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Academic literature on the topic 'Voies aériennes (Anatomie) – Remodelage – Étiologie'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Voies aériennes (Anatomie) – Remodelage – Étiologie"
Vaillancourt, Mylène. "Étude des mécanismes étiologiques du remodelage vasculaire en hypertension pulmonaire primaire et secondaire aux cardiopathies gauches." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26761.
Full textPulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by an elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (> 25mmHg). This hypertension may be primary (PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension) or secondary to another disease, for example, due to left heart disease (PH-LHD, pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease). In PAH, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) are hyperproliferative and apoptosis resistant, causing vascular remodeling and PH. Recently, the epigenetic reader bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) was showed to sustain proliferation in cancer cells. Since BRD4 is a predictive target of miR-204, a micro-RNA downregulated in PAH, we hypothesized that BRD4 overexpression, caused by miR-204 downregulation, is involved in PAH-PASMC hyperproliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotype. In chapter 2, we showed that BRD4 overexpression was indeed regulated by miR-204 and sustains PASMC deregulation by modulating the oncoproteins NFATc2, Bcl-2 and Survivin. Finally, we showed that in vivo pharmacological and molecular BRD4 inhibition reversed vascular remodeling and PAH. Although PAH is the most severe form of PH, PH-LHD is by far the most common. Unfortunately, there are few models for its study. To expand our knowledge of the etiological mechanisms of pulmonary vascular remodeling to this group, we developed and characterised, in chapter 3, 2 PH-LHD models by the transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and the supracoronary banding (SAB) in rats. As expected, TAC ad SAB rats developed left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we observed in these animals the development of PH with pulmonary remodeling similar to the pulmonary histopathology reported in some PH-LHD patients, allowing us to confirm the validity of these two models for the study of vascular remodeling in this PH group.
Gendron, David, and David Gendron. "Le rôle de la sphingosine-1-phosphate et impact des analogues de la sphingosine dans le remodelage pulmonaire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33710.
Full textLe remodelage pulmonaire cause une altération de la structure du poumon et peut mener à la diminution de la fonction respiratoire. Ce remodelage peut aussi bien affecter les voies respiratoires en obstruant le flot de l’air, comme il est observé dans l’asthme, que la compliance du parenchyme pulmonaire, tel qu’observé dans la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique (FPI). Dans le cas de l’asthme allergique, la forme la plus commune d’asthme, une inflammation chronique de type allergique induit le remodelage bronchique, dont l’épaississement du muscle lisse bronchique. Ces deux composantes contribuent directement à l’hyperréactivité bronchique. Dans le cas de la FPI, les dommages tissulaires et l’inflammation semblent être impliqués dans l’induction de la maladie, mais la progression de la FPI est maintenue même en absence d’inflammation. Tant en asthme qu’en FPI, le remodelage est persistant et les options thérapeutiques sont partiellement efficaces, limitées ou absentes. La voie de signalisation de la sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) est reconnue non seulement pour son rôle dans la régulation de l’immunité et de l’inflammation, mais aussi pour ses impacts majeurs dans les phénomènes de prolifération et de survie cellulaire. Ces effets sont souvent associés à l’activation de cinq récepteurs membranaires, nommés S1P1 à S1P5. D’ailleurs, ces récepteurs peuvent être activés par les composés pharmacologiques analogues à la S1P. Bien que ces analogues répliquent ou modifient la plupart des effets de la S1P, ils possèdent aussi des activités intracellulaires indépendantes des récepteurs qui sont plutôt associées à la modulation de la survie cellulaire. Ainsi, les sphingolipides et leurs analogues sont susceptibles de moduler plusieurs mécanismes impliqués dans le remodelage pulmonaire. Le but de cette thèse était donc d’explorer l’impact des sphingolipides et leurs analogues sur divers aspects impliqués dans le remodelage pulmonaire. Dans une première étude, nous avons déterminé l’effet de l’analogue de la sphingosine AAL-R sur l’inflammation observée dans un modèle murin d’asthme allergique. AAL-R diminue l’accumulation pulmonaire des lymphocytes et induit leur apoptose au poumon. La réduction du nombre de lymphocytes pulmonaires est associée à une diminution importante de l’éosinophilie et de l’hyperréactivité