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1
Peters Dikioye Emmanuel and Izu Esther. "Nutrient compositions of leaves of Bombax buonopozens." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2022.3.2.0073.
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There is high prevalence of micronutrients deficiency in low income countries resulting to malnutrition. This stude was designed to evaluate the nutrient compositions of leaves of Bombax Buonopozense. Minerals, amino acids and vitamins constituents were investigated using AAS, amino acid analyzer, spectrophotometer respectively. Result of dietary minerals constituent in the leaves of B. buonopozense revealed a total of eight minerals- manganese (0.02±0.00), zinc (0.02±0.00), copper (0.03±0.00), cobalt (0.04±0.00), iron (0.06±0.00), sodium (3.13±0.20), calcium (93.72±0.20) and potassium (669.22±0.20) in ascending order of concentrations. Total of seventeen amino acids consisting of eight essential and nine non-essential amino acids were identified in the leaves- arginine, valine, methionine, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, proline, serine, tyrosine, alanine, glycine, glutamate, aspartate and cysteine. Five water and two fat soluble vitamins totaling seven in all were present, they are vitaminB6 (34.08± 0.20), vitaminB1 (22.74± 0.20), vitamineB2 (22.29± 0.20), vitamin A (15.91 ± 0.20), vitaminB12 (10.31± 0.20), vitaminE (9.33± 0.20µ/l), vitaminB3 (0.95± 0.02) vitamin C (0.42± 0.02) in decending order. Bombax Buonopozense leaves are rich in micro nutrients hence could as supplement in micronutrients deficient diet to prevent micronutrients deficiency.
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Norbitt, Claire F., Wandia Kimita, Sakina H. Bharmal, Juyeon Ko, and Maxim S. Petrov. "Relationship between Habitual Intake of Vitamins and New-Onset Prediabetes/Diabetes after Acute Pancreatitis." Nutrients 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071480.
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Vitamins have many established roles in human health. However, the role of habitual dietary intake of vitamins in glucose homeostasis in individuals after acute pancreatitis (AP) is yet to be elucidated. The aim was to investigate the associations between habitual intake of fat- and water-soluble vitamins/vitamers and markers of glucose metabolism (fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, and homeostasis model assessment β-cell function (HOMA-β)) in individuals after AP. A total of 106 participants after AP were included in this cross-sectional study and were grouped based on glycaemic status: new-onset prediabetes/diabetes after AP (NODAP), pre-existing prediabetes/type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and normoglycaemia after AP (NAP). Habitual intake of seven fat-soluble vitamins/vitamers and seven water-soluble vitamins were determined by the EPIC-Norfolk food frequency questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using five statistical models built to adjust for covariates (age, sex, daily energy intake, visceral/subcutaneous fat volume ratio, smoking status, daily alcohol intake, aetiology of AP, number of AP episodes, cholecystectomy, and use of antidiabetic medications). In the NODAP group, three fat-soluble vitamins/vitamers (α-carotene, β-carotene, and total carotene) were significantly associated with HOMA-β. One water-soluble vitamin (vitamin B3) was also significantly associated with HOMA-β in the NODAP group. None of the studied vitamins were significantly associated with FPG or HOMA-IR in the NODAP group. Prospective longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials are now warranted to investigate if the observed associations between vitamin/vitamer intake and NODAP are causal and to unveil the specific mechanisms underlying their involvement with NODAP.
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McDowell, L. R. "Vitamin nutrition of livestock animals: Overview from vitamin discovery to today." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-057.
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The term “vitamin” or “vitamine” was first used in 1912. What later became known as vitamin deficiency diseases — scurvy, beriberi, night blindness and xeropthalmia — had plagued the world from antiquity. From 1900 through the 1930s, experiments with animals helped to advance knowledge of vitamins considerably. There are 15 vitamins of significance for livestock. A number of factors influence vitamin requirements and vitamin utilization, including physiological make-up and production function; confinement rearing without pasture; stress, disease and adverse environmental conditions; vitamin antagonists; use of antimicrobial drugs; and body vitamin reserves. Under commercial livestock and poultry production conditions, vitamin allowances higher than National Research Council (USA) requirements may be needed for optimum performance. Generally, the optimum vitamin supplementation level is the quantity that achieves the best growth rate, feed utilization and health (including immune competency), while also providing adequate body reserves. Key words: Vitamins, history, deficiency, requirements, supplementation
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Alamsyah, A. Z., N. Maharai, F. Fulyani, and G. Anjani. "Protein-fatty acid complexes as delivery agent for fat-soluble vitamin: a review." Food Research 8, no. 1 (February 20, 2024): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(1).037.
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Fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K have an essential role in maintaining health. Deficiencies of vitamins A, D, E, and K are commonly known to cause night blindness, osteomalacia, increased oxidative cell stress, and hemorrhage. Vitamins are chemically reactive compounds that are fragile due to their sensitive and unstable nature. Aside from being prone to degradation due to environmental factors, the vitamins encounter various digestion factors that potentially affect their bioaccessibility and bioavailability when ingested. During digestion, the low pH environment of gastric juice may affect the bioavailability of vitamins. Decreasing vitamin bioavailability may lead to vitamin deficiency. Many methods are used for maintenance and improving vitamin bioavailability in the body. Using an encapsulation system can be helpful because it can maintain the vitamin's properties in the digestion system to optimize their benefits/uses and their bioavailability. The encapsulated substance is referred to as the core material, active agent, internal phase, or payload phase. The substance encapsulates is a coating, membrane, shell, carrier material, wall material, external phase, or matrix. It is important to use the transport medium as food and to create a barrier between the active agent and its environment. Proteins and fats are biomacromolecules that are good candidates for vitamin encapsulation. This article reviewed the protein-fatty acid complex (liprotides) potencies as a protecting and delivery agent for fat-soluble vitamins.
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Semba, Richard D. "The Discovery of the Vitamins." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000124.
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The discovery of the vitamins was a major scientific achievement in our understanding of health and disease. In 1912, Casimir Funk originally coined the term vitamine. The major period of discovery began in the early nineteenth century and ended at the mid-twentieth century. The puzzle of each vitamin was solved through the work and contributions of epidemiologists, physicians, physiologists, and chemists. Rather than a mythical story of crowning scientific breakthroughs, the reality was a slow, stepwise progress that included setbacks, contradictions, refutations, and some chicanery. Research on the vitamins that are related to major deficiency syndromes began when the germ theory of disease was dominant and dogma held that only four nutritional factors were essential: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals. Clinicians soon recognized scurvy, beriberi, rickets, pellagra, and xerophthalmia as specific vitamin deficiencies, rather than diseases due to infections or toxins. Experimental physiology with animal models played a fundamental role in nutrition research and greatly shortened the period of human suffering from vitamin deficiencies. Ultimately it was the chemists who isolated the various vitamins, deduced their chemical structure, and developed methods for synthesis of vitamins. Our understanding of the vitamins continues to evolve from the initial period of discovery.
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Cori, Osvaldo. "Vitamine I — Fettlosliche vitamine (vitamins I — fat soluble vitamins)." Biochemical Education 13, no. 1 (January 1985): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(85)90137-2.
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Məmməd oğlu Məmmədov, Şahmar, and Rinat Raviloviç Qadiyev. "Aerosol treatment of day-old chickens with vitamins and medicines." NATURE AND SCIENCE 23, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/23/19-24.
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Məqalədə bir günlük cücələrin vitamin və dərman preparatları ilə aerozol müalicəsinin tətbiqi üzrə elmi tədqiqatların məlumatları verilir. A vitamini ilə müalicə edildikdə, bir günlük cücələri yağda həll olunan vitaminlərin aerozolları ilə müalicə etmək mümkün olduğu qənaətinə gəldik. Belə ki, onun ağciyər toxumasında konsentrasiyası aşağı, qanda isə eyni müalicə müddəti ilə suda həll olunan B1 vitamini ilə müqayisədə daha yüksək olmuşdur. Dispergirləşən (dağılan) mayedə farmazinin konsentrasiyasının çoxalması və emal müddətinin artırılması cücələrin ağciyər toxumasında və qaraciyərində antibiotikin konsentrasiyasının artmasına səbəb olmur. Açar sözlər: aerozol müalicəsi, dərmanlar, sutkalıq cücələr, yağda həll olunan vitaminlər, farmazin Shahmar Mammad Mammadov Rinat Ravilovich Gadiyev Aerosol treatment of day-old chickens with vitamins and medicines Abstract The article presents the data of scientific research on the use of aerosol treatment with vitamins and medicines of day-old chickens. When treated with vitamin A, it was concluded that it was possible to treat day-old chickens with aerosols of fat-soluble vitamins, since its concentration in the lung tissue was lower and in the blood was higher compared to water-soluble vitamin B1 with the same duration of treatment. An increase in the concentration of pharmazine in the dispersed liquid and an increase in the duration of treatment do not cause an increase in the concentration of the antibiotic in the lung tissue and liver of chickens. Keywords: aerosol treatment, medications, daily chickens, fat-soluble vitamins, pharmazine
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Ibrahim, Mohammad, Shabina Khan, Sanchita Pathak, Mohd Mazhar, and Harpreet Singh. "Vitamin B-Complex and its Relationship with the Health of Vegetarian People." Natural Resources for Human Health 3, no. 3 (August 23, 2023): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53365/nrfhh/169824.
