Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Volatif'
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Guichard, Valérie. "Le safran, une culture à développer dans le sud-ouest : les constituants volatils et leur analyse par CPG dans différents organes." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2P112.
Full textEbrahimzadeh, Mousavi Seyed Mohamad Ali. "Migration de molécules volatiles dans un système aliment emballage bois : modélisation des transferts et mesure des coefficients de diffusion." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1998_EBRAHIMZADEH_MOUSAVI_S_M_A.pdf.
Full textHillaire, Anne. "Étude de la récupération de composés organiques volatils d'effluents gazeux par perméation de vapeur à travers des membranes denses." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL115N.
Full textIamanaka, Beatriz Thie. "Avaliação da micobiota de grãos de café e dos metabolitos fungicos na qualidade da bebida." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255262.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O café passa por vários processos até chegar a ser consumido como bebida e vários fatores contribuem para a sua qualidade final, dentre eles a população microbiana presente. A contaminação dos grãos pelos microrgranismos é diversificada, envolvendo a participação de bactérias, bolores e leveduras, com a predominância de um ou outro grupo, dependendo da etapa de processamento dos grãos. Existem evidências, ainda não conclusivas de que vários fungos presentes no café podem produzir uma série de compostos que podem vir a prejudicar a qualidade da bebida. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos analisar a micobiota dos grãos obtidos em diferentes etapas da cadeia produtiva do café; investigar a produção dos compostos voláteis produzidos pelos isolados e o impacto dos mesmos na qualidade da bebida e; avaliar sensorialmente a bebida, correlacionando com os fungos presentes. A micobiota de 41 amostras de grãos de café cru, de duas regiões produtoras do Brasil, Cerrado Mineiro/MG e Piraju/SP foram analisadas. As amostras foram coletados do pé (cereja), do solo (varreção), do terreiro (maduro, seco e passas no pé e verde) e da tulha (estocagem) e comparados dois tipos de preparo dos grãos: secagem natural e cereja descascado. As amostras de Minas Gerais apresentaram baixa infecção fúngica, as principais espécies isoladas foram Eurotium spp. e Fusarium spp. Em relação aos cafés da região de Piraju, houve uma grande diversidade de espécies isoladas, dentre àquelas mais predominantes foram Penicillium brevicompactum, Aspergillus foetidus, Penicillium crustosum e Fusarium spp. Cafés varreção e bóia (seco e passas no pé) caracterizaram-se pela alta incidência de Aspergillus foetidus, apresentando infecção superior a 16% por esta espécie e avaliação sensorial negativa. A foetidus produziu compostos voláteis, como 2-butenal, dimetilbisulfeto no meio de cultura e 1-octen 3-ol quando inoculado no café cru. Estes metabólitos são caracterizados pelo aroma desagradável de terra, mofo, estragado e pungente e foram relacionados como alguns dos compostos responsáveis pelas características negativas na análise sensorial da bebida. Foi constatado também que a presença de algumas espécies fúngicas nos grãos, mesmo em alta percentagem de infecção, não implicou necessariamente na redução da qualidade sensorial da bebida. Amostras com alta freqüência de Penicillium brevicompactum apresentaram avaliação final positiva. Esta espécie destacou-se pela produção de vários compostos voláteis com características positivas como aldeídos (2-octenal, decanal e undecanal) com aroma cítrico e herbal, e cetonas (2-nonanona, 3-nonen-2 ona, 2-undecanona e 2 pentadecanona) de aroma frutal e floral. Portanto, metabólitos produzidos durante o desenvolvimento de espécies fúngicas podem estar relacionados à introdução de características sensoriais de sabor ao café, tanto desejáveis quanto indesejáveis
Abstract: Coffee goes through several processes until consumed as a beverage and many factors contribute to its final quality, including the presence of the microbial population. The coffee beans contamination by microorganisms is diversity envolving bacteria, moulds and yeast, with predominance of one or another and is dependent of the coffee beans processing stages. There is inconclusive evidence that many fungi present in coffee can produce several volatile metabolites that can damage beverage quality. This research had the objectives to analyze the mycobiota ot the coffee beans obtained on the different stages of coffee production chain; investigate the production of volatile compounds produced by the isolates and the impact of them on the beverage quality and carry out sensory evaluation of beverage in relation to the fungal species. The mycobiota of forty-one samples of raw coffee beans from two Brazilian production areas, Cerrado Mineiro/MG and Piraju/SP were analyzed. Samples were collected from the tree (cherry beans), from the soil (¿varreção¿), from the drying yard (ripe, dry, over-ripe and immature) and drying storage (¿tulha¿) and two kinds of bean separation were compared: natural and pulped. The Minas Gerais samples had low fungal infection with the main species being Eurotium spp and Fusarium spp. In relation to the Piraju samples there was a considerable diversity of isolated species and the following were among the most predominant: Penicillium brevicompactum, Aspergillus foetidus, Penicillium crustosum and Fusarium spp. Coffee beans collected from the soil along with the over-ripe ones were a highly incidence of Aspegillus foetidus with a percent infection above 16% and a negative sensorial evaluation. Aspergillus foetidus produced volatile compounds such as 2-butenal, dimethyl dissulfite in the culture medium and 1-octen-3-ol when inoculated on the raw coffee. These metabolites were characterized by as unpleasant aroma of soil, musty, rotten and pungency and they were related as one of the responsible compounds for the negative characteristcs of the sensorial analyses.In this work the presence of some fungal species were found in the beans wich even at high levels of infection, did not necessarily result in a decrease of the sensorial evaluation. Samples with a high percentage of Penicillium brevicompactum infection had a positive final evaluation. This specie stood out from the rest due to the production of many volatile compounds with positive characteristics such as aldehydes (2-octenal, decanal and undecanal) showing citric and herbal aromas and cetones (2-nonanone, 3-nonen-2-one, 2-undecanonc and 2-pentadecanone) showing frutal and floral aroma. Therefore, metabolites produced during fungal growth can be related to the insertion of sensorial properties of flavour on coffee, both positive or negative
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
Mermet, Kenneth. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et réactivité d'espèces biogéniques sur un site de mesure en forêt des Landes : impacts sur la qualité de l'air." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0363.
Full textAt the global scale, forests are the largest emitters of VOCs. Once released into the atmosphere, VOCs will be fastly oxidized to oxygenated compounds. Depending on their volatility and reactivity, these oxidation products may themselves be re-oxidized, remain in the gas phase and/or be transferred to the particulate phase to form secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). This thesis aimed to better characterize biogenic VOC concentrations (BVOCs) and more especially their reactivity with atmospheric oxidants (i.e. the hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3) and the nitrate radical (NO3)), in order to identify the main precursors of SOA formation within a maritime pine forest. The metrological development of a gas chromatographic analyzer has made possible the online and specified measurement of 20 BVOCs including isoprene, α- and β-pinene, 2 and Δ3-carene, α- and γ-terpinene, linalool, camphene, etc. This analyzer and some other instruments for the measurement of trace gases and aerosols were used during the summer of 2017 as part of the LANDEX intensive campaign in one of the largest pine forests in Europe (> 95% Pinus pinaster) located in the southwest of France. A principal component analysis of meteorological data and BVOC measurements showed that BVOC concentrations were mainly dependent on their emissions, the ambient temperature, the solar irradiation and the atmospheric stability. The analysis of the reactivity of the identified VOCs with the main atmospheric oxidants has helped to show the contrast between processes involving OH radical during daytime and ozonolysis at night. Finally, it was determined that the ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, myrcene, and linalool, and the OH initiated oxidation of isoprene were the main sources of oxidation products, as SOA precursors, within the Landes forest
Miguet, Marianne. "Adsorption de COV issus d'eaux souterraines et régénération des charbons actifs par voie solaire." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0029/document.
Full textThis manuscript focuses on a comprehensive and durable treatment of polluted groundwater. The target contaminant, tetrachlorethylene, is a volatile organic compound. The first step in the treatment is the separation of contaminants. It was carried out by adsorption on activated carbons in a fixed bed column. The results obtained in the laboratory on the adsorption capacity and kinetics have shown the efficiency of this process. A mathematic model represented properly the various operating conditions corresponding to those used in the industry. This model has been validated by a pre-industrial pilot installed onsite and operating in real conditions. Management of spent activated carbons was studied. The thermal regeneration was chosen because it has the interest to restore the adsorption capacity of adsorbents and to collect the pollutants in a liquid phase. Although preferable to the production of activated carbons, it could still be economically more competitive and more sustainable by performing the heat treatment by solar means. It has been shown that the regeneration rate is the same for the solar and classical regenerations. It is therefore possible, in the case of tetrachlorethylene, to replace a fossil energy source by the sun.The distillate solution obtained during the regeneration can be mineralized by heterogeneous photocatalysis. This operation was carried out in the laboratory with a lamp reproducing the solar spectrum. The feasibility of solar photocatalysis on the final residue of the water treatment has been shown
Le, Gall Nolwenn. "Ascension et dégazage des magmas basaltiques : approche expérimentale." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2044/document.