bronchique. Ainsi, nous résultats montrent qu’AAL-R interfère avec l’inflammation et l’hyperréactivité bronchique dans un modèle d’asthme allergique aigu par un mécanisme impliquant l’apoptose des lymphocytes. Dans un second chapitre, l’impact d’AAL-R sur l’épaississement du muscle lisse bronchique a été évalué dans un modèle murin d’asthme chronique. AAL-R réduit l’épaisseur du muscle lisse bronchique dans le tissu remodelé, ce qui est associé à une diminution de l’hyperréactivité bronchique. Nous montrons d’ailleurs que AAL-R interfère avec la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses, in vitro. Cette étude montre que des analogues de la sphingosine, tel qu’AALR, pourraient contrecarrer le remodelage tissulaire tel qu’observé en asthme, ce qui ouvre de nouvelles pistes précliniques pour cette maladie incurable. Troisièmement, nous avons étudié l’influence de l’analogue de la sphingosine FTY720 sur la phase inflammatoire ou la phase fibrotique d’un modèle murin de fibrose pulmonaire induit par une blessure cellulaire aiguë. En concordance avec la littérature, l’administration de FTY720 en phase inflammatoire diminue la fibrose pulmonaire. Toutefois, lorsqu’administré en phase fibrotique, FTY720 exacerbe cette dernière. Cette exacerbation ne semble pas impliquer l’augmentation de la perméabilité vasculaire, mais plutôt l’augmentation de la transcription du connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Similairement, FTY720 stimule la transcription du CTGF par les fibroblastes in vitro. Contrairement au dogme actuel, notre étude montre que FTY720 promeut la fibrose pulmonaire ce qui serait médié, du moins en partie, par la transcription accrue du CTGF. Dans une dernière étude, nous avons exploré le lien entre la voie de signalisation de la S1P, le CTGF et les dérégulations des fibroblastes issus de patients atteints de FPI. Ces fibroblastes expriment plus de CTGF que des fibroblastes de patients ne souffrant pas de FPI, ce qui est exacerbé par la S1P. De plus, un antagoniste de S1P3 renverse partiellement cette augmentation. Nous postulons donc que la S1P et le S1P3 pourraient être impliqués dans la pathogenèse de la FPI. Dans son ensemble, cette thèse démontre que les sphingolipides et leurs analogues influencent des mécanismes du remodelage pulmonaire pathologique. Nos résultats suggèrent que certains acteurs de la voie de signalisation de la S1P pourraient être modulés de manière bénéfique dans le contexte de l’asthme et de la fibrose pulmonaire.
Pulmonary remodelling causes the alteration of the lung structure and can lead to reduced respiratory function. Remodelling can affect the lung airways by obstructing the airflow, as observed in asthma, as well as the lung parenchyma by reducing lung compliance, as observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In the most widespread form of asthma, allergic asthma, chronic allergic inflammation induces lung remodelling, including airway smooth muscle thickening. Both components directly contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness. In IPF, acute lung injury and inflammation seem to be involved in its pathogenesis, yet the progression of the disease is maintained even in the absence of inflammation. Both in asthma and IPF, lung remodeling is persistent and therapeutic treatments are either partially effective, limited or simply unavailable. The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway is recognized not only for its role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, but also for its major involvement in the events of cellular proliferation and survival. These effects are often associated with the activation of five G protein-coupled receptors, termed S1P1 to S1P5. Furthermore, these receptors can be activated by pharmacological compounds analogous to S1P. Although these analogs replicate or modify most S1P effects, they also possess intracellular activities independent of S1P receptors that are rather associated with the modulation of cell survival. Therefore, sphingolipids and their analogs likely modulate several mechanisms involved in pulmonary remodelling. The aim of this thesis was thus to explore the impact of sphingolipids and their analogs on various aspects of pulmonary remodelling. In a first study, we determined the effect of the sphingosine analog AAL-R on the inflammation observed in a murine model of allergic asthma. AAL-R reduces pulmonary accumulation of lymphocytes and induces their apoptosis specifically in the lung. The reduction of pulmonary lymphocytes number is associated with reduced lung eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Our results show that AAL-R interferes with allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in an acute allergic asthma model by a mechanism involving the apoptosis of pulmonary lymphocytes. vi In a second chapter, we evaluated the impact of AAL-R on airway smooth muscle thickening using a murine model of chronic asthma. AAL-R reduces the thickness of the