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Journal articles on the topic 'Vitiated air'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

LANGILLE, J. A., Y. DONG, M. G. ANDAC, F. N. EGOLFOPOULOS∗, and T. T. TSOTSIS. "NON-PREMIXED IGNITION BY VITIATED AIR IN COUNTERFLOW CONFIGURATIONS." Combustion Science and Technology 178, no. 4 (April 2006): 635–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102200500241230.

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2

CABRA, R., J. CHEN, R. DIBBLE, A. KARPETIS, and R. BARLOW. "Lifted methane–air jet flames in a vitiated coflow." Combustion and Flame 143, no. 4 (December 2005): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.08.019.

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3

Fu, Wei, Fengyu Li, Haitao Zhang, Bolun Yi, Yanju Liu, and Qizhao Lin. "Liftoff behaviors and flame structure of dimethyl ether jet flame in CH4/air vitiated coflow." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 233, no. 8 (May 1, 2019): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919846007.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate the flame structure and liftoff behaviors of a dimethyl ether central jet in CH4/air vitiated coflow in a coflow burner. The liftoff behaviors of dimethyl ether jet flames in the air flow were studied firstly. The flame stability of the burner was analyzed by measuring the flow field temperature with thermocouples. By changing the coflow rate and CH4 equivalence ratio, the liftoff behaviors of dimethyl ether jet flames under different vitiated coflow environments were discussed. The jet flame structure was also analyzed qualitatively by high-speed photography.

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4

Hashimoto, T. "Combustion stability of a vitiated-air heater using coaxial injectors." Energy Conversion and Management 38, no. 10-13 (July 1997): 1083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(96)00138-0.

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5

Cutler, A. D. "Specification of Model Entrance Conditions for Scramjet Testing in Vitiated Air." AIAA Journal 36, no. 7 (July 1998): 1200–1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.500.

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6

Cutler, A. D. "Specification of model entrance conditions for scramjet testing in vitiated air." AIAA Journal 36 (January 1998): 1200–1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.13953.

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7

Lee, Jungmin, Jaejeoung Na, Yunky Hong, and Jeongwoo Kim. "Performance Test of Vitiated Air Heater with High Temperature and High Pressure." Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers 22, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6108/kspe.2018.22.4.068.

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8

Fleck, Julia M., Peter Griebel, Adam M. Steinberg, Christoph M. Arndt, Clemens Naumann, and Manfred Aigner. "Autoignition of hydrogen/nitrogen jets in vitiated air crossflows at different pressures." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34, no. 2 (January 2013): 3185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.039.

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9

Mouangue, Ruben, Marcel Obounou, Laurent Gomet, and Arnaud Mura. "Lagrangian Intermittent Modelling of a Turbulent Lifted Methane-Air Jet Flame Stabilized in a Vitiated Air Coflow." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 92, no. 3 (September 25, 2013): 731–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-013-9512-6.

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10

Mitani, Tohru, Tetsuo Hiraiwa, Shigeru Sato, Sadatake Tomioka, Takeshi Kanda, and Kouichiro Tani. "Comparison of Scramjet Engine Performance in Mach 6 Vitiated and Storage-Heated Air." Journal of Propulsion and Power 13, no. 5 (September 1997): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.5228.

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11

Wang, Chao, Weidong Liu, Shijie Liu, Luxin Jiang, and Zhiyong Lin. "Experimental investigation on detonation combustion patterns of hydrogen/vitiated air within annular combustor." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 66 (September 2015): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.02.024.

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12

Consonni, Stefano, Giovanni Lozza, Giampaolo Pelliccia, Stefano Rossini, and Francesco Saviano. "Chemical-Looping Combustion for Combined Cycles With CO2 Capture." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 3 (June 13, 2006): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1850501.

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Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) is a process where fuel oxidation is carried out through an intermediate agent—a metal oxide—circulated across two fluidized bed reactors: a reduction reactor, where an endothermic reaction reduces the metal oxide and oxidizes the fuel, and an oxidation reactor, where an exothermic reaction oxidizes the metal oxide in air. Overall, the system carries out the same job of a conventional combustor, with the fundamental advantage of segregating the oxidation products (CO2 and H2O) into an output flow free of nitrogen and excess oxygen. The flow exiting the reduction reactor consists of water and CO2, the latter readily available for liquefaction, transport and long-term storage. The hot, vitiated air from the oxidation reactor is the means to produce power through a thermodynamic cycle. This paper reports of a study supported by the ENI group to assess the potential of the integration between CLC and combined gas-steam power cycles. More specifically, we focus on four issues: (i) optimization of plant configuration; (ii) prediction of overall efficiency; (iii) use of commercial gas turbines; (iv) preliminary economic estimates. The CLC system is based on iron oxides which, to maintain their physical characteristics, must operate below 900–1000°C. Given the crucial importance of the temperature of the vitiated air generated by CLC on the performance of the combined cycle, we consider two options: (i) “unfired” systems, where natural gas is fed only to the CLC system, (ii) “fired” systems, where the vitiated air is supplementary fired to reach gas turbine inlet temperatures ranging 1000–1200°C. Results show that unfired configurations with maximum process temperature 850–1050°C and zero emissions reach net LHV plant efficiencies ranging 43%–48%. Fired cycles where temperature is raised from 850 to 1200°C by supplementary firing can achieve 52% net LHV efficiency with CO2 emission about one half of those of a state-of-the-art combined cycles. Fired configurations allow significant capital cost and fuel cost savings compared to unfired configurations; however, a carbon tax high enough to make them attractive (close to 50 €/ton) would undermine these advantages.