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Vitamins are essential for a healthy life. Compared to other nutrients, the body needs them in very small amounts. B vitamins, often known as the vitamin B complex, are a class of water-soluble vitamins with key functions in cellular metabolism. Thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), biotin (vitamin B7), folate (vitamin B9), often known as folic acid, and cobalamin (vitamin B12) are the eight distinct vitamins that collectively constitute the vitamin B complex. The body's energy levels, cognitive activity, and cell metabolism are all directly impacted by B vitamins. Four main factors contribute to vitamin B deficiency: an unbalanced diet, excessive alcohol intake, different drugs, and disorders that induce gut malabsorption. If these B vitamin deficiencies are left untreated, they can eventually cause symptoms such as peripheral neuropathy, heart attacks, strokes etc. B vitamins are present in natural, whole foods. Compared to their unprocessed counterparts, white flour and other processed carbohydrates like sugar often contain fewer B vitamins. Excellent sources of vitamins Bs comprise legumes (beans or pulses), potatoes, bananas, whole grains, tempeh, chilli peppers, brewer's yeast, nutritional yeast, and molasses. This paper provides an in-depth summary of the most popular types of vitamin B, emphasizing why the body needs them, the symptoms of a deficiency, and what diet or foods are rich in them.
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Hasanato, Rana M. "Low Levels of Zinc and Anti-Oxidant Vitamines (A, C & E) in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3781.3781.
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Abstract Background : Patients with sickle cell anemia have a higher potential for oxidative damage due to chronic redox imbalance in their red blood cells that often leads to hemolysis, endothelial injury and recurrent vaso-occlusive episodes. In this study, we evaluated plasma levels of the anti-oxidant vitamins A, C,& E and serum level of Zinc along with serum level of Copper (pro-oxidant ). Patients and methods: 25 adult patients with documented severe sickle cell anemia and frequent painful episodes (12 males & 13 females, aged 29.27 +/− 12.94 years) and 25 matched normal controls were studied. Plasma levels of Vitamins A, C, & E were measured by HPLC technique and serum levels of zinc & copper were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: (Table ): Conclusion These results indicate that levels of Vitamines A, C, and E and Zinc are significantly low in patients with sickle cell anemia in comparison with matched normal controls. Besides, Copper level, which is a well known pro-oxidant, is significantly higher in sickle cell anemia patients. Therefore, supplementing sickle cell anemia patients with anti-oxidant vitamins and trace elements may contribute to the amilioration of symptoms and severity of sickle cell anemia Levels of Vitamine A, C, & E , Zinc & Copper in patients with Sickle cell anemia and normal controls Tested Items SCS patients Control group P-value Results are shown as mean +/− standard deviation., SCA = Sickle cell anemia Vitamin A level mcg/l 0.13 +/− 0.03 0.33 +/−0.05 <0.0001 Vitamin C level mg/l 9.00 +/− 3.43 20.32 +/−3.74 <0.0001 Vitamin E level, mcg/l 1.95 +/− .0.69 4.30 +/−0.80 <0.0001 Zinc level mmol/l 9.00 +/− 1.89 11.81 +/−1.93 <0.0001 Copper level mmol/l 24.58 +/− 4.87 18.42 +/−3.06 <0.0001
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Kotake-Nara, Eiichi, Shiro Komba, and Megumi Hase. "Uptake of Vitamins D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7 Solubilized in Mixed Micelles by Human Intestinal Cells, Caco-2, an Enhancing Effect of Lysophosphatidylcholine on the Cellular Uptake, and Estimation of Vitamins D’ Biological Activities." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041126.
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Vitamins D have various biological activities, as well as intestinal calcium absorption. There has been recent concern about insufficient vitamin D intake. In addition to vitamins D2 and D3, there are lesser-known vitamins D4–D7. We synthesized vitamins D5–D7, which are not commercially available, and then evaluated and compared the mixed micelles-solubilized vitamins D uptake by Caco-2 cells. Except for vitamin D5, the uptake amounts of vitamins D4–D7 by differentiated Caco-2 cells were similar to those of vitamins D2 and D3. The facilitative diffusion rate in the ezetimibe inhibited pathway was approximately 20% for each vitamin D type, suggesting that they would pass through the pathway at a similar rate. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhanced each vitamin D uptake by approximately 2.5-fold. Lysophosphatidylcholine showed an enhancing effect on vitamin D uptake by reducing the intercellular barrier formation of Caco-2 cells by reducing cellular cholesterol, suggesting that increasing the uptakes of vitamins D and/or co-ingesting them with lysophosphatidylcholine, would improve vitamin D insufficiency. The various biological activities in the activated form of vitamins D4–D7 were estimated by Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) online simulation. These may have some biological activities, supporting the potential as nutritional components.
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Peterson, Christine Tara, Dmitry A. Rodionov, Andrei L. Osterman, and Scott N. Peterson. "B Vitamins and Their Role in Immune Regulation and Cancer." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 3380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113380.
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B group vitamins represent essential micronutrients for myriad metabolic and regulatory processes required for human health, serving as cofactors used by hundreds of enzymes that carry out essential functions such as energy metabolism, DNA and protein synthesis and other critical functions. B vitamins and their corresponding vitamers are universally essential for all cellular life forms, from bacteria to humans. Humans are unable to synthesize most B vitamins and are therefore dependent on their diet for these essential micronutrients. More recently, another source of B vitamins has been identified which is derived from portions of the 1013 bacterial cells inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review the expanding literature examining the relationship between B vitamins and the immune system and diverse cancers. Evidence of B vitamin’s role in immune cell regulation has accumulated in recent years and may help to clarify the disparate findings of numerous studies attempting to link B vitamins to cancer development. Much work remains to be carried out to fully clarify these relationships as the complexity of B vitamins’ essential functions complicates an unequivocal assessment of their beneficial or detrimental effects in inflammation and cancers.
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Sharma, Pankaja, Nicola Gillies, Shikha Pundir, Chantal A. Pileggi, James F. Markworth, Eric B. Thorstensen, David Cameron-Smith, and Amber M. Milan. "Comparison of the Acute Postprandial Circulating B-Vitamin and Vitamer Responses to Single Breakfast Meals in Young and Older Individuals: Preliminary Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122893.
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B-vitamin deficiency is common in ageing populations either due to altered dietary habits or altered digestive and metabolic functions. There is limited data on the acute circulating concentrations of B-vitamins and their various forms (vitamers), following ingestion of realistic meals. This study compared the acute circulating B-vitamin and vitamer responses to either an energy-dense (ED) or a nutrient-dense (ND) breakfast meal, consumed in a randomized cross-over sequence, in older and younger adults (n = 15 and 15, aged 67.3 ± 1.5 and 22.7 ± 0.5 years (mean ± SEM), respectively). Eleven differing B-vitamins and vitamers were determined in plasma samples by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, in the fasting and postprandial state (hourly for 5 h). While postprandial thiamine concentration increased following both meals, riboflavin increased only following a ND meal in both age groups. Many vitamins including nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal-5’phosphate, and 4-pyridoxic acid remained unaltered, and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), nicotinamide and nicotinuric acid concentrations reduced following both meals. Biological age and food composition had minimal impact on postprandial B-vitamin concentrations, yet the differences between the ED and ND meals for riboflavin highlight the importance of riboflavin intake to achieve adequacy.
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Abeer Talib Abdulqader. "Effects of vitamin deficiency (A, C and D) in maternal on the weights of newborns." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v23i1.472.
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The present study was designed to find the relation between vitamin deficiency (A, C and D) of maternal and the weights of newborns. The study used 50 volunteers (40 pregnant women with vitamins deficiency and 10 pregnant women without vitamins deficiency). Pregnant women were divided to two groups according to vitamins state. Newborn weights directly were reported at birth time. Vitamins levels showeddecreased invitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D in 40 pregnant female and normal in 10 pregnant female. Where, Vitamins levels showedsignificant decreased (P<0.05) 40 pregnant female 10 pregnant femalecompared with 10 normal pregnant female. Also, results show a high correlation between decreased vitamins levels and newborn weights. It was concluded from this study that the vitamins deficiency (A, C and D) in maternal led to decreased the weights of newborn.