airway smooth muscle in remodelled bronchi, which is associated with diminished airway hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, we show that AAL-R interferes with airway smooth muscle cells proliferation in vitro. This study shows that sphingosines analogs, such as AAL-R, could reverse tissue remodelling as observed in asthma, offering new preclinical targets for this incurable disease. Thirdly, we studied the influence of the sphingosine analog FTY720 on the inflammatory phase or the fibrotic phase of a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by an acute injury. In concordance with literature, FTY720 administration during the inflammatory phase reduce lung fibrosis. However, when administered during the fibrotic phase, FTY720 exacerbates fibrosis. This exacerbation does not involve increased vascular permeability, but rather increased connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) transcription. Similarly, FTY720 stimulates CTGF transcription by fibroblasts in vitro. Contrarily to the actual dogma, our study shows that FTY720 promotes pulmonary fibrosis which is mediated, at least in part, by increased CTGF transcription. Finally, we explored the link between the S1P signalling pathway, the transcription of CTGF and the deregulations observed in lung fibroblasts isolated from IPF patients. These fibroblasts express more CTGF than lung fibroblasts from patient without IPF, which is exacerbated by S1P. Moreover, a specific S1P3 antagonist partially reverses this exacerbation. We postulate that S1P and S1P3 could be involved in idiopathic lung fibrosis pathogenesis. As a whole, this thesis demonstrates that sphingolipids and their analogs influence mechanisms underlying pathological pulmonary remodelling. Our results suggest that certain components of the S1P signalling pathway could prove beneficial in the context of asthma and lung fibrosis. These results support the hypothesis that phosphorylatable sphingosine analogs interfere with inflammation and ASM thickening observed in allergic asthma. However, they also stimulate CTGF transcription by fibroblasts, thus possibly exacerbating pathologies involving these cells, such as IPF. Identification of the mechanisms modulated by S1P analogs could provide insights regarding putative targets in the context of pulmonary remodelling.
Pulmonary remodelling causes the alteration of the lung structure and can lead to reduced respiratory function. Remodelling can affect the lung airways by obstructing the airflow, as observed in asthma, as well as the lung parenchyma by reducing lung compliance, as observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In the most widespread form of asthma, allergic asthma, chronic allergic inflammation induces lung remodelling, including airway smooth muscle thickening. Both components directly contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness. In IPF, acute lung injury and inflammation seem to be involved in its pathogenesis, yet the progression of the disease is maintained even in the absence of inflammation. Both in asthma and IPF, lung remodeling is persistent and therapeutic treatments are either partially effective, limited or simply unavailable. The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway is recognized not only for its role in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, but also for its major involvement in the events of cellular proliferation and survival. These effects are often associated with the activation of five G protein-coupled receptors, termed S1P1 to S1P5. Furthermore, these receptors can be activated by pharmacological compounds analogous to S1P. Although these analogs replicate or modify most S1P effects, they also possess intracellular activities independent of S1P receptors that are rather associated with the modulation of cell survival. Therefore, sphingolipids and their analogs likely modulate several mechanisms involved in pulmonary remodelling. The aim of this thesis was thus to explore the impact of sphingolipids and their analogs on various aspects of pulmonary remodelling. In a first study, we determined the effect of the sphingosine analog AAL-R on the inflammation observed in a murine model of allergic asthma. AAL-R reduces pulmonary accumulation of lymphocytes and induces their apoptosis specifically in the lung. The reduction of pulmonary lymphocytes number is associated with reduced lung eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Our results show that AAL-R interferes with allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in an acute allergic asthma model by a mechanism involving the apoptosis of pulmonary lymphocytes. vi In a second chapter, we evaluated the impact of AAL-R on airway smooth muscle thickening using a murine model of chronic asthma. AAL-R reduces the thickness of the airway smooth muscle in remodelled bronchi, which is associated with diminished airway hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, we show that AAL-R