive symptoms. • Explore the use of vitamin supplements in women of reproductive age, particularly in women of CALD backgrounds, with a particular focus on vitamin D • Describe the beliefs, attitudes, and practices of women of reproductive age, particularly women from CALD backgrounds, regarding vitamin supplement use. The research questions were: • Does vitamin D deficiency affect depression and depressive symptoms? • What level of vitamin D is needed to decrease depression severity and symptoms? • What level of vitamin D supplementation is required to increase level of vitamin D in order to decrease depression severity and symptoms? • What factors are involved when women of reproductive age initiate vitamin supplement use? • What are the beliefs, attitudes and practices of women of reproductive age around vitamin supplement use? • What are the beliefs and attitudes and practices of women from CALD backgrounds regarding vitamin supplement use? • What are the beliefs and practices of women from CALD backgrounds regarding the Hijab and its possible connection with vitamin D deficiency? Significance This research will contribute to the expanding body of knowledge related to vitamin D deficiency and depression as well as exploring vitamin supplement use in women of reproductive age particularly those from CALD backgrounds. It is the first study to systematically evaluate the effect of vitamin D on depression in women of reproductive age and explore the use of vitamin supplements in CALD women of reproductive age in Australia. This study complements current understanding of the links between vitamin D and depression as well as the differences in the beliefs, attitudes and practices of women from CALD backgrounds regarding vitamin supplement use. Considering existing evidence, public health interventions to decrease the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women of reproductive age in Australia are required, in addition to increasing awareness regarding the optimal vitamin D status in order to decrease the risk of depression and depressive symptoms. The identification of several motivating factors associated with vitamin supplement use in women of reproductive age and in particular those from CALD backgrounds is an important first step in future programs of public health research aimed at identifying and targeting culturally appropriate health related information that aides decision making when it comes to vitamin supplement use. This thesis investigates women’s use of vitamin supplements, vitamin D and its possible association with depression in women of reproductive age. The first chapter provides background information on vitamin supplements, vitamin D, depression and population characteristics. The second chapter examines the effect of vitamin D on depression in women of reproductive age in the form of a systematic review. The third chapter explores the use of vitamin supplements in women of reproductive age and in particular, women from CALD backgrounds through a qualitative study. The fourth chapter discusses the significance of all the findings, future research directions and conclusions.

B-vitamin deficiency may contribute to age-related diseases. Low/deficient vitamin B 12 status is of particular concern in older people despite the fact that intakes of B 12 typically far exceed current recommendations. Pernicious anaemia accounts for a very small proportion of low/deficient status, however, a much more prevalent problem is food-bound vitamin B 12 malabsorption. Proton pump inhibitor [PPI] drugs are acid suppressant drugs which reduce gastric acid secretion [hypochlorhydria] and could thus potentially reduce the absorption of food-bound vitamin B 12. Using an experimental model of hypochlorhydria, the current results showed no evidence of vitamin B 12 depletion as a result of short-term PPI administration. Long-term PPI usage was however shown to be associated with an increased risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency but this appeared to be alleviated by the regular consumption of foods fortified with the vitamin, with a 19% prevalence of vitamin B 12 deficiency found in long-term PPI users who were non-consumers compared to a 2% prevalence in consumers. Overall the results highlight the importance of fortified food consumption in maintaining vitamin B 12 status, particularly in those at risk of food bound malabsorption owing to PPI usage. This thesis also demonstrated that low dose vitamin B 12 (1μg/d) supplementation can significantly increase vitamin B 12 status both in healthy people and in long-term PPl users. Of note, the investigation of vitamin B 12 biomarker responses to vitamin B 12 depletion and repletion study presented in this thesis indicated that holotranscobalamin (holoTC) was a more sensitive biomarker of vitamin B 12 status and responded quicker to changes in vitamin B 12 status than the more conventional biomarker, serum total B 12. One of the most important findings of this thesis was that low vitamin B6 status was associated with a 6-fold increased risk of cognitive decline in a cohort of healthy older adults investigated over a 4 year period. This largely overlooked B- vitamin may have an important role to play in maintenance of cognitive function in healthy ageing.

Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O Brasil, um dos maiores produtores mundiais de banana, é também um dos maiores desperdiçadores deste fruto. A banana, um alimento facilmente encontrado em diversas regiões do planeta, não possui muitas alternativas de industrialização, o que vem colaborar ainda mais com essas perdas. A utilização da banana verde tem sido colocada como uma alternativa para minimizar esse problema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial vitamínico da banana, contribuindo para o melhor aproveitamento do fruto. Frutos das variedades Nanicão e Prata, cultivados em diferentes solos de pomares da Fazenda Taperão, no município de Brotas-SP, foram analisados desde o aparecimento do cacho no pé até sua senescência, com e sem indução do amadurecimento pós-colheita. A caracterização vitamínica foi feita por meio da determinação dos teores de vitaminas do complexo B (PP, BJ, B2, B6 e folatos), pró-vitamina A (b-caroteno) e vitamina C (ácido L-ascórbico (LAA) e ácido deidroascórbico (DHAA). Dois produtos foram produzidos utilizando-se da polpa de banana verde (pão e nhoque) e os teores de vitaminas destes alimentos também foram determinados, comparando-os com os encontrados em produtos similares de mercado (nhoque de batata e pão integral). Um teste sensorial foi aplicado a uma equipe de provadores não treinados verificando-se a aceitação destes alimentos. As frutas analisadas, no estádio verde, apresentaram, respectivamente para as variedades Nanicão e Prata, os seguintes teores médios de vitaminas: Bl - 0,57 e 0,84mg/l00g; B6 - 1,4 e 1,lmg/l00g; ácido fólico - 135 e 104mg/l00g; LAA - 17,6 e 20,2mg/l00g; DHAA - 6,1 e 5,8mg/l00g; e b-caroteno - 1073 e 441mg/l00g. Os teores de vitaminas nos frutos maduros também foram analisados obtendo-se os seguintes resultados médios para Nanicão e Prata, respectivamente: Bl - 0,63 e 1,08mg/l00g; B6 - 0,75 e 0,63mg/l00g; LAA - 12,4 e 19,2mg/l00g; DHAA - 3,6 e 4,5mg/l00g; e b-caroteno - 1682 e 1072mg/l00g. A vitamina B2 não foi encontrada em nenhuma amostra analisada. Os produtos feitos a base de polpa de banana verde apresentaram índices de vitaminas semelhantes aos produtos convencionais e aos da fruta in natura, exceto para as formas da vitamina C. Os testes de aceitação mostraram que existe uma tendência em aceitar os produtos, no entanto, algumas modificações devem ser feitas nas formulações aqui propostas. Os resultados indicam que, em termos do conteúdo vitamínico, há grande possibilidade da utilização _da polpa de banana verde para a obtenção de produtos com importante valor nutricional
Abstract: Brazil, the greatest world-wide producers of banana, is also one that most wastes this fruit. The banana, a food easily found in many regions of our planet, has few alternatives for industrialization, which collaborates even more with these losses. The use of the green banana has been considered as an alternative to minimize this problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vitamin potential of the banana, contributing to a better exploitation of the fruit. Fruits of the varieties Nanicão and Prata, cultivated in different types of soil of the orchards of the Taperão Farm, in the town of Brotas - SP, were analyzed as from the appearance of the fruit through to senescence, with and without induction of the ripening post-harvest. The vitamin characterization carried out by determining the vitamin levels of the B complex (PP, B1, B2, B6 and folic acid), pro-vitamin A (p-carotene) and vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid (LAA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA». Two products were made (bread and nhoque) using unripe banana pulp and the vitamin contents of these foods were also determined, comparing with those found in similar products on the market (potatoes nhoque and integral bread). A sensory test was conducted, applied to a group of untrained panelists verifying the acceptance of these foods. The fruits analyzed, in the unripe stage, showed the following average vitamin contents for Nanicão and Prata respectively: Bl - 0.57 and 0.84mg/100g; B6 - 1.4 and 1.1mg/100g; folic acid - 135 and 104mg/100g; LAA - 17.6 and 20.2mg/100g; DHAA - 6.1 and 5.8mg/100g; e b-carotene 1073 and 441mg/100g. The vitamin levels in the mature fruits were also analyzed giving the following average results for Nanicão and Prata, respectively: Bl - 0.63 and 1.08mg1l00g; B6 - 0.75 and 0.63mg/100g; LAA - 12.4 and 19.2mg/100g; DHAA - 3.6 and 4.5mg/100g; and b -carotene - 1682 and 1 072mg/100g. The vitamin B2 was not found in samples analyzed. The products made from unripe banana pulp presented similar vitamin levels to the conventional products and to those of the fruit in natura, except for the various forms of vitamin C. The sensory acceptance tests showed a tendency to accept the products, although some modifications must be made in the formulas proposed here. The results indicate that, in terms of the vitamin content, there is considerable potencial for the use of green banana pulp to prepare products of thigh nutritional value
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: No presente trabalho, foi estudada a viabilidade do uso da garrafa PET termorresistente como embalagem para néctar de manga, através de ensaios de vida de prateleira comparativos com embalagem cartonada Tetra Brik Aseptic e lata de alumínio comercializadas atualmente, durante um período de 180 dias, com armazenamento sob temperatura ambiente. Néctar de manga comercializado em embalagem cartonada Tetra Brik Aseptic foi adicionado de ácido ascórbico e goma xantana e processado em um sistema composto por um tanque de alimentação com capacidade de 8l, dotado de pressurizador manual para transporte do fluido, e serpentina imersa em banho de água quente, para envase manual realizado à quente (75 OC) em garrafas PET termorresistentes, que foram fechadas e invertidas, e assim mantidas por 2 minutos, antes do resfriamento em água fria. Foi adotado o Planejamento Experimental Completo tipo 22 cujas variáveis independentes foram a concentração do ácido ascórbico (com adições de 14,75 à 85,25 mg/100ml) e goma xantana (com adições de 0,012 à 0,068%), com a finalidade de retardar a oxidação e obter uma viscosidade aceitável pelo consumidor. As análises foram efetuadas com uma freqüência de 45 dias (1 Q, 45Q, 90Q, 135Q e 180Q dia após o processamento). As respostas analisadas foram: ºBrix, acidez titulável, pH, viscosidade, b-carotenos, análises microbiológicas (contagem de bolores/leveduras, contagem total, termófilos e coliformes fecais), determinações do teor de Vitamina C e de Cor e avaliação sensorial. As análises de variância dos resultados indicaram que as condições de processo reais estudadas não influenciaram as características físico-químicas do néctar (ºBrix, acidez titulável, pH e viscosidade). Sob o aspecto microbiológico, foi verificada a eficiência do processo de pasteurização. Durante o período de armazenamento avaliado (180 dias), foi verificado que o produto com teores maiores que 50,0 mg/100mL de ácido ascórbico e teores intermediários de goma xantana (0,04%) resultou em maior aceitabilidade. Sensorialmente, os produtos apresentaram médias de aceitação próximas ou superiores a 7,0, para o atributo de aceitação global, situado na escala hedônica não estruturada, equivalente a "gostei muito" e "gostei moderadamente". Em relação à resposta de cor, até 90 dias, houve redução da Luminosidade (L) para todas as amostras e todos os tratamentos dos produtos em PET ficaram com valores de L próximos aos dos produtos em Tetra Brik Aseptic e lata, e depois deste período a L aumentou para estes produtos e manteve-se relativamente estável nos experimentos com garrafas de PET. Para a cromaticidade (a e b) o produto na lata de alumínio apresentou-se mais escuro, quando comparado com os demais, enquanto as amostras em PET contendo maiores teores de ácido ascórbico adicionados apresentaram menor escurecimento no decorrer do período analisado
Abstract: In this work the viability of using thermoresistant PET bottles as package for mango nectar was studied. Three types of packages were studied: aluminum cans, multifoil package (Tetra Brik Aseptic) and PET bottles, by following the shelf-life of the mango nectar, for 180 days shelf-life period, under room temperature. Commercial mango nectar in multifoil package was used for the experiment. There was added ascorbic acid and xantham gum according to the Experimental Design (Surface Response). Product was thermal treated by heating at 75OC and filled at this temperature in PET bottles, closed and kept for two minutes, before cooling at room temperature. It was used the Complete Experimental Design 22, varying the ascorbic acid (14,75 mg/100mL up to 85,25 mg/100mL) and xantham gum (0,012% up to 0,068%), with the objective of reduce oxidation and get a better viscosity. Determination of: ºBrix, pH, titrable acidity, viscosity, b-carotenes, ascorbic acid, color, sensory evaluation and microbial analysis (molds and yeasts, total count, themophylos and coliforms) were done with a frequency of 45 days (1 Q, 45Q, 90Q, 135Q e 180Q day after bottling). Analysis of Variance showed that the process condition did not influence significantly the nectar physico-chemical characteristics (ºBrix, pH, titrable acidity and viscosity). Under the microbiological aspect, it was concluded the efficiency of the pasteurization process. Under the studied shelf-life period of 180 days, it was observed that mango nectar with higher concentrations of ascorbic acid (over 50mg/1OOmL) and intermediary concentrations (0,04%) of xantham gum, resulted in better acceptability. Organoleptically the products were accepted with scores of 7 or higher, for the attribute "global acceptance", in the non-structured hedonic scale, equivalent to "accept very much". In relation to the color attribute up to 90 days, Luminosity (L) for all samples in all experiments of PET packaged nectar, the L values were very close to the products in multifoil package and Aluminum can, after 90 days L increased for all products and was kept stable when packed in PET. For the chromaticity a and b the canned product in aluminum can presented darker products, when compared to the other experiments. Experiments in PET bottled nectar with higher ascorbic acid content resulted clearer products than the ones with lower addition of ascorbic acid, during the shelf-life period
Mestrado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