Full textFor a better understanding of the dynamics of ascent and eruption of basaltic magmas, we have performed high pressure (200–25 MPa) and high temperature (1200°C) decompression experiments specifically oriented to document gas bubble nucleation processes. Bubble nucleation occurs first during magma degassing and, so, it is critical to understand bubble nucleation processes to constrain the evolution of the gas phase (which is the driving force of explosive eruptions) in the volcanic conduit. Four main sets of experiments were conducted to better assess the role of the major volatiles (H2O, CO2, S), as well as the effects of ascent rate and crystals, on bubble vesiculation (nucleation, growth, coalescence) kinetics in basaltic magmas. The aim of the study is to understand the mechanisms which control the textural (number, size, shape of bubbles) and the chemical (dissolved volatile concentrations, gas composition) characteristics of natural products, and also to approach them experimentally. In this way, experimental melts, before and after decompression, were analysed texturally (by X-ray microtomography and MEB) and chemically (by FTIR and electron microprobe). Our results demonstrate a strong influence of CO2 on degassing mode (equilibrium vs. disequilibrium) and mechanisms, which are shown to be controlled by differences in solubility and diffusivity between the main volatile species. Finally, our data, obtained under conditions closely approaching natural eruptions, have volcanological implications for the interpretation of bubble textures and gas measurements, as well as, more specifically, for the dynamics of Strombolian paroxysms
Sutter, Benjamin. "Étude de l'évaporation d'aérosols liquides semi-volatils collectés sur médias fibreux." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL067N/document.
Full textThis study falls within the scope of improving knowledge concerning evaporation of semi-volatile liquid aerosols collected on fibrous filters. Under these conditions, the aerosol evaporation phenomenon causes problems of safety, in particular over-exposure of employees to vapours downstream of general air filtering systems. Furthermore, when controlling aerosol atmospheric concentrations, evaporation results in under-estimation of the sampled aerosol particle phase and this is clearly problematic in exposure prevention terms. The aim of this work was therefore to record a large number of experimental data, both to make up for their scarcity in the literature and to improve previously developed theoretical models. Two experimental approaches were implemented to identify the evaporation process for a collected aerosol. The first, termed the global approach, allowed us to monitor aerosol evaporation by measuring vapour quantity downstream of the filter with respect to time. The second, microscopic, approach considers evaporation of droplets collected on the filter fibres on a microscopic scale. The two approaches implemented during this research lead to agreement on the fact that evaporation of a liquid semi-volatile aerosol cannot be satisfactorily represented by the theoretical models proposed in the literature. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the divergence in evaporation kinetics between theoretical and experimental work
Ogeskär, Tobias. "Forensisk analys av volatilt minne från operativsystemet OS X." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-17319.
Full textThe need to analyze volatile memory on Macintosh computers with OS X has become increasingly important due to the fact that their computers have become more popular and volatile memory analysis has become a more important part of an IT-forensics work. The reason volatile memory analysis has become more important is that it's possible to find information that’s not stored permanently on the computer’s hard drive. The problem that formed the basis for this thesis was that it was obvious there was a lack of methods of investigation of the volatile memory for Macs running OS X.The aim of this work was therefore to investigate the possibility of extracting information from a volatile memory from a Mac computer with OS X by identifying and assessing different methods of investigation. To do this investigation, literature studies, informal interviews, own knowledge and practical attempts have been conducted.It was concluded that the ability to extract information from the volatile memory from a Mac-computer with OS X is relatively limited. The biggest problem is the dumping of the memory. Many of the available dumping methods require administrative rights. When analyzing a memory dump you should never rely on one analyze method since different analyze methods give different results that can be useful for further investigation of a Mac-computer.
Dutra, Camila Braga. "Determinação de nitrosaminas volateis em salsichas "hot dog"." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256306.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Nitrito e nitrato são os principais ingredientes usados no processo de cura conferindo aroma e cor avermelhada caracteristicos dos produtos curados como, por exemplo, a salsicha e atuando como antioxidantes e antimicrobianos, impedindo o crescimento de Clostridium botulinum. O efeito tóxico mais relevante da presença de nitrato e nitrito é a formação de nitrosaminas as quais são compostos N-nitroso que podem ser formados da reação de agentes nitrosantes com aminas secundárias ou terciaérias. a maior exposição a estes compostos acontece através dos alimentos, onde o modo de preparo e processamento tem grande influência na quantidade de nitrosaminas presente no alimento, sendo que a formação de nitrosaminas durante o processamento pode ser reduzida por incorporação de inibidores, tais como, ácido ascórbico ou xtocoferol. A nitrosaminas voláteis são as que mais ocorrem em alimentos, e são potentes carcinógenos em animais de laboratório induzindo tumores em vários orgãos. O propósito do presente estudo foi otimizar e validar o método de amostragem "headspace" por microestração em fase sólida (SPME, do inglês Solid Phase Microextraction) usando cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um dectector de quimioluminescência ) TEA, do inglês Thermal Energy Analyser) para a determinação de nitrosaminas voláteis em salsichas "hot-dog". As amostras foram adquiridas bo comércio da cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Nas amostras analisadas não foram encontradas nitrosaminas voláteis em níveis detectáveis. Diferentes modos de preparo, como cozimento em água e fritura, não contribuíram para a formação de nitosaminas. Os resultados indicam a ausência de nitrosaminas nas amostras analisadas devido, possivelmente, aos baixos teores de nitrito disponível para a reação com as aminas prsentes na carne e/ou pela ação efetiva do ascorbato de sódio atuando como inibidor da formação de nitrosaminas
Abstract: During the curing process, nitrite and nitrate are the principal ingridients udes for curing. They confer and colored color characteristic of the cured meat as sausage, and act as antioxidants and antimicrobial, comtrolling the growth of Clostridium botulinum. The most important toxic effect of the presence of nitrate and nitrite is the formation of nitrosamines. These are N-nitroso compounds that can be formed by the reaction of the nitrosating agents with secundary or tertiary amines. The major exposure to these compounds happens through foodstuffs, where the procedures of preparation and processing have great influence in the present amount of nitrosamines in the food. The formation of nitrosamines during the processing can be reduced by incorporation of inhibitors, such as, ascorbic acid or x-tocoferol. The volatile nitrosamines are the ones that occur in foods more frequentely, and are strong carcinogens in laboratory animals inducing tumors in a variety of organs. The purpose of the present study was to optimize and to validate a simple method using headspace sampling by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography with thermal energy analyzer detector (HS-SOME-GC-TEA) for the determination of volatile nitrosamines in hot-dog sausages. The samples were purchased from local markets (Campinas, São Paulo). In the analyzed samples volatile nitrosamines have not been found in detectable levels. Different cooking procedures, as boiled in water and frying, did not contributr to the formation of nitrosamines. The results indicate the absence of nitrosamines in the samples nalyzed possibly because of low content of available nitrite for the reaction with the amines found in the meat and because of the action of dodium ascorbate acting as inhibitor for the formation of nitrosamines
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
Vunda, Sita Luvangadio Lukoki. "Estudo químico e biológico de espécies de croton (euphorbiaceae) nativas do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/40406.
Full textThe family Euphorbiaceae has been highlighted by the production of compounds of industrial interest and importance for the food. Several representatives species are of interest due to production of volatile oils. Examples are species of Croton that have medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial and healing. Some species of the genus Croton, widely distributed in Rio Grande do Sul, were investigated in order to analyze the chemical composition of volatile oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of the plants. Three species were collected in different localities of Rio Grande do Sul, Croton pallidulus, C. isabelli and C. ericoides. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Sesquiterpenes and Monoterpenes were the major compounds identified in the oils of C. pallidulus, C. isabelli and C. ericoides. Additionally, the volatile oils obtained from each species were tested for amebicidal activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Both the volatile oil of C. pallidulus and that of C. ericoides showed activity against A. polyphaga, but the latter was more active: the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, was able to kill 87% of trophozoites, while the oil of C. pallidulus, at the same concentration, killed only 29% of trophozoites. The volatile oil of C. isabelli was the one that showed less activity; in a concentration of 10 mg/mL, the oil killed only 4% of trophozoites. The volatile oils of the three species showed a cytotoxic effect in VERO cells determined by the MTT method. The oil of C. ericoides, the most active against the Acanthamoeba, presented also the highest cytotoxicity. .In addition, the volatile oils of C. pallidulus and C. ericoides were assayed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the bioautography method. It was found that the oils of C. pallidulus and C. ericoides inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. With respect to P. aeruginosa no inhibition of bacterial growth by both species of Croton was observed.
