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Journal articles on the topic 'VKT'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Kulneva, N. G., V. A. Fedoruk, N. A. Matvienko, and E. M. Ponomareva. "Improving the massecuite crystallization in sugar production." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-86-93.

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The article discusses the concepts of continuous vacuum apparatus operation: vertical VKT (VKT – Verdampfungs-Kristallisations-Turm) and horizontal cascade of VKH vacuum apparatus (VKH —horizontal vacuum pan) from BMA (Germany). The advantages and features of the vertical continuous vacuum apparatus VKT are shown, as well as the possibilities for increasing the efficiency of the product department of sugar factories. Thanks to the special design of the crystallization chambers, the low massecuite level above the heating chamber and the use of mechanical stirrers in each chamber, the VKT apparatus can operate without difficulty with a very small temperature difference between heating steam and massecuite, as well as with an absolute heating steam pressure well below 1 bar. With optimal use of VKT vacuum apparatus, a variety of energy-saving schemes can be implemented, for example, double-effect evaporation in the crystallization section. Part of the secondary crystallization steam is used to heat one of the VKT units, which saves the heating steam of the evaporator unit used for this purpose. With an increase in the productivity of the sugar factory, it is possible to quickly equip the VKT apparatus with an additional chamber. The device works continuously throughout the season, especially with products with massecuite purity of more than 94%. The chambers are cleaned without stopping the entire apparatus. The boiling of massecuite of all stages of crystallization in VKT devices ensures a uniform operating mode of the food compartment, allows to achieve an increase in sugar yield and helps to reduce steam consumption at the plant.

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Xi, Yang (Luna), Jeff Allen, Eric J. Miller, Steven Farber, and Robert Keel. "Importance of Automobile Mode Share in Understanding the Full Impact of Urban Form on Work-Based Vehicle Distance Traveled." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 4 (2020): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120911053.

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Vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) has been widely used in regional planning as a key sustainability performance indicator. Many regional growth plans for reducing work trip VKT have been proposed, with a focus on land use development in employment centers. Despite the potential impact of urban form on the reduction of VKT, the fundamentals of how this takes place remain unclear. This study analyzes the relationship between urban form, VKT, and mode shares by examining office commuting patterns in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) through a structural equation modeling approach. The model supports the substantial impact of urban form on the reduction of VKT; however, it indicates that such an impact is made mostly through shifting modes, rather than directly on reduced travel distances. This model is then used to evaluate critically a regional growth plan for the GTHA, finding that strategies focusing solely on increasing land use densities in employment centers are not likely to reduce regional VKT significantly without also easing commuting auto dependency. Thus, it is recommended that more sustainable travel alternatives for workers in employment centers should be provided to achieve a sufficient reduction in VKT.

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Duranton, Gilles, and Matthew A. Turner. "The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US Cities." American Economic Review 101, no. 6 (2011): 2616–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.6.2616.

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We investigate the effect of lane kilometers of roads on vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) in US cities. VKT increases proportionately to roadway lane kilometers for interstate highways and probably slightly less rapidly for other types of roads. The sources for this extra VKT are increases in driving by current residents, increases in commercial traffic, and migration. Increasing lane kilometers for one type of road diverts little traffic from other types of road. We find no evidence that the provision of public transportation affects VKT. We conclude that increased provision of roads or public transit is unlikely to relieve congestion. (JEL R41, R48)

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Regehr, Jonathan D., Jeannette Montufar, and Garreth Rempel. "Safety performance of longer combination vehicles relative to other articulated trucks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 1 (2009): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-109.

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This article helps improve the understanding about the safety performance of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) relative to other articulated trucks operating on rural highways, using evidence from the Canadian portion of the CANAMEX trade corridor. The analysis reveals that from a collision rate perspective, LCVs as a group have better safety performance than other articulated trucks. Turnpike doubles have the lowest collision rate of all articulated truck types (16 collisions per 100 million vehicle-kilometres of travel or VKT), followed by Rocky Mountain doubles (32 collisions per 100 million VKT). The collision rate for triple trailer combinations (62 collisions per 100 million VKT) is higher than the collision rates for tractor semitrailers (42 collisions per 100 million VKT) and legal-length tractor double trailers (44 collisions per 100 million VKT). These results are an important input for civil engineering and transport policy decisions concerning longer combination vehicle operations.

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Miller, Eric J., and Amal Ibrahim. "Urban Form and Vehicular Travel: Some Empirical Findings." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1617, no. 1 (1998): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1617-03.

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Some empirical findings are presented on the relationship between urban form and work trip commuting efficiency, drawn from the analysis of 1986 work trip commuting patterns in the greater Toronto area. Work trip commuting efficiency is measured with respect to the average number of vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) per worker in a given zone. Preliminary findings include VKT per worker increases as one moves away from both the central core of the city and from other high-density employment centers within the region; job-housing balance, per se, shows little impact on commuting VKT; and population density, in and of itself, does not explain variations on commuting VKT once other urban structure variables have been accounted for.

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Xiong, Hao. "A New Model of the Length of Urban Distribution Trips." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.861.

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The vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) is an important factor need to be considered in urban freight transport or logistics planning. At present, some quantitative models have been constructed to estimate the VKT, and study also indicates that the time window of vehicle working hours have great effects on the length of urban distribution trips. But there is no VKT estimate models include the window time factor until now. So we introduced a two dimensional orders density: time dimension and space dimension. Then the density is substituted into the Figliozzi’s model, and after a series mathematic derivation, we get a new VKT estimate model considered the window time of vehicle, which is closer to reality station.

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Šiupšinskienė, Nora, Sigutė Norkienė, and Karolina Kaminskaitė. "SUAUGUSIŲJŲ OBSTRUKCINĖS MIEGO APNĖJOS KLINIKINĖ IR INSTRUMENTINĖ DIAGNOSTIKA – OTORINOLARINGOLOGINIAI ASPEKTAI." Health Sciences 29, no. 5 (2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2019.077.

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Šiame straipsnyje aprašomi šiuolaikiniai obstrukcinės miego apnėjos diagnostikos kriterijai. Atskleidžiami būdingiausi ligos simptomai, požymiai bei otorinolaringologinio tyrimo radiniai. Apibrėžiama miego tyrimo esmė ir nauda. Taip pat aprašomi dabartiniai viršutinių kvėpavimo takų (VKT) endoskopinės apžiūros būdai, atliekami pacientui esant budriam ar jį užmigdžius. Šie apžiūros būdai skirti įvertinti VKT obstrukcijos sritį (-tis), obstrukcijos kryptį ir sunkumą.

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Oliveira, J., C. Caires, D. Morais, et al. "Virtual Kitchen Test." Methods of Information in Medicine 54, no. 02 (2015): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me14-01-0003.