As vitaminas do complexo B e o ferro estão presentes em farinhas de cereais, alimentos amplamente consumidos pela população brasileira. O teor natural desses compostos em farinhas de cereais pode ser significativo no cálculo de uma dieta bem balanceada e o consumo de produtos industrializados enriquecidos com vitaminas do complexo B e ferro ajuda a contribuir na ingestão diária recomendada desses micronutrientes. Tabelas Mundiais de Composição de Alimentos apresentam dados incompletos das vitaminas do complexo B e do ferro em farinhas de cereais. No Brasil, a adição de ácido fólico e ferro em farinhas de milho e trigo produzidas para fins industriais é obrigatória desde 2002. Deste modo, para a adequação dos teores de rotulagem de produtos enriquecidos com vitaminas e ferro se fazem necessários o desenvolvimento e a validação de metodologias analíticas confiáveis e sensíveis para análise de vitaminas do complexo B e ferro em alimentos que apresentam tais micronutrientes em quantidades baixas, porém significativas, que correspondem aos teores naturalmente presentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a avaliação dos teores de sete vitaminas do complexo B (B1, B2, B6, ácido pantotênico, ácido fólico, niacina e biotina) e ferro em cinco farinhas de cereais (aveia, arroz, cevada, milho e trigo) utilizadas como matéria prima de produtos enriquecidos na indústria alimentícia, utilizando métodos validados.
Complex B vitamins and iron are present in some cereal foods, a kind of food largely consumed by Brazilian people. The total of these micronutrients can be significant at the dairy ingestion portion and in the consume of industrialized products enriched with complex B vitamins and iron contribute in the recommended dietary intake of these micronutrients. Table of food composition do not report complete data of complex B vitamins and iron in cereal flours. In Brazil, since 2002 the addition of folic acid and iron in com and wheat flours is compulsory. Therefore, to adapt the label of some products enriched with vitamins and iron, there is necessary the development and validation of analytical methods. These methods must be reliable and with enough sensitivity to analyse complex B vitamins and iron, in low concentration, wich are natural content in food. The purpose of this work is the evaluation, with validated methods, of the content of seven complex B vitamíns (B1, B2, B6, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and biotin) and iron in five kinds of cereal flours (oat, rice, barley, com and wheat). These raw materiais are used in food industry in order to enrich the industrialized products.

Orientador: Admar Costa de Oliveira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A presente Tese visou estudar a determinação da vitamina E, estabelecendo uma comparação entre o método clássico modificado com um outro método de determinação, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE).Para efeito de comparação foram utilizados cinco tipos de amostras diferentes: suplementos vitamínicos, óleos vegetais, DDOS, farinha de germe de trigo e fígados liofilizados de ratos. Os resultados encontrados nos métodos avaliados diferiram quanto ao tipo de isômero encontrado e a quantidade total da vitamina E encontrada. Pelo método clássico modificado os resultados foram em mg Tocoferóis totaisj100g de amostra e não houve diferenciação quanto ao isômero. Na CLAE, houve a separação dos isômeros alfa, beta + gama e delta-tocoferóis e do acetato de alfa-tocoferol, sendo cada um deles quantificado. Para todas as amostras analisadas foram encontradas diferenças significativas em termos de tocoferóis totais como por exemplo, no método clássico modificado e pela CLAErespectivamente: óleo de girassol 68 e 1.426 mg T/100g; DDOS neutralizado 12.540 e 43.475 mg Tj100g; Suplemento vitamínico Ephynal@ 264 e 298.832 mg Tj100g e para os fígados de ratos liofilizados suplementados com vitamina E foi 16,1 contra 68,79 mg T/100g. Ficou então evidenciado que a CLAEforneceu resultados mais completos em termos de isômeros da vitamina E, e que os métodos propostos não foram comparáveis, pois não forneceram resultados compatíveis
Abstract: The present study aimed to study the determination of the tocopherols (vitamin-E), establishing a comparison between the modificated classic method of metallic ion reduction, more particularly cupric ions, following by complexation with specific reagents and reading of the detection of tocopherols at 292 nm) with a more recent method of separation, the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To attain this objective, five types of different samples had been used: vitaminic supplements, vegetables oils, by-product of the refining of the soy oil (DDOS), wheat germ flour and liophilized rats' livers supplemented or not with vitamin-E. The results found in the two methods were different depending on the type of the found isomer and on the quantity of vitamin E. The method of ions cupric reduction show resultsin terms of total tocopherols and do not distinguish the tocopherol isomers. In the HPLC, the separation of the isomers alpha, beta + gamma an delta tocopherols and the alpha-tocopherol acetate did occurs, being each one of then quantified. For ali analyzed samples significant differences were found in terms of total tocopherols, as for example for modificated classic method: sunflower oi! 68 and 1426 mg T/100g; DDOS neutralized 12540 and 43475 mg T/100g; Ephynal@ 264 and 298832 mg T/100g and the livers of the rats that received supplementation from the vitamin-E 16,1 against 68,79 mg T/100g. It was then concluded that high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed a more detailed and accurate analysis in terms of isomers of vitamin E and the results were not comparable with the classic method
Mestrado
Nutrição Aplicada a Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Les anticoagulants anti-vitamines K (AVK) sont des inhibiteurs du mécanisme de régénération de la vitamine K. Celle-ci est impliquée dans l'activation post-traductionnelle par gamma-carboxylation de nombreuses protéines, et notamment de quatre protéines essentielles à la coagulation. L'apport alimentaire en vitamine K n'étant pas suffisant pour remplacer le cycle de régénération, un cycle efficace de régénération de la vitamine K est nécessaire. Les AVK bloquant ce cycle, la gammacarboxylation des facteurs de la coagulation n'est plus assurée, ainsi, la production de facteurs de la coagulation utilisables est fortement diminuée, ce qui affecte, par conséquent, le potentiel de la coagulation sanguine. Une inhibition importante du cycle de régénération peut entraîner la mort par hémorragies, c'est dans ce but que sont utilisés les AVK dans la lutte contre les rongeurs. Depuis une trentaine d'années, il a été remarqué que les rats femelles étaient moins sensibles aux AVK que les rats mâles. Plusieurs hypothèses pourraient expliquer cette différence : (i) une activité microsomale responsable de la régénération de la vitamine K plus efficace chez les femelles; (ii) une élimination plus rapide des AVK par les rats femelles; (iii) des concentrations basales et des demi-vies des facteurs de la coagulation vitamine K dépendants plus élevées chez les femelles. Le but principal de ce travail est de déterminer l'origine de la différence de sensibilité des rats femelles aux AVK.Les résultats mettent en évidence des différences significatives entre les mâles et les femelles concernant les niveaux basaux et les cinétiques d'évolution certains facteurs de la coagulation, pouvant expliquer la plus faible sensibilité des femelles aux AVK
Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are inhibitors of the recycling mechanism of vitamin K. Vitamin K is involved in the post-translational activation by gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K dependant proteins, and in particular four proteins essential to coagulation. Food intake of vitamin K is insufficient to substitute the recycling mechanism, an efficient cycle is necessary. If VKA block the recycling mechanism, gamma-caboxylation of vitamin K dependant clotting factors becomes is not done, thus the production of the active form of these clotting factors is diminished. Consequently, the blood coagulability is affected. An important inhibition of the recycling mechanism can kill by haemorrhage, it’s with this aim that VKA are used in rodent management. Over the past three decades, a slight resistance to VKA has been observed in female rats beside male rats. Some hypothesis can explain this difference: (i) a more efficient activity of female microsomes which are responsible of the vitamin K regeneration; (ii) a faster elimination of VKA in female rats; (iii) basal concentrations and half-lives of vitamin K dependant clotting factors are higher in female rats. The main purpose of this work is to identify the origin of the resistance of female rats to VKA.Our results pinpoint significant differencies between females and males concerning the basal levels and the evolution kinetics of some vitamin K dependant clotting factors. This might explain the weaker sensibility of female rats to VKA

O pólen apícola apresenta elevadas porcentagens de nutrientes e pode ser utilizado como suplemento nutricional na alimentação humana. Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas antioxidantes (vitamina C, E e β-caroteno) em pólen apícola durante um ano de estocagem. Foram adquiridos entre os meses de março e abril 2007 seis lotes de pólen apícola in natura e desidratado, diretamente de entrepostos de comercialização de produtos apícolas. Foram analisadas as concentrações das três vitaminas no tempo zero e em seguida amostras foram armazenadas, em embalagens fornecidas pelo produtor, sob três formas: a temperatura ambiente; a temperatura ambiente, porém protegida da luz; em freezer. Foi utilizado o método títulométrico para análise de vitamina C. Para β-caroteno utilizou-se a cromatografia em coluna aberta no tempo zero e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência após 6 e 12 meses de estocagem. Esta última foi utilizada para as análises da vitamina E. Foram realizadas ainda análises polínica e de composição centesimal. Foram encontradas as seguintes variações: 14±0,25 a 119±1,961 µg/g para vitamina C, 19,43±1,70 a 45,00±3,61µg/g para vitamina E 3,77±0,10 a 99,27±2,45 µg/g para β-caroteno em amostras frescas. Após processo de desidratação, houve uma alteração de 67,1% para mais na vitamina C (diferença significativa p<0,05), uma perda de 18,7% para vitamina E e de 15,6% para β-caroteno. O valor pró-vitamínico A das amostras desidratadas variou de 0,26 a 6,48 µg/g. A composição centesimal das amostras estudadas está de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas pela legislação brasileira em vigor (Instrução Normativa N° 3, de 19/01/2001). Houve grande variabilidade dos tipos polínicos encontrados nas amostras e alguns deles estiveram fortemente correlacionados com os teores de vitamina C (Myrtaceae), de β-caroteno (Arecaceae, Cecropia e Fabaceae) e de lipídeos (Arecaceae e Fabaceae). Outros estiveram correlacionados de forma negativa, como é o caso dos Mimosa caesalpineafolia e Poacease com os níveis de β-caroteno, do tipo Arecaceae com as proteínas e do tipo Mimosa caesalpineafolia com os lipídeos. A estocagem em freezer foi a condição mais eficiente na conservação das três vitaminas e a perda na estocagem a temperatura ambiente exposto a luz e protegido da luz foram semelhantes. Considerando-se as três condições estudadas, a vitamina E parece ser mais preservada durante estocagem quando comparada à vitamina C e ao β-caroteno. Entretanto, conforme teste estatístico realizado, houve perdas significativas (p<0,05) apenas para vitamina C em todas as condições estudadas quando comparadas a sua concentração inicial (tempo 0).
Bee pollen contains high percentages of nutrients and it can be used as a nutritional supplement for human feeding. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability the antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, E and β-carotene) in bee pollen during one year of storage. Six batches of fresh and dried bee pollen pellets were acquired in 2007 March and April from bee products warehouses. The three vitamins were quantified and then stored under three forms in packages supplied by the producer: in room temperature, in room temperature protected from light and frozen. Vitamin C was quantified by potentiometric titration. The open column chromatography was used for β-carotene analyses in the zero time and the high performance liquid chromatography after 6 and 12 months storage. This last one was used for the vitamin E analyses. The centesimal composition and botanical characterization of the bee pollen were obtained. Vitamin content in fresh samples varied between 14±0.25 and 119±1.96µg/g for vitamin C; 19.43±1.70 and 45.00±3.61µg/g for vitamin E and 3.77±0.10 and 99.27±2.45µg/g for β-carotene. After the drying process a significant alteration 67.1 % for more in the vitamin C (p<0.05), a losses of 18.7% for vitamin E and 15.6% for β-carotene were observed. The provitamin A value was between 0.26 and 6.48µg/g. The proximal composition of the samples studied presented results which were ali accordance to the specifications established for the Brazilian regulation (Normative Instruction N° 3, 19/01/2001). A great variability of the pollen types was found in the samples and some of them were strongly correlated with the vitamin C (Myrtaceae), β-carotene (Arecaceae, Cecropia and Fabaceae) and lipids (Arecaceae and Fabaceae). Other ones were negatively correlated, such as Mimosa caesalpineafolia and Poaceae types with β-carotene, Arecaceae type with proteins and Mimosa caesalpineafolia type with lipids. Storage in freezer was more efficient to keep the vitamins and the losses at room temperature storage when exposed to light and in the dark were similar. Vitamin E was more preserved during the storage when compared to vitamin C and β-carotene. However, only vitamin C presented significant statistical losses (p<0.05) in ali of the studied conditions when compared to its initial content.

