Academic literature on the topic 'Vlastnosti stavebních materiálů'

Životné prostredie sa stáva významným rozvojovým potenciálom krajiny a snahou je minimalizovať negatívne vplyvy pôsobiace na jeho kvalitu. Požiadavky zabezpečenia ochrany životného prostredia sú čoraz náročnejšie na kvalitatívne vlastnosti stavebných materiálov, stavebných strojov a pod., z tohto dôvodu výber vstupných prvkov pre stavebnú výrobu musí vychádzať z konfrontácie súčasného stavu s požiadavkami zabezpečovania maximálnej efektívnosti stavebných výrobných procesov pri minimalizovaní negatívnych vplyvov na životné prostredie.

Príspevok uvádza príklady a možnosti stavebných úprav ako na železničnej trati tak aj na železničnom vozidle, ktoré znižujú hluk. Ďalej sa zaoberá materiálovými možnosťami a to hlavne novým materiálom STERED z pohľadu protihlukových vlastností. Porovnáva ho s akustickými vlastnosťami minerálnej vlny pomocou 2D počítačovej simulácie. V príspevku sú uvádzané možnosti použitia tohto materiálu ako pri odhlučnení železničného vozidla, tak aj na vonkajšie použitie v stavbe železničnej trate.

Stavebnictví patří mezi největší odběratele nerostných surovin, s čímž souvisí i následná produkce odpadů. Výroba nejvíce využívaných produktů v tomto odvětví, jako jsou například cihly a betony, je v současné době závislá na neustálé těžbě primárních materiálů z neobnovitelných zdrojů. Značný potenciál pro ušetření primárních zdrojů má ve stavebnictví opětovné využívání recyklátů. Pro využití odpadních materiálů jako náhrady určité složky betonu je důležité, aby byly zachovány jeho mechanické a chemické vlastnosti. Současně je na místě posoudit také míru dopadu na životní prostředí. Jednou z možností je provést výluhové zkoušky a následné testy ekotoxicity s vodními organismy. Cílem této práce bylo posoudit a porovnat fytotoxické účinky výluhů cihelného prachu, tří druhů písků z betonových recyklátů a referenčního materiálu (přírodního písku). Hodnocen byl růst biomasy a množství chlorofylu. Výsledky ukázaly velké rozdíly mezi vzorky. Písek nepůsobil toxicky, účinky výluhu cihelného prachu se téměř nelišily od kontroly. Beton, který byl již jednou ecyklován, působil mírně inhibičně, zatímco výluhy podlahového betonu s obsahem epoxidového lepidla a betonu pocházejícího z dálnice měly výrazné toxické až letální účinky. Abstract (EN) Construction sector is one of the largest consumers of mineral resources, which is also related to the subsequent production of waste. The production of the most widely used products in this sector, such as bricks and concrete, is currently dependent on the constant extraction of primary materials from non-renewable resources. The reuse of recycled materials in the construction industry has considerable potential for saving of the primary resources. For the use of waste materials as a substitute for a certain component of concrete, it is important that its mechanical and chemical features remain unchanged. At the same time, it is appropriate to assess the degree of impact on the environment. One option is to perform leaching tests and subsequent ecotoxicity tests with aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the phytotoxic effects of brick powder extracts, three types of recycled concrete aggregate and reference material (natural aggregate). Biomass growth and chlorophyll levels were evaluated. The results showed large differences among the samples. The sand was not toxic, the effect of brick dust was almost the same as the control. Concrete, which has already been recycled once, had a slightly inhibitory effect, while extracts of floor concrete containing epoxy glue and concrete from the highway had significant toxic to lethal effects.

The thesis is concerned with summarization of steps to determine of the characteristic values of building materials which are listed in European and Czech standards number 72 - Building raw materials, materials and products and number 73 - Design and construction of buildings. The aim of thesis is to describe differences and perform analysis of individual processes and propose the solution of these problems.

The topic of presented master’s thesis was study of passive stabilization of building materials temperature. The main goal of this thesis was measuring and characterization of the thermal properties of building materials, which are used to PCM technology. PCM technology is based on utilization of latent heat of phase change. At the beginning of this thesis it was needed to define physical principle of phase change, then the most usable PCM chemicals (e.g. paraffin, Glauber’s salt, hexahydrate calcium chloride) and their basic physical properties (especially thermo-physical), background research of building materials with PCM and also the methods of thermo-physical properties measurement. It was also needed to characterize measured building materials and define theirs thermal parameters; because the values of thermal parameters of measured samples were compared to these values. In the experimental part of my thesis are measurements of material thermal analysis, which are methods, where the properties of materials are studied as they change with temperature. I had used to differential scanning calorimetry, transient pulse method and other methods, which are usable for thermo-physical properties measuring and characterization. I have been much interested in properties of measured material, which were specific heat capacity, temperature diffusivity, heat conductivity and phase change temperature (the melting point of PCM). At the end of my thesis the findings of all methods were finally summarized, compared and commented.