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13

LUO, Feiteng, Wenyan SONG, Zhiqiang ZHANG, Weiqiang LI, and Jianping LI. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of Vitiated Air Effects on Hydrogen-fueled Supersonic Combustor Performance." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 25, no. 2 (April 2012): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1000-9361(11)60375-0.

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14

HAN, B., C. J. SUNG*, and M. NISHIOKA. "EFFECTS OF VITIATED AIR ON HYDROGEN IGNITION IN A HIGH-SPEED LAMINAR MIXING LAYER." Combustion Science and Technology 176, no. 3 (March 2004): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102200490256018.

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15

Panaitescu, Fanel-Viorel, Mariana Panaitescu, and Nicolaie Ion. "The influence of the vitiated air from the treatment plants on the urban and rural development." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018004013.

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In order to reduce the emissions produced by the operational flow of a wastewater treatment plant, regardless of whether they are located in urban or rural areas, the quality of air must be analyzed. For this reason, the Constanta Nord treatment plant was chosen as a study location. This is near the Mamaia resort and does not fall within the recommended sanitary protection norms, according to NP-032-1999 (at least 300 m from the last house). Therefore, it was necessary to take measures to reduce the repellent gases generated in the neighborhood of wastewater treatment plants. The solution is in attention of all wastewater treatment plants from the world because this depend on operational flux management and health of population.The research consists of: description of the technological flow of the treatment plant and in particular of the deodorizing installation of the contaminated air, choosing a work scenario for a day with 2 shifts per hour, respectively 6 shifts per hour, the air flow needed to treat the vitiated air (the deodorization plant components) and the efficiency of the regulation system from the point of view of energy consumption. Also, possible leakage of dangerous gases into the atmospheric air was monitored (H2S, Cl2, CO), taking into account the fact that in the immediate vicinity there is the Mamaia resort, the student housing and rural locations Palazu and Mamaia village.

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16

Schmidt, J. B., N. Jiang, and B. N. Ganguly. "Nitric oxide PLIF measurement in a point-to-plane pulsed discharge in vitiated air of a propane/air flame." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 23, no. 6 (August 18, 2014): 065005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/23/6/065005.

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17

UPADHYAY, AVNISH K., and KAUSHAL KUMAR. "Ethno-medicinal and Ayurvedic Approach in the Management and Treatment of Asthma (Swash Roga)." Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 7 (January 31, 2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v7i0.73.

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In Ayurveda, Asthma is known as 'Shwas Roga'. Samprapti (Pathogenesis) of the Shwas Roga according to Ayurveda is the vitiated 'Pranvayu' combined with vitiated 'Kapha dosha' in the lungs causing obstruction in the 'Pranavaha srotasa' (Respiratory system). This results in gasping and laboured breathing which is known as 'Shwas Roga'. Asthma is a chronic illness involving the respiratory system in which the airway occasionally constricts, becomes inflamed, and is lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers. These episodes precipitate by exposure to an environmental stimulant (or allergen), cold air, warm air, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. Ayurvedic medicines are very safe and cure the problem to a great extent. Researchers of various disciplines are working on this problem to find out the solutions. Various modern means and measures have been discovered in this regard. Even then the effective drug without any side-effects has not been established yet. Ayurveda is the rich source of the therapeutic measures that can control the disease. Out of such therapeutic measures, various herbs, poly-herbal and herbo-mineral compounds were selected in different studies for the benefit of the increasing number of asthma patients and have been found to be effective. The aims of the present review are to establish the importance of Ethno-medicinal and Ayurvedic approach in the management and treatment of Asthma and explore any new interventions needed.

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18

Marquis, Damien, Eric Guillaume, and Damien Lesenechal. "Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Cone Calorimeter Tests with and Without a Vitiated Air Enclosure." Procedia Engineering 62 (2013): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.048.

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19

Han, Chao, Pei Zhang, TaoHong Ye, and YiLiang Chen. "Numerical study of methane/air jet flame in vitiated co-flow using tabulated detailed chemistry." Science China Technological Sciences 57, no. 9 (July 21, 2014): 1750–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-014-5604-3.

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20

Kashif, Muhammad, Philippe Guibert, Jérôme Bonnety, and Guillaume Legros. "Sooting tendencies of primary reference fuels in atmospheric laminar diffusion flames burning into vitiated air." Combustion and Flame 161, no. 6 (June 2014): 1575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.12.009.

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21

Bouaniche, Alexandre, Nicolas Jaouen, Pascale Domingo, and Luc Vervisch. "Vitiated High Karlovitz n-decane/air Turbulent Flames: Scaling Laws and Micro-mixing Modeling Analysis." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 102, no. 1 (July 18, 2018): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-018-9946-y.

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22

Garland, R. V., and P. W. Pillsbury. "Status of Topping Combustor Development for Second-Generation Fluidized Bed Combined Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906294.