The ligand binding properties of the Fe(III) Porphyrin microperoxidase-8 (MP-8) and several Co(III) Corrinoids towards nitrogenous bases have been studied. More than 70 equilibrium constants for axial ligand substitution of three series of nitrogenous bases (Amines, Pyridines, Imidazole and their derivatives) with Fe(III)MP-8 and five different corrinoid complexes varying in the trans ligand X (X = Methyl, Vinyl, CN, Bzm and H2O) have been determined spectrophotometrically in aqueous solution. A base line verifying the general equation log K =a.pK +b has been established for each metal complex with these nitrogenous bases, when the pK is the only significant variable, the value of (a) is comparable but values of (b) fall in the order 5-heterocycles > 6-heterocycles > amines. These base lines are characterised by the wide range of pK's (pK =5.3 -10.6 for primary amines, 0.4- 9.76 for 6- membered heterocyclic compounds and 2.3 - 14.3 for 5-membered heterocyclic compounds). The most striking base line was found in the case of the 5-membered heterocyclic compounds which covered 12 pK units, including imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole, their conjugated anions, together with certain substituted imidazoles. These base lines include the first linear basicity correlations for any Fe Porphyrin or for 5- heterocycles with any transition metal ion. The value of the slope (a) increased linearly with published data on the trans effect and furthermore the established base lines pass through a focal point which is different for each family in the range pK =-2 to 0, log K =-2 to 0. These base lines showed the enhancement of log K in the case of hydroxyl amine, hydrazine and pyridazine above the established base lines, this was ascribed to the so called a-effect for the first time in metal-ligand bonding. Also, the base lines help to quantify the suppression in log K value due to the steric hindrance as in the case of a and p-branching of amines and also the two substituted pyridines. A new mechanistic pathway was established for the methylation of Co(II) with methyl iodide in presence of the thiol (RSH) complex of Co(II). This reaction showed that increasing the electron density on the Co(II) ion by coordination of the polarisable RSH ligand induced some of the reactivity towards Mel characteristic of the fully reduced Co(I) corrinoids.

Heterocyclic amines and Lipid oxidation products are important classes of toxins in food. Prevention of their formation in food might minimize their dietary exposure and lower their health risk to people. This research work is to identify the potential vitamins which may inhibit the formation of these toxins. Moreover, the possible inhibition mechanism for potent inhibitor(s) is also investigated. The first part was related to heterocyclic amines which are a class of important Maillard reaction products. The inhibitory activities of 11 water-soluble vitamins against heterocyclic amine formation were examined in a PhIP and a MeIQx producing chemical model. Six investigated vitamins (pyridoxiamine, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, biotin, thiamine and L-ascorbic acid) out of eleven, exhibited significant inhibition (>40%) in both models. The activity of pyridoxamine, niacin, alpha-tocopherol, retinol acid and ascorbic acid was further investigated using fried beef. Moderate inhibition (20%) of the formation of PhIP, 4,8-DiMeIQx and MeIQx was found for most of them; whereas pyridoxamine reduced the levels of all three HAs by 40%. LC–MS analysis revealed that pyridoxamine directly reacts with phenylacetaldehyde to form an adduct which was characterized by LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The second part was related to cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). The capacities of 15 vitamins to inhibit the formation of 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol was examined in beef patties. Among them, L-ascorbic acid, retinoic acid, and α-(±)-tocopherol were found to exert a potent inhibitory effect (30−50%) on the formation of three COPs. Pyridoxamine inhibited 7-ketocholesterol formation by 60% and it could directly react with 7-ketocholesterol via the addition reaction. Finally, the inhibitory activities of 15 vitamins against Malondialdehyde (MDA) formation were examined in beef patties samples. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and TBA test were performed followed by HPLC-DAD analysis. Five vitamins (pyridoxiamine, pyridoxine, retinoic acid, α-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid) exhibited significant inhibition (>20%) in triplicate experiments. The fatty acid profile was examined by GC-MS and significant difference was only observed for three antioxidants (retinol acid, L-ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol) but not pyridoxamine. An alternative explanation for the inhibition mechanism against lipid oxidation was proposed for pyridoxmine. With the application of chromatographic and spectral analysis (LC–MS and NMR), it was demonstrated that pyridoxamine could directly react with Malondialdehyde via addition reaction. In summary, certain vitamins were found to be potential inhibitors against both heterocyclic amines and lipid oxidation products formation. Mechanistic studies showed that direct-trapping of these toxins and the intermediate compounds for their formation by pyridoxamine and other vitamins was an effective way to lower the concentration of these food toxins during high-temperature processing.
published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Orientador: Maria Antonia Martins Galeazzi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a situação alimentar de uma amostra de famílias da reserva indígena de Guarita no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Utilizou-se a metodologia desenvolvida por Galeazzi para inquérito de consumo familiar de alimentos. Adicionalmente, fez-se um levantamento de dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, da infra-estrutura e do saneamento básico bem como a situação quanto à utilização de políticas da área da alimentação e nutrição em uma amostra de 92 famílias. Após análise descritiva das variáveis, selecionou-se aquelas que melhor poderiam explicar as diferenças entre as famílias com menor ou maior consumo de calorias, utilizando-se para tanto o teste Pearson Chi-Square, sendo que o nível de significância determinado foi de 5%. Os resultados mostram que as famílias são numerosas, formadas majoritariamente por pessoas jovens. A maioria das pessoas ocupadas desenvolvem atividades na agricultura. A Cesta Básica de alimentos não atende as necessidades nutricionais. A atividade agrícola concentra-se nos seguintes produtos: milho, feijão, mandioca e batata-doce. A análise do consumo revelou que a média de calorias consumidas é de 2.115,55. No entanto 30,4% das famílias não atingem 80% do consumo de calorias em relação às necessidades, estando estas em situação de risco nutricional. A contribuição relativa da proteína no consumo calórico total é de 10,6%, sendo esta em maior parte de origem vegetal. Quanto ao consumo de vitaminas e sais minerais, mais de 90% das famílias pesquisadas não atingem 80% de adequação em relação as necessidades de cálcio e vitamina A, sendo também insuficientes para maioria das famílias o consumo de ferro, tiamina, riboflavina, niacina e vitamina C. O consumo de sal teve uma associação significativa com a hipertensão auto-referida (significância ao nível de 1%)
Abstract: This study aimed to characterize the nutritional situation of a sample of households in the Indian reservation of Guarita in the state of Rio Grande do Sul The method was developed by Galeazzi for investigation of household consumption of food. Additionally, it was a survey of socioeconomic data, demographic, infrastructure and sanitation and the state policies on the use of the area of food and nutrition in a sample of 92 families. After descriptive analysis of the variables selected to be those that could better explain the differences between families with lower or higher consumption of calories, using the test for both Pearson Chi-Square, where the level of significance was determined by 5% . The results show that families are numerous, trained mainly by young people. Most people are employed in farming activities. The basic basket of food does not meet the nutritional needs. The agricultural activity is concentrated in the following products: corn, beans, cassava and sweet potatoes. The analysis showed that the average consumption of calories consumed is to 2115.55. However 30.4% of households do not reach 80% of the consumption of calories in relation to needs, these are at nutritional risk. The relative contribution of the protein in total calorie intake is 10.6%, being in most of plant origin. As for the consumption of vitamins and minerals, over 90% of households surveyed did not reach 80% of suitability for the needs of calcium and vitamin A, is also insufficient for most families the consumption of iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C. The consumption of salt has had a significant association with self-reported hypertension (significance at 1%)
Mestrado
Nutrição Aplicada a Tecnologia de Alimentos
Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Foi realizado um experimento no aviário experimental do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), em Pirassununga/SP com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de dois níveis vitamínicos (comercial e OVN) com ou sem aflatoxina em dietas de frangos de corte no período de 1 a 42 dias. Foram utilizados 1800 pintinhos, machos, Cobb 500, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 (2 níveis vitamínicos - comercial e OVN, 2 níveis de aflatoxina - 0 ppm e 0,5 ppm, e 2 níveis de adsorventes - 0 e 10 kg/ton), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 15 repetições de 15 aves cada. As dietas foram fornecidas fareladas e a base de milho e farelo de soja, formuladas segundo os níveis praticados por uma integradora da região. Para avaliar o desempenho foram analisados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar de 1 a 49 dias. Para avaliação de carcaça (rendimento de carcaça, peito e pernas), determinação de incidência de BBS e determinação do peso das vísceras abdominais e coração foram abatidas duas aves por repetição aos 45 dias. Os resultados mostraram que frangos de corte, machos, alimentados com nível OVN de vitaminas, apresentaram melhor ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e peito quando comparado com o nível comercial de vitaminas (P<0,05) e que as dietas contendo 0,5 ppm de aflatoxinas resultaram em menor ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, porcentagem de peito e aumentou o tamanho do coração e fígado do animal (P<0,05). O uso de 10kg/ton de adsorvente só apresentou resultado positivo no final da vida dos animais (dos 39 a 49 dias) (P<0,05) e somente na conversão alimentar. Esse estudo permite concluir que a aflatoxina resulta em perdas de desempenho e rendimento de carcaças e que o fornecimento de níveis ótimos de vitaminas melhora os resultados dessas características. O uso de adsorventes se mostrou inviável nesse estudo.
An experiment was conducted in an experimental aviary the Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) in Pirassununga/SP, to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and weight of offal in broiler chickens fed with two levels of vitamins (commercial and VNO) with or without aflatoxin in broiler diets. Were used 1800 chicks, male, Cobb 500 distributed in a completely randomized 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (two vitamin levels, two levels of aflatoxin and two levels of adsorbents), totaling eight treatments with 15 replicates of 15 birds each. Diets were fed mash and corn and soybean meal, formulated according to the levels charged by an integrator in the region. To evaluate the performance were analyzed feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion from 1 to 49 days. For evaluation of carcass yield (carcass, breast and legs), determination of the incidence of BBS and determination of the weight of the abdominal viscera and heart were killed two birds per replicate at 45 days. The results showed that broilers, males fed VNO level of vitamins showed better weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and breast when compared to the commercial level of vitamins (P<0.05) and that diets intoxicated with 0.5 ppm of aflatoxin resulted in less weight gain, carcass yield, percentage of breast and increased the size of the heart and liver of the animal (P<0.05). The use of adsorbent 10kg/ton only had a positive result at the end of life of animals (from 39 to 49 days) (P<0.05) and only in the feed. This study indicates that aflatoxin results in loss of performance and carcass yield and the provision of optimal levels of vitamins improved the results of these characteristics. The use of adsorbents in this study proved to be unfeasible.