Currently there is a great emphasis on energy savings in the building industry. Constructional opening fillings, such as windows and doors, are of a great importance for saving energy in buildings. Constructional opening fillings are one of the most challenging construction elements, because high demands are put on them. The first part of this diploma thesis is devoted to research of the literature focusing on the issue of constructional opening fillings. Additionally, this diploma thesis introduces the basic terminology of constructional opening fillings, and also provides information about existing materials - including basic requirements for lighting, ventilation, mechanical resistance, and protection against noise and safety. It also deals with mechanical and physical properties, such as thermal and technical characteristics, crevice integrity, sound insulation properties, thermal insulation properties of glass, thermal insulating properties of frames, waterproof, airproof, fire-technical characteristics and protection against undesirable permeability. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the respective measurement of construction opening fillings in six selected objects. Based on the measured results, a thermal-computational diagnostics is carried out for each object. The conclusion sums up the results, the data obtained are analyzed and evaluated. On the basis of the evaluation, appropriate recommendations are provided.

The thesis deals with research of pulse compression of the acoustic signal in terms of applications in civil engineering. Based on the study and analysis of these methods, automated measuring equipment for non-destructive testing with pseudorandom sequence of maximum length and automated signal analysis, have been designed and implemented. In a single test cycle are obtained three parameters that characterize the linear and nonlinear behavior of the sample. A nonlinear parameter, Time of Flight of ultrasonic wave in the sample is further in the work compared with the conventional pulse measuring, and spectral analysis is compared with the method impact-echo. Functionality and optimization of the testing method was performed on a total of three sets of test pieces made of various building materials. The experiments proved simple result interpretation, and high sensitivity to structural damage associated with temperature loading. The results were correlated with conventional nondestructive methods and by destructive testing was measured change in compressive strength and flexural strength. This work also includes continual measurement of fundamental frequency influenced by moisture on a mortar sample. Use of pulse compression signal is in the civil engineering quite unusual. Only in recent years this topic is discussed in scientific articles with increasing frequency. Great potential lies in the association of three test methods into a single. Beneficial is high test speed and measurement reproducibility, but also theoretical possibility of testing massive test elements.

This graduation thesis is aimed to presentation heat isolation materials for the floor constructions. The experimental part is devoted physical - mechanical properties suggested very light concretes with the cement. The main part of the thesis is devoted to form of the transit and putting of the individual heat isolation materials. In the end are suggested structures of the floor constructions with the respect to their properties and price.

Theme of the diploma thesis is computational assessment of structural building materials in terms of energy performance of the building. The history and types of the objects with low energy performance are described. There are listed elements of constructionally energetic concept with low energy performance and overview of building materials used for their construction. In the practical part a selected building was tested for energy performance by legislation. Then two structural material solutions on selected detached house are compared by using a simulation program.

The theme of the diploma thesis is the study of physical properties of various building materials in buildings in low-energy construction. The work is mainly focused on the influence of the thermal accumulation properties of building materials used in buildings in order to achieve low energy consumption for heating. The thesis compares the energy characteristics of five different constructional material variants of the house.

This thesis deals with the theoretical part of the creation, distribution and recycling of construction and demolition waste. Subsequently covers made from these recycled construction and demolition waste and its potential application in structural layers of the pavement. In the practical part of the thesis deals with monitoring the overall properties of nine asphalt mixtures with different proportion of recycled concrete aggregate and asphalt binder, which are designed and intended for bed asphalt pavement. The recycled concrete aggregate and asphalt are performed various laboratory tests, the results are subjected to a comparison with the relevant standards and TP 210. The conclusion is made price comparisons of asphalt mixtures.

This thesis is focused to the heat flow through the construction materials and building constructions. It contains selected list of representative examples of constructions and building insulating materials using in civil engineering. Thereafter is mentioned the Institute of testing of materials in Czech Republic, where the testing of building matarials is performed. Thesis describes physical principles and methods applied to measurements of selected thermal parameters of building materials and constructions in civil engineering. This work includes examples of measuring protocols of tested materials. Appendicies contain data about real parameters and values of thermal conductivity selected building construction and building insulating materials used and applied in civil engineering.

The topic of my thesis was to create the optimal composition of wood-based material with fire-resistant ability. Proposed material will be mainly applied on the front doors. There was a research done on different kinds of adhesive. The glue was tested for its quality of the glued joints and bonding strength of the composite wood-based material according to the required valid standards. Based on the test results suitable glue was chosen. There was also a research done on wood-based and non-wood-based composing materials along with insulating materials. The research was focused on the material suitability and ability to be applied on constructions of fire-resistant sandwich front door kits. Test for fire resistance according to ČSN EN 1634-1 was conducted on chosen product, followed up by certification of this product. Furthermore, the certification according to ČSN EN ISO 6946 using ČSN EN ISO 10077-1, ČSN EN ISO 10077-2 and thermal transmittance of the front doors with plain door wings according to ČSN EN ISO 10077 was carried out. Subsequently the new product was put into practice and was included in new production list.