Besse-Deleaval, Julie. "Dynamique des micro-polluants semi-volatils : transferts à l'interface sol-air." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976002.
Full textPrades, Prades-Gibert Alexia. "Etude de l'évolution de la qualité de l'eau de coco en fonction du stade de maturité et lors de sa stabilisation par chauffage ohmique et traitement membranaire." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20195.
Full textCoconut water, the clear liquid located into the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a refreshing tropical beverage driving a valuable market expansion. This fruit juice exhibits original properties due to its specific mineral composition, its low content in soluble sugars, and its aroma. However, its physicochemical properties have been rarely investigated. Coconut water stabilization remains a technological challenge, in particular due to the presence of the two enzymes PPO and POD, and to the thermo-sensitivity of aromatic compounds. Thus, this work aimed first at describing the physicochemical characteristics and the aromatic profile of the coconut water of five varieties being collected at three stages of maturity. From these data, an overall raw material quality index was defined which will favor the prediction of the processing potential into beverage of a coconut variety. Secondly, an investigation of the coconut water degradation at tropical ambient temperature (30°C) highlighted the critical stages of the phenomenon. Finally, some coconut water sterilization trials were carried out using two different techniques: an ohmic heater batch reactor, and an ultrafiltration pilot with 10, 20, 50, and 100nm membranes. The ohmic heating favored the inactivation of both POD and PPO enzymes (with an optimal 5s/140°C treatment), while inducing some modification of the aromatic profile. The 20nm ultrafiltration membrane permitted to obtain valuable densities of flux from an economic point of view, the full retention of the enzymes, whereas a significant amount of ester compounds seemed to be retained by the selected membrane
Leroy, Clémence. "L'iode et le xénon dans les magmas : deux comportements différents." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066094/document.
Full textThe presence of magmas at depth helps to constrain past and actual geological processes. Magmas (i.e. silicate melts) participate in geochemical cycles of volatile elements, as vectors of chemical transfers. We study two complementary volatile elements: iodine (I), a halogen, and xenon (Xe), a noble gas. Their extinct 129I/129Xe isotopic system (half-life of 15.7Ma) is used to date Hadean processes and Earth’s atmosphere formation since the atmosphere originated from the Magma Ocean’s evolution. However, little is known about the behavior of both iodine and xenon in silicate melts at depth, under HT and HP conditions. Our experimental protocol aims at elucidating the incorporation process of xenon and iodine in silicate melts, and their solubility. To understand the incorporation of iodine and xenon in magmas, the structure of silicate melts was investigated by in situ diamond anvil cells and Paris-Edinburgh press experiments coupled with X-ray diffraction characterization. Iodine and xenon’s solubility, along with water content are obtained by PIXE and ERDA methods using a nuclear microprobe. At high pressure, iodine has a high solubility (about few wt.%) in magmas. Preliminary results on iodine incorporation in basaltic melt show an absence of covalent bond. At high pressure and temperature conditions (T>300°C – P>1GPa), xenon forms a Xe-O covalent bond with the oxygens of the 6-membered-rings of the melt network. Its solubility in silicate melts is also high (about 4wt.% in haplogranite melts at 1600°C and 3.5GPa). Considering the xenon and iodine differential behavior in melts at depth, a revision of dating models in xenon and iodine cycles must be considered
Fabris, Samanta. "Desenvolvimento e validação de metodo analitico para a determinação de contaminantes volateis provenientes de embalagens de PET (polietileno tereftalato) e sua aplicação em PET pos-consumo." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256317.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O principal enfoque do presente trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico para a determinação de contaminantes voláteis provenientes de embalagens de polietileno tereftalato (PET), utilizando na etapa de extração a técnica de concentração dinâmica do espaço livre e técnicas cromatográficas para a identificação e quantificação. O método foi validado utilizando-se cromatografia a gás com detector de ionização de chama (CG/DIC). Cromatografia a gás acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM) foi utilizada como técnica de confirmação na identificação de substâncias oriundas da embalagem PET. Na etapa de otimização e validação do sistema, tolueno, clorobenzeno, benzaldeido e limoneno foram utilizados como representantes de classes de substâncias voláteis apolares e polares. A condição ótima de extração foi de 155°C por um tempo de 90 minutos. O método desenvolvido foi utilizado para avaliar dois processos de lavagem de embalagens PET pós-consumo atualmente empregados no Brasil. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os contaminantes voláteis não são totalmente removidos pelos processos de lavagem avaliados, podendo causar risco à saúde do consumidor se o material reciclado for utilizado para contato direto com alimentos
Abstract: The main approach of the present work was the development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of volatile contaminants from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging, using the headspace dynamic concentration technique in the extraction stage and chromatographic techniques for identification and quantification. The method was validated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Gas chromatography connected with mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used as technique of confirmation in the substance identification of PET packaging. In the stage of system optimization and validation, toluene, chlorobenzene, benzaldehyde and limonene had been used as class representative of polar and apolar volatile substances. The best condition of extraction was 155°C for 90 minutes. The developed method was used to evaluate two washing processes of PET post-consumer packaging currently employed in Brazil. The results indicated that volatile contaminants are not totally removed by the evaluated washing processes, potentially causing risk to consumer health if the recycled material will be used in direct contact with foods
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
Candelon, Nicolas. "Conception et développement d'une nouvelle méthode d'analyse de précuseurs cysteinyles d'arômes du vin et d'indicateurs de maturité." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14145/document.
Full textAnalytical methods for the detection and quantification of wines aroma typically utilise HPLC-MS or GC-MS. The methods require some isolation and concentration step preceding the analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are becoming either alternative complementary analytical tools to conventional methods because of their rapidity, sensitivity, selectivity, and low cost. In this Thesis, the applicability of ELISAs for detection and quantification of precursors of volatile thiols and alkylmethoxypyrazines, which have been isolated from wines, made from Cabernet Sauvignon or Sauvignon Blanc, are described
Manoukian, Audrey. "Développement d'un dispositif expérimental pour la mesure des émissions induites par la combustion des parfums d'ambiance." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4823/document.
Full textThe indoor air composition is complex and widely influenced by human activities. These practices generate organic compound and particles. Growing concerns about indoor air quality and its impact on health have forced the government to make more studies. Among the human practices, recent studies shown that incense and candle combustion could result in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particles. However, there is no standard sample protocol for measuring these emissions. The results comparison is then largely controversy. French manufacturers want to develop a methodology for emissions controlling due to the combustion of incense and candle processes. Through this experimental system, they want to learn much more about these processes and emissions control to anticipate the new law. Thus, after studying about the types of pollutants and sampling/analysis protocol associated, three types of studies were conducted. The first study was carried in a room of a house, to determine which kind of compounds were emitted (VOCs and particulate matter) and their concentration levels. The second study was to apply a full factorial design in a chamber emission test, to determine temperature, relative humidity and air exchange rates emissions influences. Finally, in a last study, the method and the knowledge acquired previously were transferred to a climate test chamber of small volume, allowing manufacturers to make routine analysis
Zhang, Yujie. "Atmospheric measurements and degradation mechanisms of a number of volatile organic compounds." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2048.
Full textCarbonyls and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes) represent an important class of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the atmosphere. They are emitted into the atmosphere through anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Their atmospheric degradation leads to the formation of ozone, photooxidants and organic aerosols affecting the air quality at the local and regional scales and human health. It is, hence, of importance to measure their atmospheric concentrations and investigate their fate. In the present thesis, we have conducted a systematic measurement study of carbonyls and BTEX in Beijing during the period of Jul 2008-Aug 2010 in order to evaluate their ambient levels, possible sources and the influence of characteristic weather conditions. In a separate work, we performed a series of experimental studies on the OH-initiated oxidation of isopropyl formate, isobutyl formate, and n-propyl isobutyrate using the ICARE-CNRS (Orleans) simulation chamber from which we derived the product yields. The data obtained are presented and discussed
Chevalier, Vincent. "Purification de l'air des cabines aéronautiques : Élaboration d'adsorbants innovants et compréhension de leurs comportements à des teneurs en composés organiques volatils sub-ppm." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI093.