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Addition of a fluidized bed combustor to a high-efficiency combined cycle plant enables direct firing of inexpensive run-of-the-mine coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. To attain high thermal efficiencies, coal pyrolysis is included. The low heating value fuel gas from the pyrolyzer is burned in a topping combustion system that boosts gas turbine inlet temperature to state of the art while the pyrolyzer-produced char is burned in the bed. The candidate topping combustor, the multi-annular swirl burner, based on a design by J. M. Bee´r, is presented and discussed. Design requirements differ from conventional gas turbine combustors. The use of hot, vitiated air for cooling and combustion, and the use of low heating value fuel containing ammonia, are two factors that make the design requirements unique. The multi-annular swirl burner contains rich-burn, quick-quench, and lean-burn zones formed aerodynamically rather than the physically separate volumes found in other rich-lean combustors. Although fuel is injected through a centrally located nozzle, the combustion air enters axially through a series of swirlers. Wall temperatures are controlled by relatively thick layers of air entering through the various swirler sections, which allows the combustor to be of all-metal construction rather than the ceramic often used in rich-lean concepts. This 12-in.-dia design utilizes some of the features of the previous 5-in. and 10-in. versions of the multi-annular swirl burner; test results from the previous projects were utilized in the formulation of the test for the present program. In the upcoming tests, vitiated air will be provided to simulate a pressurized fluidized bed effluent. Hot syngas seeded with ammonia will be used to simulate the low-Btu gas produced in the pyrolyzer.

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23

Wang, Gang, Hai Yang Wang, and Xin Hua Zhang. "Gas Control Technology of Fully Mechanized Caving Face of Hard Desorbing Coal Seam." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1335.

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Basing on the problems of residual coal in goaf in fully mechanized caving face in hard desorbing coal seam, high content of residual gas, large gas emission, serious gas overrun in return airflow corner and vitiated air, combing the actual situation in 3-219 fully mechanized caving face, the paper has adopted adjacent goaf drainage, drainage in gas drainage technology, formed a low investment cost and effective gas control technology and ensured the safe and efficient production in coal face and has a certain reference to control gas of fully mechanized caving face in hard desorbing coal seam.

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24

Mehta, S., and G. A. Karim. "An Experimental Investigation of the Transport and Combustion Processes Within Fractured Oil Sand Beds." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905953.

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The behavior of fractured beds of light oil (37° API) sand cores when subjected to high-temperature, low-velocity vitiated air stream of the combustion products of near-lean flammability limit mixture of n-hexane and air are examined. The fractured cores were prepared synthetically so as to provide samples of controlled composition, porosity and permeability. They were tested in long cylindrical configurations which contained a small diameter/central axial passage representing a fracture. The combustion behavior of cores containing light oil tended to be erratic with more of the fuel burning in the fracture rather than in the core. The combustion was sustained mainly by the light fuel rather than the cokey deposits. The samples tested indicated poor oil recoveries accompanied by high amounts of coke residue.

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25

Sullivan-Lewis, Elliot, Richard Hack, and Vincent McDonell. "Assessment of a Rich-Burn, Quick-Mix, Lean-Burn–Based Supplemental Burner System in a Vitiated Air Stream." Combustion Science and Technology 188, no. 3 (November 18, 2015): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2015.1119823.

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26

Chadwick, K. M., D. J. DeTurris, and J. A. Schetz. "Direct Measurements of Skin Friction in Supersonic Combustion Flow Fields." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906737.

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An experimental investigation was conducted to measure skin friction along the chamber walls of supersonic combustors. A direct force measurement device was used to measure simultaneously an axial and a transverse component of the small tangential shear force passing over a nonintrusive floating element. This measurement was made possible with a sensitive piezoresistive deflection sensing unit. The floating head is mounted to a stiff cantilever beam arrangement with deflection due to the flow on the order of 0.00254 mm (0.0001 in). This allowed the instrument to be a nonnulling type. A second gage was designed with active cooling of the floating sensor head to eliminate nonuniform temperature effects between the sensor head and the surrounding wall. The key to this device is the use of a quartz tube cantilever with piezoresistive strain gages bonded directly to its surface. A symmetric fluid flow was developed inside the quartz tube to provide cooling to the backside of the floating head. Tests showed that this flow did not influence the tangential force measurement. Measurements were made in three separate combustor test facilities. Tests at NASA Langley Research center consisted of a Mach 3.0 vitiated air flow with hydrogen fuel injection at Pt = 500 psia (3466 kPa) and Tt = 3000 R (1667 K). Two separate sets of tests were conducted at the General Applied Science Laboratory (GASL) in a scramjet combustor model with hydrogen fuel injection in vitiated air at Mach = 3.3, Pt = 800 psia (5510 kPa), and Tt = 4000 R (2222 K). Skin friction coefficients between 0.001–0.005 were measured dependent on the facility and measurement location. Analysis of the measurement uncertainties indicate an accuracy to within ± 10–15 percent of the streamwise component.

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27

Pandey, Krishna Murari, and Sukanta Roga. "CFD Analysis of Scramjet Combustor with Non-Premixed Turbulence Model Using Ramp Injector." Applied Mechanics and Materials 555 (June 2014): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.555.18.

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This paper presents the supersonic combustion of hydrogen using strut injector along with two-dimensional turbulent non-premixed combustion model with air inlet temperature of 750 0k and vitiated Mach number of 2. In this process, a PDF approach is created and this method needs solution to a high dimensional PDF transport equation. As the combustion of hydrogen fuel is injected from the strut injector, it is successfully used to model the turbulent reacting flow field. It is observed from the present work that, the maximum temperature of 2096 0k occurred in the recirculation area which is produced due to shock wave-expansion and the fuel jet losses concentration and after passing successively through such areas, temperature decreased slightly along the axis. From the maximum mass fraction of OH, it is observed that there is very little amount of OH around 0.0017 were found out after combustion. By providing strut injector, expansion wave is created which causes the proper mixing between the fuel and air that results in complete combustion.