Dentre os diversos fatores responsáveis pela instabilidade química das vitaminas nos alimentos, a exposição à radiação luminosa é determinante, principalmente em alimentos contendo vitamina B2. O presente trabalho investigou a degradação fotossensibilizada das vitaminas do complexo B (ácido fólico, piridoxal, biotina e niacina) por flavinas. O piridoxal-5\'-fosfato (PLP) mostrou-se reativo frente aos estados singleto e tripleto excitado das flavinas com constante de desativação de 1,03 1011 L mol-1 s-1 para o estado singleto, valor este superior ao valor esperado para reações bimoleculares controladas por difusão em meio aquoso. Foi observada uma dependência significativa da constante de velocidade de desativação do estado singleto excitado com a temperatura, onde o aumento da temperatura proporciona um decréscimo da constante de velocidade sugerindo a existência de um complexo [FMN...PLP] no estado fundamental o qual foi confirmado por espectroscopia de fluorescência resolvida no tempo. O PLP mostrou-se reativo frente ao estado tripleto excitado da FMN com constante de velocidade de 3kq = 3,0 108 L mol-1 s-1 em meio de tampão fosfato pH 6,4 ou em meio de óxido de deutério a 25 °C. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as constantes de desativação do estado tripleto excitado em meio aquoso e de óxido de deutério o que corrobora com um processo direto de transferência de elétrons do PLP para a 3FMN* ao invés de um processo de transferência de átomo de hidrogênio. As vitaminas (biotina e niacina) mostraram-se não reativas frente aos estados singleto e tripleto excitados da vitamina B2 o que pode ser atribuído aos altos potenciais de oxidação, Eo > 2 V vs. NHE, observados para estas vitaminas em meio aquoso. A voltametria cíclica do PLP apresentou um processo anódico e irreversível (E= 1,07 V vs. NHE), controlada cineticamente por transferência de elétrons heterogênea do PLP para o eletrodo. O rendimento quântico de fotodegradação do PLP em meio aquoso e aerado é 2,5 vezes superior ao encontrado para a reação em meio anaeróbico, o que sugere a participação do íon superóxido no processo global de degradação do PLP. O ácido fólico demonstrou-se igualmente reativo frente ao estado tripleto excitado das flavinas (3kq= 4,8 108 L·mol-1 s-1 e Φ = 0,26 (meio aerado) e Φ = 0,32 (meio anaeróbico)) e a sua complexação pela β-LG (Φ = 0,032 (meio aerado) e Φ = 0,055 (meio anaeróbico)) uma eficiente abordagem na proteção desta vitamina frente a fotodegradação sensibilizada por flavinas.
Among several factors responsible for the chemical instability of vitamins in food, exposure to light radiation is decisive, especially in supplemented or fortified food with vitamin B2. This study investigated the photosensitized degradation of B-vitamins (folic acid, pyridoxal, biotin and niacin) by flavins. The pyridoxal-5\'-phosphate (PLP) reacted with singlet and triplet excited states of flavins with rate constant for quenching of 1kq = 1,03 1011 L mol-1 s-1 for the singlet state, this value is higher than expected value of bimolecular reactions controlled by diffusion in an aqueous solvent. A significant dependence was observed for the rate constant for deactivation of singlet excited state with temperature, the increase of the temperature leads to a decrease of the rate constant suggesting the existence of a complex [FMN...PLP] in ground state confirmed by time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. PLP reacted with FMN triplet excited state with rate constant 3kq = 2,96 108 L mol-1 s-1 in phosphate buffer pH 6,4 or deuterium oxide at 25 °C. There was no significant difference between the rate constant of deactivation of the triplet-excited of FMN in aqueous solution or deuterium oxide which confirms a direct process of electron transfer to PLP for 3FMN* rather than a process of transfer of hydrogen atom. Biotin and niacin unreacted with singlet and triplet excited states of vitamin B2 which can be attributed to high oxidation potentials, Eo > 2 V vs. NHE, observed for this vitamins in aqueous solution. The cyclic voltammetry of PLP had an irreversible anodic oxidation process (E = 1.07 V vs. NHE) kinetically controlled by heterogeneous electron transfer from PLP to the electrode. The quantum yield of photodegradation of PLP in aerobic condition is 2.5 times higher than that found for the reaction in anaerobic condition, which suggests the of participation of superoxide ion in the PLP global degradation process. Folic acid demonstrated reactive with triplet excited state of flavins (3kq= 4,8 108 L·mol-1 s-1 and Φ = 0,26 (aerobic condition) and Φ = 0,32 (anaerobic condition)) and the complexation with β-LG (Φ = 0,032 (aerobic condition) and Φ = 0,055 anaerobic condition)) an efficient approach in protecting the vitamin against photodegradation sensitized by flavins.

Influenza, também conhecida como gripe, é uma doença infecciosa viral que acomete um grande número de indivíduos anualmente, sendo responsável por um elevado número de internações e óbitos. O agente etiológico é o Myxovirus influenzae, vírus envelopado, de RNA de fita simples e polaridade negativa. A vacinação é a forma mais eficaz de se prevenir a infecção pelo vírus, no entanto, a capacidade produtiva dessa vacina não é suficiente para a vacinação da totalidade da população mundial, principalmente em casos de pandemia. Esse projeto teve por objetivo desenvolver uma vacina influenza (fragmentada e inativada) adjuvada, visando aumentar a capacidade produtiva dessa vacina no Instituto Butantan, que hoje é estimada em aproximadamente 40 milhões de doses por campanha. A utilização de adjuvantes na formulação da vacina influenza é capaz de produzir a mesma resposta imunológica protetora contra esse vírus, utilizando uma quantidade menor dos antígenos vacinais, aumentando a capacidade de produção da vacina em até quatro vezes. Foram estudadas 23 formulações adjuvantes utilizando o esqualeno como referência (formulação similar ao MF59®, adjuvante desenvolvido pela Novartis), vitaminas lipossolúveis (vitaminas A, D e E), vitamina B2 (vitamina hidrossolúvel), MPLA (monofosforil lipídio A, produzido pelo Instituto Butantan como subproduto da vacina pertussis low) e gel de hidróxido de alumínio. Para tanto, foram avaliadas a resposta imune conferida a camundongos BALB/c após imunização com diferentes formulações de vacina influenza (fragmentada e inativada) adjuvada e a existência, ou não, de toxicidade induzida pelas formulações vacinais estudadas. As formulações vacinais mais promissoras farão parte das formulações candidatas para realizações de ensaios clínicos. Os animais foram imunizados por via intraperitoneal com as formulações vacinais e foram colhidas amostras de sangue para ensaios sorológicos (inibição de hemaglutinação e ELISA) e células esplênicas para avaliação celular (dosagem de citocinas por citometria de fluxo: IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 TNF-α e INF-γ). Além disso, em um dos experimentos avaliou-se a formação de memória imunológica contra influenza, parâmetro importante em se pensando em uma vacina. Os três primeiros experimentos foram uma triagem a partir da qual selecionaram-se as melhores formulações que foram testadas no último experimento. Nele foram avaliados além da indução de resposta imune a toxicidade e a memória imunológica. Todas as 23 formulações estudadas induziram resposta minimamente protetora nos animais, com exceção da formulação contendo apenas MPLA como adjuvante. As formulações que se mostraram mais promissoras continham além do gel de AI(OH)3 MPLA de B. pertussis ou vitamina B2. Isso sem considerar o tocoferol (vitamina E), que embora tenha apresentado bons resultados acabou preterido em decorrência de sua potencial relação com casos de narcolepsia descritos na literatura. O teste de memória foi capaz de demonstrar que essas formulações produzem resposta de memória imunológica duradoura. Assim, tem-se resultados promissores para novos estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos com a vacina influenza (fragmentada e inativada) sazonal (trivalente).
Influenza, also known as flu, is a viral infectious disease that infects a large number of people annually, being responsible by large morbidity and mortality rates. The etiologic agent is the Myxovirus influenzae, an enveloped virus with single-stranded RNA and negative polarity. Vaccination is the best way to prevent the virus infection; however, the production capacity of this vaccine is not sufficient to vaccinate the entire world population, especially in cases of pandemics. This project aimed to develop an adjuvanted influenza vaccine (split and inactivated), increasing the productive capacity of this vaccine in Instituto Butantan, which is estimated in approximately 40 million of doses by campaign. Influenza vaccines formulated with adjuvants can produce the same protective immunological response against the virus using less amount of antigen increasing the production capacity of this vaccine up to four times. Twenty-three adjuvants containing fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D and E), vitamin B2 (water-soluble vitamin), MPLA (monophosphoryl lipid A, produced by Instituto Butantan as a byproduct of pertussis low vaccine production) and aluminum hydroxide gel were studied. An adjuvant similar to MF59® (Novartis adjuvant) containing squalene was used as control. The immune response elicited in BALB/c mice after immunization with the different formulations of the influenza vaccine and the existence or not of toxicity induced by the vaccines formulations were studied. The most promising formulation will be part of the candidate formulations of clinicai trials. The animais received the vaccine formulations intraperitoneally and at specific days blood samples were taken to serological tests (hemagglutination inhibition and ELISA). At the end, they were euthanized to collect the spleens and splenic cells were cultivated to evaluate cytokines by flow cytometry: IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 TNF-α and INF-γ. Furthermore, in one experiment the immunological memory against influenza was evaluated, an important parameter to vaccines. The most promising formulations contained besides to alum either B. pertussis MPLA or B2 vitamin. Tocopherol (vitamin E) presented good results too, however it has a potential relationship with reported cases of narcolepsy. The memory test was able to demonstrate that these formulations induced long lasting immune memory response. Thus, these are promising results for new pre-clinical and clinical trials with seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (split and inactivated).

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mineral density, deteriorated bone microstructure and increased fracture risk. About 50% of all women and 25% of all men will have an osteoporotic fracture. Given that there is no effective cure in established osteoporosis, prevention is of high importance. Bone mineral density (BMD) is accumulated during childhood and adolescence with a peak at about 20 years of age. Peak BMD has been suggested to explain at least half of the variation in BMD up to old age. Thus, to increase peak BMD could decrease the risk of later fractures. The purpose of the present thesis was to investigate the influence of physical activity, vitamins A and D, and fatty acids on peak bone mass in men. The influence of physical activity on bone accrual was studied in two cohorts. In the first cohort 46 ice hockey players, 18 badminton players and 27 controls, all 17 years of age at baseline, were followed for four years. During the follow up the badminton players gained more bone mass at the hip compared to both the ice hockey players and controls. In the second cohort the associations between physical activity and BMD were investigated in 62 female and 62 male young medical students. The estimated high impact activity per week was associated with bone mass at all sites in the male medical students (r=0.27-0.53, p<0.05). In the female cohort different estimates of physical activity were not related to bone mass at any site. In both males and females correlations between bone mass and body constitution parameters were observed. Levels of vitamin D3, vitamin D2, retinol, retinol-binding-protein-4 (RBP-4) and fatty acids were measured in 78 young men with a mean age of 22.6 years. BMD at various sites were measured using Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry. Levels of vitamin D3 showed a significant positive association with all BMD sites and also lean body mass (r=0.23-0.35, p<0.05). Levels of vitamin D2, however, showed a significant negative correlation with BMD of the total body (r=-0.28, p=0.01) and spine (r=-0.27, p=0.02). There was also a significant negative relationship between levels of vitamin D3 and D2 (r=-0.31, p=0.006). Concentrations of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids showed a positive association with BMD at the total body (r=0.27, p=0.02) and spine BMD (r=0.25, p=0.02). There was also a positive association between levels of n-3 fatty acids and changes in BMD of the spine between 16 and 22 years of age (r=0.26, p=0.02). The significant associations found seemed to be related mostly to the concentration of the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Levels of retinol and RBP-4 were not related to BMD but to levels of osteocalcin, which is a marker of bone formation. This association disappeared when adjusting for the influence of abdominal fat mass. In summary, the present thesis suggests that many modifiable factors may influence the accumulation of peak bone mass in males, such as physical activity, vitamins, and fatty acids. Further studies are needed to investigate whether optimizing these factors in youth may decrease the risk of osteoporosis later in life.

The potential for regulated additions of L-ascorbic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin to assist in maintaining vitamin stability when each formed part of a multivitamin system was investigated in aqueous solutions. Screening studies were performed to identify major factors that accelerated vitamin loss during aerobic storage at ambient temperature. These showed L-ascorbic acid to be destabilised by cupric ion. Light (at 339 lux) was further shown to affect the influence of cupric ion on Lascorbic acid, whereby the catalytic activity of cupric ion at trace levels (0.5 ppm) appeared to be concealed by the effect of light. Riboflavin degradation, by contrast, resulted directly from the presence of light. Neither cupric ion nor light affected the stability of thiamine. However, a change in pH from acidity (pH 3-6) to neutrality (pH 7) caused a marked decline in thiamine stability. L-Ascorbic acid was more prone to degradation at pH close to its primary pKa value. However, there was no apparent relationship between riboflavin degradation and pH. Investigations of between-vitamin influences showed riboflavin to accelerate Lascorbic acid loss. This effect was apparent whether or not light was present. However, L-ascorbic acid destabilised riboflavin only in the absence of cupric ion and light. To optimise multivitamin stability, study was made under acid conditions in various types of citrate systems with cupric ion and light absent and under reduced levels of oxygen. Input variables included the levels of vitamin additions and pH. Using response-surface methodology, quadratic equations could be fitted adequately to stability data obtained for L-ascorbic acid in citrate-phosphate, citrate-sucrose, and citrate systems and for both thiamine and riboflavin in citrate-phosphate and citrate systems. L-Ascorbic acid and thiamine stability responses (as % residue) were lowered by an increase in pH over the pH 2.6 to 3.0 range in both citrate-phosphate and citrate systems. The stability of riboflavin with pH was maintained solely in the citrate-phosphate system. Within the same system, increased additions of both thiamine and riboflavin improved L-ascorbic acid stability. In citrate, thiamine stability benefited from riboflavin additions only when L-ascorbic acid additions were low. High levels of addition of L-ascorbic acid were also directly responsible for thiamine instability. An improvement in riboflavin stability with L-ascorbic acid additions was observed only with thiamine added at high levels. In citrate-sucrose, L-ascorbic acid was more prone to degradation with an increase in thiamine added level at low pH. Levels of vitamin additions and pH that yield maximum responses in L-ascorbic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin stability have been predicted using the set of conditions given by the quadratic models.

Apesar da evolução tecnológica, estudos sobre a estabilidade de nutrientes em alimentos preparados em Serviços de Alimentação têm recebido pouca atenção. No entanto, é cada vez maior o número de pessoas que fazem suas refeições nestes estabelecimentos. Uma vez que o conteúdo em vitaminas é um dos fatores mais importantes na determinação da qualidade dos alimentos processados, o objetivo deste estudo foi definir métodos de análise quantitativa para tiamina, riboflavina e ácido nicotínico por CLAE em carnes, para, então, avaliar a influência da preparação em Serviço de Alimentação sobre o conteúdo destas vitaminas em diferentes cortes de carnes bovina, suína e de frango. Objetivou-se também avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas citadas após métodos de preparação tradicionais comparados com métodos de preparação em forno combinado (um dos equipamentos de cocção mais modernos utilizados em Serviço de Alimentação). As amostras de carnes foram grelhadas, fritas, assadas e refogadas ou cozidas sem imersão em água utilizando-se o forno combinado e também equipamentos industriais de modelo convencional. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a tiamina foi a vitamina mais afetada pelos métodos de preparo em Serviço de Alimentação (47,2 a 84,7% de retenção em carne bovina; 49,6 a 79,8% de retenção em carne suína e 53,7 a 81,1% de retenção em carne de frango). Para riboflavina as porcentagens de retenção foram de 69,3% a 91,4% em carne bovina; 71,8% a 92,7% em carne suína e 60,1 a 92,3% em carne de frango. A estabilidade do ácido nicotínico foi, de um modo geral, maior em carne bovina (60,7 a 91,5% de retenção), intermediária em carne de frango (65,1 a 84,4% de retenção) e menor em carne suína (62, 8 a 77,0% de retenção). Para a grande maioria das preparações, o uso do forno combinado (em comparação com os equipamentos convencionais) preservou mais as três vitaminas, sugerindo que este equipamento é a melhor opção para preparação de carnes bovina, suína e de frango quando se deseja uma maior estabilidade destas vitaminas. Nos três tipos de carnes preparadas de formas semelhantes as perdas das vitaminas foram associadas às perdas de umidade e às condições de preparo das carnes
Despite the progress achieved, studies on nutrient retention in food service preparation have not received much attention. However, more and more people eat at these places. Since vitamin content is one of the most important factors in determining processed food quality, the objetive of this study was to define quantitative analysis methods for thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in meat in order to evaluate the influence of food service preparation on the content of these vitamins on different beef, pork and chicken cuts. Another objeticve was to evaluate these vitamins\' retention under conventional preparation methods, compared to combined oven, one of the most modern cooking methods used in food service. Samples of meat were charbroiled, fried, roasted and cooked without water in a combined oven and in conventional equipments. The results showed that thiamin was the vitamin most affected by the food service preparation methods (47.2 to 84,7% of retention in beef; 49.6 to 79.8% of retention in pork and 53.7 to 81.1% of retention in chicken). Riboflavin content retention was from 69.3 to 91.4% in beef; 71.8 to 92.7% in pork and 60.1 to 92.3% in chicken. Nicotinic acid retention was, in general, higher in beef (60.7 to 91.5%), medium in chicken (65.1 to 84.4%) and lower in pork (62.8 to 77.0%). For most preparations, the use of combined oven preserved the three vitamins better than the other conventional equipments. The results obtained indicate that, as far as food service is concerned, the combined oven is the best option for beef, pork and chicken preparation when a greater thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid stability is desired. In the three types of meat prepared in a similar manner, vitamins losses were associated to moisture loss and to the conditions of meat preparation

The objective of this dissertation was to study the disposition and absorption of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in healthy male subjects as a function of age. Deficiencies of these vitamins have been found in the elderly and malabsorption is suspected in this population. Absorption of riboflavin was examined by administration of an oral dose of 200 mg of riboflavin-5'-phosphate (FMN) and disposition was studied following a 30 min constant rate IV infusion of FMN equivalent to 25 mg of riboflavin. Ascorbic acid absorption was examined by administration of a 5 g oral dose and disposition was studied following a 1 g IV dose. Test doses of these vitamins were administered to subjects ranging in age from 33 to 85 years. High performance liquid chromatographic assays were developed for the determination of riboflavin and ascorbic acid in plasma and urine. The method for riboflavin separated FMN and flavin adenine dinucleotide under isocratic conditions. Quantification of the three flavins was achieved by fluorescence detection. The assay system for ascrobic acid used a postcolumn reaction for the fluorometric detection of a dehydroascorbic acid derivative. This method used isoascorbic acid as the internal standard. Finally, similar specificity between a "methoxyaniline" colorimetric method and the chromatographic method was observed for the quantification of ascorbic acid in plasma and urine. Albumin plasma concentration and riboflavin protein binding were decreased with age (p < 0.05). The in vitro stability of ascorbic acid in whole blood and plasma decreased with age (p < 0.05, n = 17). The results of this study indicate no age-related alterations in parameters associated with the gastrointestinal absorption of these vitamins. Increased relative renal excretion of riboflavin with age may explain the deficiency of this vitamin. On the other hand, ascorbic acid deficiency with age may be explained by decreased stability of the vitamin in blood.

Contexte: L'enrichissement des aliments est une stratégie efficace pour lutter contre les carences en micronutriments. Toutefois, il existe de nombreuses étapes critiques, tels que l'évaluation des besoins de la population, l'obtention de l'appui du gouvernement et de l'industrie, le choix du véhicule alimentaire, la sélection des bons micronutriments (s) et son dosage, et enfin le suivi. Objectif: Cette thèse évalue et de discute les défis de l'enrichissement des aliments au Vietnam. Méthodologie: Les méthodes suivantes ont été utilisées: une étude transversale, une enquête sur la consommation, une étude d'impact, une étude de stabilité, une étude coût-conséquences, deux revues de littérature, une étude de validation, et les leçons tirées de programmes d'enrichissement financés par GAIN. Résultats: Les carences en micronutriments chez les femmes et les enfants au Vietnam sont encore très répandues et se chevauchent souvent. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de consensus sur le meilleur indicateur pour déterminer le statut en zinc, la prévalence du déficit en zinc semble être élevée par example. De nombreuses initiatives d'enrichissement ont montré que le soutien du gouvernement et de l'industrie est essentiel pour réussir. Le gouvernement vietnamien a reconnu la nécessité de lutter contre les carences en micronutriments. Les véhicules appropriés pour l'enrichissement des aliments au Vietnam sont les huiles végétales et le riz, ainsi que la sauce de poisson, la sauce soja, les bouillons cubes et les aliments de complément. Cependant, il y a des questions qui doivent être soigneusement étudiés, tels que le niveau de peroxyde dans l'huile, la présence d'inhibiteurs de l'absorption du fer, ou le risque de sédimentation dans les sauces. Lors de l'ajout de micronutriments aux aliments, des facteurs tels que les coûts, la qualité et la sécurité doivent être pris en considération. Enfin, l'enrichissement doit être soigneusement surveillés pour s'assurer de la qualité et de surveiller les effets sur la santé de la population. Conclusion: Avant que la fortification des aliments puisse être mise en œuvre et être efficace au Vietnam, une série de défis devront être surmontés
Background: Food fortification is an effective strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies. However, there are many critical steps, such as assessing the population's needs, obtaining support from the government and industries, choosing the food vehicle, selecting the right micronutrient(s) and the dosage and finally monitoring. Objective: The overall objective of this thesis is to assess and discuss the challenges of food fortification in Vietnam. Methodology: The following methods were used: a cross-sectional study, a consumption survey, an impact study, a stability study, a cost-implication study, two literature reviews, a validation study, and lessons learned from GAIN funded fortification programs. Results: Micronutrient deficiencies in women and children in Vietnam are still widespread and often overlap. Although there is no consensus on which indicator is best to use to determine zinc status, zinc deficiency prevalence seems to be high. Numerous fortification initiatives have shown that the support from the government and the industry is essential in order to be successful. The Vietnamese government has recognized the need to fight micronutrient deficiencies. Suitable food vehicles for fortification in Vietnam are vegetable oil and rice, as well as fish sauce, soy sauce, wheat flour and possibly flavoring powders and complementary foods. However, there are issues that need to be carefully studied, such as the peroxide level in the oil, the presence of absorption inhibitors in the flour, or the risk of sedimentation in sauces. When adding micronutrients to foods, factors such as costs, quality and safety need to be considered. Finally, fortification needs to be carefully monitored to assure quality and to supervise the effect on the population's health. Conclusion: Before food fortification can be implemented and be effective in Vietnam, a series of challenges will need to be overcome

This diploma thesis was focused on biologically active compounds determination. 26 samples of honey, one sample of propolis and one sample of royal jelly were analyzed. Honey were harvested in year 2006 and 2007 and bought in retail chain, special shops and directly from bee-keeper. Samples were analyzed by titration, spectrofotometry, LC/MS and RP-HPLC methods. The study was focused on analysis of antioxidants. Followed groups of antioxidants were determined: flavonoids, catechins, carotenoids, vitamins E, C, A. Authenticity of quality was determined by hydroxymethylfurfural analysis. Average values of total antioxidant capacity ranged (12.75-137.49) mmol .100 g-1. Average values of total phenolic ranged (8.51-61.34) mg .100 g-1 and average values of total flavonoids ranged (0.75-6.04) mg .100 g-1. Honey samples contained (41.83-585.10) g .100 g-1 of rutin, (9.30-313.40) g .100 g-1 of myricetin, (6.5-171.90) g .100 g-1 of luteolin, (3.19-436.37) g .100 g-1 of quercetin, (2.10-242.66) g .100 g-1 of apigenin, (0.15-105.12) g .100 g-1 of caempferol and (0.07-17.52) mg .100 g-1 of naringenin. From group of catechins there were measured (5.98-310) g .100 g-1 of catechin, (17.77-486.29) g .100 g-1 of epicatechin, (0.18-64.90) g .100 g-1 of catechin gallate and (0.59-140.56) g .100 g-1 of epicatechin gallate. From lipophilic compounds the most abundant in honey samples was tocopherol, its value ranged (29.20-8531.17) g .100 g-1. Content of ascorbic acid ranged (0.65-4.65) mg .100 g-1. Content of hydroxymethyl.furfural. ranged (0.26-4.06) mg .100 g-1. By LC/MS method luteolin, naringenin, protocatechin acid, coffee acid and p-cumaric acid in honeydew were detected and, furthermore, kyanidin and pinocembrin in floral honey were found. Mono-floral honey contained biologically active compounds the most, imperceptibly less contained multi-floral honey and honeydew honey. Acacia honey contained the lowest amount of biologically active compounds.