Full textAircraft is a means transport in strong growth which does not escape the requirements of a public more and more sensitized with indoor air quality. In addition, the arrival of future regulations limiting the concentration of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) in aircraft cabins requires the development of innovative air treatment solutions the compactness and energy consumption are compatible with the constraints of the sector. In view of these constraints, adsorption is the most appropriate method. Activated carbon is the most used material as an absorbent despite some limitations, especially with regard to its selectivity and regeneration.The aim of this work is to improve the understanding of adsorption phenomena at low concentration pollutants and to study alternative materials to activated carbon via the development and functionalization of adsorbents. Five materials (activated carbon, zeolite, mesoporous silica and Metal-Organic Frameworks) with varied chemical properties (polarity, presence of cations, etc.) and physical properties (specific surface area, pore size, etc.) were tested on a bench made during the present work under sub-ppm concentration conditions. The interactions (adsorption / desorption) between these materials and five chemical pollutants representative of the major families of indoor air quality pollutants have been studied under various conditions (mono-pollutant mixture, multi-pollutant, moisture, etc.). Finally, particular attention has been given to the adsorption of acetaldehyde, which is very poorly adsorbed by the usual adsorbents, through the synthesis of mesoporous silicas and functionalized zeolites to react specifically with this pollutant
Planchais, Arnaud. "Etude des performances de matériaux hybrides MOFs pour le captage de COVs." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20228.
Full textThe Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a recent class of hybrid porous solids, appears as valuable candidates for various applications related to their sorption abilities. The optimization of their performances requires a control of the parameters that govern the adsorption process, including the confined species/MOF interactions and the synergic dynamics of the system. In this context, experimental tools (Complex Impedance Spectroscopy, X Ray Diffraction, volumetric adsorption…) were combined with molecular simulations (Density Functional Theory, Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics calculations) to explore the benzene adsorption of MOFs in terms of capacity and microscopic mechanism. Different series of MOFs were selected to address the impact of various features, including the lattice flexibility, the presence of extra-framework cations and the ligand functionalization, on their adsorption performances. Benzene and water were considered as adsorbents separately, before exploring the co-adsorption of various benzene/water mixtures. The rationalization of the data allowed us to understand why some of the selected solids, showing interesting benzene/water selectivity, are likely to be used for the capture of benzene traces in humid conditions
Jiang, Zhaohui. "Atmospheric measurements of a series of volatiles organic compounds." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2014.
Full textCarbonyls and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene) are two important groups of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) present in the atmosphere. They have a significant contribution to the formation of oxidants such as ozone, PAN and other photooxidants in the troposphere. In addition, they have adverse effects on human health. In this work, atmospheric concentrations of carbonyls and aromatic hydrocarbons were measured and quantified using GC-MS and HPLC techniques at a semi-urban site in Orleans (ICARE, France), from June 2010 to August 2011. Urban ambient air sampling was also performed in 6-28th June 2013 in Beijing (RCEES-CAS, China). It has been conducted in order to compare the measured concentrations of the investigated species in two different sites using the same analytical techniques. All results are presented and discussed
Deuscher, Zoé. "Identifier les marqueurs clés de la qualité organoleptique des chocolats pour prédire leurs caractéristiques sensorielles." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK012.
Full textConsumers’ appreciation of chocolate is mostly due to its aromatic composition. Perception of this component is clearly linked to the release of aroma compounds during chocolate consumption. A systematic sensory evaluation is conducted by the Valrhona Company in order to qualify their pure origin dark chocolates manufactured according to a standard process from differing cocoa batches. The obtained sensory profiles allow classifying the chocolates into four sensory categories, named poles. The objective of the present work was to understand the molecular origin of this sensory classification by using techniques aimed at characterizing volatile organic compounds (VOC) responsible for chocolate flavour.Firstly, global VOC profiles of a set of 206 chocolate samples classified in the four sensory poles were analysed by a direct injection mass spectrometry method using proton transfer reaction as ionisation process (PTR-ToF-MS). A supervised multivariate data analysis based on discriminant analysis of the PLS-DA type allowed the construction of a classification model that showed excellent prediction capability based on VOC composition of the chocolates. Variable selection using dedicated methods pinpointed some volatile compounds important for the chocolates sensory discrimination.Then, the aroma potential of 12 chocolate samples (chosen among the 206 ones with three samples representative of each pole) was investigated on aroma extracts obtained by distillation under vacuum. Gas chromatography coupled to olfactometry (GC-O) and to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect and identify the odorous compounds. GC-O data were obtained by 12 assessors using the detection frequency method. Aroma compounds allowing the discrimination of the sensory poles were determined thanks to a correspondence analysis.Finally, a nosespace analysis conducted by 12 assessors on 8 chocolates (two in each pole among the preceding 12) was realised using PTR-MS. This analysis was conducted simultaneously with a temporal sensory analysis (Temporal Dominance of Sensations, TDS), allowing temporal instrumental and sensorial data to be obtained. A principal component analysis (PCA) conducted on the TDS data revealed a good discrimination of the sensory poles, with similar dominant attributes in poles 1 and 4, on the one hand, and in poles 2 and 3, on the other hand. The nosespace data displayed real time release curves of 26 aroma compounds. The relationships between instrumental and sensory data were investigated thanks to the AWD (Abundance While Dominance) index that measures the abundance (area under the curve) of each ion during the dominance of a given sensation. Correspondence analyses of the AWD indices conducted for each chocolate sample allowed to define some relationships between dominant sensations and some released aroma compounds
Löfberg, Pontus, and Martin Ragnvid. "Aktiv förvaltning : en utvärdering under volatil tid." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10907.
Full textUnder många år har det förekommit en debatt i både den akademiska världen och på den finansiella marknaden huruvida en aktivt förvaltningsstrategi kan generera överavkastning kontra ett index. Flertalet experter säger att strategin i sig är ett tilltag från fondbolag och banker för att generera intäkter i form av höga förvaltningsavgifter och strategin har oerhört svårt att generera mervärden åt aktörer som nyttjar deras tjänster. Således är det nästintill omöjligt att på en effektiv marknad, skapa ett mervärde för investerare över en längre tidperiod. Inget argument har bara en sida dock, andra experter menar att strategin kan skapa en funktionell betydelse då investerare allt som oftast uppvisar ett irrationellt beteende som ger upphov till felprissättningar på finansiella tillgångar. Syftet med studien blir därför att se huruvida en aktiv förvaltningsstrategi kan skapa högre riskjusterade avkastningar med hänsyn till förvaltningsavgifter än ett valt jämförelseindex under tider med hög volatilitet, då osäkerheten kan anses som störst. Vi studerade tidsperioden 2003-2012 och fann att det mest volatila året med en bred marginal var 2008, det här året blev då fokus för vår studie när vi valde att se över tider med hög volatilitet. För att styrka studiens tillförlitlighet insamlades kontinuerligt förräntade dagsavkastningarna och dagsvolatilitet uppskattades för 250 fonder och utgjorde därmed grunden för studien. Tillsammans med Sharpekvoten och en modifierad Sharpekvot fann vi svårigheter med att påvisa ett reliabelt resultat under riskåret 2008. Svårigheterna mynnade sedermera fram till ett tvådimensionellt riskmått för 2008 och Sharpekvoten för hela den valda tidsperioden. Resultatet av studien konstaterade att riskåret 2008 påvisade en frekvensmässig högre riskjusterad avkastning med hänsyn till förvaltningsavgifter för fonder gentemot S&P 500. Resultatet visade även att fonder generellt genererade en högre riskjusterad avkastning än S&P 500 oavsett om man exkluderade förvaltningsavgifter eller ej, resultatet var således signifikant för hela den aggregerade tidsperioden. Konklusionen från studien blir således att en aktiv förvaltningsstrategi kan generera mervärde till investerare oavsett om man exkluderade förvaltningsavgifter eller ej och oavsett om marknadens omgivits av osäkerhet eller ej.
Wallens, Sabine A. J. G. "Modélisation des émissions de composés volatils par la végétation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241310.
Full textZannoni, Nora. "OH reactivity measurements in the Mediterranean region." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS163/document.