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28

Suard, S., A. Nasr, S. Melis, J. Garo, H. El-Rabii, L. Gay, L. Rigollet, and L. Audouin. "Analytical Approach for Predicting Effects of Vitiated Air on the Mass Loss Rate of Large Pool Fire in Confined Compartments." Fire Safety Science 10 (2011): 1513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.10-1513.

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29

Dong, Jingliang, Yao Tao, Yimin Xiao, and Jiyuan Tu. "Numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion in urban roadway tunnels." Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows 9, no. 1 (March 2017): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757482x17694041.

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Vehicular toxic emissions can easily contaminate the air quality of the enclosed tunnel environment, especially during rush hours with traffic jam events or low vehicle speeds, which poses serious health hazards to road utilizers. The piston effect generated by moving vehicles was normally considered adequate to discharge vitiated air out of short tunnel based on a typical driving speed. However, complex traffic conditions may yield unexpected consequences on in-tunnel air quality levels. This study numerically investigated the CO2 concentration to identify the in-tunnel pollutant dispersion under three traffic conditions including severe traffic congestion and traffic flow with low vehicle speeds. Fan conditions were considered to model the influence of mechanical winds on pollutant dispersion and comparison with vehicular piston effect was also performed. The results revealed elevated pollutant concentration regions were found at the vicinity of near-ground region and tunnel downstream. The vehicular piston effect can sufficiently remove the in-tunnel vehicular emissions when vehicles travel at relatively higher speed. However, pollutant accumulation occurs when vehicles are idling or moving at slow speed. Compared with traffic piston effect at high travelling speed, the mechanical ventilation of ceiling mounted fans only generate a limited contribution to the removal of emissions.

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30

Roga, Sukanta, and Krishna Murari Pandey. "Computational Analysis of Hydrogen-Fueled Scramjet Combustor Using Cavities in Tandem Flame Holder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 772 (July 2015): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.130.

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This work presents the computational analysis of scramjet combustor using cavities in tandem flame holder by means of 3D. The fuel used by scramjet combustor with cavities in tandem flame holder is hydrogen, the fluid flow and the work is based on the species transport combustion with standard k-ε viscous model. The Mach number at inlet is 2.47 and stagnation temperature and static pressure for vitiated air are 1000K and 100kPa respectively. These computational analysis is mainly aimed to study the flow structure and combustion efficiency. The computational results are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental results and these are agreed as well. Due to the combustion, the recirculation region behind the cavity injector becomes larger as compared to mixing case which acts as a flame holder. From the analysis, the maximum Mach number of 2.33 is observed in the recirculation areas.

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31

Hetalben, Amin, and Akhilesh Shukla. "Ayurveda Approach to Combat Epidemic Diseases." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 6, no. 3 (October 9, 2020): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2020.6315.

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The morbidity and mortality worldwide caused by viral diseases is a major threat for public health. The principle of spirituality is not well utilized in the present medical practice. Ayurveda system has longest clinical experience and rich cultural heritage among all other systems of medicine.Ayurveda has its unique description of epidemic diseases which is explained under the topic Janapadodwansa. Air (~Vayu), Water (~Jala), Region (~Bhumi/soil) and Time (~Kala) when vitiated they become more and more difficult to manage one by one. The root causes of Epidemic diseases are Adharma (~Unethical practices) and Pragyaparadha (intellectual blasphemy). Sadvritta (ethical code of conduct), Rasayana (rejuvenation) etc with respect to Janapada (Community) should be adopted for the control and prevention of the epidemics. These principles of prevention and management are more relevant now then before. The present article gives in-depth insight in to the understanding of epidemics from the view of Ayurveda.

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32

Eitel, Felix, Jhon Pareja, Ayane Johchi, Benjamin Böhm, Dirk Geyer, and Andreas Dreizler. "Temporal evolution of auto-ignition of ethylene and methane jets propagating into a turbulent hot air co-flow vitiated with NO x." Combustion and Flame 177 (March 2017): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.12.009.

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33

Stalker, R. J. "Modern developments in hypersonic wind tunnels." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1103 (January 2006): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004346.

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AbstractThe development of new methods of producing hypersonic wind-tunnel flows at increasing velocities during the last few decades is reviewed with attention to airbreathing propulsion, hypervelocity aerodynamics and superorbital aerodynamics. The role of chemical reactions in these flows leads to use of a binary scaling simulation parameter, which can be related to the Reynolds number, and which demands that smaller wind tunnels require higher reservoir pressure levels for simulation of flight phenomena. The use of combustion heated vitiated wind tunnels for propulsive research is discussed, as well as the use of reflected shock tunnels for the same purpose. A flight experiment validating shock-tunnel results is described, and relevant developments in shock tunnel instrumentation are outlined. The use of shock tunnels for hypervelocity testing is reviewed, noting the role of driver gas contamination in determining test time, and presenting examples of air dissociation effects on model flows. Extending the hypervelocity testing range into the superorbital regime with useful test times is seen to be possible by use of expansion tube/tunnels with a free piston driver.

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34

Roy, Rudra N., Sudarshan Kumar, and Sheshadri Sreedhara. "A new approach to model turbulent lifted CH4/air flame issuing in a vitiated coflow using conditional moment closure coupled with an extinction model." Combustion and Flame 161, no. 1 (January 2014): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.08.007.

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35

Samuel, Julian, and Zhanna Georgievskaya. "Death in a Carbon Dioxide Therapy Bath: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Academic Forensic Pathology 9, no. 1-2 (March 2019): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362119851241.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) therapy is the subcutaneous or transcutaneous administration of CO2 for therapeutic purposes. Carbon dioxide therapy is used for localized lipolysis, to treat chronic skin conditions, and is a safe treatment. Full-body CO2 baths are offered in European spa centers, in which the clients are placed into full body bags infused with CO2 at an optimal concentration range between 1000 and 1400 mg/L (516 000-722 500 ppm). Commercially manufactured, air-tight bags and accompanying apparatus designed to provide CO2 baths can be purchased for home use. Few human CO2-related deaths have been reported. They have been mostly accidental, consisting of persons trapped in a closed environment in the presence of “dry ice” or solid CO2. There have been no reported deaths of a human undergoing a CO2 therapy at home. We present a case of a middle-aged male found at home completely inside an air-sealed bag wrapped tightly around his body. The bag was connected to a working pump and a CO2 gas tank. The pump was connected through an inflow and outflow circuit to the bag. The inflow tubing for CO2 gas delivery was partially disrupted, while the outflow tubing was intact. The autopsy and toxicology were unremarkable. The cause of death was determined to be asphyxia by vitiated atmosphere as evident by the displacement of oxygen by CO2 and low pressure created inside a “CO2 therapy bath.” The manner of death was accidental.

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36

Ghai, Sanjeev Kumar, and Santanu De. "Numerical investigation of auto-igniting turbulent lifted CH4/air jet diffusion flames in a vitiated co-flow using a RANS based stochastic multiple mapping conditioning approach." Combustion and Flame 203 (May 2019): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.02.024.

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37

North, A., M. Magar, J. Y. Chen, R. Dibble, and A. Gruber. "Effect of Pressure, Environment Temperature, Jet Velocity and Nitrogen Dilution on the Liftoff Characteristics of a N2-in-H2 Jet Flame in a Vitiated Co-flow." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 16, no. 2-3 (April 8, 2014): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj178.

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<p>The CO<sub>2</sub> emission prevention advantage of generating power with high hydrogen content fuels using gas turbines motivates an improved understanding of the ignition behavior of hydrogen in premixed and partially premixed environments. Hydrogen rich fueled flame stability is sensitive to operating conditions, including environment pressure, temperature, and jet velocity. Furthermore, when premixed or partially premixed operation is needed for nitric oxide emissions reduction, a diluent, such as nitrogen, is often added in allowing fuel/air mixing prior to combustion. Thus, the concentration of the diluent added is an additional independent variable on which flame stability dependence is needed. The focus of this research is on characterizing the dependence of hydrogen jet flame stability on environment temperature, pressure, jet velocity and diluent concentration by determining the dependence of the liftoff height of lifted flames on these 4 independent parameters. Nitrogen is used as the diluent due to its availability and effectiveness in promoting liftoff. A correlation modeling the liftoff height dependence on operating conditions is developed which emphasizes the factors that bear the greatest impact on ignition behavior.</p>

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Hu, Jichao, Juntao Chang, and Wen Bao. "Ignition and Flame Stabilization of a Strut-Jet RBCC Combustor with Small Rocket Exhaust." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/675498.

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A Rocket Based Combined Cycle combustor model is tested at a ground direct connected rig to investigate the flame holding characteristics with a small rocket exhaust using liquid kerosene. The total temperature and the Mach number of the vitiated air flow, at exit of the nozzle are 1505 K and 2.6, respectively. The rocket base is embedded in a fuel injecting strut and mounted in the center of the combustor. The wall of the combustor is flush, without any reward step or cavity, so the strut-jet is used to make sure of the flame stabilization of the second combustion. Mass flow rate of the kerosene and oxygen injected into the rocket is set to be a small value, below 10% of the total fuel when the equivalence ratio of the second combustion is 1. The experiment has generated two different kinds of rocket exhaust: fuel rich and pure oxygen. Experiment result has shown that, with a relative small total mass flow rate of the rocket, the fuel rich rocket plume is not suitable for ignition and flame stabilization, while an oxygen plume condition is suitable. Then the paper conducts a series of experiments to investigate the combustion characteristics under this oxygen pilot method and found that the flame stabilization characteristics are different at different combustion modes.

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MILLER, M. F., C. T. BOWMAN, and M. G. MUNGAL. "An experimental investigation of the effects of compressibility on a turbulent reacting mixing layer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 356 (February 10, 1998): 25–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209700791x.

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Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of compressibility on turbulent reacting mixing layers with moderate heat release. Side- and plan-view visualizations of the reacting mixing layers, which were formed between a high-speed high-temperature vitiated-air stream and a low-speed ambient-temperature hydrogen stream, were obtained using a combined OH/acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging technique. The instantaneous images of OH provide two-dimensional maps of the regions of combustion, and similar images of acetone, which was seeded into the fuel stream, provide maps of the regions of unburned fuel. Two low-compressibility (Mc=0.32, 0.35) reacting mixing layers with differing density ratios and one high-compressibility (Mc=0.70) reacting mixing layer were studied. Higher average acetone signals were measured in the compressible mixing layer than in its low-compressibility counterpart (i.e. same density ratio), indicating a lower entrainment ratio. Additionally, the compressible mixing layer had slightly wider regions of OH and 50% higher OH signals, which was an unexpected result since lowering the entrainment ratio had the opposite effect at low compressibilities. The large-scale structural changes induced by compressibility are believed to be primarily responsible for the difference in the behaviour of the high- and low-compressibility reacting mixing layers. It is proposed that the coexistence of broad regions of OH and high acetone signals is a manifestation of a more biased distribution of mixture compositions in the compressible mixing layer. Other mechanisms through which compressibility can affect the combustion are discussed.

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40

Domeracki, W. F., T. E. Dowdy, and D. M. Bachovchin. "Topping Combustor Status for Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Cycle Application." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815558.

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Second-generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed (PFB) combined cycles employ topping combustion to raise the turbine inlet temperature for enhanced cycle efficiency. This concept creates special combustion system requirements that are very different from requirements of conventional gas turbine systems. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhanced plant performance. The objective of this program is to develop a topping combustor that provides low emissions, and is a durable, efficient device exhibiting stable combustion and manageable wall temperatures. The combustor will be required to burn a low-Btu Syngas under normal “coal-fired” conditions. However, for start-up and/or carbonizer outage, it may be necessary to fire a clean fuel, such as oil or natural gas. Prior testing has shown the Westinghouse Multi-Annular Swirl Burner (MASB) to have excellent potential for this application. Metal wall temperatures can be maintained at acceptable levels, even though most “cooling” is done by 1600°F vitiated air. Good pattern factors and combustion efficiencies have been obtained. Additionally, low conversion rates of fuel bound nitrogen to NOx have been demonstrated. This paper presents an update of the status of an ongoing topping combustor development and test program for application to “Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycles (PFBCC).” The program is sponsored by the Department of Energy’s Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) and will first be applied commercially into the Clean Coal Technology Round V Four Rivers Energy Modernization Project. Phase 1 of the program involved a conceptual and economic study (Robertson et al., 1988); Phase 2 addresses design and subscale testing of components; and Phase 3 will cover pilot plant testing of components integrated into one system.

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El Harrech, Youness, Omar Ghoundale, Rachid Zaini, Kamal Moufid, and Driss Touiti. "La NLPC en décubitus dorsal modifié : notre expérience." Canadian Urological Association Journal 5, no. 4 (April 5, 2013): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.663.

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Introduction et objectif : La NLPC est conventionnellement réaliséeen décubitus ventral. Cette position présente de nombreuxinconvénients. Notre objectif était d’évaluer de façon prospectivele caractère sûr et efficace de la NLPC en position de décubitusdorsal modifié (DDM).Matériel et méthodes : Entre novembre 2004 et janvier 2010,159 NLPC ont été réalisées en DDM. Le patient a été mis endécubitus dorsal avec un billot sous le flanc permettant une rotationde 45 degrés du côté opposé. Une position de lithotomiemodifiée était associée si un double accès antérograde et rétrogradesimultané était nécessaire. Après ponction rénale, la dilatation aété faite selon la technique « one shot » ou en utilisant les dilatateursd’Alken. Les caractéristiques des patients et des calculs, ladurée opératoire, le séjour hospitalier, les complications et le tauxd’absence de calculs résiduels (« stone free ») ont été analysés.Résultats : L’âge moyen des patients était de 47 ± 13,1 ans (22–70).Vingt-et-un patients avaient des ATCD de chirurgie rénale du mêmecôté. Vingt-six patients avaient un rein unique anatomique ou fonctionnel.Un patient avait un rein en fer à cheval et deux patientsavaient une malrotation rénale. Le diamètre moyen des calculsétait de 3,4 ± 1,9 cm (1,3–5,4) et 20 patients avaient des calculscoralliformes. Dix patients avaient des calculs urétéraux et ont euune urétéroscopie simultanée. La durée moyenne de l’interventionétait de 60 ± 29 min. Deux interventions ont été interrompues enraison d’un saignement important. Trois cas de fièvre postopératoireet 2 cas de fistule urinaire traités par sonde en double J ontété notés. Aucune plaie vasculaire ou viscérale n’a été rapportéeni de plaie pleuropulmonaire. Huit patients ont eu une secondeséance de NLPC durant la même hospitalisation. Après trois moisle taux d’absence de calculs résiduels était de 91,8 %.Conclusion : La NLPC en DDM a permis de traiter de façon sûreet efficace les calculs rénaux. Elle a offert plusieurs avantages :facilité d’installation et non-nécessité de changer la position, pasde compression thoracique, moins de contraintes anesthésiques,réduction du risque de plaie colique et possibilité d’accès simultanéantérograde et rétrograde.Purpose: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is conventionallyperformed with the patient in the prone position. In this study,we assess the safety and efficacy of PCNL in the supine position.Methods: Between November 2004 and January 2010, we performed159 percutaneous nephrolithotomies. The patient is placedin a supine modified position with an air bag underneath the operatingflank. If necessary, a modified lithotomy position allowingthe simultaneous antegrade and retrograde endourological accesswas used. The access has been realized with progressive Alkendilators or with the one-shot technique. Operative times, meanstay in hospital, complications and success rates were analyzed.Results: The mean age was 47 ± 13.1 years (range: 22-70). Twentyonepatients had previous kidney surgery. Twenty-one had solitarykidneys and 3 patients had congenital renal abnormalities. Themean stone size was 3.4 ± 1.9 cm (range: 1.3-5.4). Twenty patients(29.5%) had complete staghorn stones. Ten patients (11.4%) alsohad ureteral stones and underwent concomitant ureteroscopy. Themean operative time was 60 ± 29 min, including patient positioning.In 2 patients it was necessary to suspend the procedure dueto of bleeding. Postoperative complications included prolongedfever in 3 patients, nephrocutaneous fistula requiring double pigtailstent placement. Arterial embolization was never required. Thecolon was never damaged and we had no cases of hydrothorax orkidney loss. A second early treatment using the same percutaneousaccess during the same hospital stay was needed in 8 patients. Thestone-free rate was 91.8%.Conclusions: Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy with the patient ina modified supine position is effective and safe. It offers obviousadvantages from the point of view of the patient’s comfort and useof anesthetic. There is no risk of vitiated positions or traumatismsdue to the change of bed-position and no thoracic compressionoccurs, which makes the procedure safe in patients with associatedcardiorespiratory pathologies or obese patients. Also, the risk ofcolon perforation is reduced, which allowed for allows access tothe entire urinary collecting system.