interferes with airway smooth muscle cells proliferation in vitro. This study shows that sphingosines analogs, such as AAL-R, could reverse tissue remodelling as observed in asthma, offering new preclinical targets for this incurable disease. Thirdly, we studied the influence of the sphingosine analog FTY720 on the inflammatory phase or the fibrotic phase of a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by an acute injury. In concordance with literature, FTY720 administration during the inflammatory phase reduce lung fibrosis. However, when administered during the fibrotic phase, FTY720 exacerbates fibrosis. This exacerbation does not involve increased vascular permeability, but rather increased connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) transcription. Similarly, FTY720 stimulates CTGF transcription by fibroblasts in vitro. Contrarily to the actual dogma, our study shows that FTY720 promotes pulmonary fibrosis which is mediated, at least in part, by increased CTGF transcription. Finally, we explored the link between the S1P signalling pathway, the transcription of CTGF and the deregulations observed in lung fibroblasts isolated from IPF patients. These fibroblasts express more CTGF than lung fibroblasts from patient without IPF, which is exacerbated by S1P. Moreover, a specific S1P3 antagonist partially reverses this exacerbation. We postulate that S1P and S1P3 could be involved in idiopathic lung fibrosis pathogenesis. As a whole, this thesis demonstrates that sphingolipids and their analogs influence mechanisms underlying pathological pulmonary remodelling. Our results suggest that certain components of the S1P signalling pathway could prove beneficial in the context of asthma and lung fibrosis. These results support the hypothesis that phosphorylatable sphingosine analogs interfere with inflammation and ASM thickening observed in allergic asthma. However, they also stimulate CTGF transcription by fibroblasts, thus possibly exacerbating pathologies involving these cells, such as IPF. Identification of the mechanisms modulated by S1P analogs could provide insights regarding putative targets in the context of pulmonary remodelling.
Riyad, Oussama. "Impact de l'IL-1β et du TGF-β dans la régulation du KGF-1 par les fibroblastes : importance dans l'asthme". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23360.
Full textLoubaki, Lionel. "Interaction entre l'inflammation et le remodelage dans l'asthme : rôle immunomodulateur des fibroblastes bronchiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23150.
Full textLabonté, Isabelle. "Muscle lisse bronchique et asthme : Études in vivo et in vitro." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26931/26931.pdf.
Full textRuiz, Garcia Sandra. "Appréhender l'hétérogénéité cellulaire et la dynamique de différenciation des épithéliums des voies aériennes au moyen de signatures transcriptionnelles sur cellule unique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4204/document.
Full textHuman airways are lined by a pseudostratified epithelium mainly composed of basal and columnar cells, among these cells we can find multiciliated, secretory cells and goblet cells. All these cells work together in the mucociliary clearance of the airways. This epithelium regenerates slowly under homeostatic conditions but is able to recover quickly after aggressions through proliferation, migration, polarization and differentiation processes. However, in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma or cystic fibrosis, epithelial repair is defective, tissue remodeling occurs, leading to loss of multiciliated cells and goblet cell hyperplasia, impairing correct mucociliary clearance. The sequence of cellular events leading to a functional or remodelled tissue are still poorly described. Hence, we aim at identifying the successive cell types appearing during tissue regeneration and the molecular events that are responsible for healthy or pathological regeneration. We have analysed airway epithelial cell composition at several stages of differentiation using an in vitro 3D culture model which reproduces in vivo epithelial cell composition. Applying single cell transcriptomics and computational methods, we have identified cell lineage hierarchies and thus constructed a comprehensive cell trajectory roadmap in human airways. We have confirmed the cell lineages that have been previously described and have discovered a novel trajectory linking goblet cells to multiciliated cells. We have also discovered novel cell populations and molecular interactors involved in the process of healthy human airway epithelium regeneration. Using these approaches, we have finally shed light on cell-type specific responses involved in pathological goblet cell hyperplasia. Our data, by bringing significant contributions to the understanding of differentiation’s dynamics in the context of healthy and pathological human airway epithelium, may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets