Academic literature on the topic 'Vitis riparia'

Recent and severe droughts in major grape (Vitis)-growing regions of the United States and Australia underscore the importance of more efficient agricultural use of water. Grape rootstock breeding for increased drought tolerance could contribute to continued sustainable yields as fresh water supplies decline. Rhizotron containers were used in a greenhouse to investigate the predictive measures of drought tolerance in young grapevine rootstocks. Deeper rooting distributions were found for the drought-tolerant rootstocks ‘110R’ (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) and ‘Ramsey’ (Vitis champinii, a natural hybrid of Vitis candicans × V. rupestris) as opposed to shallower distributions observed in the more drought-sensitive rootstocks ‘101-14Mgt’ (Vitis riparia × V. rupestris) and ‘Riparia Gloire’ (V. riparia). Production of new roots during a 6-day nonirrigated period declined 45% to 53% for ‘Riparia Gloire’ and ‘101-14Mgt’, respectively, but showed no change in ‘110R’ and ‘Ramsey’. Slow growth, a hallmark of abiotic stress tolerance, was evident in the drought-tolerant rootstocks in their relatively slow shoot growth before drought stress and their relatively slow new root growth during recovery, especially for ‘Ramsey’. High stomatal conductance (gS) corresponded with drought tolerance and distinguished rootstocks best during the first 3 days of recovery, with a mean value for ‘Ramsey’ 2.7 times higher than ‘101-14Mgt’. Stomatal conductance during recovery may serve as the most efficient means of predicting drought tolerance capacity in a breeding program.

There is need for backup storage of clonally propagated plant cultivars of numerous taxa. Initial tests, using a protocol developed for dormant apple buds that includes desiccation and slow freezing prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen (-196 C), was not effective with `Valiant' grape. Accordingly, replicates of V. vinifera `Riesling', V. riparia, `Valiant' and a V. amurensis × riparia cross were also tested for survival at –196 C, following desiccation to 25% & 18% water (fwb) and direct immersion into liquid nitrogan. Visual and electrolyte leakage ratings following nine days of dehydration in moist peat were used to assess viability. Direct immersion of desiccated samples resulted in survival for some buds of `Valiant' and a V. amurensis × riparia cross. V. riparia showed some survival when field hydrated and at 25% water, while all buds desiccated to 18% survived. `Riesling' did not survive desiccation, and was killed by all -196 C treatments. The apple protocol was partially effective, in combination with desiccation to 18% in `Valiant' and V. riparia. This is the first report of grape bud survival in liquid nitrogen and more detailed studies are planned.

Agrobacterium vitis was isolated from roots of 41 of 66 feral Vitis riparia vines collected in three different regions of New York State. Two of the regions were more than 150 km from commercial vineyards. The strains were highly diverse as determined by DNA fingerprinting of the chromosomal region lying between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. Of 24 strains examined, 15 different fingerprints were generated, and none was identical to fingerprints generated by previously identified groups of tumorigenic A. vitis strains. Results of physiological tests that were done to characterize strains from V. riparia conformed closely to those expected for A. vitis, except that 23 of 26 strains did not utilize tartrate. All strains were nontumorigenic, did not hybridize with a probe consisting of T-DNA genes, did not utilize octopine or nopaline, and carried zero to three plasmids. Of 26 strains, 7 inhibited A. vitis strain K306 from causing galls at wound sites on grape as well as or better than a previously studied nontumorigenic A. vitis strain, F2/5, that is known to have biological control activity.

Using isozymes it was possible to measure the genetic stability of two cultivars and one wild species of Vitis. Comparisons of isozyme banding patterns were made between an indigenous species (Vitis riparia Michx. collected over a 1000-km range), 14 clones of an introduced long-established cultivar (Chardonnay) and vineyard accessions of a comparatively recently bred hybrid cultivar (Seyval Blanc). The isozymes acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase are polymorphic and were used as a basis for comparison. No within-cultivar differences were found for Chardonnay or Seyval Blanc but V. riparia exhibited genetic heterogeneity for each of the loci examined. Analysis of allele distributions supported the conclusion that there was no evidence of genetic isolation, that the 140 accessions of V. riparia represented one, apparently panmictic population and there was no introgression, in either direction, between V. riparia and the cultivars.Key words: Grape, genetic stability, polymorphic isozymes