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Dharavath, Malsur, P. Manna, P. K. Sinha, and Debasis Chakraborty. "Numerical Analysis of a Kerosene-Fueled Scramjet Combustor." Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4030699.

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A kerosene-fueled scramjet combustor was numerically analyzed in order to meet the requirement of thrust for a hypersonic test vehicle. The internal configuration of the fuel injection struts and fuel injection was arrived through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study. The combustor was tested in the hypersonic test facility at DRDL. Numerical simulations were carried out along with facility nozzle (from throat onward) both for nonreacting and reacting flow. Three-dimensional (3D) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are solved along with k–ε turbulence model. Single-step chemical reaction with Lagrangian particle tracking method (LPTM) is used for combustion of kerosene fuel. Fairly good match of the top wall pressure has been obtained with experimental data for both nonreacting and reacting flows. Effects of mass flow rate of incoming vitiated air and fuel flow have been studied numerically in details. Top wall pressure distributions have been found to decrease with the decrease of the mass flow rate of vitiated air. Significant drop of wall pressure, higher thrust per unit fuel flow, and combustion efficiency have been observed with the decrease of fuel flow.

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Solana-Pérez, Roberto, Oliver Schulz, and Nicolas Noiray. "Simulation of the Self-Ignition of a Cold Premixed Ethylene-Air Jet in Hot Vitiated Crossflow." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, September 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-020-00212-3.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the self-ignition of a jet flame in hot vitiated cross flow using Large Eddy Simulation with analytically reduced chemistry. A rich premixed ethylene-air mixture ($$\phi = 1.2$$ ϕ = 1.2 ) at 300 K is injected into a hot vitiated crossflow at 1500 K. The simulated reacting flow steady-state was validated against experiments in previous publications and the focus of the present work is the transient self-ignition of the jet. It is shown that spontaneous ignition occurs at very lean mixture fractions in the form of reacting patches in the windward jet mixing layer. These patches grow, laterally wrap the jet and extend into the recirculation region. Chemical explosive mode analysis is performed to identify the chemically active regions that are precursors of the patches undergoing spontaneous ignition. It is shown that the self-ignition occurs at very lean fuel concentrations regions, which are leaner and hotter than the most reactive mixture fraction of the jet and crossflow. This is explained by the fact that the scalar dissipation is significantly lower in these very lean regions. Ultimately, the peak heat release moves toward the richer regions and an autoignition cascade governs the steady state flame anchoring.

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44

Prathap, Chockalingam, Flavio C. C. Galeazzo, Plamen Kasabov, Peter Habisreuther, Nikolaos Zarzalis, Christian Beck, Werner Krebs, and Bernhard Wegner. "Analysis of NOX Formation in an Axially Staged Combustion System at Elevated Pressure Conditions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 134, no. 3 (January 4, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004720.

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The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of axially staged injection of methane in the vitiated air cross flow in a two stage combustion chamber on the formation of NOX for different momentum flux ratios. The primary cylindrical combustor equipped with a low swirl air blast nozzle operating with Jet-A liquid fuel generates vitiated air in the temperature range of 1473–1673 K at pressures of 5–8 bars. A methane injector was flush mounted to the inner surface of the secondary combustor at an angle of 30 deg. Oil cooled movable and static gas probes were used to collect the gas samples. The mole fractions of NO, NO2, CO, CO2, and O2 in the collected exhaust gas samples were measured using gas analyzers. For all the investigated operating conditions, the change in the mole fraction of NOX due to the injection of methane (ΔNOX) corrected to 15% O2 and measured in dry mode was less than 15 ppm. The mole fraction of ΔNOX increased with an increase in mass flow rate of methane and it was not affected by a change in the momentum flux ratio. The penetration depth of the methane jet was estimated from the profiles of mole fraction of O2 obtained from the samples collected using the movable gas probe. For the investigated momentum flux ratios, the penetration depth observed was 15 mm at 5 bars and 5 mm at 6.5 and 8 bars. The results obtained from the simulations of the secondary combustor using a RANS turbulence model were also presented. Reaction modeling of the jet flame present in a vitiated air cross flow posed a significant challenge as it was embedded in a high turbulent flow and burns in partial premixed mode. The applicability of two different reaction models has been investigated. The first approach employed a combination of the eddy dissipation and the finite rate chemistry models to determine the reaction rate, while the presumed JPDF model was used in the further investigations. Predictions were in closer agreement to the measurements while employing the presumed JPDF model. This model was also able to predict some key features of the flow such as the change of penetration depth with the pressure.