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Tur-Marí, Josep, Antoni Sureda, and Antoni Pons. "Blood cells as functional markers of antioxidant vitamin status." British Journal of Nutrition 96, S1 (August 2006): S38—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20061698.
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Antioxidants have shown beneficial effects in several biological systems, in which they were able to prevent oxidative stress-associated damage. Vitamins C and E are key antioxidants in man. Dietary intake cannot accurately reflect plasma vitamin levels. However, the plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins could also reflect the acute assimilation of these vitamins. It has been pointed out that antioxidant vitamin blood contents reach a saturation level by intake of dietary supplements. Antioxidant vitamin plasma levels are the parameter most used to determine antioxidant status. However, the vitamin plasma levels may not reflect the nutritional status of vitamins. It has been pointed out that the vitamin E in adipose tissue can be used as a measure of vitamin E status. To determinate antioxidant vitamin contents in lymphocytes and neutrophils after exercise is a useful tool to assess the functional status of antioxidant vitamins.
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Yang, Pan, Jinbiao Zhao, Huakai Wang, Longxian Li, and Yongxi Ma. "Effects of Vitamin Forms and Levels on Vitamin Bioavailability and Growth Performance in Piglets." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 4903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144903.
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The objective of this study was to quantify the relative bioavailability of microencapsulated vitamins A and E in nursery pigs and compare the effects of vitamin forms and vitamin levels on the plasma vitamin content and growth performance of weaned piglets. In experiment (Exp.) 1, 12 nursery pigs (fitted with jugular catheters) were supplied at 0 h with non-microencapsulated or microencapsulated vitamin A and E. Blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 36, 48, and 72 h after feeding to compare the bioavailability of oral vitamins A and E. In Exp. 2, a total of 216 crossbred weaned piglets were assigned to six treatments. This experiment was a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with two factors for vitamin forms (non-microencapsulated and microencapsulated) and three factors for vitamin levels (the National Research Council level of vitamins, 75% commercial recommendations of vitamins (CRV) level, and a 100% CVR level). In Exp. 1, the relative bioavailability of microencapsulated vitamin E was significantly greater than that of non-microencapsulated vitamin E. In Exp. 2, the pigs fed diets containing 75% or 100% CRV levels of vitamins increased their growth performance and plasma vitamin concentrations compared to the control group. In conclusion, microencapsulation can improve the bioavailability of vitamins, and supplementation with high levels of vitamins was able to improve the growth performance of the piglets.
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Liu, Ji’an, Ying Ren, Guiping Wang, Hui Sun, Yongyong Zhu, Lei Wang, Chunyi Zhang, Lan Zhang, and Ling Jiang. "Effect of Steaming on Vitamin Retention in Tubers from Eight Cultivars of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 3669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083669.
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As the fourth largest staple crop in China, potatoes are a significant source of food and revenue, and provide diverse vitamins to human. However, the variation of vitamin retention in tubers after cooking were seldom evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of steaming on water-soluble vitamins (vitamin B9 and vitamin C) and liposoluble vitamin (vitamin E) in tubers from eight potato cultivars grown in northern China. We found that these cultivars contained wide ranges of vitamin B9 (8.60–19.93 μg/100 g FW), vitamin C (46.67–155.44 mg/100 g FW), and vitamin E (15.34–33.82 mg/kg FW), with the highest vitamins B9, C, and E content in cultivars V7, XinDaPing, and QingShu 9, respectively. After steaming, vitamin contents decreased in most cultivars; levels of these three vitamins in tubers of cultivars ‘Tianshu11’ and ‘XinDaPing’ were higher than others, indicating that these two cultivars could be better sources among the detected ones for multiple vitamins after steaming.
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Mozos, Ioana, Dana Stoian, and Constantin Tudor Luca. "Crosstalk between Vitamins A, B12, D, K, C, and E Status and Arterial Stiffness." Disease Markers 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8784971.
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Arterial stiffness is associated with cardiovascular risk, morbidity, and mortality. The present paper reviews the main vitamins related to arterial stiffness and enabling destiffening, their mechanisms of action, providing a brief description of the latest studies in the area, and their implications for primary cardiovascular prevention, clinical practice, and therapy. Despite inconsistent evidence for destiffening induced by vitamin supplementation in several randomized clinical trials, positive results were obtained in specific populations. The main mechanisms are related to antiatherogenic effects, improvement of endothelial function (vitamins A, C, D, and E) and metabolic profile (vitamins A, B12, C, D, and K), inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (vitamin D), anti-inflammatory (vitamins A, D, E, and K) and antioxidant effects (vitamins A, C, and E), decrease of homocysteine level (vitamin B12), and reversing calcification of arteries (vitamin K). Vitamins A, B12, C, D, E, and K status is important in evaluating cardiovascular risk, and vitamin supplementation may be an effective, individualized, and inexpensive destiffening therapy.
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Ibrahim, Ibrahim H., S. M. Sallam, H. Omar, and M. Rizk. "Oxidative Hemolysis of Erythrocytes Induced by Various Vitamins." International Journal of Biomedical Science 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2006): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2006.2295.
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Hemolytic effect of some water-soluble vitamins (niacin B5, pyridoxine B6, thiamine B1 and ascorbic and acid C) on erythrocytes was studied spectrophotometrically at relatively high concentration. The oxidation mechanism of hemoglobin was the same for the used vitamins. Vitamin C was the strongest hemolytic agent in comparison with the other vitamins, while vitamin B1 is the weakest one. The results were confirmed by studying the variation in conductivity of erythrocytes with temperature in the range 20-40 °C for the used vitamins at a concentration of 2 mM and after two hours from adding each vitamin to the erythrocytes suspension. The conductivity measurements show that the conductivity for the used vitamins is lower than that for control (without adding vitamin) due to hemoglobin oxidation , also may be due to the electrical reorganization of the erythrocyte membrane after the interaction of the used vitamin with it. The obtained results insure the oxidizing effect of the used vitamins on hemoglobin and consequently their hemolytic effect on erythrocytes.
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Bsoul, Samer A., and Geza T. Terezhalmy. "Vitamin C in Health and Disease." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 5, no. 2 (2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-5-2-1.
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Abstract Vitamins are essential to maintain normal metabolic processes and homeostasis within the body. The amount of a specific vitamin required by an individual varies considerably and it is influenced by such factors as body size, growth rate, physical activity, and pregnancy. Most vitamins are stored minimally in human cells, but some are stored in liver cells to a greater extent. Vitamins A and D, for example, may be stored in sufficient amounts to maintain an individual without any intake for 5 to 10 months and 2 to 4 months, respectively. However, a deficiency of vitamin B compounds (except vitamin B12) may be noted within days, and the lack of vitamin C will manifest within weeks and may result in death in 5 to 6 months. The current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is 75 mg for woman and 90 mg for men, based on the vitamin's role as an antioxidant as well as protection from deficiency. High intakes of the vitamin are generally well tolerated, however, a Tolerable Upper Level (TUL) was recently set at 2 g based on gastrointestinal upset that sometimes accompanies excessive dosages. Several populations warrant special attention with respect to vitamin C requirements. These include patients with periodontal disease, smokers, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. Citation Bsoul SA, Terezhalmy GT. Vitamin C in Health and Disease. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:001-013.
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Dudar, I., Y. Gonchar, V. Savchuk, and O. Loboda. "Blood vitamins status in patients with stages 2-5 chronic kidney disease." Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis, no. 2(58) (June 5, 2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31450/ukrjnd.2(58).2018.05.
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Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to development hypovitaminosis due to dietary constraints, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, comorbid conditions, etc. Determination of vitamins level in patients with CKD will allow timely correction of their deficiency, prevent the development of hypervitaminosis and reduce oxidative stress. The purpose of the study was to examine the level of vitamins depending on the stage of CKD.
Methods. Vitamin D levels (level 25-hydroxyvitamin D), A, E, B12, K, folic acid were determined in 44patients with CKD stages II-V(mean age 54,63 ± 2,63 years, 24 men 55%). According to the study, patients should not have received any drugs or biologically active additives containing vitamins for 3 months.