Background and aims: In most viticultural areas of the world, Vitis vinifera grapevines require grafting onto phylloxera-tolerant rootstocks of American origin. The species most commonly used in rootstock creation are Vitis berlandieri, V. riparia and V. rupestris. Rootstocks not only provide tolerance to phylloxera but also ensure the supply of water and mineral nutrients to the scion. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which rootstocks with different genetic backgrounds modify the mineral composition of the petioles of the scion.Methods and results: Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon grapevines were grafted onto rootstocks of 13 different genotypes and planted in a vineyard in three blocks. Petiolar concentrations of 13 mineral elements at veraison (berry softening) were determined. The genetic background of the rootstock had significant effects on the mineral composition of the petioles. Use of rootstocks with a genetic background including at least one Vitis riparia parent decreased the concentration of phosphorus and magnesium and increased the concentration of sulphur in the petioles of Cabernet-Sauvignon.Conclusion: Rootstocks with a Vitis riparia genetic background confer low petiolar concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium, and conversely, high petiolar concentration of sulphur.Significance of the study: The kind of rootstock onto which a grapevine has been grafted is known to influence the nutrient content of the scion. The results of the study show a significant relation between the genetic background of a rootstock and its ability to modify concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and sulphur in the petioles of the scion under field conditions.

Three classes of crosses using four genotypes of V. riparia (wild Riverbank grape) as maternal parents were evaluated for evidence of reproductive expression of genetic incongruity. The classes were: I V. riparia x V. vinifera cultivars (European domesticated grape); II V. riparia x French Hybrids (complex interspecific hybrids); III V. riparia x V. riparia. Percent fruit set and seeds per berry were recorded for two years. If incongruity is a factor in interspecific grape crosses, then the values for these traits would be expected to be lower in classes I and II than in class III. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences for some half-sib families. Fruit and seed set were lower in classes I and II than in class III, suggesting that incongruity is operative in wide grape crosses. In the process of creating French hybrids, genomes of several species came together over generations of hybridization. In concert with selection for fertility, repeated interspecific genomic exposure would be expected to have ameliorated the effects of initial incongruity between American species and V. vinifera, increasing their value as genetic bridges in breeding programs.

In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), rootstocks are known to alter scion development by modifying stem weight and yield. The aim of this work was to evaluate the contribution of primary growth to the rootstock effects on scion biomass. The shoot growth of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon N autografted and grafted onto Vitis riparia cv. Riparia Gloire de Montpellier and Vitis berlandieri × V. rupestris cv. 1103 Paulsen was studied in young plants grown in pots trained to one stem in two experiments. Stem elongation and phytomer emergence were studied from grafting until the end of the growth season. The elongation of the Cabernet Sauvignon N leaves, tendrils and internodes of each phytomer along the stem was fitted using sigmoid curves. The rootstocks studied slightly altered the growth dynamics of the leaves, internodes and tendrils of the scion. This is the first study to examine the effect of rootstocks on shoot growth dynamics in any species. The alterations in primary growth were small, suggesting that rootstocks may alter scion biomass principally by modifying secondary growth.

The breeding system of Vitis riparia Michx. hitherto has not been investigated. Field observations indicated that two morphs exist, one that produces fruit, and another that does not. Through experimental cross- and self-pollinations it was found that V. riparia is functionally dioecious in southern Ontario. Further, it was found that male plants produce functional spherical tricolporate pollen, whereas female plants produce inaperturate pollen of the same diameter, 23 μm, that cannot bring about fertilization. The sex ratios found at seven locations were skewed slightly, but significantly, in favour of male plants (average 0.567). Pollination is brought about by wind, probably supplemented to a greater or lesser extent by insects which feed on the cytoplasm-filled pollen of both sexes.

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The present work aimed to study the morphophysiological behavior of two grapevine rootstocks Vitis vinifera x Vitis rotundifolia VR 043-43 and Vitis riparia, as affected by different stressful conditions. Initially, four types of flask sealing were tested: 1) transparent PVC plastic film; 2) rigid polypropylene closure (TN); 3) rigid polypropylene closure with one (TMF1) or two (TMF2) 10 mm holes, covered with 0.22 μm pore membranes, associated to sucrose concentrations (0; 10; 20, and 30 g.L-1). The experiment followed a completely randomized design in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme. After 60 days, the following characteristics were evaluated: number of leaves, leaf area (mm2), aerial shoot length (cm), root length (cm), contents of chlorophylls a, b, total and carotenoids, final medium volume (mL), and fresh dry weight (g). The effect of ethylene upon morphogenesis was also evaluated by adding the promoter (ACC) or the ethylene inhibitor (STS) to the culture medium (1/2MS; 1/2MS + 10 µM STS and 1/2MS + 3 µM ACC). For that, the following characteristics were used: number of leaves, number of internodes, leaf area, shoot length, root system length, aerial fresh mass, root fresh mass, investment percentage in mass for the aerial part and root, content of chlorophylls a, b, total and carotenoids, accumulated ethylene (at 7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 42; 49, and 56 days after explant inoculation), dry mass of shoots, dry mass of roots, and anatomical aspects. Inductive and non-inductive medium to hyperhydricity, combined with five irradiance levels were also tested. The interaction between sucrose concentrations up to 20 g.L-1 and type of sealing (TMF1 and TMF2), positively influenced in the growth parameters of in vitro propagated plants, though conferring higher survival rates when acclimatized to ex vitro conditions. The total chlorophyll content, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot length, and fresh and dry masses were significantly reduced when both cultivars were grown in ACC-supplemented medium. Hyperhydric shoots presented typical features, such as stomata deformation and increase in leaf blade width, moreover when cultured under higher irradiance levels. Higher irradiances also led to a marked photoinibition in in vitro cultured plants.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento morfofisiológico de dois porta-enxertos de videiras, Vitis vinifera x Vitis rotundifolia VR 043-43 e Vitis riparia, quando cultivadas sob condições de estresse in vitro, para isso foram realizados três espxperimentos distintos. No primeiro foi avaliado o efeito de quatro tipos de vedações: 1) filme plástico de PVC transparente; 2) tampa rígida de polipropileno autoclavável sem orifício (TN); 3) tampa rígida de polipropileno com um (TMF1) ou dois (TMF2) orifícios de 10 mm, cobertos por membranas de 0,22 μm de poro, permeáveis às trocas gasosas, associadas à concentrações de sacarose (0; 10; 20 e 30 g.L-1), em experimento fatorial 4 x 4, em Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado (DIC). Após 60 dias de cultivo, foram avaliadas as características número de folhas, área foliar (mm2), comprimento da parte aérea das plantas (cm), comprimento do sistema radicular (cm), teores de clorofila a, b, totais e de carotenóides, volume final do meio de cultivo (mL) e massa seca das plantas (g). No segundo experimento foi estudado o efeito do etileno sobre o comportamento morfofisiológico dessas videiras pela adição do promotor (ACC) ou do inibidor (STS) de etileno no meio de cultivo (1/2MS; 1/2MS + 10 µM de STS e 1/2MS + 3 µM de ACC). Para tal, foram avaliadas as seguintes características: número de folhas, número de entrenó, área foliar, comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento do sistema radicular, massa fresca da parte aérea, massa fresca da raiz, porcentagem de investimento em massa para a parte aérea e raiz, determinação de clorofilas a, b, totais e carotenóides, mensuração de etileno acumulado (aos 7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 42; 49 e 56 dias após inoculação dos explantes - DAI), massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz, análises anatômicas (microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura). Por último, foi montado um experimento do tipo fatorial 5 x 2, sendo cinco níveis de irradiâncias e dois meios de cultivo, com objetivo de valiar o comportamento de plantas hiperídricas e plantas normais de videiras em distintas irradiâncias. A interação entre as concentrações de sacarose até 20 g.L-1 e as vedações TMF1 e TMF2, permeáveis às trocas gasosas, infuenciou positivamente nos parâmetros fisiológicos de crescimento das plantas propagadas in vitro, conferindo-as características favoráveis à aclimatização ex vitro. O conteúdo de clorofilas totais, número de folhas, área foliar, comprimento da parte aérea, massas frescas e secas foram significativamente reduzidos quando ambas as cultivares foram desenvolvidas em meio de cultivo contendo ACC, assim como aumento na altura das estruturas anatômicas das folhas e deformações nos estômatos. Plantas induzidas à hiperidricidade apresentaram características morfofisiológicas alteradas em relação às normais, sendo que elevados níveis de irradiâncias induziram alterações em ambas as plantas. Níveis elevados de irradiância favorecem a fotoinibição em videiras cultivadas in vitro.