Full textThe total OH reactivity is the total loss rate of the hydroxyl radical with the reactive gases in ambient air. It represents the measure of the total loading of reactants in a given environment.Here we present an experimental work focusing on the technical improvements of the Comparative Reactivity Method to measure the OH reactivity on the field and field measurements of OH reactivity at two targeted sites in the Mediterranean basin.The measured OH reactivity was high at both sites. At a receptor site in Corsica (France) during summer 2013, we observed that the OH reactivity was maximum 17 s-1, on average 5.5 s-1 and during one week only 50% was explained by the complementary measurements in the gas phase.At a forest of downy oak trees, high isoprene emitters, in the south of France, we observed that the OH reactivity was maximum 69 s-1, in agreement with the reactivity calculated from the measurements of reactive gases only during daytime.This thesis work highlights that: (i) the Mediterranean basin is a strong emitter of reactive gases, (ii) the reactivity measured in these two sites in the Mediterranean was strongly impacted by the biogenic emissions, (iii) there are still many unknowns associated to measures of biogenic volatiles primary emitted and secondary produced. Such unknowns might be reduced in the future by coupling the measurement of the OH reactivity with plants enclosures and chambers studies as well as modelling approaches
Pessiot, Jérémy. "Développement d'une unité pilote de bioraffinerie permettant la mixogenèse en continu à partir de la biomasse non alimentaire via la fermentation anaérobie mésophile." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22524.
Full textFossil oil reserves are decreasing, oil prices are fluctuating, and the CO 2 released by oil consumption contributes to global warming. These are driving our society towards increased use of biomass for energy, chemical compounds and other materials. Minimizing waste has been seen as a concern associated with alternative energy efforts. Contrary to expectation, increasing organic waste can be beneficial for alternative energy efforts, because it would result in large amounts of organic resources that can be potential raw materials. Moreover, using waste as a resource for bioenergy production does not compete with human or animal food or agricultural surfaces, and that is one of the greatest challenges facing biotechnology. Using waste as a resource for biomolecule production would thus be an interesting approach to reducing waste in the environment and producing renewable materials. Under specific conditions, detrital biomass can be converted into biomolecules of interest by microorganisms. Anaerobic fermentation techniques represent promising engineering processes for accomplishing the dual goals of waste reduction and renewable biomolecule production for biofuel and green chemistry markets. On the other hand, innovative fermentation processes are necessary for the strong, successful, cost-effective and eco-friendly production of bulk chemicals from renewable resources. In this context, AFYREN company was thought and founded to answer this world challenge through its “all in one” technology, AFYNERIE, which is inspired from the nature and sciences. The first objective of this thesis, heart of the AFYNERIE process, was to study the performances of anaerobic microorganisms, in the form of pure strains or of consortia for the valorization of more or less complex substrata via a process of failed methanogenesis. For that purpose, it was necessary to consider, already at the laboratory scale, a projection in the industrial world. Then, we demonstrated the capacities of the microbial diversity to produce platform molecules from real agro-industrial by-products in sterile and then non sterile mode. This study leaned in parallel on the characterization and the dynamics of involved microbial populations. Then, the accumulation of metabolites, which are at the same time inhibitory and of interest, in fermentative media in batch mode and with competitive yields, resulted in the necessity of surpassing these limitations by the passage in a continuous mode. To do this, a process consisted of a biocompatible extraction of synthons stemming from the operation of fermentation was implemented according to different mode of realizations. This coupling of single operations, in the form of extractive fermentation, delivered promising results while builds in a frame of biorefinery and industrial ecology which tightens towards a “zero waste”. Finally, contrary to the other emergent technologies, to take place in a drop-in approach, biology and chemistry were associated. The purpose was to illustrate the versatility of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in terms of industrial applications and to realize the proof of concept of the transformation of the non-food biomass in biomolecules of energy and chemical interest. These works allowed to underline key points of the scale-up of AFYNERIE process and to glimpse perspectives fundamental as well as applied perspectives. This technological brick, due to its multi-inputs / multi-products philosophy, coupling fermentation-extraction-synthesis, allows to introduce the transition to the pilot stage of an innovative process compatible with a future biobased economy
Berrou, Kevin. "Développement d’outils innovants pour l'étude de l’infection chronique." Thesis, Nîmes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NIME0001.
Full textOne of the major challenges in the management of diabetic foot wounds is to obtain information to anticipate the evolution of these infections. Currently, there are no sufficiently effective tools to distinguish a colonized wound to an infected wound. The proposed approach is based on the discrimination of several bacteria frequently found in chronic diabetic foot wounds from their metabolic profile, and more specifically the volatile metabolites they produce. Indeed, the dynamism of bacterial metabolism would be able to highlight the changes that are occurring in the wound. First, a new methodology for the concentration of volatile metabolites by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) was developed. It is based on the use of stir bars that are placed both in the culture medium and in headspace, followed by GC-MS analysis. The method was then compared with another concentration method using the fibres (SPME) and we highlighted a better concentration capacity with a more sensitive detection. This methodology was then used to monitor the metabolic production of six bacterial strains grown under conditions mimicking the chronic wound. Their metabolic profile allowed us to distinguish bacterial species. Moreover, more surprisingly, it was possible to distinguish two strains of Staphylococcus aureus with different virulence profiles. Finally, a co-culture was performed and we showed that 83% of the metabolites produced in simple culture were found, proving the interest of the methodology to distinguish bacterial strains of the same species within a wound
Conte, Ludivine. "Emissions océaniques de gaz d’intérêt pour la chimie atmosphérique - Modélisation des dynamiques océaniques du CO, de l’isoprène et du DMS." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV007.
Full textPhytoplankton activity is responsible for the oceanic production of volatile compounds which, once released into the atmosphere, have an impact on its oxidative capacity, on aerosol formation and on climate evolution. The oceanic emissions of most of these compounds are, however, poorly known because of a low number of in situ observations and a lack of knowledge in the oceanic processes involved. In a first step, I studied the oceanic cycles of carbon monoxide (CO) and isoprene (C5H8). In order to re-evaluate their emissions to the atmosphere, the sources and sinks of these gases in the water column have been embedded into the 3-D ocean circulation and marine biogeochemistry model NEMO-PISCES. In parallel, I compiled in situ measured oceanic concentrations and laboratory results from the literature to better constrain these oceanic processes. I produced the first spatialization of CO and isoprene emissions based on a 3-D ocean model and not relying on satellite data for the calculation of concentrations. For CO, global emissions are estimated to 4.0 Tg C yr-1, with a spatial dynamic reflecting its photochemical source. This dynamic is very different from the one produced in the 80s, which was the only one available to the atmospheric chemistry community. For isoprene, I showed the importance of water temperature in regulating the phytoplankton production. Global emissions are estimated to 0.66 Tg C yr-1, with a spatial dynamic reflecting this source. For both compounds, I also showed the importance of ocean circulation and mixing in determining surface concentrations and therefore emissions to the atmosphere. In a second step, I studied the responses of oceanic emissions of CO, isoprene and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to climate change. This leads to an increase in the emissions of the 3 gases (+9.4, +4.2 and +6.5% for CO, isoprene and DMS in 2100 for a scenario with high emissions of greenhouse gases). Emissions tend to increase at high latitudes and decrease at lower latitudes. Global changes are mainly controlled by changes in water temperature, while changes in spatial distribution are controlled by a redistribution of phytoplankton production. Even if the uncertainties in modeling these cycles are still important, this work should allow integrating these cycles into an Earth System model coupling marine biogeochemistry and atmospheric chemistry, in order to better quantify the potential role of these interactions on the evolution of atmospheric chemistry and climate
Daussy, Juliane. "Les effets du changement climatique sur les émissions volatiles des grandes cultures et forêts du Sud de la France." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG010.
Full textSince the twentieth century, the mean temperature and atmospheric concentration of CO2 have been constantly increasing and climate models suggest even greater future increases. The modification of climatic factors impacts Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by terrestrial vegetation. These compounds are essential for plants’ interactions with their biotic and abiotic environment and are involved in multiple chemical reactions in the atmosphere since they modify the concentrations of greenhouse gases and participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. The degree of involvement of VOCs in climate change and the importance of its feedback on volatile emissions need to be clarified. Isoprenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) are the most emitted VOCs by terrestrial vegetation and the most reactive species in the atmosphere. The individual and combined effects of temperature and CO2 concentration are relatively well known on isoprene emissions, but it remains unclear for monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes: the emission of these compounds can vary according to the presence or the absence of storage structures in the plant and can be modified by the induction of biotic stress.The main aim of this thesis was therefore to clarify the short-term and long-term effects of an increase in temperature and CO2 concentration on the VOCs emitted by 3 plants typical of agroecosystems in the south of France and whose emission strategies differ: sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), a strong emitter of constituent VOCs stored in glandular trichomes, holm oak (Quercus ilex), a strong emitter of novo-synthesized constituent VOCs and maize (Zea mays) strong emitter of VOCs induced by biotic stress. The plants were grown in air-conditioned greenhouses under 4 different climatic scenarios: 2 temperature regimes (25 - 30 °C) were associated with 2 CO2 concentrations (400 - 800 ppm) in a 2x2 factorial plan. VOC emissions from plants in different greenhouses were then measured under different assay conditions according to the same design to separate the short- and long-term effects of the 2 parameters. Secondly, we looked at the variability of VOC emissions within the same species, maize. The emissions of 21 maize genotypes were quantified before and after the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant hormone simulating biotic stress.The results of these experiments show that overall the short-term increase in temperature increases volatile emissions, the increase in CO2 concentration decreases them, and that the increase in the two parameters increases them. There is however an effect of the presence of storage structures on the response to CO2 and of the category of VOCs on the response of emissions to temperature. The long-term impact of climate parameters on emissions is more vague: no effect of growth under elevated temperature was found on emissions, a negative effect of growth under elevated CO2 was found on VOCs emitted by Artemisia annua, and the growth under elevated temperature and elevated CO2 does not modify the total quantity but modifies the proportions of VOCs induced in Zea mays. The study of intraspecies variability has shown that there are qualitative and quantitative differences between the emissions of maize genotypes and that the amplitude of response of emissions to biotic stress depends on the genotype. Overall, MeJA induced the synthesis and release of new VOCs and increased the amount of VOCs emitted. These results provide new information on the possible repercussions of the choice of variety on the atmospheric load of VOCs in agroecosystems and suggest that the quantity and quality of VOCs emitted in response to climate change are dependent on the species but also on possible biotic stress
Jorlöv, David. "Utvinning av volatil-data : En jämförelse av olika verktygs påverkan på Windows XP och 7 vid en volatil-data-utvinning." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-23206.
Full textBertrand, Martin. "Suivi de l'ATP et des protéines du biofilm dans un bioréacteur a lit fluidisé fermentant un perméat de lactosérum reconstitué /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2002. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textAffonso, Nobrega Pedro Henrique. "Conception et mise au point d’un réacteur plasma innovant pour le traitement de composés organiques volatils en milieu industriel." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM042/document.
Full textVolatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the atmosphere may have a strong odour impact and, being so, must be treated. Some long-established treatment techniques may be able to recover or destruct these compounds. However, these techniques are not suitable for high flow rates and/or low concentrations, typical conditions found in certain VOC-emitting industrial processes. A promising alternative is the use of non-thermal plasmas. This kind of plasma, obtained through non-equilibrium electric discharges, produce reactive species that prompt the destruction of volatile organic compounds. This thesis aims to conceive, build and test a reactor based on non-thermal plasmas for the abatement of volatile organic compounds at pilot scale, in order to demonstrate the feasability of using such a process to treat odourous compounds present in an industrial effluent. The obtained results show that, combined with a catalyst, the use of non-thermal plasmas for odour control in industrial scale has a real potential. In parallel, this thesis seeks a better understanding of the role played by mass transfer in a non-thermal plasma reactor through the use of an analytical model and numerical simulations. We show that mass transfer may become the limiting process of the treatment, and therefore requires special care throughout the design of a non-thermal plasma reactor
Beligon, Vanessa. "Valorisation d'acides gras volatils issus de fermentation anaérobie par la production de lipides microbiens, précurseurs de biodiesel." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22687/document.
Full textA great part of the global production of energy vectors and chemicals comes from fossil fuels refinery. Because of the increase in oil price and their environmental impacts, the search for alternative, ecological and economic solutions is a current challenge. The replacement of oil with biomass as raw material for the production of fuels and chemicals is the driving force for the development of biorefinery complexes.This study is part of a project aiming at the biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass for hydrogen and microbial lipids as biodiesel precursors. This work focuses on the biomass and lipids production step by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus using volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as carbon sources, which are synthesized during the anaerobic fermentation step. Yeast cultures have initially been realized using a model substrate, acetate, and fed-batch and continuous modes. The determination of the influence of different operating parameters on the biomass and lipids production led to the development of fed-batch cultures which kinetics, productivities and yields were competitive with those reported in the literature for cultures on simple substrates. A growth and lipid production model was built from these data to predict the behavior of the strain during continuous cultures and to obtain high lipid and biomass productivities. Finally, cultures were conducted using VFAs from anaerobic fermentation supernatant. The results confirmed the growth of these yeasts on this particular substrate and the production of lipids which composition was compatible with use as biodiesel
Barbet, Christelle. "Modélisation régionale de la composition chimique des aérosols prélevés au puy de Dôme (France)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22473/document.
Full textIn the atmosphere, aerosol particles play a key role on both climate change and human health due to their effect on air quality. These particles are made of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic species emitted from several sources. Although the sources and the production mechanisms for inorganic species are now quite well understood, the characterization of the organic fraction is much more difficult to study. Indeed, particulate organic matter comes from primary organic aerosols directly emitted to the atmosphere and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which are formed from gas-to-particle conversion of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Three-dimensional chemistry-transport models are developed to better understand the organic aerosol formation processes. However, these models underestimate the organic aerosol concentrations. The aim of this thesis is to study the transport, the emissions and the chemical transformations involved in the formation of the organic aerosols using the WRF-Chem chemistry-transport model (Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry; Grell .et al., 2005). Model outputs are compared to measurements performed at the puy de Dôme station (France) during three campaigns. These measurements allow for characterizing various air masses and different seasonal behaviours (in autumn, winter and summer). The station hosts many probes for controlling meteorological parameters, gas phase species and aerosol properties. In particular, a mass spectrometer (AMS: Aerosol Mass Spectrometer) provides detailed time evolution of the chemical composition and mass concentration of the particulate matter. The comparisons between model results and observations have shown that seasonal variations of the aerosol chemical composition are captured by the WRF-Chem model. However, the organic aerosols mass concentrations are strongly underestimated and this underestimation is more important for the polluted summer case. The calculated origins of air masses are comparable to the results of the lagrangian model HYSPLIT currently used for atmospheric dispersion. The top of the puy de Dôme is observed to be either in the boundary layer or above depending on the season and these observations are correctly reproduced by the WRF-Chem model. As the anthropogenic VOC concentrations are underestimated by WFR-Chem model, sensitivity tests on the anthropogenic VOC emissions and SOA yields, used in the VBS secondary organic aerosols parameterisation, are done to better reproduce the organic aerosol concentrations observed at the puy de Dôme station
Ousmane, Mohamad. "Destruction catalytique à basses températures des composés organiques volatils (COV)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10034.
Full textThe aim of the work was to study two classes of catalysts for the complete oxidation of volatile organic compounds. The target application for air pollution control is the total abatement of VOC at low temperature. Mixed oxide Co3O4-CeO2, were prepared by co-precipitation method. Among them, the mixed oxide corresponding to Co/Ce atomic ratio close to 1, was the best performing. The participation of surface oxygen species and high bulk mobile oxygen were the factors determining the high activity of Co30Ce in the total oxidation of propylene and toluene. Au (2wt%) and Pd (1wt%) catalysts were prepared over typical reducible oxides, such as CeO2 and TiO2. For comparison, catalysts over Al2O3, were also prepared. Moreover, the effect on the activity of Au and Pd supported over Al2O3 doped by cerium, manganese, iron and titanium was investigated. The so prepared Au and Pd catalysts were compared in the total oxidation of propylene. It was found that the activity of gold catalysts supported over un-doped oxides varied in the order: Au2%/Al2O3 < Au2%/TiO2 < Au2%/CeO2, while a different trend was observed for palladium catalysts: Pd1%/CeO2 < Pd1%/Al2O3 < Pd1%/TiO2. For Au catalysts, the nature of the support and the extent of interaction with the support are the key factors in determining the activity, whilst for the Pd supported ones, the activity seems to be governed by the nature of Pd species, Pd0/PdO, present in the catalyst. Au2%/Ce5%/Al2O3 and Pd1%/Ce5%/Al2O3 appear the best samples. The enhanced catalytic performances were attributed to high-oxygen mobility due to a defective ceria structure induced by the insertion of Al3+ ions into the lattice and also strong metal-support interaction between nanoparticles highly dispersed
Bourgeois, Pierre-Alexandre. "Textile lumineux en fibres optiques pour une application photocatalytique en phase gazeuse." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10046/document.
Full textThe indoor air pollution is a major challenge for human health. To reduce the concentrations of pollutants in confined area, our study is based on the design and testing of a new innovative photocatalytic media composed of textile which is lighted with microstructured optical fibres. The textile becomes photocatalytic after the coating of TiO2 with different methods. The optical fibers have then two fundamental roles: first to be the catalyst support and secondly to be the light transmission support from the source into the photocatalytic bed. The meeting of the three constituents of photocatalysis (UV photons, catalyst and pollutants) is then enhanced by the use of this type of sample. The structural and optical properties of this new material were characterized by surface analysis (optical microscopy and electronic secondary electron microscopy (ESEM)), with measurements of UV irradiance and methods to determinate the location of the TiO2 on the sample surface (Raman spectroscopy and EDX‐SEM). The influence of different parameters such as textile structure, coating method, irradiation characteristics, molar flow on the degradation of two volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and toluene, was studied and correlated to the physical‐chemical properties of the material
Nikolantonaki, Maria. "Incidence de l’oxydation des composés phénoliques sur la composante aromatique des vins blancs." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21770/document.
Full textOxidation reactions involving phenolics might change wines chemical and sensory profile. The present work concern the study of reactional mechanisms implying certain volatile thiols, responsible of distinctiveness and complexity of various wines, with white wines oxidized phenolic compounds, mainly flavan-3-ols. In a model wine solution, a different volatile thiol reactivity pattern according to their chemical nature with respect to oxidized flavan-3-ols forms was established. The adducts synthesis and characterization by NMR between the principal white musts and wines phenolic compounds and the 3-sulfanylhexanol, presenting citrus fruits nuances, were carried out under chemical and enzymatic oxidation conditions. Their formation monitoring by HPLC-ESI-MS highlighted a specific reactivity of thiol with polyphenolic substrate and established the catalytic role of metals (Fe2+) as well as, the antioxidant effect of sulphur dioxide into these mechanisms. The comprehension of fundamental mechanisms for the reactivity of (+)-catechin and of (-)-epicatechin with volatile thiols in oenological conditions enabled us to elucidate the influence of flavan-3-ols into white wines aroma compounds during wine making and ageing
Brodu, Nicolas. "Étude d’un procédé d’ozonation avancée sur zéolithe pour le traitement d’effluents organiques gazeux." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9144/1/brodu.pdf.
Full textBerglund, Erik, and Björn Bäckius. "Valutariskhantering under volatila förhållanden." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-4659.
Full textAllteftersom svenska företag utökar sina verksamheter på den globala marknaden uppstår nya möjligheter men även nya risker. De flesta länder har nu ett rörligt växelkurssystem vilket lett till att företagens valutarisker ökat. Volatiliteten på valutamarknaden har under de senaste åren ökat i omfattning vilket ökar betydelsen av fungerande valutariskhantering.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur vissa svenska multinationella företag hanterar sina valutarisker och om det har förändrats i tider av hög volatilitet på valutamarknaden och förändrat konjunktursläge.
- Hur identifierar och hanterar företag sina valutaexponeringar?
- Vilka faktorer inverkar på ett företags valutariskhantering?
- Förändras valutariskhanteringen vid ökad volatilitet på valutamarknaden och förändrat konjunkturläge?
I uppsatsen har vi använt oss utav en kvalitativ metod med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt för att uppnå en djupare förståelse av ämnet och på grund utav att uppsatsens syfte kräver en metod som möjliggör för oss författare att förstå tankesättet bakom handlingarna. Vi startade med att samla in sekundärdata för att skapa en teoretisk referensram att använda som bas att utgå våra intervjuer ifrån och analysera datan.
Slutsatserna vi som uppsatsskrivare kommit fram till av studien är att den ökade volatiliteten påverkat valutariskhanteringen och intresset av valutariskhantering ute på operativ nivå i företagen ökat. Uppsatsen visar även på att det osäkra marknadsläget lett till att företagen minskat säkringsnivåerna på deras exponeringar för att undvika att bli översäkrad.
Vi anser att det vore intressant att använda sig av ett större urval företag (alternativt att fokusera branschvis) ur en längre tidsperiod. Det har även uppkommit frågor under uppsatsen gång som vi inte kunnat gå in närmare på, exempelvis hur företagen arbetar med den ekonomiska exponeringen. Även en studie som närmare undersöker IAS 39s påverkan på företagens valutariskhantering vore intressant.
Uppsatsen har bidragit till ökad kunskap om vilka faktorer som påverkar valutariskhanteringsarbetet och hur valutariskhanteringen förändras under volatila och mer osäkra förhållanden.
As multinational Swedish companies extend their international operations they encounter new opportunities as well as new risks. Since most economies today has floating currency systems the currency risk for the firms also increases. During the last years substantially increased volatility on the currency market has lead to an increased importance of a functioning currency risk management.
The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate how some Swedish multinational firms manage their currency risks and how they have become affected of the increased market volatility and an uncertain economic situation.
- How do firms measure and manage their currency exposure?
- Which variables affect firms' currency risk management?
- Do the firms' currencies risk management change during an increased volatility and uncertain economic situation?
In this thesis we have chosen to use a qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach to gain a deeper knowledge in the subject since our purpose demands a greater depth to understand the firms' way of thinking. We started off with gathering secondary data to create a theoretical frame of reference. The framework was later used a as support for the interviews and as well for the analysis.
The conclusions we as writers made of this thesis was that the increased volatility affected the currency risk management and the interest to manage currency risks has risen on an operative levels. The thesis shows that the uncertain economic situation has lead to the firms have reduced their hedging levels to avoid become over hedged.
We would find it interesting to gather data from a greater amount of firms (or focus on specific industries) during a longer period of time. Because of our limited time we couldn't explore all the questions that have come up. For an example: a study on how firms manage their economic exposure. We would also like to see a study on how IAS 39 affects firms' currency risk management.
This thesis has contributed to increased knowledge about what variables influences firms' currency risk management and how the currency risk management changes in volatile and uncertain times.
Drimer, Saar. "Security for volatile FPGAs." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611612.
Full textDallongeville, Arnaud. "Exposition cumulée aux contaminants de l'air intérieur susceptibles d'induire des affections respiratoires chroniques de l'enfant." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B013/document.
Full textFor the last four decades, the prevalence of chronic respiratory affections in children has increased dramatically in developed countries. Occurring conditions of these affections are complex, but many studies suggest the important contribution of inhalation exposure to indoor air pollutants. In this context, this thesis aims to assess the cumulative exposure to a range of chemical and biological pollutants in indoor air in a given sample of dwellings. It also aims to create a typology of these dwellings based on their multi-contamination, and to build explanatory models for concentrations of pollutants based on characteristics of the dwellings and lifestyle of the occupants. An environmental survey was conducted in 150 dwellings from the Pelagie cohort, followed in Brittany since 2002. We measured the concentration of 8 aldehydes, 4 THMs, 22 other VOCs, 9 SVOCs and 4 mold genera in the air of these dwellings. Molds as well as four allergens were also measured in dust samples. Ambient parameters (temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide) were also measured. A questionnaire completed by families allowed collecting information on dwellings and their occupants: structure and history of the building, wall and floor coatings, cleaning, heating and ventilation habits, use of certain products or performing specific activities. These data were analyzed by multivariate statistical approaches, and linear and logistic regression models were used to link the concentrations of the contaminants with the housing characteristics. These measures showed an important and systematic contamination of the dwellings by a large amount of both chemical and biological contaminants, sometimes at relatively high levels regarding comparable studies and guideline values when they exist. Principal components analysis allowed to identify subgroups of compounds that could be interpreted in terms of sources, and to select representative compounds of each subgroup. A multiple factor analysis was used to classify the dwellings into 7 categories, each with a special multi-contamination profile. Finally, linear and logistic regression models built for the representative compounds explained between 5 and 60% of the variability of the concentrations, and highlighted the multiplicity of sources, the importance of a precise description of indoor environments, and the impact of the ambient parameters on these concentrations. This work thus describes an important contribution to the exposure assessment to indoor air contaminants and provides elements for prediction of exposures in indoor environments
Eliet-Barois, Sophie. "Détection, quantification et cinétique TéraHertz de molécules d'intérêt atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957068.
Full textRocklin, Pascal. "Conception de sondes de détection et développement de techniques de mesure in situ de la contamination de matrices solides (sols, déchets) par des composés organiques volatils." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL049N.
Full textEltouny, Nermin. "Reduction of anthropogenic volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds by nanomaterials and photolysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86968.
Full textLes composés volatiles et semi-volatiles organiques de sources anthropogéniques sont des polluants atmosphériques participant à la formation d'ozone troposphérique. Nous avons associé l'adsorption et la photolyse par rayons ultraviolets, pour enlever et détruire ces composés. Nous avons synthétisé des nanoparticules de magnétite, un matériel abondant dans la nature, afin d'éviter la création d'un autre problème de pollution comme il est parvenu avec l'utilisation des fluorocarbure chlorés. L'efficacité d'enlèvement par adsorption atteint un maximum de 98 % pour les composés aromatiques et un maximum de 30% pour les alcanes légers. Les particules ont été regénérées, caractérisées (MET, XRD, BET), et réutilisées; aucune baisse en efficacité d'enlèvement n'est notée. Les expériences de photolyse atteignent une réduction maximale de 30% pour les composés aromatiques et de 20% pour les alcanes légers. Sous nos conditions expérimentales, aucune amélioration n'est notée par l'association des deux processus (adsorption et photolyse). La réduction par adsorption est attribuée aux forces d'attraction London pour les alcanes et aux propriétés acides et basiques pour les aromatiques. La réduction par photolyse s'explique par la formation de radicaux réactifs.
Salls, Kevin. "Transport of Semi-Volatile and Non-Volatile Contaminants in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10256248.
Full textWater treatment requirements are steadily increasing globally, with higher demands on both the quality and quantity of water that systems must be able to deliver. These demands disproportionately impact small and rural water treatment systems, where economy of scale makes treating emerging contaminants and achieving higher water quality metrics significant concerns Systems such as reverse osmosis or traditional drinking water plants, may be inappropriate or impractical for these situations. One technology that may be applicable to these scenarios is membrane distillation (MD) as either a stand-alone treatment option or a polishing step. MD is an attractive technology for these small systems, with relatively simple operation and high documented rejection rates of metals, salts, and other non-volatile contaminants. The performance of MD with volatile and semi-volatile components is not as well understood, and the work discussed here seeks to develop an understanding of the factors that govern transport of these compounds within MD systems.
A novel, gas-tight direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system was developed to test a variety of non-volatile, semi-volatile, and volatile compounds in a closed-loop system. This bench scale system is the first of its kind, and allowed for more precise identification of contaminant transport than has been achieved in previous studies. A series of batch experiments were carried out using an array of salts and metals to test the transport of non-volatile substances that have been reported in the literature to be well rejected by MD. Further experiments were carried out with emerging contaminants of concern such as nitrogenous disinfection byproducts, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and other volatile and semi-volatile constituents. Concentrations of these compounds in the feed and the distillate tanks were measured at intervals to quantify compound behavior, and the data obtained was then compared against physical and chemical parameters of the compounds in question, providing insight into the phenomena governing their transport in these systems.
As a result of this work, it was determined that compound rejection in MD systems is governed largely by compound volatility, as defined by Henry’s Constant. Furthermore, the interpretation of the results indicates that passage of compounds across the membrane is an equilibrium process, dominated by temperature and compound concentration on either side of the membrane. This confirms, and provides a theoretical basis, for the theoretically perfect rejection of non-volatile compounds by MD systems that has often been documented, and explains the behavior of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in these same systems.
Lallement, Christophe. "Intoxication accidentelle par hydrocarbures volatils chez l'enfant : pronostic fonctionnel respiratoire a distance." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN11197.
Full textAmet, Quentin. "Les isotopes du zinc et de l'étain en géochimie et cosmochimie." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSEN001.
Full textThis project focuses on the study of the isotopic fractionation of tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) in the solar system. Being two moderately volatile elements, the isotopes of these elements are sensitive to evaporation and condensation processes. Therefore, the study of Zn and Sn isotope fractionation provides tools to better understand volatile element depletion in terrestrial planets and meteorites. A method for measuring Zn isotope composition was developed during the thesis. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the Sn and Zn isotope compositions of the Earth’s mantle. To do that, the first step consisted in understanding the behavior of both isotope systems during magmatic processes using isotope measurements and modelling of partial melting and fractional crystallization. In order to develop a quantitative model, we determined the isotope fractionation factors (which were unknown in the case of Sn) using two independent methods: NRIXS spectroscopy and mass spectrometry associated with metal-silicate equilibrium experiments. Based on these results, we discussed the implications concerning core formation on Earth and the Sn isotope composition of the bulk Earth
Kreim, Virginie. "Etude physico-chimique et sensorielle d’émission odorante : application à des effluents liquides reconstitués contenant des acides gras volatils ou du sulfure d’hydrogène." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20032.
Full textTo clarify the relationship between chemistry and odour, an olfactory nuisance case has been used this study. The malodours produced by fermentation in those wineries are a major problem because of the release of malodour volatile fatty acids into the environment. Therefore, experiments were carried out to characterize the chemistry of these malodours to further be able to reconstitute different intensity of these odours. These experiments demonstrated that the mixtures of acetic acid, propionic, butyric and valeric can produce the same intensity of odours. The influence of the interaction (synergy/inhibition) between each compound was quantified by varying the proportion of the elements of the mixture. Models linking intensity and concentration were proposed. (These were based on models Berglund and Stevens in particular). Assays on emission were also performed in a wind tunnel laboratory to study the impact of these lagoons on the environment
Sow, Abdellahi. "Étude expérimentale du collage du méthanol et de sa désorption chimique successive à son hydrogénation sur des surfaces d'intérêt astrophysique." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG1020.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to understand the physical and chemical processes (sticking, chemical desorption) that occur on interstellar dust grains. More specifically, my thesis focuses on the experimental study of chemical desorption and methanol sticking on surfaces of astrophysical interest.This thesis reports the experimental measurement of desorption of COMs following exposure to H on ice mantles and the experimental study of methanol sticking on surfaces of astrophysical interest. The focus is on one of the most abundant and well-known species, that is methanol (CH3OH).An experimental simulation of the hydrogenation of methanol deposited on a cold surface (10-40 K) is carried out and analyzed by spectroscopic methods.All experiments were carried out with the VENUS setup located at the LERMA laboratory at the University of Cergy Pontoise, France. VENUS is composed of an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, with a base pressure of about 10^{-10} mbar. Atoms/molecules are directed to a sample holder in the UHV chamber by means of a system of four separate beam lines. The temperature of the sample holder can be controlled between 7 K and 400 K. The products are probed by mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.We first studied the penetration depth of H atoms on reactive films of NO and H2CO. We have shown that only the first layer reacts with H, and that hydrogenation processes are dominated by surface effects.We studied the sticking of methanol as a function of surface temperature, from 7 K to 40 K.The composition of the substrate was varied (^{13}CO, H2O, and gold). We were able to demonstrate that the variation in surface temperature has two antagonistic tendencies: textit{i}) The sticking decreases of around 30% with the increase in surface temperature from 7 to about 16 K.textit{ii}) The sticking gradually increases at a temperature above 16 K, until 40 K where it has a value similar to that of 7 K. These profiles show that there is also a slight difference in the degree of sticking at the lowest temperatures for the different substrates. The gold surface has the lowest sticking coefficient and the substrate ^{13}CO (2 ML) has the highest one.The previous experiments (Kimmel et al.2001, Bisschop et al.2006) did not study the variation with temperature and a minimum sticking value of 0.85 ± 0.05 to 14 K was established.The reduction in sticking at very low temperatures is therefore unprecedented and very important (relatively).Finally, we have shown that under the effect of exposure to a beam of H atoms, a methanol film undergoes a decrease in thickness.We believe that the abstraction reactions: CH3OH + H ------> CH2OH + H2, followed by the addition reaction: CH2OH + H ------> CH3OH are responsible for the return to the gas phase of part of the methanol film. This chemical desorption is more efficient on gold than on water. On a sublayer of ^{13}CO, chemical desorption is faster than the formation of 13CH3OH, but remains limited to a fraction of the layer.The impact of the decrease in sticking and the chemical desorption of methanol on the retaining of this COM in the gas phase in molecular clouds remains to be studied, but both aspects point in the direction of a more efficient return to the gas phase than previously estimated
Xie, Xiaofeng. "High Flow Air Sampler for Rapid Analysis of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6165.
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