Results. There was no significant difference in the level of studied vitamins in CKD st. II-III. There was a significant decrease in the levels of vitamin K, folic acid, and vitamin D levels with the progression of CKD. Vitamin A levels in CKD st. IV, V compared to CKD st. II were significantly higher. Considering large number drugs containing vitamins and trace elements and wide uncontrolled use in the population, in particular in patients with CKD, it is important to continue to study the levels of vitamins and trace elements in patients at different stages of the CKD, depending on the CKD nosology. Study of efficiency and safety applying vitamins in patients with CKD, particularly in the late stages of CKD, are appropriate.
Conclusions. For patients with CKD characteristic of vitamins deficiency (in our study vitamin K, folic acid), but also an increase in their levels (vitamins A and E). Progression of CKD is accompanied by a change in the levels of vitamins. A significant decrease in the level of vitamin K, folic acid, vitamin D was notedfor patients with GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2.
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Patino-Alonso, Maria C., Marta Gómez Sánchez, Leticia Gómez Sánchez, Rosario Alonso-Domínguez, Natalia Sánchez-Aguadero, Benigna Sánchez Salgado, Emiliano Rodríguez Sánchez, Luis García Ortiz, and Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos. "Multivariate Analysis of Influence of Vitamin Intake on Vascular Function Parameters by Sex in the General Spanish Population: EVA Study." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030643.
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The influence of vitamin intake on vascular function parameters in the Spanish general population has not been studied. The main objective of this study is to analyze the influence of vitamin intake on vascular function and as a secondary objective the adequacy of vitamin intake in a sample of the Spanish population without previous cardiovascular disease and analyze the differences according to sex. Methods: We included 501 individuals obtained by simple random sampling with replacement (reference population 43,946). The average age was 55.90 ± 14.24 years, 49.70% men. Participants recorded the intake of vitamins using the EVIDENT app, previously validated, during a period of 3 days. Vascular function was assessed by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) with the SphygmoCor device, cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) with the VaSera device and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) by using a validated equation. Results: The vitamins with the least adequate intake was vitamin D, less than 5%, and vitamin B9, less than 35%. Vitamins with an adequate intake percentage, close to 100%, were B12 and B6. The multiple regression analysis showed a negative association between cfPWV and vitamin B2 in both sexes, and a positive one with retinol in men and B3 in women. baPWV was negatively associated with vitamins B1 and B12 in women and B9 in men, while being positively linked with B6 in men. CAVI presented a negative association with vitamin D in women. The results were similar in the canonical correspondence analysis. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the influence of vitamins on vascular function is not homogeneous and varies according to the parameter analyzed. Thus, in men, vitamins B2 and retinol were associated with cfPWV and vitamins B6 and B9 with baPWV. In women, vitamins B2 and B3 were related cfPWV, vitamins B1 and B12 with cfPWV and vitamin D with CAVI.
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Xia, Qiang, and Yun Long Yao. "Preparation and Evaluation of a W/O/W Double Emulsion Containing both Vitamin C and Vitamin E." Materials Science Forum 694 (July 2011): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.694.783.
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As the instability of vitamin C and vitamin E, double emulsion was chosen as a carrier system for dermal delivery of vitamins. The present work shows how to prepare and evaluate a double emulsion containing both vitamin C and vitamin E. The double emulsion was produced by two-step process. The concentration of vitamins were analyzed by UV, and the morphology of double emulsions were observed with optical microscopic. Vitamins could be protected well in one system, which was W/O/W double emulsion. The shape of double emulsion was also an evidence for the safety of vitamins. In the end, we obtained a stable double emulsion containing both vitamin C and vitamin E for cosmetics.
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Kodentsova, V. M., D. V. Risnik, Kh Kh Sharafetdinov, and D. B. Nikityuk. "Vitamins in diet of patients with metabolic syndrome." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 91, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.02.000097.
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Aim - analysis of data on the role of vitamin and carotenoid deficiency in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), the consumption of individual vitamins and vitamin supplements, as well as estimation of the effectiveness of the use of vitamins in patients with MS. A review of the existing literature has been carried out in the databases of RINC, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar, Pubmed. The lack of vitamins is a risk factor for MS and its components. The diet of people with MS is characterized by excessive caloric content and at the same time contains an inadequate amount of most vitamins. The most frequent in patients with MS is the deficiency (blood level) of vitamin D, E, B vitamins, carotenoids. Among patients with MS, individuals with a reduced concentration of vitamins in the blood plasma are often found. In turn, among those with a deficiency of vitamins, MS is more often found. Low concentrations of 25(OH)D in the serum are associated with an increased risk of MS. An inverse association between the concentration of the hormonal form of vitamin 1.25(OH)2D3 in the serum and the development of MC has been found. In patients with MS, the α-tocopherol concentration associated with lipids is lower than in healthy individuals, and γ-tocopherol, on the contrary, is higher. Taking high doses of one of the vitamin E homologues shifts the balance between tocopherols in the blood plasma. Sufficient supply of the body with all vitamins involved in the formation of metabolically active forms of vitamins (D, B6, PP) is a necessary condition for the exercise of these biological functions by these vitamins. The lack of vitamins is a risk factor for MS and its components. Enrichment of the diet of patients with MS should be considered as a necessary favorable background for its treatment. Since the body has functional connections between vitamins, it is advisable to use not individual vitamins, but their complexes.
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Suh, Seung Wan, Hye Sung Kim, Ji Hyun Han, Jong Bin Bae, Dae Jong Oh, Ji Won Han, and Ki Woong Kim. "Efficacy of Vitamins on Cognitive Function of Non-Demented People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041168.
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Previous evidence has suggested that vitamins might be beneficial for cognition. This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of B vitamins, antioxidant vitamins, and vitamin D on the cognitive function of non-demented middle-aged or older people. Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of individuals aged 40 years or older were included. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library databases, and other grey literature sources were searched up to November 2019. Their methodological quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Twenty-three studies on B vitamins (n = 22–1053; comprising folate, B6, and B12), nine on antioxidant vitamins (n = 185–20,469), and six on vitamin D (n = 55–4122) were included. Taking B vitamins for over 3 months was beneficial for global cognition (standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.18, 95% CI −0.30 to −0.06) and episodic memory (SMD −0.09, 95% CI −0.15 to −0.04). However, antioxidant vitamins (SMD −0.02, 95% CI −0.08 to 0.03) and vitamin D (SMD −0.06, 95% CI −0.36 to 0.23) were not. Antioxidant vitamins were beneficial for global cognition in sensitivity analyses using final measurement data as mean difference estimates (SMD, −0.04, 95% CI −0.08 to −0.01). Taking B vitamins and possibly antioxidant vitamins may be beneficial for the cognitive function of non-demented people.
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Sharafetdinov, Khaider Kh, Vera M. Kodentsova, Oksana A. Vrzhesinskaya, Olga V. Kosheleva, Nina A. Beketova, Svetlana N. Leonenko, Oxana A. Plotnikova, et al. "Vitamin status of patients with certain chronic non-communicable diseases." Clinical nutrition and metabolism 1, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinutr50303.
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Background. Inadequate supply with vitamins is a risk factor for the development of many nutritionally-related diseases and their progression. Data on the actual vitamin status of patients are necessary to develop measures for its improvement.
Aim. To characterize the supply of persons with non-communicable diseases with vitamins A, E, C, B2 and -carotene by determining their level in the blood of patients.
Material and methods. The blood serum level of vitamins C, A, E, B2 and -carotene in 138 patients (41 men and 97 women) 2280 years old with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, gastrointestinal diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), osteoarthrosis has been determined.
Results. Vitamin C concentration corresponded to adequate status in approximately 2/3 of the examined patients; among patients with T2DM, such sufficiency occurred 1.61.9 fold less often than in other groups. The frequency of reduced levels of vitamins C, A and E was statistically significantly more frequent in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. The -/-tocopherol ratio in the serum of patients in all groups was close to 1:50, while in patients with gastrointestinal diseases reached 1:60.7. The proportion of patients sufficiently supplied with all studied vitamins ranged from 15.8 to 70.0%. Patients with osteoarthrosis were best of all provided with all vitamins: multiple (3 or more vitamins) vitamin deficiency was not found. In other groups of patients, multiple vitamin deficiency occurred in 5.327.6% of the examined (an average of 16.4%). Among patients with gastrointestinal diseases there was not a single person sufficiently provided with all the studied vitamins. Multiple vitamin deficiency in patients with gastrointestinal diseases was detected more often (p 0.01) compared with patients with T2DM and osteoarthrosis. Given the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, it is possible to extrapolate that a significant proportion of patients with a combined deficiency of 2 vitamins (6.931.6% in the samples examined) will move into the category of persons with a simultaneous deficiency of 3 vitamins.
Conclusion. The purposeful development of supplements containing effective doses of vitamins for various nosologies is necessary.