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SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “New Methodologies for Patients Rehabilitation”.Background: The ecological validity of paper-and-pencil neuropsychological tests is currently a matter of debate. Arguments in favor of alternatives indicate that paper-and-pencil forms are unable to account for both mental and functional aspects of cognitive functioning.Objectives: In this study we developed a new neuropsychological evaluation test – the Virtual Kitchen Test (VKT) – devised to evaluate frontal brain functioning in cognitively impaired individuals. We designed this test according to the rationale of the Trail Making Test (TMT), in order to capture frontal lobe abilities during a more ecologically valid task.Methods: Forty-nine participants, 25 from a clinical sample of patients diagnosed with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome, plus 24 healthy participants.Results: Execution errors and task completion time were significantly higher in the clinical sample. Also, scores on the new VKT showed moderate to high positive correlations with scores on the TMT. Furthermore, the overall discriminant performance of the VKT was high for both of its indicators.Conclusions: Overall results support the ability of the VKT to evaluate frontal lobe functions. The best cut-off scores based on this sample are discussed.

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Li, Teng, Eryu Zhu, and Haoran Liu. "Life cycle carbon emission of monorail transit and its comparison in operation stage with other city transit modes." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201013.

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In this paper, carbon emissions of a monorail transit are calculated using the method of whole life cycle, which can be divided into four stages: material manufacturing stage, construction stage, operation stage and demolition stage. In the operation phase, the units are PKT (Passenger Kilometers Travelled) and VKT (Vehicle Kilometers Travelled), while in other three stages, the unit is 1 km. The results show that the carbon emissions from the 1km length monorail are 6271.204 tons. In addition, in the operation stage, it is found that the PKT index and VKT index of Chongqing monorail transportation are 0.07468 and 3.31933 respectively, far lower than those of subways in the same city. For PKT indicators of other rail transits, from small to large, they are light rail, tram, subway, APM and maglev. As for VKT indicators, from small to large, they are tram, light rail, subway, APM and maglev. The PKT index of Beijing subway is the lowest compared with that of other cities.

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Adhi, Rizky Pratama. "Top-Down and Bottom-Up Method on Measuring CO2 Emission from Road-Based Transportation System (Case Study: Entire Fuel Consumption, Bus Rapid Transit, and Highway in Jakarta, Indonesia)." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 19, no. 2 (2018): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v19i2.2840.

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ABSTRAKSistem transportasi darat berbasis jalan di Jakarta memberikan kontribusi tertinggi dalam inventarisasi emisi CO2 DKI Jakarta sebesar 45% dengan jumlah 19,61 juta ton CO2 pada tahun 2005. Meskipun ada beberapa strategi pada berbagai peraturan, kebijakan, dan kegiatan yang mengarah pada pengurangan emisi CO2, tata kelola hal-hal tersebut terpecah dalam hal mendefinisikan metode yang dapat diandalkan dalam mengukur emisi CO2 dari sektor transportasi berbasis jalan darat. Pendekatan top-down yang digunakan pada tahun 2005 tampaknya tidak valid untuk digunakan pada masa mendatang. Sementara itu, menggunakan metode yang sama pada tahun 2015, emisi CO2 meningkat 270% dan mencapai hampir 50 juta ton CO2. Karena data jarak tempuh kendaraan (VKT) tidak memadai, tesis ini memperkirakan emisi CO2 dari 379 km jalan di Jakarta, yang terdiri dari 139 km jalan tol dan 240 km jalur BRT, menghasilkan sebanyak 15,21 juta ton CO2 pada tahun 2015. Perhitungan ini hanya mencakup 6% dari total jalan di Jakarta. Meskipun, hal ini hanya bagian integral dari seluruh perhitungan emisi CO2 dari transportasi darat, jumlah ini mencapai 30% dari hasil top-down. Penulis juga melakukan studi banding dengan Beijing dan New Delhi. Indonesia tertinggal di belakang Cina dan India dalam menerapkan standar emisi kendaraan. Dalam mengembangkan metode yang tepat pada perhitungan emisi CO2 sektor transportasi berbasis jalan darat; data yang memadai harus sering direkap. Beijing dan New Delhi berada di garis terdepan dalam hal data VKT, sementara Jakarta masih dianggap menggunakan data konsumsi bahan bakar (pendekatan top-down).Kata Kunci: transportasi darat, emisi CO2, konsumsi bahan bakar, jarak tempuh kendaraan (VKT)ABSTRACTThe road-based transportation system in Jakarta contributed the highest rank on the inventory of city's CO2 emission as much as 45% with the amount of 19.61 million ton CO2 in 2005. Although there were some ample strategies on the various regulations, policies, and projects that led to a reduction of CO2 emission, the governance of those plans are scattered in term of defining the reliable method on measuring traffic-related CO2 emission. The top-down approach that utilise in 2005 seemed not valid to be used in the future. Meanwhile, using the same method in 2015, the traffic-related CO2 emission increased 270% and reached almost 50 million tons CO2. Due to the inadequate vehicle kilometer travelled (VKT) data, this thesis estimates the CO2 emission from 379 km roads in Jakarta, consisting of 139 km of highway and 240 km of BRT lanes, resulted as much as 15.21 million tons CO2 in 2015. This calculation only covers 6% of the total road in Jakarta. Although, it is only an integral part of the whole CO2 emission inventory form road-based transportation, this number reaches 30% from the top-down result. The author also did the comparative study with Beijing and New Delhi. Indonesia is lagging behind China and India in implementing the vehicle emission standards. In develop precise method on traffic-related CO2 emission; the adequate data should be recorded frequently. Beijing and New Delhi are in the forefront in term of VKT data, while Jakarta still deemed to utilise the gasoline consumption data (top-down approach).Keywords: road-based transportation system, CO2 emission, gasoline consumption, vehicle kilometer travelled (VKT)

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Wang, Jingyi, Guohua Song, Lei Yu, et al. "Macroscopic Relationship between Traffic Condition and Fuel Consumption for an Urban Road Network: Case Study of Beijing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 11 (2019): 604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119853575.

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The waste of fuel causing by traffic congestion is a challenge faced by urban traffic management authorities and travelers. At the same time, massive traffic data allows high-resolution understanding of on-road operating conditions. The development of an algorithm to estimate total fuel consumption from primary traffic condition indices, for example, network average speed, will simplify the evaluation of fuel consumption from the management perspective and guide strategy at the local area level. The objective of this study is to develop a macroscopic relationship between total fuel consumption and the network average speed for an urban road network. Floating car data (FCD) covering 13 weekdays was collected in the field in Beijing, China. FCD from 10 ordinary weekdays are used to develop a quantitative model to define the macroscopic relationship between total fuel consumption and network average speed. The model is then validated by the FCD of the other three weekdays when the traffic demand is low. The average of the resultant absolute relative errors from the validation is found to be 4.65%, which indicates a reasonably high reliability of the developed model under various traffic conditions. The facility- and speed-specific distributions of vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) are analyzed to explain the macroscopic relationship. The result indicates that the link VKT distribution at different speeds varies greatly when the traffic became congested on expressways. The link VKT distributions are similar for different traffic conditions on arterials and collectors.

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Outapa, P., and S. Thepanondh. "Development of Air Toxic Emission Factor and Inventory of On-road Mobile Sources." Air, Soil and Water Research 7 (January 2014): ASWR.S13320. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s13320.

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Dynamic emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from vehicles in Bangkok, Thailand, are developed using the IVE model. The model takes into account the actual fleet and characteristics of vehicles in the study area. It is found that the calculated emission factors are greatly influenced by vehicle emission control policy. Approximately 2000 tons of benzene emission per year is reduced by the changing of fuel quality from Euro 2 to Euro 4 standards. As for mitigation measures, introduction of gasohol and natural gas as alternative fuels, as well as encouraging the utilization of public transportation systems, are analyzed. The outcomes reveal that a combined scenario using 100% gasohol plus decreasing vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) by 20% is the most effective in reduction of benzene emission. In addition, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde emissions are greatly decreased by the combined scenario of using compressed natural gas (CNG) plus decreasing VKT by 20%.