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Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-27T19:16:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio David Couto Estudo da prevalencia... 2002.pdf: 44946029 bytes, checksum: 5521f6983cf2f27b55c924fff532ed06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
O metabolismo da fiomocisteina pode ser afetado por carência nutricional de vitaminas (Be, B12 e folatos) ou por alterações genéticas que afetam o funcionamento de enzimas envolvidas em sua via metabólica. A homozigose para a mutação C677T no gene da enzima metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR) tem sido relacionada com a hiperhomocisteinemia, descrita como fator de risco importante e Independente para a ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. As hemoglobinopatias estruturais, principalmente a hemoglobina S, também tem sido associada a estes eventos. No presente estudo foi determinada a prevalência da mutação C677T da MTHFR, por PCR e RFLP, em 843 recém-nascidos de Salvador-Bahia, correlacionando a presença desta mutação com o perfil de hemoglobinas determinado por HPLC. Os níveis séricos de homocisteína, vitamina Bi2 e folatos foram determinados em um subgrupo de 75 recém-nascidos, com os diferentes genótipos para o polimorfismo C677T da MTHFR: 25 selvagens (C/C), 25 heterozigotos (C/T) e 25 homozigotos (T/T) mutantes, todos portadores de hemoglobina AA. A freqüência do alelo T foi de 23,4%, com prevalências de 36,2% da heterozigose e 5,3% da homozigose para o polimorfismo C677T da MTHFR. O alelo T foi normalmente distribuído entre os gêneros (p = 0,206) e entre os diferentes genótipos de hemoglobinas p = 0,696. Diferenças estatísticas nâo foram encontradas para os níveis de homocisteína, folatos e vitamina B12 entre os diferentes genótipos do polimorfismo C677T da MTHFR. Contudo as análises estratificadas para os níveis de folatos e vitamina B12 demonstraram que os recém-nascidos com níveis destas vitaminas abaixo dos valores medianos e portadores dos genótipos C/T e T/T apresentaram maior freqüência entre os neonatos com níveis de homocisteína acima de 6,7 |amol/L. Também foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os pesos dos recém- nascidos e os níveis de folatos (p = 0,043). Nossa população apresenta freqüência elevada do alelo T do polimorfismo C677T da MTHFR associada as hemoglobinopatias estruturais, o que pode influenciar na incidência das doenças vasculares freqüentemente observadas entre os portadores de hemoglobinopatias estruturais. De acordo com os resultados, os folatos são poderosos preditores dos níveis de homocisteína assim como do peso dos recém-nascidos, independente da mutação C677T; contudo, este efeito é potencializado pela presença da homozigose do alelo T.
The homocysteine metabolism is affected by nutritional status of B12 and folate vitamins or can results from genetics mutations of genes responsable for proteins expression involved in re-methylation or trans-sulphuration metabolism pathway. A common mutation, C677T, in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) reduces the MTHFR activity and increase the total homocysteine serum levels (tHcy). Hyperhomocysteinaemia has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease as established for variant hemoglobins. Here we investigated the C677T mutation prevalence in MTHFR gene by PCR and RFLP techniques, in 843 neonates from Salvador-Bahia-Brazil, and its coexistence with variant hemoglobins, which was determinated by HPLC. We estimated homocysteine, B12, and folate vitamins serum levels concentrations by chemiluminescence in a subgroup of 75 neonates with hemoglobin AA pattern, carriers different genotypes for MTHFR polimorphism: 25 wide type (C/C), 25 heterozygous (C/T), and 25 mutant homozygous (T/T). The mutant allele frequency was 0.23. Among heterozygous and mutant homozygous states the prevalence for polymorphism C677T of MTHFR gene were 36.2% and 5.3%, respectively. No gender (p = 0.206) or hemoglobin genotypes (p = 0,696) related differences were observed for T allele distribution, even for homocysteine, folate, and B12 vitamin levels among different MTHFR polymorphism. Stratified analysis for B12 vitamins or folate levels showed high frequency of newborns C/T and T/T with homocysteine levels above 6.7 |imol/L in the groups of B12 vitamin and folate levels below of it median values. Statistical differences was found in newborns with low folate serum levels and weight according to them with it serum levels above of it median value (p = 0.043). The 672 studied newborn population had high frequency of T allele associated with variant hemoglobins. It become important once may contribute for occlusive vascular disease development. Our results showed relationship among folate and homocysteine serum levels, that folate is an important homocysteine serum levels predictor as well newborns weight, and this effect can be enhanced by T allele homozygouse

Beans are a commonly consumed food and a staple in many regions worldwide. Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), categorized as legumes, are dried seeds from plants and are high in protein, carbohydrate and fiber, and low in fat. They are also a good source of various minerals and well as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and folate Beans are typically soaked and thermally processed before consumption. Different processing methods can impact the composition of beans. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of thermal treatments on vitamin concentration in pinto beans. Beans were simmered, canned, dried-flaked, or dried-extruded, and measured for thiamin, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin B6. Beans were then reheated and measured again for vitamin concentration. Vitamin loss was comparable between the most commonly consumed stages of processing: Simmered, canned reheated, dried-flaked reheated and dried-extruded reheated. The only statistically significant differences were that simmering caused the least amount of degradation of thiamin and dried-flaked product had the least amount of vitamin B6 degradation. Though dried-flaked and dried-extruded beans generally decreased in vitamin concentration, these two products were comparable to the simmered and canned reheated products. This suggests that drying is a nutritionally acceptable means of processing pinto beans, resulting in products that are more economical to transport and more convenient to prepare.

O pólen apícola é o resultado da aglutinação do pólen das flores efetuada pelas abelhas, mediante acréscimo de substâncias salivares e pequenas quantidades de néctar ou mel. Trata-se de um produto consumido devido a seus benefícios nutricionais e terapêuticos. Sua importância nutricional é reconhecida por ser uma fonte protéica de elevado valor biológico, apresentando ainda carboidratos, lipídeos e minerais em sua composição, além das vitaminas do complexo B, C, E, β-caroteno (como pró-vitamina A) e D; características estas que variam de acordo com sua origem botânica. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: caracterizar o pólen apícola produzido em diferentes épocas de coleta; obter dados científicos nacionais sobre o valor vitamínico de pólen apícola, relacionando-o com sua origem botânica e avaliar o efeito de dois tipos de processos de secagem do pólen apícola nos teores das vitaminas antioxidantes (β-caroteno, como pró-vitamina A, vitamina C e E), considerando-se que estas vitaminas podem ser degradadas durante o processamento. Foram analisados os teores de vitaminas em 10 lotes de pólen apícola fresco, sendo 5 coletados em abril e 5 em outubro de 2005. Os lotes frescos de pólen apícola foram desidratados por um método convencional (desidratação à 42° C) e por um método alternativo (desidratação a 30-35° C). Além disso, foi realizada a identificação dos tipos polínicos encontrados nas amostras frescas de pólen apícola e a associação com o teor de vitaminas encontradas. Os valores das vitaminas determinados nas amostras frescas de pólen apícola variaram entre 13,5 e 42,5 µg/g para vitamina E; 56,3 e 198,9 (µg/g) para β-caroteno e entre 273,9 e 560,3 µg/g para vitamina C. De acordo com os resultados concluiu-se que a origem botânica e a época de coleta influenciaram no teor das vitaminas encontradas, interferindo inclusive na classificação da amostra como fonte ou não de determinada vitamina. Além disso, foi observado que o processamento alternativo foi mais eficaz que o processamento convencional na manutenção dos teores de todas as vitaminas em estudo.
Bee-collected pollen (bee pollen) is highly consumed around the world due its nutritive and therapeutic value. It contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins of complex B, vitamin C, D, E and totals carotenoids. However there are few literature data correlating nutritional composition with botanical origin and thermal process. The aim of this study was to quantify vitamins C, E and beta-carotene (provitamin A) in fresh and processed samples of bee pollen, correlating them with botanical origin. In addition, to evaluate the effect of drying process in the vitamin content. Ten samples of fresh bee pollen were collected, five in April and five in October of 2005. Samples of fresh bee pollen were dried by conventional method (drying at 42° C) and by an alternative method (drying at 30-35° C). The fresh bee pollen and the processed ones were assayed regarding their vitamin contents (n=30). Vitamin C was quantified by potentiometric titration, vitamin E by HPLC-normal phase and beta-carotene by open column chromatography. The date from botanical characterization of the bee pollen were obtained and correlated to the vitamins content. Vitamin content in fresh samples varied between 13,5 and 42,5 µg/g for vitamin E; 56,3 and 198,9 (µg/g) for β-carotene and 273,9 and 560,3 µg/g for vitamin C. The alternative drying method was more efficient that conventional one in retaining the vitamins. It was also concluded that the botanical origin and collecting season influenced the vitamin contents. Being important factor to predict if bee pollen was source or not of each vitamin.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O presente projeto constou de dois estudos com o objetivo de avaliar a inter-relação entre o imunoestimulante β-glucano e a vitamina C em dietas práticas para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). No Estudo – I foi avaliado, após 60 dias experimentais (primeira fase), o melhor nível de suplementação do β-glucano (0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 % na dieta) e vitamina C (400 e 600 mg/kg da dieta) para desempenho produtivo, parâmetros hematológicos e imunológicos (determinação dos intermediários reativos do oxigênio e do nitrogênio), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, mais um tratamento controle sem suplementação do β-glucano e 125 mg de vitamina C/kg de dieta, totalizando nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Após essa primeira fase, os peixes foram divididos em dois grupos. Um grupo foi submetido ao estímulo pelo frio e o outro ao desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila, avaliando-se os mesmos parâmetros da primeira fase, além da porcentagem de sobrevivência. No Estudo – II objetivou-se determinar o melhor tempo de administração de β-glucano e da vitamina C (45, 30, 15 e sete dias antecedendo os desafios) utilizando-se o melhor nível de inclusão do β-glucano e da vitamina C, obtidos no estudo I. Os desafios utilizados foram: estímulo pelo frio, estresse por transporte e desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila. Estes foram avaliados por meio dos mesmos parâmetros anteriores. Concluiu-se no estudo I que a suplementação de β-glucano e vitamina C não influenciam o desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo; que a suplementação de 0,1% de β-glucano e 600,0 mg de vitamina C/kg da dieta determina melhores respostas imunológicas frente ao estímulo pelo frio e desafio com a bactéria Aeromonas hydrophila e que, níveis elevados de suplementação de β-glucano (0,4 e 0,8%) promovem redução dos parâmetros imunológicos avaliados,...
The development of aquaculture associated to the intensification of production system determined the interest in immunostimulant in fish diets. Growth performance, hematological and immune responses of Nile tilapia were determined in this research. Fish were fed diets containing 28.0% and DP/3000 kcal DE/kg and supplemented with levels of β-glucan (0.1; 0.2; 0.4 e 0.8%) and vitamin C (400 e 600 mg/kg diet) distributed in a factorial design (4 x 2) plus a control treatment without β-glucan and supplemented with 125.0 mg vit C/diet). After 60 days, growth performance of 252 tilapia (16.86 ± 0.24g), randomly distributed in 36 250L-aquaria were determined, then 108 fish were submitted to cold stress (seven days/18.0ºC) and 108 were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (concentration of 105UFCml-1/15 days). Hematological and immunological parameters (reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates) were determined before and after challenges. Therefore, it is concluded that β-glucan and vitamin C did not influence growth performance; 0.1% of β-glucan and 600.0 mg of vit C/kg diet determine better immunological response related to cold stress and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge and that high levels of β-glucan supplementation (0.4 and 0.8%) determine a reduction of parameters immunological evaluated, independent of vitamin C supplementation.