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Caruso, Francesco, Jens Z. Pedersen, Sandra Incerpi, Stuart Belli, Raiyan Sakib, and Miriam Rossi. "Interaction between Vitamins C and E When Scavenging the Superoxide Radical Shown by Hydrodynamic Voltammetry and DFT." Biophysica 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2024): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biophysica4020022.
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In this study, we examine the cooperative effect between vitamins C and E that mitigates oxidative stress by using experimental and computational methods. We performed superoxide scavenging experiments on each vitamin individually and their combination using rotating ring–disk electrode voltammetry. The results indicate that vitamins E and C together produce more effective scavenging of superoxide as evaluated by a steeper slope in the efficiency graph, −7.2 × 104, compared to that of vitamin E alone, −1.8 × 103, or vitamin C alone, −1.3 × 104. Density Functional Theory calculations agree with our experimental results, and we describe a mechanism for the antioxidant action of individual vitamins E and C, plus the synergistic action when both vitamins interact. This process involves the restoration of vitamin E by vitamin C and includes π-π interactions between superoxide and scavengers. The overall result produces an increase in scavenging superoxide radicals when both vitamins act together.
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Zhai, Zihan, Wenxiao Dong, Yue Sun, Yu Gu, Jiahui Ma, Bangmao Wang, and Hailong Cao. "Vitamin–Microbiota Crosstalk in Intestinal Inflammation and Carcinogenesis." Nutrients 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 3383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14163383.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) are common diseases of the digestive system. Vitamin deficiencies and gut microbiota dysbiosis have a close relationship with the risk, development, and progression of IBD and CAC. There is a strong link between vitamins and the gut microbiome. Vitamins are extremely crucial for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota, promoting growth and development, metabolism, and innate immunity. Gut microbiota can not only influence the transport process of vitamins, but also produce vitamins to compensate for insufficient food intake. Emerging evidence suggests that oral vitamin supplementation can reduce inflammation levels and improve disease prognosis. In addition, improving the diet structure and consuming foods rich in vitamins not only help to improve the vitamin deficiency, but also help to reduce the risk of IBD. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and the application of vitamin-producing probiotics can better assist in the treatment of intestinal diseases. In this review, we discuss the interaction and therapeutic roles of vitamins and gut microbiota in IBD and CAC. We also summarize the methods of treating IBD and CAC by modulating vitamins. This may highlight strategies to target gut-microbiota-dependent alterations in vitamin metabolism in the context of IBD and CAC therapy.
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Moriya, Aya, Tsutomu Fukuwatari, Mitsue Sano, and Katsumi Shibata. "Different variations of tissue B-group vitamin concentrations in short- and long-term starved rats." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 1 (June 27, 2011): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511002339.
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Prolonged starvation changes energy metabolism; therefore, the metabolic response to starvation is divided into three phases according to changes in glucose, lipid and protein utilisation. B-group vitamins are involved in energy metabolism via metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. To determine how changes in energy metabolism alter B-group vitamin concentrations during starvation, we measured the concentration of eight kinds of B-group vitamins daily in rat blood, urine and in nine tissues including cerebrum, heart, lung, stomach, kidney, liver, spleen, testis and skeletal muscle during 8 d of starvation. Vitamin B1, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, folate and biotin concentrations in the blood reduced after 6 or 8 d of starvation, and other vitamins did not change. Urinary excretion was decreased during starvation for all B-group vitamins except pantothenic acid and biotin. Less variation in B-group vitamin concentrations was found in the cerebrum and spleen. Concentrations of vitamin B1, vitamin B6, nicotinamide and pantothenic acid increased in the liver. The skeletal muscle and stomach showed reduced concentrations of five vitamins including vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid and folate. Concentrations of two or three vitamins decreased in the kidney, testis and heart, and these changes showed different patterns in each tissue and for each vitamin. The concentration of pantothenic acid rapidly decreased in the heart, stomach, kidney and testis, whereas concentrations of nicotinamide were stable in all tissues except the liver. Different variations in B-group vitamin concentrations in the tissues of starved rats were found. The present findings will lead to a suitable supplementation of vitamins for the prevention of the re-feeding syndrome.
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Alpsoy, L., G. Agar, and M. Ikbal. "Protective role of vitamins A, C, and E against the genotoxic damage induced by aflatoxin B1 in cultured human lymphocytes." Toxicology and Industrial Health 25, no. 3 (April 2009): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233709106068.
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In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamins A, C, and E against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on blood cultures in relation to induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). The results indicated genotoxic and mutagenic damage in cultured human lymphocytes exposed to AFB1. The results showed that 5 μM concentration of AFB1 increased SCE. When vitamins A, C, and E were added to AFB1, the frequency of SCE decreased. These results suggest that vitamins A, C, and E could effectively inhibit AFB1-induced SCE, which may partially responsible for its mutagenic effect of AFB1. Besides, the protective effect of vitamins A, C, and E against AFB1 was increased in a dose-dependent manner (i.e., as the doses increased, their protective effects also increased). There was a significant decrease in the SCE frequency in AFB1-treated group compared with the groups receiving AFB1 and also vitamins A, C, and E. The most effective concentration was 100 microM vitamin C, and the lowest effective concentration was 0.5 microM vitamin A. Vitamin C has the most effective concentration of 100 μM, and vitamin A has the lowest effective concentration of 0.5 μM. The order of the decreasing effect of the SCE frequency of vitamins was as follows: vitamin C > vitamin E > vitamin A.
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Scaife, Alison R., Geraldine McNeill, Doris M. Campbell, Sheelagh Martindale, Graham Devereux, and Anthony Seaton. "Maternal intake of antioxidant vitamins in pregnancy in relation to maternal and fetal plasma levels at delivery." British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 4 (April 2006): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051718.
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The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that maternal intake of antioxidant vitamins is associated with maternal and cord plasma levels at delivery. Women were recruited in early pregnancy in Aberdeen Maternity Hospital and habitual diet during pregnancy was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire mailed at 34 weeks gestation. Blood samples were taken at recruitment (n1149) and maternal (n1149) and cord blood samples (n747) taken at delivery for analyses of vitamins A, C, E and β-carotene. Maternal plasma levels of vitamin E and β-carotene at delivery were significantly higher than levels in early pregnancy while levels of vitamins A and C were significantly lower. Positive correlations were observed for maternal levels of all the vitamins between early pregnancy and delivery. At delivery, maternal plasma concentrations of vitamins A, E and β-carotene were significantly higher than cord levels, while maternal levels of vitamin C were significantly lower. There were significant correlations between maternal and cord plasma concentrations for β-carotene and vitamin C but not for vitamins A or E. Maternal dietary intakes were positively correlated with maternal plasma levels of vitamins C, E and β-carotene in early pregnancy, with maternal plasma levels of β-carotene and vitamin C at delivery and with cord plasma levels of β-carotene and vitamin C. The results from the present study show that, in this population, maternal diet influences cord plasma levels of β-carotene and vitamin C, but not vitamins A and E.
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Meyers, David G., and Pierre A. Maloley. "The Antioxidant Vitamins: Impact on Atherosclerosis." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 13, no. 6 (November 12, 1993): 574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1993.tb02760.x.
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Atherosclerosis, the great killer of Western society, probably is initiated when the balance of subendothelial lipoproteins and oxidation potential is upset. Oxidation products, especially oxidized low‐density lipoprotein, set into motion the cascading of numerous pathways, culminating in the fibrous atherosclerotic plaque. The natural antioxidant system includes enzymes and vitamins A, E, and C. The lipophilic vitamins A and E protect the fatty acid components of lipoproteins and membranes, and vitamin C functions in the aqueous phase both directly and by regenerating oxidized vitamin E. In animal models, the antioxidant vitamins protect lipids and prevent atherosclerosis. Population studies suggest an inverse relationship between atherosclerosis and vitamin levels. Several observational studies and some clinical trials have demonstrated that antioxidant vitamin supplements may prevent atherosclerosis. Although approximately 20% of the United States population regularly consumes vitamin supplements, often in high doses, the antiatherogenic benefits of antioxidant vitamins remain unproved by clinical trials, and the long‐term effects of megadose vitamins are yet undefined.
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Mochulska, O. M., O. R. Boyarchuk, M. I. Kinash, T. O. Vorontsova, and L. A. Volianska. "The effects of vitamins A, E, D, disorders of their metabolism and the assessment of level of vitamin security in children (literature review)." Modern pediatrics. Ukraine, no. 2(114) (March 27, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/sp.2021.114.58.