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Chipindula, Jesuina, Venkata Botlaguduru, Doeun Choe, and Raghava Kommalapati. "Lifecycle Environmental Impact of High-Speed Rail System in the Houston-Dallas I-45 Corridor." MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927105002.

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Texas has the highest rate of the U.S energy related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and transportation is one of the major contributors. The Houston–Dallas corridor is the busiest routes in Texas. Recently, the development of an intercity High-Speed Rail System (HSR) with Shinkansen N700 series trains has commenced. This study builds the life cycle inventories for vehicles and infrastructure in the HSR system, and conducts a preliminary environmental life cycle assessment. Results indicate that over the design life of the HSR system the total GHG emissions from the vehicle life-time are 9.695 kgCO2eq/VKT, and fossil-fuel usage during vehicle operation is the primary contributor (97%). For the infrastructure, total life-time GHG emissions are 239 kgCO2eq/VKT, out of which, 94% are from the construction stage. Infrastructure is the dominant contributor to end-point impacts in human health category, with 58% of total impact across all damage categories.

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Deng, Yiling, and Yadan Yan. "Propensity Score Weighting with Generalized Boosted Models to Explore the Effects of the Built Environment and Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behavior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 4 (2019): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119837153.

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Many studies have examined the association between the built environment, residential self-selection, and travel behavior. However, few studies have quantified the relative contribution of the built environment itself. Using the 2012 Nanjing Household Travel Survey data, this study applied hierarchical clustering and propensity score weighting to study the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on travel behavior. First, residents’ household locations were classified into four built environment patterns using hierarchical clustering based on six built environment variables by loosely following the “5Ds” (i.e., density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit). Second, a powerful machine learning method, generalized boosted model (GBM), was employed to obtain propensity scores. Propensity score weighting, which is more effective for multiple treatments than matching or stratification, was used to control for residential self-selection. Lastly, the observed effect (OBE), the average treatment effect on the population (ATE), and the built environment proportion (BEP) were calculated for the walking trip frequency, bicycle trip frequency, public transit trip frequency, and vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) of six pairs of built environment patterns. The results show that a high-density, mixed-use, walkable, and transit-accessible built environment is associated with more walking trips and lower VKT but has no impact on bicycle trips and has an inconsistent impact on public transit trips. The effects of some built environment variables on bicycle and public transit trips are tangled. The residential self-selection effect has the greatest impact on VKT (BEP: 48%–77%), followed by the walking trip frequency (BEP: 62%–74%) and the public transit frequency (BEP: 90%–107%).

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Palmowski, Zbigniew, and Przemysław Świa̧tek. "Loss rate for a general Lévy process with downward periodic barrier." Journal of Applied Probability 48, A (2011): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1318940458.

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In this paper we consider a general Lévy process X reflected at a downward periodic barrier At and a constant upper barrier K, giving a process VKt=Xt +LAt−LKt. We find the expression for a loss rate defined by lK=ELK1 and identify its asymptotics as K→∞ when X has light-tailed jumps and EX1<0.

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Fischer, Ines, and Thomas Merten. "Eine Untersuchung zur Methodik der Kreativitätsdiagnostik." Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie 22, no. 4 (2001): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0170-1789.22.4.305.

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Zusammenfassung: Vor dem Hintergrund von Eysencks (1995a) Kreativitätstheorie wurde eine Reihe von Kreativitätsmaßen in einer Stichprobe von 40 künstlerisch Tätigen (17 Schriftsteller, 23 Schauspieler) untersucht. Neben einem erweiterten Wortassoziationsversuch und dem Eysenck Personality Questionnaire wurden die folgenden Methoden angewandt: 2 Untertests des VKT (Vierwortsätze und Utopische Situationen), mit einem zusätzlichen qualitativen Rating der erzeugten Vierwortsätze, zwei eigene produzierte Geschichten (geschrieben und erzählt), die Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), der Trail Making Test und der Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Test. In einer ersten Analyse (Merten & Fischer, 1999) konnte bestätigt werden, dass Kreative höhere Werte auf Eysencks Psychotizismus-Dimension erreichten und ungewöhnliche Antworten im Assoziationstest abgaben. In der weiterführenden Datenanalyse wurden aber allgemein niedrige Korrelationen zwischen einzelnen Kreativitätsmaßen ermittelt. Während Kreativitätsratings der produzierten Geschichten und qualitative Ratings der Vierwortsätze trotz aufwändigen Ratertrainings keine befriedigenden Ergebnisse erbrachten, korrelierte die bloße Wortanzahl einer geschriebenen Geschichte mit 0.69 bzw. 0.55 mit den traditionellen Produktivitätsmaßen, wie sie mit dem VKT erfasst werden. Alle drei Mengenmaße korrelieren aber auch mit einem konvergenten Intelligenzmaß (SPM). Durch die Ergebnisse wird die Sackgasse illustriert, in die die Kreativitätsforschung trotz ihrer großen sozialen und bildungspolitischen Bedeutung geraten ist, indem sie sich vorwiegend auf gut quantifizier- und testbare Produktivitätsmaße beschränkt.

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Méndez Espinosa, Juan Felipe, Laura Catalina Pinto Herrera, Boris René Galvis Remolina, and Jorge Eduardo Pachón Quinche. "Estimación de factores de emisión de material particulado resuspendido antes, durante y después de la pavimentación de una vía en Bogotá." Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina 27, no. 1 (2017): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/rcin.1797.

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<p>En Bogotá, estudios previos han mostrado que las emisiones de material resuspendido constituyen una parte sustancial del inventario de emisiones e impactan de manera importante la calidad del aire de la ciudad. Esta investigación estimó los factores de emisión (FE) de material particulado resuspendido antes, durante y después de la pavimentación de la vía principal del barrio Caracolí, en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar, por parte de la Unidad de Mantenimiento Vial del Distrito (UMV). Conjuntamente, se midió el impacto de la pavimentación en la calidad del aire. La valoración del impacto y estimación experimental de FE de polvo resuspendido se obtuvo a partir de mediciones y un análisis estadístico experimental entre concentraciones de PM10, PM2.5, BC y variables meteorológicas al lado de la vía, junto con la aplicación de los modelos de dispersión SCREEN3 y AERMOD. Los factores de emisión estimados para vía no pavimentada fueron 7,8 ± 0,5 g PM10/VKT y 0,6 ± 0,2 g PM2.5/VKT y para vía en proceso de construcción de 28 ± 0,27 μg PM10/m2*s y 11 ± 0,13 μg PM2.5/m2*s. La modelación de dispersión atmosférica de material particulado resuspendido mostró una reducción del área de impacto en aproximadamente 1km y más de un 95% en concentración.</p>

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ZHANG, J., L. F. SUN, Y. TANG, and S. Q. YANG. "D-VKT: A Scalable Distributed Key Agreement Scheme for Dynamic Collaborative Groups." IEICE Transactions on Communications E90-B, no. 4 (2007): 750–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.4.750.