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45

Lamont, Warren G., Mario Roa, Scott E. Meyer, and Robert P. Lucht. "Emission Measurements and CH* Chemiluminescence of a Staged Combustion Rig for Stationary Gas Turbine Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 134, no. 8 (June 21, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4006604.

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An optically accessible combustion rig was constructed to study the combustion characteristics of a reactive jet in a vitiated crossflow. The rig features two staged combustion zones. The main combustion zone is a swirl stabilized dump combustor. The second combustion zone, which is axially downstream from the main combustion zone, is formed by a transverse jet injecting either fuel or a premixed fuel/air mixture into the vitiated stream. The rig was designed to investigate the transverse jet conditions, equivalence ratio, and momentum ratios that produce low NOx and give an adequate temperature rise before the simulated high pressure turbine. A water-cooled sampling probe extracts exhaust gas downstream for emission measurements. As a baseline, the main combustion zone was fired without the transverse jet and the results compare closely to the work of previous researchers. The emission survey with the transverse jet found several conditions that show a benefit of staging compared to the baseline of firing only the main combustion zone. The flame structure from the transverse jet was captured using high speed CH* chemiluminescence, which shows the extent of the flame front and its penetration depth into the vitiated stream. The chemiluminescence images were averaged and compared to the Holdeman correlation, which showed good agreement for injection with fuel only but poorer agreement when premixed.

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46

Schmalhofer, Christoph A., Peter Griebel, and Manfred Aigner. "The Influence of Carrier Air Preheating on Autoignition of Inline-Injected Hydrogen–Nitrogen Mixtures in Vitiated Air of High Temperature." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 140, no. 3 (October 17, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4037918.

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The use of highly reactive hydrogen-rich fuels in lean premixed combustion systems strongly affects the operability of stationary gas turbines (GT) resulting in higher autoignition and flashback risks. The present study investigates the autoignition behavior and ignition kernel evolution of hydrogen–nitrogen fuel mixtures in an inline co-flow injector configuration at relevant reheat combustor operating conditions. High-speed luminosity and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in an optically accessible reheat combustor are employed. Autoignition and flame stabilization limits strongly depend on temperatures of vitiated air and carrier preheating. Higher hydrogen content significantly promotes the formation and development of different types of autoignition kernels: More autoignition kernels evolve with higher hydrogen content showing the promoting effect of equivalence ratio on local ignition events. Autoignition kernels develop downstream a certain distance from the injector, indicating the influence of ignition delay on kernel development. The development of autoignition kernels is linked to the shear layer development derived from global experimental conditions.

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Ishikawa, Tasuku, Keita Kasumi, Futoshi Tanaka, and Khalid A. M. Moinuddin. "Combustion efficiency during fires in tunnels with natural ventilation by vitiated air including descending smoke." Fire Safety Journal, May 2020, 103093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103093.

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48

Raul, Shubha, and Dnyaneshwar M. Padvi. "Concept of Vata Dosha in Ashayapakarsha." Ayurline: International Journal of Research in Indian Medicine 5, no. 02 (April 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.52482/ayurline.v5i02.516.

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Vata dosha governs the movements in the body, activities of the nervous system, and the process of elimination from our body. When Vata dosha becomes imbalanced for a sufficiently long enough time, pitta and kapha dosha also get imbalanced. Vata depicts ether and air Just like air is necessary for life on earth to function, everything is dependent on Vata in our body. Vata is known as the king of the doshas. In this article, we have compiled the role of Vata doshaAshayapakarsha. Ashayapakarsha means displacement from the original place. In this condition, the vitiated vata dosha displaces the normal kapha or pitta dosha from its place.

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Meier, W., I. Boxx, C. Arndt, M. Gamba, and N. Clemens. "Investigation of Auto-Ignition of a Pulsed Methane Jet in Vitiated Air Using High-Speed Imaging Techniques." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 133, no. 2 (October 28, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4002014.

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An experimental arrangement for the investigation of auto-ignition of a pulsed CH4 jet in a coflow of hot exhaust gas from a laminar lean premixed H2/air flame at atmospheric pressure is presented. The ignition events were captured by high-speed imaging of the OH∗ chemiluminescence associated with the igniting flame kernels at a frame rate of 5 kHz. The flow-field characteristics were determined by high-speed particle image velocimetry and Schlieren images. Furthermore, high-speed imaging of laser-induced fluorescence of OH was applied to visualize the exhaust gas flow and the ignition events. Auto-ignition was observed to occur at the periphery of the CH4 jet with high reproducibility in different runs concerning time and location. In each measurement run, several hundred consecutive single shot images were recorded from which sample images are presented. The main goals of the study are the presentation of the experimental arrangement and the high-speed measuring systems and a characterization of the auto-ignition events occurring in this system.

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Rodrigues, Neil S., Colin T. McDonald, Oluwatobi O. Busari, Aman Satija, and Robert P. Lucht. "Transverse injection of rich, premixed, natural gas-air and natural gas-hydrogen-air reacting jets into high-speed vitiated crossflow at engine-relevant conditions." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.108.

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