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The use of rootstocks in viticulture emerged in Europe in the late nineteenth century, in order to protect European grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)from phylloxera. As a consequence, the study of the influence of rootstocks on wine and oenological characteristics of the scion has become increasingly important, since there is no other way to avoid the attack of phylloxera. Viticulture in the South Highlands of Santa Catarina State is a recent activity when compared to the main wine regions, technical and scientific information about combinations of rootstocks and canopy varieties best suited to the conditions environment of the region. This purpose of this thesis was to evaluate de performance of Merlot variety grafted onto three rootstocks, and grown in three different altitudes of highlands of Santa Catarina State. The study was conducted in two commercial vineyards located in the counties of São Joaquim (1.300 m) and Urubici (1.150 m). The vineyard was established in 2004, spacing 1,5 x 3,0 m, with vines trained to one trunk and bilateral cordons and winter-pruned to two bud spurs per vine. Shoots were positioned in a Y-shaped trellis system. Merlot grapevines grafted onto 1103P, 3309C and 101-14 were evaluated during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 cycles, according to the following variables: phenology, production, vigor, technological and phenolic ripening. Besides that, the phenolic and chromatic compositions of the wines were evaluated by spectrophotometer. The results reveal that Merlot vines grafted onto 101-14 and 3309C showed an anticipation of 5 days in São Joaquim and 3 days in Urubici, in the occurrence of véraison compared to vines combined with 1103P. This anticipation conferred a greater GDD accumulation until harvest. The Merlot variety grafted onto 3309C and 101-14 produced the lowest number of canes per meter of canopy, and 3309C produced the largest number of cluster per shoot. When grafted on 1103P, Merlot produced the lowest number of cluster per shoot the larger leaf area and higher chlorophyll content per area unit of leaf. In Urubici, Merlot had yielded the highest fruit load in plants grafted on 101-14. The increase in production was associated with increased physical characteristics of clusters. Rootstocks that induced low vigor as 3309 and 101-14, advanced the technology maturation. The rootstock 101-14 was related to higher accumulation of anthocyanins in grapes and wines. Chromatic characteristics related to the color of anthocyanins was also higher in wines from Merlot grafted onto 101-14
O uso de portaenxertos na viticultura surgiu na Europa, no final do século XIX, com a finalidade de controlar a filoxera, principal praga que ataca a videira européia (Vitis vinifera L.). Como consequência, o estudo da influência dos portaenxertos sobre as características vitícolas e enológicas das variedades copa tem se tornado cada vez mais importante. A vitivinicultura do Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina é uma atividade recente, quando comparada às regiões tradicionais de produção de uvas destinadas à elaboração de vinhos finos, carecendo de informações técnico-científicas a respeito de combinações entre portaenxertos e variedades copa que melhor se adaptem às condições ambientais da região. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho viti-enológico da variedade Merlot produzida sobre três portaenxertos e em dois municípios de elevadas altitudes de Santa Catarina. O estudo foi realizado em vinhedos comerciais localizados nos municípios de São Joaquim (1.300 m) e em Urubici (1.150 m). O plantio foi realizado em 2004, com espaçamento 1,5 x 3,0 m, e as plantas foram conduzidas em cordão duplo, com poda em esporões de duas gemas. Os ramos do ano foram conduzidos no sistema de sustentação em Y . As plantas da variedade Merlot em combinação com os portaenxertos 1103P, 3309C e 101-14, foram avaliadas durante os ciclos 2012/2013 e 2013/2014, quanto às seguintes variáveis: ciclo fenológico, produtividade, vigor, maturação tecnológica e fenólica. Além disso, a composição fenólica e cromática dos vinhos, provenientes de cada combinação, foram avaliadas por métodos de espectrofotometria. Os resultados revelaram que as plantas Merlot enxertada sobre 101-14 e 3309C apresentaram uma antecipação média de 5 dias em São Joaquim e 3 dias em Urubici, na ocorrência da mudança de cor das bagas, quando comparadas às plantas combinadas com 1103P. Esta antecipação possibilitou um maior acúmulo de soma térmica (GDD) até a data da colheita. Quando enxertada em 3309C e 101-14, a variedade Merlot produziu os menores números de ramos por metro linear de dossel, e em 3309C produziu o maior número de cachos por ramo. Quando enxertada sobre 1103P, produziu o menor número de cachos por ramo, a maior área foliar e o maior teor de clorofila nas folhas. Em Urubici, obteve-se maior produção de carga de frutos em plantas enxertadas sobre 101-14. O aumento da produção esteve relacionado com o aumento das características físicas do cacho. Portaenxertos que induziram baixo vigor, como 3309C e 101-14, adiantaram a maturação tecnológica. O portaenxerto 101-14 esteve relacionado ao maior acúmulo de antocianinas nas uvas e nos vinhos. As características cromáticas relacionadas à cor das antocianinas também foi maior nos vinhos da combinação de Merlot com 101-14