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Kim, Hyunseung, Dongjoo Park, Dahee Hong, Taeyoung Heo, Chulgee Lee, and Tae-Gyo Seo. "Estimation of the VKT(vehicle kilometers traveled) in Urban Areas using Regression Kriging." Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 16, no. 4 (2017): 132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12815/kits.2017.16.4.132.

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El Raoui, Hanane, Mustapha Oudani, and Ahmed El Hilali Alaoui. "ABM-GIS simulation for urban freight distribution of perishable food." MATEC Web of Conferences 200 (2018): 00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820000006.

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Freight transport is essential to modern urban civilization. No urban area could exist without a powerful freight transport system. However, the distribution of perishable foods in urban areas is seen as a source of problems, due to traffic congestion, time pressures, and environmental impact. In this paper, an Agent-Based Model integrated with Geographic Information Systems (ABM-GIS) is designed for a time-dependent vehicle routing problem with time windows. This simulation model consists of determining the quickest routes to transport fresh products, estimating Vehicle kilometer traveled VKT and vehicle hour traveled VHT where speeds and travel times depend on the time of the day. Based on a case study, analyses of changes on traffic condition were conducted to get an insight into the impact of these changes on cost, service quality represented by the respect of time windows, and carbon emissions. The results reveal that traffic jams and restrictive time windows lead to additional cost, cause delays, and increase co2 emission. As for a short-term planning, time-dependent scheduling algorithm was proposed and assessed while extending time windows. Results have proved the potential saving in cost, travel time, and carbon emission.

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Li, Chenxu, Lei Yu, and Guohua Song. "Improved Binning of Operating Modes in EPA Simulator Program for Transit Buses: Case Study in Beijing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2627, no. 1 (2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2627-07.

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The Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) quantifies emissions as a function of the operating mode (opmode) and emissions rates. The opmode, the determinant parameter in estimating emissions, is defined by two critical parameters: speed and scaled tractive power (STP). Activity characteristics of transit buses are commonly recognized as being quite different from those of other vehicles, and this study found the values of the two parameters for transit buses to be much smaller than those for other vehicles. However, the MOVES program uses an identical opmode binning method for transit buses and other vehicles, a method that likely leads to errors in emissions estimations for transit buses. This paper developed a binning method based on massive field data collected in Beijing to improve the opmode binning for transit buses. To this end, STP fractions, vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) fractions, and emissions contributions were first investigated. The STP values were grouped into nine bins on the basis of analysis of emissions rates and emissions contributions. Three speed bins were then determined with the hierarchical clustering method and the averaging of VKT fractions. As a result, 29 opmode bins were defined for transit buses. Finally, the proposed method was applied to real-world emissions data in Beijing. The results indicated that the proposed binning method could reduce errors in emissions estimation errors. On average, the relative errors in estimating carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbon emissions by the proposed method were 2.0%, 5.9%, 1.6%, and 1.5% lower, respectively, than errors made by the MOVES method.

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Seethaler, Rita, and Geoff Rose. "Using odometer readings to assess VKT changes associated with a voluntary travel behaviour change program." Transport Policy 16, no. 6 (2009): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.10.006.

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ALTINTASI, Oruc, and Hediye TUYDES-YAMAN. "Best Option For Reducing On-Campus Private Car-Based CO2 Emissions: Reducing VKT Or Congestion?" METU JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 33, no. 1 (2016): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4305/metu.jfa.2016.1.4.

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Ehrhardt, T., H. Hampel, U. Hegerl, and H. J. M�ller. "Das Verhaltenstherapeutische Kompetenztraining VKT - Eine spezifische Intervention f�r Patienten mit einer beginnenden Alzheimer-Demenz." Zeitschrift f�r Gerontologie und Geriatrie 31, no. 2 (1998): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003910050026.

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Hasan, Saiful, and Özlem Simsekoglu. "The role of psychological factors on vehicle kilometer travelled (VKT) for battery electric vehicle (BEV) users." Research in Transportation Economics 82 (October 2020): 100880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100880.

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Kabiri, Shahab, Mansour Hajihosseinlou, and Shabnam Kabiri. "Introducing the RZ model for definition and optimization of the boundary of low emission zones." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 14, no. 4 (2019): 516–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz043.

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Abstract Poor urban air quality is one of the most pressing environmental problems, and the rapid growth in the number of motor vehicles is a major contributor to it. To tackle this problem, low emission zones (LEZs) were introduced and they have been applied in many of the mega cities around the world. Yet, a scientific approach to design the boundaries of LEZs is missing. This study develops an innovative model to address this gap, using total vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) as the basis. The model allows defining and/or optimizing the LEZ boundaries. It is applied for the Tehran metropolitan area, as a case study, and the results show the optimality of the existing LEZ boundaries; however, they challenge the efficiency of the proposed policies on modifying current boundaries.

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Tirachini, Alejandro, and Andres Gomez-Lobo. "Does ride-hailing increase or decrease vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT)? A simulation approach for Santiago de Chile." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 14, no. 3 (2019): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1539146.

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Rahendaputri, Chandra Suryani, Madah Maria, and Rizkina Nurul Fausia. "Kajian Beban Emisi Pencemar Udara (NOx, CO, HC, PM10, SO2, CO2) Sektor Transportasi Darat Di Lingkungan Institut Teknologi Kalimantan Berdasarkan Jam Sibuk Dengan Metode Tier 2." SPECTA Journal of Technology 4, no. 1 (2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35718/specta.v4i1.167.

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Kajian beban emisi telah dilaksanakan di lingkungan Institut Teknologi Kalimantan (ITK) dalam kurun waktu satu hari. Perhitungan beban emisi CO, NOx, PM10, SO2, HC dihitung menggunakan metode TIER 2, yaitu dengan cara menghitung perjalanan rerata kendaraan, atau Vehicle Kilometer Traveled (VKT) dan kemudian dikalikan dengan faktor emisi masing-masing jenis pencemar untuk tiap jenis kendaraan berbeda. Sedangkan untuk pencemar CO2 menggunakan metode perhitungan jumlah konsumsi bahan bakar dikalikan dengan faktor emisi. Setelah perhitungan didapatkan bahwa jenis kendaraan yang mendominasi adalah sepeda motor. Emisi terbesar terjadi pada pukul 09.30-10.30 yaitu pada jam peralihan perkuliahan sesi 1 dan sesi 2, yang dapat diidentifikasi sebagai jam sibuk. Emisi pencemar terbesar adalah CO2 yaitu sebesar 248.31 Kg/hari diikuti oleh CO sebesar 41.53 Kg/hari. Pencemar udara yang paling sedikit diemisikan adalah SO2 yaitu hanya sebesar 0.028 Kg/hari. Pencemar lainnya yaitu NOx sebesar 0.986 Kg/hari dan PM10 sebesar 0.656 Kg/hari. Dominasi emisi sepeda motor terlihat jelas pada pencemar CO, HC dan CO2, sedangkan pada pencemar lainnya, mobil bensin maupun solar juga berperan dalam mengemisikan pencemar tersebut.

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Dawood, Mona, Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy, Mohamed Elbadawi, et al. "Vitamin K3 chloro derivative (VKT-2) inhibits HDAC6, activates autophagy and apoptosis, and inhibits aggresome formation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells." Biochemical Pharmacology 180 (October 2020): 114176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114176.