The aim of this study was to examine whether vitamins E (200 IU) and C (1 g) in combination would influence exercise-induced lipid peroxidation to a greater extent than vitamin E (400 IU) alone. A placebo-controlled study was carried out on 7 collegiate cyclists who were supplemented with 1) vitamin C (1 g); 2) vitamins E (200 IU) and C (1 g); and vitamin E (400 IU) during 3 treatments, each 3 weeks in duration. The serum concentrations of hematocrit and MDA, one marker of lipid peroxidation, were measured immediately before, immediately after, and 24 hours after each exercise bout. After the vitamin C treatment, MDA serum concentration of the athletes (n=7) increased 85% above the baseline values of the placebo values, the vitamin E/C treatment showed a 29% increase, and the vitamin E treatment showed a 39% decrease. Pre- to post-exercise serum MDA levels increased 64% in the placebo group, a 29% increase in the vitamin C treatment group, a 23.2% increase in the vitamins E/C treatment group, and a 46.9% increase in the vitamin E treatment group. It is concluded that exercise-induced lipid peroxidation is more greatly influenced post-exercise by a combination of vitamins E (200 IU) and C (1 g), than by either vitamin C (1 g) alone, or vitamin E (400 IU) alone.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Singular or dual dietary depletions of vitamins C and E in Atlantic salmon parr increased susceptibility to Aeromonas salmonicida challenge. An array of immune parameters were evaluated to identify the involvement of these vitamin depletions on the immune response. Dietary vitamin E levels in salmon had no impact on haematological parameters, total serum protein or lysozyme levels. Similarly, dietary vitamin E levels did not affect leucocyte antibody production, macrophage activating factor (MAF) release and respiratory burst (RB) phenomena. However, haemolytic and opsonic properties of complement were compromised in vitamin E depleted salmon. Parenteral administration of vitamin E to vitamin E depleted carp did not elevate phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) lymphocyte proliferation responses or complement activity. In vitro additions of vitamin E to lymphocytes from carp fed a commercial diet did not elevate PHA proliferation responses either. The increased disease susceptibility provoked by dietary vitamin C restriction in Atlantic salmon was not correlated with serum protein levels, differential leucocyte numbers or phagocyte functions as tested by RB activity or phagocytosis by macrophages. Lymphocyte functions were operational in these fish as examined by MAF secretion and antibody production. Analogous to vitamin E depletion, dietary vitamin C restriction in salmon compromised complement haemolytic activity. Elevating the vitamin C content of diets above normal levels enhanced complement activity in salmon. Vitamin C was a potent modulator of rainbow trout leucocyte functions. In vitro supplementation of vitamin C in the sodium (NaAsc) or polyphosphate (PPAsc) form was required for PHA-proliferation responses. MAF secretion was also augmented by in vitro additions of NaAsc to leucocytes obtained from vitamin C depleted trout. Injecting NaAsc into depleted fish elevated PHA proliferation responses compared with saline-injected controls. Leucocytes from the latter group could recover proliferative responses to levels associated with NaAsc-injected fish with in vitro additions of 1x10-3 and 1x10-4M PPAsc. Increased disease susceptibility, reduced complement activity and haematocrit values were symptomatic of combined dietary vitamin C and E depletion in salmon parr. Total and differential leucocyte numbers, or serum parameters including antiprotease activity and total protein level were unaffected by this dietary regime. Although poorly adherent, macrophages obtained from dually depleted salmon had similar RB values and expressed greater responsiveness to a MAF-containing supernatant than vitamin sufficient counterparts. Lymphocyte functions were impervious to dual vitamin depletion as antibody and MAF production responses were intact. In vitro additions of NaAsc and PPAsc were shown to elevate RB responses in macrophages from vitamin-restricted and -adequate salmon. MAF secretion was demonstrated to be a temperature-dependent phenomenon in rainbow trout leucocytes. After 48h acclimation at low in vitro temperatures (6 C), leucocytes obtained from trout at 14C expressed impoverished MAF production. Acclimation of trout to 7 C did riot rescue MAF production. Also, normal RB activity was reduced in macrophages obtained from fish at 14 C after 48h at 6 C in vitro. However, if allowed to acclimate, these macrophages become more responsive to MAF and recovered RB activity to levels associated with macrophages held at 10 and 18C. RB responses of macrophages from fish at 7 C functioned equally well across a wide range of in vitro temperature regimes. Phagocytic activity of macrophages obtained from fish at 14 C and placed at 6 C in vitro for 48h expressed temperature sensitivity. This was especially apparent in fish fed a dietary ?-3/?-6 fatty acid ratio of 2.0. However, this dietary regime also elevated phagocytic activity of these macrophages to such an extent, that their response surpassed that of macrophages from fish fed commercial diets or ?-3/?-6 ratios of 0.5 and 1 even at low in vitro temperatures.

Class of 2016 Abstract & Report
Specific Aims: This study aims to evaluate the use and rationale of dietary supplement use by pharmacists and to assess whom pharmacists are recommending them to. Methods: Arizona licensed pharmacists were surveyed using Qualtrics software. The survey consisted of questions starting with listing common vitamin, mineral and herbal products used personally. Respondents were then asked to indicate a purpose for use and if they would recommend personally used products to patients, family or friends. Demographics such as area of practice, gender and age were also collected. Data were analyzed by calculating summary frequency and percentages with a priori alpha level of 0.05. Main Results: Of the 10,899 surveys sent, 528 respondents completed the survey. The average respondent age was 46.6 ± 14.4, 40% were male and 42% practiced in community pharmacy Overall use was: multivitamin (95.54%), vitamin C (78.24%), vitamin D (73.31%), calcium (73.13%), and B vitamin(s) (70.03%). The most common reasons for use were “general health and wellness” and “to treat or cure a specific disease or health problem.” Overall use of supplements was lower; 58% for fish oil while only 25% used chondroitin. More community pharmacists used all types of dietary supplements (p < 0.05). Most pharmacists would recommend the products to patients. Conclusions: (39) Pharmacists use dietary supplements at rates similar to the general public and would recommend the noted products to patients. This is particularly relevant because existing well designed studies evaluating efficacy and safety of the products in question are limited.

Introdução: Beribéri é uma doença causada pela deficiência de tiamina (vitamina B1) que, apesar de facilmente tratável, pode levar a óbito. Há pelo menos setenta anos não se tinha referência de surtos de beribéri no Brasil. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de beribéri e óbitos notificados no Estado do Maranhão. Método: Estudo descritivo-retrospectivo que analisou 1.207 casos notificados de beribéri e 40 óbitos ocorridos no Maranhão no período de 2006 a 2008. As informações foram obtidas do banco de dados da Vigilância Epidemiológica e fichas de notificação. Resultados: Os casos distribuíram-se em 434 (36,0%) em 2006, 551 (45,6%) em 2007 e 222 (18,4%) em 2008. Afetou dois terços das Unidades Regionais de Saúde e 26,3% dos municípios localizados nas regiões centro-oeste, noroeste e sudoeste do Estado. As notificações foram maiores nos meses de março a agosto, com pico em junho. O coeficiente de incidência no período foi de 4,32/10.000 hab. Homens foram mais acometidos (81,9%), com concentração de casos na faixa etária de 20-40 anos (57,0%). Predominou a ocorrência do beribéri seco (84,6%) e o tempo decorrido entre os primeiros sintomas e a notificação foi inferior a três meses para dois terços dos casos. A hospitalização ocorreu para 50% dos casos em 2006, 30% em 2007 e 15% em 2008. O consumo de álcool foi referido por 53,2% dos acometidos em 2006, com proporção discretamente menor nos anos subseqüentes, e o hábito de fumar por cerca de um terço dos acometidos. Sintomas mais comuns foram: diminuição da força, dormência e edema das pernas, dificuldade para caminhar e dor na panturrilha. Em relação à escolaridade, constatou-se que mais da metade (57,2%) tinha quatro anos ou menos de estudo, dois terços (66,2%) desempenhava atividade laboral pesada e 72,9% tinham renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo. Foram registrados 40 óbitos (3,3% do total de casos notificados) apenas em 2006, concentrados no mês de junho (61,9%) e distribuídos em 21 municípios (9,7%). A taxa de mortalidade para o Estado foi de 0,45/10.000 hab. Praticamente a totalidade dos óbitos ocorreu no sexo masculino (97,5%), sendo 72,5% na faixa etária de 20-30 anos. Para dois terços, o tempo decorrido entre os primeiros sintomas e a notificação foi inferior a três meses e a hospitalização ocorreu para 42,5%. Hábito de consumir álcool e fumar foi elevado entre aqueles que foram a óbito, 75,0% e 66,7%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O estudo se destaca por abranger análise de todas as notificações de beribéri do estado do Maranhão. Constatou-se que os casos e óbitos apresentaram distribuição espacial e temporal relacionado à realidade do estado. A ausência de óbitos em 2007 e 2008 e redução dos casos em 2008 sugerem efeitos positivos das ações de enfretamento governamentais implementadas. Esta avaliação descritiva é importante para nortear as atividades e áreas a serem priorizadas no planejamento das ações de combate, tanto no nível central (federal, estadual e municipal), como para os profissionais da atenção básica e especializada, no direcionamento de suas práticas. Os resultados contribuem também para o delineamento de outras pesquisas que possam auxiliar no estudo da determinação do beribéri no Brasil.
Introduction: Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) which, although easily treatable, may lead to death. There had been no register of beriberi outbreaks in Brazil for at least seventy years. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of reported beriberi cases in the State of Maranhão. Method: A descriptive retrospective study of 1,207 reported beriberi cases and 40 deaths in the State of Maranhão from 2006 to 2008. The information was obtained from the database of Epidemiological Surveillance and the reporting forms. Results: The cases were distributed in 434 (36.0%) in 2006, 551 (45.6%) in 2007 and 222 (18.4%) in 2008. It affected two thirds of the Regional Health Units and 26.3% of the municipalities located in the Central-Western, Northwestern and Southwestern of the State. The notifications were higher in the months from March to August, peaking in June. The incidence rate in the period was 4.32 / 10,000 inhabitants. Men were more affected (81.9%), with more concentration of cases in the age group 20-40 years (57.0%). Dry beriberi was predominant (84.6%) and the elapsed time between first symptoms and reporting was less than three months in two thirds of cases. Hospitalization occurred for 50.0% of cases in 2006, 30.0% in 2007 and 15.0% in 2008. Alcohol consumption was reported by 53.2% of patients in 2006 and slightly lower proportion in subsequent years, and smoking was reported for about one-third of patients. Main symptoms were loss of strength, numbness and swelling of the legs, difficulty in walking and calf pain. Regarding education it was found that more than half (57.2%) had four or fewer years of study, two thirds (66.2%) performed heavy labor activity and 72.9% had a family income lower than minimum wage. Forty deaths were recorded (3.3% of all reported cases) only in 2006, concentrated in the month of June (61.9%) and distributed in 21 municipalities (9.7%). The mortality rate for the State was 0.45 per 10,000 inhabitants. Almost all the deaths occurred in males (97.5%), and 72.5% aged 20-30 years. For two-thirds of the patients who died, the elapsed time between first symptoms and reporting was less than three months and hospitalization occurred in 42.5%. Alcohol consumption and smoking were higher among those who died, 75.0% and 66.7% respectively. Conclusion: This study stands out for including analysis of all reported beriberi cases in the State of Maranhão. It was found that cases and deaths showed spatial and temporal distribution related to the social reality of the State. The absence of deaths in 2007 and 2008 and reduction of cases in 2008 suggest positive effects of the implemented governmental actions. This descriptive evaluation is important to guide the activities and areas to be prioritized in the planning of actions at the central level (federal, state and municipal), as well as for guiding the practice of primary and specialized healthcare professionals. The results also contribute to the design of other research that may support the study of beriberi in Brazil.

Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O enriquecimento de alimentos com vitaminas e minerais atualmente é uma prática bastante difundida, permitindo melhorar o valor nutricional dos alimentos ou repor os nutrientes perdidos durante o processamento e/ou estocagem. Entretanto, alguns nutrientes podem sofrer interação negativa durante a vida de prateleira do alimento, como a do ferro (pró-oxidante) e as vitaminas A e E (antioxidantes). Portanto, estudos de interação e estabilidade de nutrientes e técnicas de análise eficientes e precisas são necessárias para garantir ao consumidor o consumo adequado de nutrientes e informações nutricionais seguras. No presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar a influência da adição de diferentes fontes de ferro na degradação do a-tocoferol acetato (TA) e do retinil acetato (RA) em leite desnatado UHT (Ultra Higth Temperature) e farinha de arroz enriquecidos, bem como o efeito do tipo de embalagem (permeável e não permeável à passagem de luz) e do processo de cocção convencional para a farinha de arroz e validar metodologia para análise simultânea destas vitaminas. O procedimento analítico consistiu na extração das formas vitamínicas com etanol, seguida de partição em hexano e limpeza com metanol:água (9:1). A fração do hexano foi evaporada e ressuspendida em etanol. Para a separação das vitaminas foi utilizada coluna C18 com sistema de eluição por gradiente, com fase móvel composta por metanol, água e tetrahidrofurano, a vazão de 1 ml/min. A detecção foi feita na região do UV, a 325 nm e 282 nm para a vitamina A e E, respectivamente. Os limites de detecção determinados foram de 1,3 ng/ml e 64,77 ng/ml, enquanto os de quantificação foram 2,6 ng/ml e 129,54 ng/ml para o retinil acetato e a-tocoferol acetato, respectivamente. A repetibilidade e a recuperação, em dois níveis de adição para as vitaminas, apresentaram valores entre 4,4 a 10,5% e media de 96%, respectivamente. Tanto na farinha de arroz quando no leite enriquecido para o RA não houve diferença significativa quando adicionou-se as fontes de ferro, enquanto a estabilidade do TA foi influenciado negativamente pela adição das formas químicas aminoácido quelato de ferro (Fe-AQ), sulfato ferroso (SF) e lactato de ferro (LF) na farinha e LF no leite desnatado. Para as farinhas, as embalagens utilizadas e o processo de cocção não influenciaram na perda relativa das formas vitamínicas estudas. A metodologia proposta e validada apresentou-se eficiente quando aplicada em leite desnatado e farinha de arroz enriquecidos. O enriquecimento da farinha de arroz com RA e TA e Fe de forma concomitante é mais indicado com ferro-ácido etileno-diamino tetraacético (Fe-EDTA) e ferro reduzido (FR) e o do leite desnatado com Fe-EDTA e Fe- AQ
Abstract: The food enrichment with vitamins and minerals is a very common practice nowadays, allowing to improve the nutritional value of the food and to replace nutrients lost during the processing and or stocking. However, the added nutrients can suffer negative interaction during rack life of the food, as it happens with iron (pro-oxidant) and vitamins A and E (antioxidant). Therefore, studies on interaction and stability of nutrients as well as efficient and precise analysis are necessary to guarantee to the consumer the adequate consumption of nutrients and correct nutritional information. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the addition of iron from different sources in the degradation of a-tocopherol acetate (TA) and retinyl acetate (RA) in UHT (Ultra High Temperature) skim milk and in enriched rice flour packed in packing that allows and that does not allow light crossing, as well as conventional cooking and to validate a methodology for simultaneous analysis of these vitamins. The analytic procedure consisted in the extraction of the vitamins with ethanol, followed by partition in hexane and cleaning with methanol:water (9:1). The hexane fraction was evaporated and ressuspended in ethanol. For the separation of the vitamins a C18 column was used, with eluition system for gradient, with a mobile phase composed by methanol, water and tetrahidrofurane, in a flow of 1 ml/min. The detection was made in UV's Region of 325nm and 282nm to vitamin A and E, respectively. The limits of detection varied from 1.3 ng/ml to 64.77 ng/ml, while those of quantification were 2.6 ng/ml for retinyl acetate and 129,54 ng/ml for -tocopherol acetate, respectively. Repetibility and recovery, in two addition levels for the vitamins, showed values from 4.4 to 10.5% and measures of 96%, respectively. In the rice flour, as well as in the RA enriched milk, there was no significant difference for the added iron sources, while the stability of the TA was negatively influenced by the addition of the chemical forms Fe- AQ, SF and LF in the flour and LF in the skim milk. For the flours, the used packages and the cooking process did not influence the relative loss of the studied vitamin forms. The proposed and validated methodology showed to be efficient when applied in enriched skim milk and rice flour. The concomitant enrichment of rice flour with RA and TA and Fe showed to be better with Fe-EDTA and FR and the of skim milk with Fe-EDTA and Fe-AQ
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