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Rootstocks are used primarily for pest resistance, they are a link between the soil and the scion, play an important role in vine adaption to environmental factors. Rootstocks and training systems can influence the productivity, fruit and wine composition. The objective of this study was evaluate the influence of three rootstocks and two training systems on vineyard productivity, scion growth, physical-chemical quality of fruits and wine chemical composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine produced in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State. The study was conducted in a experimental vineyard located at the city of Painel (28°01‟02 S and 50°08‟57 W, altitude 1200 m). The cultivar evaluated was Cabernet Sauvingon grafted on Paulsen 1103 (V. berlandieri x V. rupestris), Couderc 3309 and 101-14 Mgt (V. riparia x V. rupestris), the training systems evaluated were vertical shoot positioning trellis and Y trellis. The plants were five years old and the spacing was 3,0 x 1,5 m. The experiment was evaluated at the seasons 2007/08 and 2008/09. According to the results, plants grafted on 1103P and trained in vertical shoot positioning trellis have lowest yields, 3309C is the rootstock less vigorous and and acts positively on fruit set. The high productivity of Y trellis reflect negatively increasing grape acidity. The rootstocks 1103 P and 101-14 Mgt, presents the best results for grape anthocyanins contents. The wine color is not affected by the rootstocks and the training systems. Wine made with grapes from plants grafted on 1103P and trained in Y trellis have higher rates of total polyphenols index and tannins than wines made from grapes of plants trained in vertical shoot positioning trellis and grafted on 1103P.
Os porta-enxertos são usados primariamente como uma forma de resistência a pragas e doenças, eles são uma ligação entre o solo e a copa e desempenham um papel importante na adaptação da videira a fatores ambientais. Os porta-enxertos e os sistemas de condução podem influenciar na produtividade, na composição da fruta e do vinho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de três porta-enxertos e dois sistemas de condução na produtividade do vinhedo, no crescimento da copa, na qualidade físico-química dos frutos e na composição química do vinho elaborado com a uva Cabernet Sauvignon, produzida nas regiões de altitude, do estado de Santa Catarina. O experimento foi conduzido em um vinhedo experimental da Epagri - Estação Experimental de São Joaquim, localizada no município de Painel (28°01‟02 S e 50°08‟57 O, altitude 1.200m). O trabalho foi executado com a variedade Cabernet Sauvignon, enxertado sobre Paulsen 1103 (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris), Couderc 3309 (Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris) e 101-14 Mgt (Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris), em dois sistemas de condução, espaldeira e manjedoura, com cinco anos de plantio, no espaçamento de 3,0 x 1,5 m. O experimento foi avaliado nas safras 2007/08 e 2008/09. De acordo com os resultados obtidos conclui-se que plantas enxertadas em 1103P e conduzidas em espaldeira apresentam as menores produtividades, 3309C é o porta-enxerto menos vigoroso e atua de forma positiva na frutificação efetiva. A produtividade elevada do sistema manjedoura reflete de forma negativa no aumento da acidez da uva. Os porta-enxertos 1103 P e 101-14 Mgt, apresentam os melhores resultados para antocianinas das uvas. A cor dos vinhos não é afetada pelos porta-enxertos e pelos sistemas de condução. Vinhos elaborados com frutos de plantas enxertadas em 1103P e conduzidas em manjedoura apresentaram maiores índices de polifenóis totais e taninos do que os vinhos originados de uvas de plantas conduzidas em espaldeira e enxertadas em 1103P

L'étude de la thizogénèse adventive d'un clone de vigne, cultivé in vitro est menée conjointement par histocytologie et par le suivi de l'évolution temporelle de divers marqueurs métaboliques. Les phénomènes sont étudiés sur des boutures monomodales pourvues ou non de feuilles et dans le segment de tige placé au-dessus ou en-dessous du noeud. . .