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Zhao, Pengjun, and Peilin Li. "Rethinking the determinants of vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) in an auto-dependent city: transport policies, socioeconomic factors and the built environment." Transportation Planning and Technology 44, no. 3 (2021): 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2021.1883228.

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Huboyo, Haryono S., Endro Sutrisno, Ana M. Sutrisno, and Velida L. Tiarani. "Spatial Distribution of Conventional Air Pollutant and GHGs from Land Transportation in Two Developing Cities and Main Co-Benefit Actions For Reducing It." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109005.

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Surakarta and Yogyakarta are the emerging cities which now struggle to manage its pollution from transport sector. This study aims to calculate the emission, to describe spatial distribution and to analyze existing co-benefit actions related to land transportation in Surakarta and Yogyakarta in 2015. The main method used for this analysis comes from Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The VKT values were aggregated for Surakarta city and Yogyakarta city and it showed 27.36 km/day, 37.52 km/day and 27.71 km/day for motorcycle, car and truck respectively. At Surakarta city, the emission load from transport sector in 2014 were 449.95 tons/ year (TSP), 5134 ton/ year(NOx), 243 ton/year (SO2), 50,605 ton /year (CO) and 421,594 tons/year (CO2e). Villages of Kemlayan, Timuran and Keprabon showed the highest emission. While in Yogyakarta city in 2014, the burden of TSP was 58,409 tons/year, NOx was 8,058 tons/year, SO2 was 285.37 ton/year, CO was 75,008 tons/year and CO2e by 601,068 tons/year. The village of Pringgokusuman and Sosromeduran showed the highest emission. Several programs were adopted in Yogyakarta city and Surakarta city for mitigating air pollution i.e ITS-ATCS, BRT system, car free day.

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Angel, Shlomo, Patrick Lamson-Hall, Alejandro Blei, Sharad Shingade, and Suman Kumar. "Densify and Expand: A Global Analysis of Recent Urban Growth." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (2021): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073835.

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Serious concerns with accelerating global warming have been translated into urgent calls for increasing urban densities: higher densities are associated with lower greenhouse gas emissions, especially those related to vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT). In order to densify meaningfully in the coming decades, cities need to make room within their existing footprints to accommodate more people. In the absence of adequate room within their existing footprints, cities create more room through outward expansion, typically resulting in lower overall densities. We introduce a quantitative dimension to this process, focusing on the population added to a global stratified sample of 200 cities between 1990 and 2014. In three-quarters of the cities we studied, the areas built before 1990 gained population and thus densified significantly. On average, however, only one-quarter of the total population added to the 200 cities in the sample in the 1990–2014 period were accommodated within their 1990 urban footprints, while three-quarters were accommodated within their newly built expansion areas. That resulted in an overall decline in average urban densities during the 1990–2014 period despite the near-global, decades-old and rarely questioned consensus that urban expansion must be contained.

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Patella, S. M., F. Aletta, and L. Mannini. "Assessing the impact of Autonomous Vehicles on urban noise pollution." Noise Mapping 6, no. 1 (2019): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2019-0006.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of a noise emission study of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and their impact on the road network. By comparing the current situation with a future hypothetical scenario (100% AVs penetration), this study highlights the positive effect, in terms of noise pollution, of the adoption of AVs on a real road network (city of Rome). For this scope, a traffic simulation-based approach was used to investigate the effects of AVs on the network congestion. Results show that the full AVs penetration scenario leads to an improvement in the network performances in terms of travel time and average network speed. Moreover, the amount of Vehicle Kilometre Travelled (VKT) shows an 8% increase on longer extra-urban routes, due to the higher capacity impact of AVs on highways, with a consequent load reduction for intra-urban shortcutting routes. These results are also reflected in terms of noise emission. In fact, the central area would benefit from lower noise emission, whereas an increase in traffic volume and speed lead to worsened conditions for some specific highway links of the network. Overall, it was shown that a 100% AVs fleet would have a beneficial effect for the noise pollution, leading to a general reduction of noise emissions, which is more pronounced for intra-urban roads.

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Hoque, Najmul, Wahidul Biswas, Ilyas Mazhar, and Ian Howard. "Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Energy Sources for the Western Australian Transport Sector." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (2020): 5565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145565.

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Environmental obligation, fuel security, and human health issues have fuelled the search for locally produced sustainable transport fuels as an alternative to liquid petroleum. This study evaluates the sustainability performance of various alternative energy sources, namely, ethanol, electricity, electricity-gasoline hybrid, and hydrogen, for Western Australian road transport using a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) framework. The framework employs 11 triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability indicators and uses threshold values for benchmarking sustainability practices. A number of improvement strategies were devised based on the hotspots once the alternative energy sources failed to meet the sustainability threshold for the determined indicators. The proposed framework effectively addresses the issue of interdependencies between the three pillars of sustainability, which was an inherent weakness of previous frameworks. The results show that the environment-friendly and socially sustainable energy options, namely, ethanol-gasoline blend E55, electricity, electricity-E10 hybrid, and hydrogen, would need around 0.02, 0.14, 0.10, and 0.71 AUD/VKT of financial support, respectively, to be comparable to gasoline. Among the four assessed options, hydrogen shows the best performance for the environmental and social bottom line when renewable electricity is employed for hydrogen production. The economic sustainability of hydrogen fuel is, however, uncertain at this stage due to the high cost of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs). The robustness of the proposed framework warrants its application in a wide range of alternative fuel assessment scenarios locally as well as globally.

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Neupane, Prasidha R., Iswor Bajracharya, Bhai R. Manandhar, Meera Prajapati, Hishila Sujakhu, and Pramod Awal. "Estimating Emission Load from Road Transportation within the Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (November 6, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2828643.

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Vehicular emissions have been playing a pivotal role in deteriorating air quality in many urban parts of Nepal causing adverse impacts upon the health of commuters and pedestrians attributed to severe respiratory diseases. Primary data such as the number of vehicles (N) were obtained using two-hour peak (8 am to 10 am) and two-hour nonpeak (1 pm to 3 pm) count, after which average annual vehicle kilometer (VKT) and fuel economy (F) required for emission load estimation were obtained from vehicle survey using the simple random sampling method, sampling size taken statistically under 5% margin of error. Secondary data in this study include emission factors and derived equations from a published article. The vehicular emission load of Bhaktapur Municipality were found to be 3,310 tons/year including CO2, CO, NOx, HC, and PM10 of which CO2 accounts for 94.36% of total emissions followed by CO (4.39%), HC (0.72%), NOx (0.35%), and PM10 (0.18%), respectively. Significant positive correlation was found (r = 0.92, p = 0.002 ) between CO2 and PM10 (r = 0.87, p = 0.009 ), between CO2 and NOx (r = 0.90, p = 0.004 ), between CO and HC (r = 0.74, p = 0.05 ), and between NOx and PM10, respectively. The scenario analysis shows that the introduction of electric vehicles at different rates within the municipality can reduce the emissions to a significant amount. Exponential growth in vehicular gaseous pollutants potent to jeopardize the environment and welfare can become inevitable in the future if clean energy technology is not promoted early.