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Vitamins are a group of biologically highly active, low molecular weight organic compounds of various chemical nature, which are practically not synthesized in the human body or are synthesized in insufficient quantities, mainly income with food, and are vital to ensure for the flow and regulation of metabolic processes in the body. Vitamins are micronutrients that are among the essential (essential) factors of nutrition, their content in food is small, usually in the range from 10 to 100 mg/100 g. Vitamins have an exceptional property — the ability to high biological activity in small doses, without being a source of energy or plastic material, act as biological catalysts for vital body functions. According to physicochemical properties and solubility, vitamins A, E, D belong to fat-soluble, are characterized by thermal stability, resistant to cysts and alkalis, their main characteristic is the ability to promote the assimilation of mаcro- and microelements. Vitamins A, E, D are needed at all stages of growth and development of the child's body, the processes of adaptation. The main types of vitamins metabolism disorders are vitamin deficiency, hypo-, hyper- and dysvitaminosis, polyvitaminosis. It is important to constantly monitor the sufficient content of each vitamins in the daily diet of children. The following methods of assessing vitamin supply are known: clinical, biochemical, calculation of vitamin content. Purpose — to increase knowledgment about the effects of vitamins A, E, D, their importance in metabolism, to analyze the main types of their metabolism disorders, to present possible methods for assessing the supply of vitamins in children. Conclusions. The child's body needs a constant supply of vitamins to maintain their amount at the required level. All vital processes take place in the body during the direct participation of vitamins. Future research in the field of the vitamins A, E, D effects will contribute to a better understanding of their role in ensuring the optimal functioning in a human body. Screening and elimination of vitamin A, E, D deficiency in children can not only improve health, but also help increase the life quality. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: vitamins A, E, D, vitamin deficiency, hypovitaminosis, hypervitaminosis, dysvitaminosis, polyvitaminosis, children.
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Lapin, A. V., A. A. Livinskiy, and N. M. Portnov. "Selection and justifi cation of the formulation and vitamins of a fruit and nut bar for schoolchildren." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2401-07.
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Long-term consumption of school meals contributes to the formation of a defi ciency of a number of biologically active substances and necessitates the need to enrich products for school diets with vitamins and minerals. Existing commercial forms of vitamins are considered. Despite their diversity, the use of each form of vitamins has a number of restrictions. An option to increase vitamin intake among schoolchildren could be the development and introduction of fortifi ed products into the menu. Based on the study of the role of vitamins in the human body and the comparison of the vitamin and mineral composition of nuts, vitamins for fortifi cation were selected in the amount of daily intake for children per bar (at the lower limit, %): vitamin C in the amount of 90 mg and vitamin A in the amount of 400 mcg (ret eq) per bar. Based on the conducted research, the choice of the main ingredients and vitamins C and A for fortification, as well as the calorie content of the fruit and nut bar were justified.
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Oh, Jongwon, Hyung-Doo Park, Su-Young Kim, Won-Jung Koh, and Soo-Youn Lee. "Assessment of Vitamin Status in Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: Potential Role of Vitamin A as a Risk Factor." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020343.
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As microbiological diagnostic techniques improve and the frequency of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) infection increases worldwide, NTM-PD is becoming increasingly important to clinicians and researchers. Vitamin activity has been associated with the host immune response in tuberculosis; however, such information is very limited in NTM-PD. We performed a case-control study in 150 patients with NTM-PD and 150 healthy controls to investigate serum vitamin status. We measured concentrations of vitamins A, D, and E along with homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA) as indicators of vitamin B12 deficiency, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. The serum concentrations of vitamins A and E were significantly lower in patients with NTM-PD than in healthy controls (1.5 vs. 2.1 µmol/L, p < 0.01 for vitamin A; and 27.3 vs. 33.1 µmol/L, p < 0.01 for vitamin E). In contrast, the serum concentrations of vitamin D and homocysteine were not significantly different between the two groups. Vitamin A deficiency (< 1.05 µmol/L) was significantly more prevalent in patients with NTM-PD than in healthy controls (p < 0.01) and was associated with an 11-fold increase in risk of NTM-PD. Multiple vitamin deficiencies were only observed in patients with NTM-PD (7.3% of all NTM-PD patients). Positive correlations were observed among vitamins (vitamins A and D; r = 0.200, p < 0.05; vitamins D and E, r = 0.238, p < 0.05; vitamins A and E, r = 0.352, p < 0.05). Serum vitamin status, demographic variables, and biochemical indicators were not associated with treatment outcomes. Vitamin A deficiency was strongly associated with patients with NTM-PD. Our study suggests that altered vitamin status is associated with mycobacterial disease. Future well-designed prospective studies with large patient cohorts addressing these issues are needed to clarify the significance of vitamins in NTM-PD.
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Ilina, M. B., and E. V. Sergunova. "The composition and content of some vitamins in the leaves of European dewberry (Rubus caesius L.) and aqueous extracts based on them." Farmaciya (Pharmacy) 73, no. 3 (June 6, 2024): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29296/25419218-2024-03-05.
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Introduction. Vitamins play an important role for the normal functioning of the human body. Some of them are synthesized by the microflora in the intestine, but most of them must enter the body from the outside. In addition to food, medicinal plant raw materials are also a source of vitamins. An example of such raw materials are the leaves of European dewberry, which have been little studied at the moment and are of interest for research. Objective. The study of the composition and content of vitamins in aqueous extraction from the leaves of European dewberry (Rubus caesius L.). Material and methods. The object of the study was an aqueous extraction from the leaves of European dewberry (infusion), prepared according to the rules for the preparation of infusions and decoctions specified in the GPM.1.4.1.0018 “Infusions and decoctions” SP XV. The detection and quantification of vitamins in the sample was carried out by the HPLC method, according to the GPM.1.2.3.0017.15 SP XIV on the Waters 1525 chromatograph. Results and discussion. During the study, 7 compounds were identified in the infusion of European dewberry leaves: vitamin C, vitamin P (rutin), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (nicotinamide), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid). The predominant compound in the studied object was ascorbic acid (vitamin C), the content of which is 67.79 mg%. The vitamin content was recalculated for dry raw materials. It has been shown that the amount of water-soluble vitamins and rutin in the leaves of European dewberry is 11.4 times higher than in the infusion. Conclusion. The composition and content of vitamins in the aqueous extraction from the leaves of the European dewberry by HPLC were determined. The presence of 5 B vitamins, ascorbic acid and rutin has been proven. This is the first time such research has been conducted. The leaves of the European dewberry are rich in water-soluble vitamins and rutin, and this raw material can be considered as a vitamin remedy.
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Theofylaktopoulou, Despoina, Arve Ulvik, Øivind Midttun, Per Magne Ueland, Stein Emil Vollset, Ottar Nygård, Steinar Hustad, Grethe S. Tell, and Simone J. P. M. Eussen. "Vitamins B2and B6as determinants of kynurenines and related markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation in the community-based Hordaland Health Study." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 7 (August 8, 2014): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514001858.
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Vitamins B2and B6are cofactors in the kynurenine pathway. Many of the kynurenines are neuroactive compounds with immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate plasma concentrations of vitamins B2and B6as determinants of kynurenines and two markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation (kynurenine:tryptophan ratio (KTR) and neopterin). We measured the concentrations of vitamins B2and B6vitamers, neopterin, tryptophan and six kynurenines (i.e. kynurenine, anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid) in plasma from 7051 individuals. Dietary intake of vitamins B2and B6was assessed using a validated FFQ. Associations were investigated using partial Spearman's correlations, generalised additive models, and segmented or multiple linear regression. The B2vitamer, riboflavin, was positively associated with 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid, with correlation coefficients, as obtained by segmented regression, of 0·20 (95 % CI 0·16, 0·23) and 0·24 (95 % CI 0·19, 0·28), at riboflavin concentrations below the median value (13·0 nmol/l). The vitamin B6vitamer, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), was positively associated with most kynurenines at PLP concentrations < 39·3–47·0 nmol/l, and inversely associated with 3-hydroxykynurenine with the association being more prominent at PLP concentrations < 18·9 nmol/l. Riboflavin and PLP were associated with xanthurenic acid only at relatively low, but normal concentrations of both vitamers. Lastly, PLP was negatively correlated with neopterin and KTR. These results demonstrate the significant and complex determination of kynurenine metabolism by vitamin status. Future studies on B-vitamins and kynurenines in relation to chronic diseases should therefore integrate data on relevant biomarkers related to B-vitamins status and tryptophan metabolism.
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Miyazaki, Aiko, Mitsue Sano, Tsutomu Fukuwatari, and Katsumi Shibata. "Effects of ethanol consumption on the B-group vitamin contents of liver, blood and urine in rats." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 6 (December 15, 2011): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511006192.
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Several studies have shown that blood vitamin levels are lower in alcoholic patients than in control subjects. Acute ethanol exposure enhances the release of vitamins from liver cells in vitro. The aim of the present study is to confirm the effects of ethanol consumption on vitamin contents in vivo. We compared the contents of B-group vitamins in the liver, blood and urine between ethanol-fed and control rats fed a diet containing a sufficient- and low-vitamin mixture. The experimental rats were fed a 15 % ethanol solution freely for 28 d, and then 24 h urine samples were collected, after which the animals were killed. The B-group vitamin contents in the liver, blood and urine were measured. No differences in liver, blood and urine contents were observed between the control and ethanol-fed rats fed a diet containing a sufficient-vitamin mixture. On the contrary, in rats fed a diet containing a low-vitamin mixture, consumption of ethanol caused a decrease in the contents of vitamins B1, B2 and pantothenic acid in the liver; however, the contents of the other vitamins did not decrease. In the blood, the contents of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and pantothenic acid were lower in the ethanol-fed rats than in the controls. Urinary excretion of the B-group vitamins, except for niacin, was lower in the ethanol-fed rats. These results show that ethanol consumption affects the absorption, distribution and excretion of each of the vitamins in rats fed a diet containing a low-vitamin mixture.
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Remy, Daniella, Gillian Murphy, Michelle Mravunac, Daen Medina, Tina Taylor, Cecile Konn, Colombe Holloway, and Ran Zheng. "Vitamins for the Prevention and/or Treatment of COVID-19: An Umbrella Review." CAND Journal 30, no. 4 (December 28, 2023): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54434/candj.160.
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Objective: This umbrella review synthesizes the existing literature on the role of vitamins for COVID-19 prevention and management. The objective is to elucidate potential preventive and therapeutic dimensions of these vitamins, highlight clinical applicability, and identify avenues for future research. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, with predefined key words for each vitamin combined with COVID-19-related terms. Narrative and systematic reviews were included, following Cochrane guidelines. AMSTAR scoring was used to assess systematic review quality, while SANRA guidelines were used to evaluate narrative reviews. Data extraction, synthesis, and reference overlap were conducted. Findings: Narrative reviews (n=14) revealed preclinical benefits of vitamins A, B group, C, D, and E (no research on vitamin K found) in COVID-19 management, with potential for immune modulation and anti-inflammatory responses. Of the systematic reviews (n=44), none included vitamins A or E. Some B vitamins exhibited potential, with significant associations between vitamin C supplementation and reduced COVID-19 severity. Many significant findings were also found between vitamin D deficiency and heightened COVID-19 risks, as well as promising effects of vitamin D supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamins A, B group, C, D, and E hold mechanistic rationale for combating COVID-19, as suggested by narrative reviews. In systematic reviews, vitamin D deficiency underscores its role in COVID-19 severity, while vitamin C and D supplementation show potential benefits as adjunct therapies. This umbrella review highlights the comprehensive research on the efficacy of vitamins in addressing COVID-19, with challenges that warrant further investigation.
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Khan, Nauman, and Tahmina. "Vitamin D Deficiency in the Elderly Patients and Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.2.765.
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SARS Covid'19 is declared as a global pandemic by World Health Organization [1]. The aim of this short report is to find out the association of Vitamin D in prevention of Covid'19 in elderly patients who are already having other co-morbidities. People of any age are susceptible to Corona virus but the elderly patients and patients with chronic underlying diseases are at higher risk. Many elderly patients with COVID-19 are at risk of mal-nutrition [2].
Vitamins are of two types, Lipid soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins [3]. Lipid soluble vitamins can be stored in the body while water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, hence needed to take regularly [4]. Vitamin D is a lipid soluble vitamin also it can be synthesized by our own body.
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Scott, K. John, and Dinah R. Bishop. "Nutrient content of milk and milk products: water soluble vitamins in baby milk formulae." Journal of Dairy Research 52, no. 4 (November 1985): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202990002447x.
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SUMMARYA study of the content of water soluble vitamins in the 12 baby milk formulae available in the UK in April 1983 showed that levels of vitamins in the individual brands were generally in excess of those declared by the manufacturer. For cows' milk based formulae the mean excess of vitamins over the declared level was 94%. Vitamin levels in prepared formulae averaged three times the minimum recommended level. The average level of B vitamins in prepared cows' milk based formulae was six times higher than in mature human milk. For the two soya based products, the levels of vitamins were generally in excess of the declared level and levels of vitamin B12, biotin and, in one sample, vitamin B6 were considerably in excess of those found in mature human milk.
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Cahyani, Afin Regina, Mazarina Devi, and Soenar Soekopitojo. "EVALUASI VITAMIN B PADA BISKUIT BAYI SUBSTITUSI CAMPURAN TEPUNG LABU KUNING (Cucurbita moschataDurch) DAN TEPUNG WORTEL (Daucus carrota L)." Journal of Food Technology and Agroindustry 5, no. 2 (August 3, 2023): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/jfta.v5i2.2771.
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Consumption of foods with adequate nutritional content is very important to achieve optimal growth and development in infants and toddlers. B vitamins are vitamins that function for metabolism in general and the formation of chemicals that function in nerve cells. This causes B vitamins to have an important influence on brain function. This study aimed to analyze the vitamin B content of the product in the form of biscuits substituted with pumpkin flour (Cucurbita moschata Durch) and carrot flour (Daucus carrota L). The content of vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B5 (pantothenic) was highest in biscuits substituted with pumpkin and carrot flour by 30%. The more substitution of pumpkin flour and carrot flour, the greater the levels of vitamin B complex in pumpkin and carrot biscuits. This is because pumpkin and carrots are rich in B-complex vitamins
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Bacinschi, Nicolae, Sofia Alexandru, Anna Donica, and Ina Guţu. "Vitamins and tuberculosis." Farmacist.ro 187 (2), no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/farm.187.2.2019.2338.
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The importance of vitamins to the development, progression and treatment of tuberculosis is indisputable due to the presence of hypovitaminosis in people with malnutrition or the increase of vitamin deficiency in the setting of the disease. It was established that vitamin preparations exhibit antimicrobial activity, potentiate efficacy and reduce the toxicity of antituberculous drugs. Recent studies have proved the role of vitamins in the metabolism and multiplication of mycobacteria, suggesting the possibility of developing antitubercular compounds based on vitamin preparations with new mechanisms of action. These data are important for the possibility of combating resistance and multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Mantle, David. "Nutritional supplementation for vitamin B12 and vitamin K2 deficiency following ileostomy or colostomy formation." Gastrointestinal Nursing 18, Sup4 (May 1, 2020): S12—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/gasn.2020.18.sup4.s12.
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Most dietary vitamins and minerals are absorbed from the duodenal and jejunal sections of the small bowel. The exceptions are vitamin B12 and vitamin K2, which are absorbed from the terminal ileum and colon respectively. Patients who have undergone ileostomy or colostomy procedures are at risk of deficiency of these vitamins, with associated risk of developing anaemia and nervous system dysfunction (vitamin B12), and bone weakening and cardiovascular disease (vitamin K2). Patients should therefore be monitored for deficiency of these vitamins, which may develop over a protracted period of time. Patients lacking the terminal ileum or colon can still absorb supplemental vitamins B12 or K2 given orally, provided a sufficient loading dose is given to facilitate absorption from the remaining gastrointestinal tract.
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Anila, A. B., P. Shaji Ancy, B. S. SREELEKSHMI, NM Mahesh, and B. A. Vishwanath. "A Study on Prescription Pattern of Multivitamins in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3-s (June 15, 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4157.
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Aim of the study: To study the prescribing pattern of multivitamins in type-2 DM in tertiary care hospitals.
Materials and methods: Human ethical approval was taken from human ethical committee, ABIPER Bangalore. The diabetic patients who satisfied the study criteria were enrolled. The patients data’s were collected in specially designed documentation form. The collected data’s were assessed using descriptive statistics.
Results: The study was conducted in 158 patients in which most prescriptions [72.17%] contains water soluble vitamins+minerals. Multivitamins with or without minerals were prescribed for 90[79.76%] and 30[20.24%] days respectively. Multivitamins [100%] were given orally once a day. For indication fatigue [29.11%], water soluble vitamins+minerals were prescribed mostly. Many DM-2 patients were prescribed with water soluble vitamins+minerals which contain vitaminC and calcium carbonate as main constituents. Some of multivitamins doses were showing compliance as per FDA dose recommendations. Tablet formulation containing fat soluble vitamins+minerals[25.31%] were prescribed mostly.