O pólen além de ser a principal fonte de alimento não líquido, para as abelhas, tem sido utilizado como um suplemento da dieta humana. Apesar de muitos autores afirmarem que os produtos apícolas são ricos em nutrientes, pouco se sabe sobre a composição do pólen apícola especialmente em relação à presença das vitaminas do complexo B. De forma original este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas do complexo B (B1, B2, B6 e PP) incluindo seus vitâmeros, durante o período de um ano de estocagem, em amostras de pólen apícola desidratado. Verificou-se também o efeito do processamento sobre o conteúdo dessas vitaminas além da possível influência dos tipos polínicos sobre a composição centesimal e conteúdo vitamínico. Foram analisadas concentrações das vitaminas no tempo zero e após 4, 8 e 12 meses, estocadas sob três condições distintas: em temperatura ambiente (com e sem exposição à luz) e em freezer. As vitaminas, após a extração simultânea, foram quantificadas por CLAE, com detecção por fluorescência. Todas as vitaminas propostas foram encontradas nas amostras analisadas e o processo de desidratação não interferiu no conteúdo das mesmas (p<0,05). As variações foram (base seca): 0,59 a 1,09 mg/100g para vitamina B1; 1,73 a 2,56 mg/100g para a vitamina B2; 6,43 a 15,34 mg/100g para a vitamina PP e 0,33 a 0,68 mg/100g para a vitamina B6 . Todas as amostras foram classificadas como pólen heterofloral, em função da grande variabilidade dos tipos polínicos presentes. Após um ano de estocagem pode-se afirmar que a concentração da vitamina B1 se manteve constante enquanto que para as demais vitaminas o decaimento da concentração foi dependente do tempo de armazenamento e não da condição de estocagem das amostras (p<0,05). Todas as amostras foram consideradas fonte da vitamina B2. Foi possível explicar matematicamente, através de equações de regressão linear oriundas da análise multivariada, a influência do tempo de armazenamento nas concentrações das vitaminas B6 e PP, com explicabilidade de 76 e 60% respectivamente.
Pollen is the main source of non liquid food for bees and it has been used as a supplement for human diet. Although many authors cited that bee products are rich in nutrients, it is known a little about the composition of bee pollen and, in particular, the presence of the B vitamin complex in this product. This original study has the objective of evaluate the stability of B complex vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and PP), including its vitamers for a period of one year of storage in dried samples of bee pollen. It was also analyzed the effect of processing on vitamin content and the possible influence of polinic types on proximate composition and vitamin content. Samples were analyzed at time zero, after 4, 8 and 12 months. They were storaged under three different conditions: room temperature (with and without exposure to light) and freezer. The vitamins were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection after simultaneous extraction. All proposed vitamins were found in the analyzed samples and the dehydration process did not interfere in vitamin content (p<0.05). The variations were (dry basis): 0.59 to 1.09 mg/100g for vitamin B1; 1.73 to 2.56 mg/100g for vitamin B2; 6.43 to 15.34 mg/100g for vitamin PP and 0.33 to 0.68 mg/100g for vitamin B6. All samples were classified as heterofloral pollen, according to the big variability of polinic types. After one year of storage, it can be stated that vitamin B1 concentration remained constant, while for the other vitamins, the concentration loose was dependent on time and not on the storage condition (p<0.05). All samples were considered Vitamin B2 source. It was possible to explain mathematically, through linear regression equations of multivariate analysis, the influence of storage time in the concentrations of vitamin B6 and PP, they were explained as 76 and 60% respectively.

Entende-se por pólen apícola o resultado da aglutinação do pólen das flores, efetuado pelas abelhas operárias, mediante néctar e substâncias salivares, o qual é recolhido no ingresso da colmeia. A literatura descreve que esse alimento contém proteínas, carboidratos, lipídeos, vitaminas e minerais. De acordo com estudo prévio, amostras de pólen apícola in natura e desidratado, da cidade de Pariquera-Açu (São Paulo), apresentaram teores significativos de vitamina B1(tiamina) e B2 (riboflavina), além da presença dos vitâmeros da vitamina B3 (ácido nicotínico e nicotinamida) e B6 (piridoxal, piridoxol e piridoxamina) em sua composição o que foi associado à flora local explorada pelas abelhas. A região Sul do Brasil possui clima, relevo e vegetação diferenciados de outras regiões, necessitando-se assim da verificação do potencial vitamínico deste produto local. Destaca-se, ainda, o fato de que nesta região encontra-se um dos dois maiores produtores nacionais de pólen apícola (estado de Santa Catarina). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal quantificar os teores das vitaminas do complexo B: vitaminas B1 e B2, assim como os vitâmeros das vitaminas B3 e B6. Foram coletados 28 lotes de pólen apícola desidratado de diferentes localidades da região Sul durante o período de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2012 que posteriormente foram armazenados, a -18 °C até o momento das análises. As vitaminas do complexo B foram analisadas por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) na matriz pólen apícola desidratado e os resultados foram expressos em base seca. Entre as amostras analisadas foram verificados teores de vitamina B1 variando entre 0,46 e 1,83 mg / 100 g de pólen apícola; vitamina B2 de 0,40 à 1,86 mg / 100 g e quanto à vitamina B6 apenas os vitâmeros piridoxal e piridoxamina puderam ser quantificados em todos os lotes analisados. O piridoxal teve variação entre as amostras de 0,42 à 6,70 mg / 100 g e a piridoxamina de 0,26 à 0,95 mg / 100g. Em relação à vitamina B3, o vitâmero ácido nicotínico apresentou-se nos diferentes lotes variando de 0,68 à 3,93 mg / 100 g e a nicotinamida de 0,27 à 5,54 mg / 100 g de produto. Tomando-se como porção sugerida para consumo diário 25 g de pólen apícola, verificou-se que num total de 28 amostras, 15 foram consideradas fontes e 2 como ricas em tiamina; 19 lotes foram fontes e 3 ricos em riboflavina, e; 2 lotes foram fontes e 26 ricos em piridoxina segundo à Ingestão Diária Recomendada (IDR) para adultos como disponibilizado na Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº. 269, de 22 de setembro de 2005.
Bee pollen is understood to be the result of agglutination of pollen from flowers, made by worker bees, and nectar through salivary substances, which is collected at the hive entrance. The literature describes that this product contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals. Previous study with fresh and dehydrated bee pollen, from the city of Pariquera-Açu (São Paulo) showed significant levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), presence of B3 (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) and B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, piridoxol) vitamins vitamers in its composition which was associated with the local flora explored by bees. Southern Brazil has a differentiated climate, topography and vegetation from other regions, thus requiring verification of vitamin potential of this local product. Also stands out the fact that this region is one of the two largest national producers of bee pollen (Santa Catarina state). This study aimed to quantify the levels of B complex vitamins: vitamins B1, B2, as well as the vitamers of vitamins B3 and B6. Thus, it was collected 28 batches of dehydrated bee pollen from different locations in the South during the period from August 2011 to December 2012. Samples were obtained and subsequently stored at -18 ° C until the analysis time. B vitamins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in bee pollen dehydrated matrix and results were expressed on a dry basis. Among the samples it levels of vitamin B1 varied from 0.46 to 1.83 mg / 100 g; vitamin B2 from 0.40 to 1.86 mg / 100 g; and for vitamin B6, only the pyridoxal and pyridoxamine vitamers could be quantified in all analyzed batches. The pyridoxal had variation between samples from 0.42 to 6,70 mg / 100 g and pyridoxamine from 0.26 to 0.95 mg / 100g. Taking 25 g of bee pollen as suggested for daily intake portion, it was found in a total of 28 samples that 15 were considered sources and 2 rich in thiamine; 19 lots were sources and 3 rich in riboflavin, and; 2 lots were sources and 26 rich in pyridoxine in relation to the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) for adults as provided in Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 269, de setembro de 2005.

The effects of dl-$\alpha$-tocopherol and dl-$\alpha$-tocopheryl succinate on neuroblastoma, N1E 115, cells were studied. Tocopherol had no growth-arresting properties, whereas its succinate ester derivative inhibited growth at concentrations $\ge$20 $\mu$M. The succinate derivative was taken up somewhat more readily than free tocopherol; however, for any equal uptake of both forms of vitamin E, only the succinate derivative could affect growth. Tocopheryl succinate was taken up without marked conversion to tocopherol. The data point to the functionality of the carboxyl group of the succinate derivative as a basis for the difference in potency of the two forms of vitamin E. The succinate derivative of vitamin E was effective in growth inhibition of neuroblastoma, although the mechanism of action appears to involve cytotoxicity rather than induction of differentiation. The effects of retinoic acid on the morphology, the lipid metabolism and protein kinase activities of two related human neuroblastoma cell lines, SK-N-SH-F (SH-F) and SK-N-SH-N (SH-N) were studied. Pulse-chase experiments with both cell lines showed that turnover of arachidonic acid in lipid classes was most rapid in phosphatidylinositol, followed by phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, and very low in phosphatidylserine. The redistribution of the arachidonic acid label following the chase was found to be markedly different in these variant cell lines. In SH-F the decrease of label in phospholipids was accompanied by an increase in the labelling of triglyceride. In SH-N, this redistribution of label in triglyceride was not observed. Following a six day exposure to retinoic acid, increased arachidonic acid turnover was observed in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine in SH-F and SH-N cell lines. The effect of retinoic acid on components of signal transduction pathways was investigated. Marked, but opposite, changes in protein kinase C activity were observed in both cell lines following retinoic acid treatment. SH-F cells displayed a substantial increase in protein kinase C activity; and SH-N cells, exhibited a decrease in protein kinase C activity. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Three experiments were conducted to characterize the fate of B-vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. Experiment 1 was undertaken to verify if differences among published studies could be explained by methods of collection and preparation of ruminal fluid, using four ruminally cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows. Acidification of fresh ruminal fluid, causing the lysis of bacterial cells, yielded higher B-vitamin concentrations than differential centrifugation, while the method of collection used did not have an important impact. Results suggested that most of the vitamins are present in the bacterial fractions, and that only limited amounts are present in the surrounding fluid. Experiment 2 looked at the vitamin concentrations in ruminal bacterial fractions and particle-free fluid as influenced by diet composition. Six lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used in a cross-over design, and the diets were formulated to have forage to concentrate ratios of 60:40 (high-forage) and 40:60 (low-forage). B-vitamins were present mainly in the bacterial fractions of the rumen, with greater effects of the forage to concentrate ratio on vitamin concentrations in the bacteria associated to the solid fraction than on those present in the liquid portion of the rumen. These results strongly suggested that ruminal B-vitamin synthesis is influenced by the forage to concentrate ratio. Experiment 3 investigated the fate of supplementary B-vitamins, using four cows equipped with cannulae in the rumen, the proximal duodenum and the distal ileum. Extensive losses of dietary supplements appeared prior to the duodenum for all vitamins, but intestinal disappearance rates of most vitamins were increased by supplementation.