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Várallyay, György. "Magyarország talajainak vízraktározó képessége." Agrokémia és Talajtan 54, no. 1-2 (2005): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.54.2005.1-2.2.

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A Kárpát-medence, benne Magyarország, különösen pedig a Magyar Alföld vízkészletei (lehulló csapadék, felszíni és felszín alatti vízkészletek) korlátozottak, s ebből a nem növekvő (sőt, esetleg csökkenő) készletből kell az egyre nagyobb, s egyre sokoldalúbbá váló társadalmi igényeket kielégíteni. Még nagyobb problémát jelent azonban, hogy a szűkös vízkészletek is igen nagy tér- és időbeni változékonyságot mutatnak. Ilyen körülmények között gazdasági és környezeti szempontból egyaránt megkülönböztetett jelentősége van a talaj vízgazdálkodási tulajdonságainak, elsősorban a talaj vízraktározó képességének. A szerző és munkatársai ezek jellemzésére alkottak kvantitatív határértékekkel jellemzett kategória-rendszert, szerkesztették meg a kategóriák 1:100 000 méretarányú térképét, s dolgoztak ki módszert azok részletes nagyméretarányú térképezésére. Adataink alapján megállapítottuk, hogy Magyarország legnagyobb kapacitású potenciális természetes víztározója a talaj, amelybe optimális esetben az éves csapadék közel kétharmada beleférne! (teljes vízkapacitás, VKT » 50%); ennek jelentős hányada tározódhatna a talajban (szabadföldi vízkapacitás, VKsz), mégpedig - közel felében - a növény által felvehető formában (hasznosítható vízkészlet, DV). A potenciális tározó kapacitás nyújtotta lehetőség azonban csak viszonylag ritkán realizálódhat az alábbi okok miatt: - vízraktározó tér vízzel telítettsége („tele üveg effektus”); - beszivárgást megakadályozó fagyott réteg („befagyott üveg effektus”); - beszivárgást megakadályozó víz át nem eresztő, vagy igen kis vízvezető képességű réteg a talaj felszínén vagy felszín közelben („ledugaszolt üveg effektus”); - a talaj gyenge víztartó képessége („lyukas edény effektus”). A talaj ezek miatt gyakran okozza vagy fokozza a szeszélyes időjárás kedvezőtlen ökonómiai és ökológiai következményeit; eredményezi azt, hogy a lehulló csapadéknak gyakran csak szerény hányada jut el a növényig; járul hozzá a sajnos egyre gyakrabban jelentkező szélsőséges vízháztartási helyzetek (árvíz, belvíz, túlnedvesedés, ill. aszály) kialakulásához.

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Wang, Senlei, Goncalo Homem de Almeida Correia, and Hai Xiang Lin. "Exploring the Performance of Different On-Demand Transit Services Provided by a Fleet of Shared Automated Vehicles: An Agent-Based Model." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (December 16, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7878042.

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Automated vehicles used as public transport show a great promise of revolutionizing current transportation systems. Still, there are many questions as to how these systems should be organized and operated in cities to bring the best out of future services. In this study, an agent-based model (ABM) is developed to simulate the on-demand operations of shared automated vehicles (SAVs) in a parallel transit service (PTS) and a tailored time-varying transit service (TVTS). The proposed TVTS system can switch service schemes between a door-to-door service (DDS) and a station-to-station service (SSS) according to what is best for the service providers and the travelers. In addition, the proposed PTS system that allows DDS and SSS to operate simultaneously is simulated. To test the conceptual design of the proposed SAV system, simulation experiments are performed in a hypothetical urban area to show the potential of different SAV schemes. Simulation results suggest that SAV systems together with dynamic ridesharing can significantly reduce average waiting time, the vehicle kilometres travelled and empty SAV trips. Moreover, the proposed optimal vehicle assignment algorithm can significantly reduce the empty vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) for the pickups for all tested SAV systems up to about 40% and improve the system capacity for transporting the passengers. Comparing the TVTS system, which has inconvenient access in peak hours, with the PTS systems, which always makes available door-to-door transport, we conclude that the latter could achieve a similar system performance as the former in terms of average waiting time, service time and system capacity.

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Aupetit, Jean-François, Bernard Bui-Xuan, Idriss Kioueh, Joseph Loufoua, Dominique Frassati, and Quadiri Timour. "Opposite change with ischaemia in the antifibrillatory effects of class I and class IV antiarrhythmic drugs resulting from the alteration in ion transmembrane exchanges related to depolarization." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 78, no. 3 (2000): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y99-129.

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It is known that class I antiarrhythmic drugs lose their antifibrillatory activity with severe ischaemia, whereas class IV antiarrhythmic drugs acquire such activity. Tachycardia, which is also a depolarizing factor, has recently been shown to give rise to an alteration of ion transmembrane exchanges which is particularly marked in the case of calcium. This leads one to wonder if the change in antifibrillatory activity of antiarrhythmic drugs caused by ischaemia depends on the same process. The change in antifibrillatory activity was studied in normal conditions ranging to those of severe ischaemia with a class I antiarrhythmic drug, flecainide (1.00 mg·kg-1 plus 0.04 mg·kg-1·min-1), a sodium channel blocker, and a class IV antiarrhythmic drug, verapamil (50 µg·kg-1 plus 2 µg·kg-1·min-1), a calcium channel blocker. The experiments were performed in anaesthetized, open-chest pigs. The resulting blockade of each of these channels was assessed at the end of ischaemic periods of increasing duration (30, 60, 120, 180, 300, and 420 s) by determining the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT). VFT was determined by means of trains of diastolic stimuli of 100 ms duration delivered by a subepicardial electrode introduced into the myocardium (heart rate 180 beats per min). Ischaemia was induced by completely occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery. The monophasic action potential was recorded concurrently for the measurement of ventricular conduction time (VCT). The monophasic action potential duration (MAPD) varied with membrane polarization of the fibres. The blockade of sodium channels by flecainide, which normally raises VFT (7.0 ± 0.4 to 13.8 ± 0.8 mA, p < 0.001) and lengthens VCT (28 ± 3 to 44 ± 5 ms, p < 0.001), lost its effects in the course of ischaemia. This resulted in decreased counteraction of the ischaemia-induced fall of VFT and decreased aggravation of the ischaemia-induced lengthening of VCT. The blockade of calcium channels, which normally does not alter VFT (between 7.2 ± 0.6 and 8.4 ± 0.7 mA, n.s.) or VCT (between 30 ± 2 and 34 ± 3 ms, n.s.), slowed the ischaemia-induced fall of VFT. VFT required more time to reach 0 mA, thus delaying the onset of fibrillation. Membrane depolarization itself was opposed as the shortening of MAPD and the lengthening of VCT were also delayed. Consequently there is a progressive decrease in the role played by sodium channels during ischaemia in the rhythmic systolic depolarization of the ventricular fibres. This reduces or suppresses the ability of sodium channel blockers to act on excitability or conduction, and increases the role of calcium channel blockers in attenuating ischaemia-induced disorders.Key words: pigs, ion transmembrane exchanges, myocardial ischaemia, sodium channel, calcium channel.

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Huang, C., H. L. Wang, L. Li, et al. "VOC species and emission inventory from vehicles and their SOA formation potentials estimation in Shanghai, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 19 (2015): 11081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11081-2015.

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Abstract. Volatile organic compound (VOC) species from vehicle exhausts and gas evaporation were investigated by chassis dynamometer and on-road measurements of nine gasoline vehicles, seven diesel vehicles, five motorcycles, and four gas evaporation samples. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields of gasoline, diesel, motorcycle exhausts, and gas evaporation were estimated based on the mixing ratio of measured C2–C12 VOC species and inferred carbon number distributions. High aromatic contents were measured in gasoline exhausts and contributed comparatively more SOA yield. A vehicular emission inventory was compiled based on a local survey of on-road traffic in Shanghai and real-world measurements of vehicle emission factors from previous studies in the cities of China. The inventory-based vehicular organic aerosol (OA) productions to total CO emissions were compared with the observed OA to CO concentrations (ΔOA / ΔCO) in the urban atmosphere. The results indicate that vehicles dominate the primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions and OA production, which contributed about 40 and 60 % of OA mass in the urban atmosphere of Shanghai. Diesel vehicles, which accounted for less than 20 % of vehicle kilometers of travel (VKT), contribute more than 90 % of vehicular POA emissions and 80–90 % of OA mass derived by vehicles in urban Shanghai. Gasoline exhaust could be an important source of SOA formation. Tightening the limit of aromatic content in gasoline fuel will be helpful to reduce its SOA contribution. Intermediate-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) in vehicle exhausts greatly contribute to SOA formation in the urban atmosphere of China. However, more experiments need to be conducted to determine the contributions of IVOCs to OA pollution in China.

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Meylani, Vita, and Rinaldi Rizal Putra. "DETEKSI BAKTERI GENUS VIBRIO SEBAGAI CAUSATIVE AGENT PADA IKAN LELE SANGKURIANG (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS VAR. SANGKURIANG) DI KOTA TASIKMALAYA." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri, Kesehatan) 5, no. 1 (2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v5i1.1689.

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<em>Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var Sangkuriang) is the main commodity that widely cultivated in Tasikmalaya City. However, farmers have difficulty because of the disease which causes death in fish. High mortality is suspected as a vibriosis disease by genus Vibrio because redness wounds on dead fish. The purpose of this study is to know the genus Vibrio which causes of disease in Sangkuriang catfish. 10 samples of fish were taken from Sangkuriang catfish pond culture in Kelurahan Kersanagara Tasikmalaya City which were potentially suspected of vibriosis disease. Isolation of bacteria were done on TCBS medium. Bacterial isolates were collected from fish lesion on the body surface, liver, and kidneys of catfish. Isolation were able to gained 21 isolates and then 5 isolates (VK1, VK5, VK7, VK17, and VK21) were selected based on colony morphology and Postulates Koch’s were tested. The results showed that the clinical symptoms of catfish infected by vibriosis were redness lesions/ulcers on the body surface, hemorrhagic, fluid inside stomach, and fin eroded with redness wound. Bacterial identification through biochemical test revealed the causative agent of catfish disease at brackish pond area were bacteria of the genus Vibrio (VK 1, VK 5, and VK 7), Vibrio vulnificus (VK 17 and VK 21).</em>

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Yun, Bolong, Daniel (Jian) Sun, Yingjie Zhang, Siwen Deng, and Jing Xiong. "A Charging Location Choice Model for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Users." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (2019): 5761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205761.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are promising alternatives to replace traditional gasoline vehicles. The relationship between available charging stations and electric vehicles has to be precisely coordinated to facilitate the increasing promotion and usage of EVs. This paper aims to investigate the choice of the charging location with global positioning system (GPS) trajectories of 700 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) users as well as the charging facility data in Shanghai. First, the recharge accessibility of each PHEV user was investigated, and 9% rely solely on public charging networks. Then, we explored the relationship between fuel consumption and the average distance between charging to analyze the environmental benefits of PHEVs. It was found that 16% PHEVs are similar to EVs, and 9% whose drivers rely solely on public charging stations are similar to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. PHEV users were divided into four types based on the actual recharge access: home and workplace-based user (private + workplace + public), the home-based user (private + public), the workplace-based user (workplace + public), and the public-based user (public). Models were developed to identify and compare the factors that influence PHEV user’s charging location choices (home, workplace, and public stations). The modeling and results interpretation were carried out for all PHEV users, home and workplace-based users, home-based users, and workplace-based users, respectively. The estimation results demonstrated that PHEV users tended to charge at home or workplace rather than public charging stations. Charging price, charging price tariff, the initial state of charge (SOC), dwell time, charging power, the density and size of public charging stations, the total number of public charging, vehicle kilometer travel (VKT) of the current trip and current day are the main predictors when choosing the charging location. Findings of this study may provide new insights into the operational strategies of the public charging station as well as the deployment of public charging facilities in urban cities.

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Babenko, L. P., L. M. Lazarenko, R. V. Bubnov, and M. J. Spivak. "Prophylactic effect of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria probiotic strains on experimental bacterial vaginitis." Biosystems Diversity 27, no. 2 (2019): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011923.

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The objective of the study was determining the prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus casei IMV B-7280, L. acidophilus IMV B-7279, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus IMV B-7281, Bifidobacterium animalis VKL and B. animalis VKB probiotic strains on experimental vaginitis in BALB/c mice induced by Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4. The infection with S. aureus 8325-4 caused an imbalance of microbiota in the vagina and intestine, as evidenced by an increase in the number of opportunistic microorganisms and a decrease in the amount of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. L. casei IMV B-7280, B. animalis VKL and B. animalis VKB probiotic strains altered the microbiota spectrum of the vagina and intestine of Staphylococcus-infected mice: the amount of Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria increased with the reduction of the number of opportunistic microorganisms. Also under the influence of these strains, the normalization of the microbiota spectrum typical for vagina and intestine was observed in different periods of observation – in the intestines of mice the number of coliform bacteria increased, the number of microscopic fungi, streptococci and staphylococci decreased; in the vagina, the number of coliform bacteria and microscopic fungi decreased, the number of streptococci normalized. Rapid elimination of S. aureus 8325-4 from the vagina and prevention of the spread of infection to the intestine were observed after use of probiotics. Preventive effect of L. acidophilus IMV B-7279 and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus IMV B-7281 for bacterial vaginitis in mice was less effective. So, the target probiotic strains L. casei IMV B-7280, B. animalis VKL and B. animalis VKB are promising for the creation of highly effective novel probiotic drugs that can be used for directed prevention of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system caused by pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms.

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Kawano, Masashi, Takuya Araki, Hideaki Yashima, Tomonori Nakamura, and Koujirou Yamamoto. "The Reductive Activity of Human Liver Microsomes for Vitamin K Epoxides." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics 2, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v2i1.25302.