Conclusions: Mostly water soluble vitamins+minerals were prescribed for DM-2 patients. Multivitamins with or without minerals were prescribed for 90and30 days respectively. All multivitamins were prescribed in oral route. Mostly water soluble vitamins+minerals were prescribed for fatigue illness associated with DM-2 in which vitamin C and calcium carbonate were the main constituents. Some of the prescribed multivitamin doses were within the FDA recommended dose range. Tablet formulations were frequently prescribed with oral anti-diabetic drugs.
Keywords: Multivitamins, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Prescription.
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Eshak, Ehab S., Hiroyasu Iso, Isao Muraki, and Akiko Tamakoshi. "Fat-soluble vitamins from diet in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese population." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 6 (January 31, 2019): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451800377x.
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AbstractThe role of fat-soluble vitamins in the pathology of type 2 diabetes needs further research. Possible protective effects could be expected for vitamins A and E via their antioxidant properties, vitamin K via its modulating effects on cytokines and insulin resistance and vitamin D via the enhancement of insulin sensitivity. However, the evidence on association between fat-soluble vitamins from diet and risk of diabetes is limited. Therefore, among 19 168 healthy Japanese of both sexes aged 40–79 years, we used the logistic regression analyses to examine the prospective association between FFQ-estimated dietary fat-soluble vitamins (A, K, E and D) and the risk of type 2 diabetes incident over a 5-year period. During this 5-year period, 494 new cases of diabetes were self-reported. Vitamins K and E from diet were associated with lowered risk of incident diabetes, whereas no associations with dietary intake of vitamin A or D were observed. The multivariable OR in the highest v. lowest quartiles of intakes were 0·71 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·93, Ptrend=0·01) for vitamin K and 0·72 (95 % CI 0·55, 0·95, Ptrend=0·02) for vitamin E. Mutual adjustment for dietary intake of these vitamins did not change the association. There were no interactions with sex, age, smoking status, BMI or having a family history of diabetes, P were >0·10. In conclusion, higher dietary intake of fat-soluble vitamins K and E, but not vitamin A or D, were associated with lowered risk of type 2 diabetes among Japanese population.
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MIHĂESCU, Victoria-Mădălina, Raluca-Ioana DASCĂLU, Andra Ioana NUȚĂ, and Luminița-Bianca GROSU. "DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY OF VITAMINS." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series of Medicine 4, no. 1 (2023): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscimed.2023.1.38.
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Vitamins are substances necessary to sustain life, with many functions. Vitamins must be obtained from food, as they are either not made in the body at all or are not made in sufficient quantities for growth, vitality and wellbeing. Lack of a particular vitamin can lead to incomplete metabolism, fatigue and other important health problems. Deficiency of a vitamin causes symptoms which can be cured by that vitamin. Large doses of vitamins may slow or ever reverse diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, nerve degeneration and heart disease.
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Vrzhesinskaya, O. A., O. V. Kosheleva, V. M. Kodentsova, N. A. Beketova, S. N. Leonenko, V. I. Pilipenko, and Kh Kh Sharafetdinov. "Vitamin C, A, E, B2 and β-carotene status of patients with gastrointestinal diseases." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 99, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2021-99-1-36-42.
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Deficiency of vitamins is a risk factor for the development of various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and, on the contrary, diseases serve as the cause of the deficiency of these micronutrients. Data on the actual vitamin status of gastrointestinal patients are necessary to develop measures for its improvement.Material and methods. The blood serum level of vitamins C, A, E, B2 and β-carotene in 29 patients (10 men and 19 women) 22–80 years old with gastrointestinal diseases has been determined. The first group consisted of 14 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The second group included patients with gastrointestinal diseases of various etiologies.Results. There was no significant difference in vitamins C, A, E, B2 and β-carotene sufficiency in patients with IBS and those with other gastrointestinal diseases. The characteristic features of the vitamin status of patients in both groups were the absence of individuals optimally provided with all vitamins, and a rather high frequency of occurrence (27.6%) of multiple deficiency of 3 vitamins and β-carotene. When the evaluation using 3 indicators at the same time (absolute concentration of vitamins C, E and their molar ratio) was carried out, only two patients in each group were optimally provided with vitamins C and E, and only three of them were optimally provided with β-carotene. Four patients in each group were adequately provided with all the vitamins studied. A combined deficiency of 3 micronutrients (any two vitamins and β-carotene) was found in two patients; combined deficiency of two vitamins or one vitamin and β-carotene was noted in 24.1% of the examined.Conclusion. A purposeful development of vitamin complexes with effective doses for gastrointestinal patients is necessary.
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Sánchez-Moreno, Concepción, Antonio Jiménez-Escrig, and Antonio Martín. "Stroke: roles of B vitamins, homocysteine and antioxidants." Nutrition Research Reviews 22, no. 1 (June 2009): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422409990023.
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In the present review concerning stroke, we evaluate the roles of B vitamins, homocysteine and antioxidant vitamins. Stroke is a leading cause of death in developed countries. However, current therapeutic strategies for stroke have been largely unsuccessful. Several studies have reported important benefits on reducing the risk of stroke and improving the post-stroke-associated functional declines in patients who ate foods rich in micronutrients, including B vitamins and antioxidant vitamins E and C. Folic acid, vitamin B6and vitamin B12are all cofactors in homocysteine metabolism. Growing interest has been paid to hyperhomocysteinaemia as a risk factor for CVD. Hyperhomocysteinaemia has been linked to inadequate intake of vitamins, particularly to B-group vitamins and therefore may be amenable to nutritional intervention. Hence, poor dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6and vitamin B12are associated with increased risk of stroke. Elevated consumption of fruits and vegetables appears to protect against stroke. Antioxidant nutrients have important roles in cell function and have been implicated in processes associated with ageing, including vascular, inflammatory and neurological damage. Plasma vitamin E and C concentrations may serve as a biological marker of lifestyle or other factors associated with reduced stroke risk and may be useful in identifying those at high risk of stroke. After reviewing the observational and intervention studies, there is an incomplete understanding of mechanisms and some conflicting findings; therefore the available evidence is insufficient to recommend the routine use of B vitamins, vitamin E and vitamin C for the prevention of stroke. A better understanding of mechanisms, along with well-designed controlled clinical trials will allow further progress in this area.
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Zhu, Xian-Bo, Liang Pan, WU Wei, Jia-Qing Pen, Yin-Wei Qi, and Xiao-Lin Ren. "Changes in the content of water-soluble vitamins in Actinidia chinensis during cold storage." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 81, no. 6 (2016): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc151028012z.
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We assessed the effects of cold storage on nine water-soluble vitamins in 7 cultivars of Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples were collected at three time points during cold storage: one day, 30 days, and when edible. We found that vitamin C in most cultivars was raised with cold storage, but there was no consistent increased or decreased trend for other water-soluble vitamins across cultivars in storage. After one day of cold storage, vitamins B1 and B2 were the most prevalent vitamins in Control (wild) fruit, while vitamins B5 and B6 were most prevalent in the Hongyang and Qihong cultivars. However, B12 was the most prevalent vitamin in the Qihong cultivar after 30 days of cold storage. Vitamins B3, B7, B9, and C were detected at the edible time point in Huayou, Hongyang, Jinnong-2, and Control fruit. Vitamin contents varied significantly among cultivars of kiwifruit following different durations of cold storage. Out of the three durations tested, a period of 30 days in cold storage was the most suitable for the absorption of water-soluble vitamins by A. chinensis.
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Rai, Sachchida Nand, Payal Singh, Harry W. M. Steinbusch, Emanuel Vamanu, Ghulam Ashraf, and Mohan Prasad Singh. "The Role of Vitamins in Neurodegenerative Disease: An Update." Biomedicines 9, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101284.
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Acquiring the recommended daily allowance of vitamins is crucial for maintaining homeostatic balance in humans and other animals. A deficiency in or dysregulation of vitamins adversely affects the neuronal metabolism, which may lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we discuss how novel vitamin-based approaches aid in attenuating abnormal neuronal functioning in neurodegeneration-based brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Prion disease. Vitamins show their therapeutic activity in Parkinson’s disease by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, different water- and lipid-soluble vitamins have also prevented amyloid beta and tau pathology. On the other hand, some results also show no correlation between vitamin action and the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Some vitamins also exhibit toxic activity too. This review discusses both the beneficial and null effects of vitamin supplementation for neurological disorders. The detailed mechanism of action of both water- and lipid-soluble vitamins is addressed in the manuscript. Hormesis is also an essential factor that is very helpful to determine the effective dose of vitamins. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were employed to conduct the literature search of original articles, review articles, and meta-analyses.