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Vitamin K (VK) is oxidized to vitamin K epoxide (VK-O) during the production of VK-dependent blood clotting factors. Thereafter, VK-O is reduced to VK by vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) in the liver and reused. This reductive reaction is inhibited by warfarin, an oral anticoagulant. VK in nature is roughly divided into two types, VK1 (phylloquinone) and VK2 (menaquinone). Although their bioavailabilities and elimination half-lives from human blood differ, information on the influence of each VK on the effectiveness of warfarin is limited. In this study, the difference in the metabolism of VK1-O and MK4-O by VKOR was evaluated in an in vitro study using human liver microsomes. The results showed that the substrate affinity (1/Km), and the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) of the VKOR reduction was around 7 and 4 times higher for MK4-O than for VK1-O, respectively. The intrinsic clearance of MK4-O, obtained by dividing the Vmax value by the Km value, was about 30 times greater than that of VK1-O. According to these data, the production of VK-dependent blood coagulation factors can be considered to be dominated mainly by MK4-O, at least under normal conditions. We may thus have to be more careful about controlling the intake of MK4 than VK1 in patients receiving warfarin therapy.Keywords: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone), VKOR, warfarin

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Onundarson, Pall T., Brynja R. Gudmundsdottir, and Charles W. Francis. "Critical Role of Factors II and X During Coumarin Anticoagulation and Their Combined Measurement with a New Prothrombin Time Variant (Fiix-PT),." Blood 118, no. 21 (2011): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.3354.3354.

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Abstract Abstract 3354 Introduction: Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are monitored with prothrombin time (PT) based assays that are equally sensitive to reductions in factors II, VII or X. However, previous studies suggest that the anticoagulant effect of VKA depends primarily on reductions in factors II and X and not VII. Aim and methods: We compared the effect of vitamin K dependent (VKD) coagulation factors on PT (Quick and Owren methods) and also on rotational thromboelastometric (ROTEM) parameters. The experiments used normal platelet poor plasma (PPP) and PPP selectively immunodepleted of individual VKD factors, with and without added platelet phospholipid or washed platelets. Results: The PT was equally sensitive to reductions in factors II, VII or X. However, ROTEM parameters correlated poorly with the PT in anticoagulated patients` plasmas. ROTEM experiments showed that the clotting time, maximum velocity of clot formation and the maximum clot firmness were more affected by reductions in FII or FX than by FVII or FIX concentrations which had little influence except at very low concentrations. We developed a modified PT that was sensitive only to reductions in factors II and X by using factor II and X (Fiix) depleted plasma in the PT system. The Fiix-PT (Fiix-INR) correlated well with PT (INR) but the Fiix-INR fluctuated less than the INR in anticoagulated patients reflecting its insensitivity to FVII. Conclusion: The ROTEM results suggest that mild to moderate reductions in factors II or X are more important in clot formation than factors VII or IX at therapeutically relevant factor concentrations. Reductions in FII and X may therefore better reflect anticoagulation with VKA than FVII or IX. FVII may be a confounding source of unwanted variation in PT-INR. The new Fiix-PT that is sensitive only to FII and FX may more accurately reflect the degree of therapeutic anticoagulation in patients treated with VKA than do the current PT assays which may overestimate the fluctuation in anticoagulation. Disclosures: Onundarson: See i. other: Patent application for Fiix method in process. Gudmundsdottir:Other, see i: patent applicaiton filed for Fiix method.

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Spivak, MIa, LM Lazarenko, TM Falalieieva, OV Virchenko, and KS Neporada. "Prophylactic effect of probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis VKL and VKB on stress-induced lesions in the gastric mucosa of rats." Fiziolohichnyĭ zhurnal 59, no. 2 (2013): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fz59.02.023.

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Gancheva, Silvia, Martina Kitanova, Peter Ghenev, and Maria Zhelyazkova-Savova. "Experimental Model of Subclinical Vitamin K Deficiency." Folia Medica 62, no. 2 (2020): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.62.e47510.

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Introduction: Vitamin K (VK) is a co-factor in the post-translational gamma glutamic carboxylation of Gla-proteins. VK-dependent coagulation factors are carboxylated in the liver by VK1. Osteocalcin and Matrix-Gla protein (MGP) are carboxylated in extrahepatic tissues by VK2. A model of VK deficiency would be suitable for studying extrahepatic Gla-proteins provided that severe bleeding is prevented. Aim: The aim of this work was to adapt an established protocol of vascular calcification by warfarin-induced inactivation of MGP as a calcification inhibitor, in an attempt to create a broader state of subclinical VK deficiency and to verify its safety. Materials and methods: Two consecutive experiments, each lasting 4 weeks, were required to modify the dosing schedule of warfa&shy;rin and VK1 and to adapt it to the Wistar rats used. The original high doses of warfarin used initially had to be halved and the protective dose of VK1 to be doubled, in order to avoid treatment-induced hemorrhagic deaths. The second experiment aimed to confirm the efficacy and safety of the modified doses. To verify the VK deficiency, blood vessels were examined histologically for calcium deposits and serum osteocalcin levels were mea&shy;sured. Results: The original dosing schedule induced VK deficiency, manifested by arterial calcifications and dramatic changes in carboxyl&shy;ated and uncarboxylated osteocalcin. The modified dosing regimen caused similar vascular calcification and no bleeding. Conclusion: The modified protocol of carefully balanced warfarin and VK1 doses is an effective and safe way to induce subclinical VK deficiency that can be implemented to investigate VK-dependent proteins like osteocalcin.

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Pinakhin, I. A., V. A. Chernigovskii, A. A. Bratsikhin, M. A. Yagmurov, and Kh R. Sugarov. "Investigation into Physicomechanical Properties of VK6, VK8, and T5K10 Hard Alloys after Volumetric Pulsed Laser Hardening." Inorganic Materials 54, no. 15 (2018): 1487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168518150177.

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Dreiseitl, A. "Virulence complexity and its increasing in the Czech population of Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (2017): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10546-pps.

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The virulence frequency to 12 resistance genes present in the studied cultivars in the time before their first using in grown cultivars were estimated mainly based on the data of cultivar resistance in the field. The estimated virulence frequency is compared with results obtained from investigations of the air pathogen population in 2001. The comparison shows that virulence complexity increased from about 0.90 in 1971 to 8.73 in 2001. The increase in virulence complexity was caused by necessity of the pathogen to survive on cultivars possessing respective resistance genes, it means by direct selection [(Va1, Va6, Va7, Va9, Va13, Vat, Vk1, VLa, Vg and V(Kr)], indirect selection (Va12) and immigration (Va3).

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Capobianco, M., and A. Gambarotta. "Variable Geometry and Waste-Gated Automotive Turbochargers: Measurements and Comparison of Turbine Performance." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (1992): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906624.

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In turbocharging automotive Diesel engines, an effective method to extend the turbine flow range and control the boost level is the use of a variable geometry turbine (VGT): This technique can be very helpful to improve the transient response of the engine and reduce exhaust emissions. In order to compare the performance of variable geometry and conventional waste-gated turbines, a thorough experimental investigation was developed on a test facility at the Department of Energetic Engineering of the University of Genoa (DINE). Two VG turbines were considered: a variable area turbine (VAT) and a variable nozzle turbine (VNT). The VG turbines were compared with a fixed geometry waste-gated turbine in both steady and unsteady flow conditions, referring to mass flow and efficiency characteristics.

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Pinahin, I. A., V. A. Chernigovskij, A. A. Bracihin, and M. A. Yagmurov. "Improvement of wear resistance of VK6, VK8, T5K10, and T15K6 hard alloys by volume pulsed laser hardening." Journal of Friction and Wear 36, no. 4 (2015): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068366615040145.

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