Relevant bibliographies by topics / Volatile elements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Volatile elements'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Volatile elements"

1

Day, James M. D., and Frederic Moynier. "Evaporative fractionation of volatile stable isotopes and their bearing on the origin of the Moon." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2024 (September 13, 2014): 20130259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0259.

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The Moon is depleted in volatile elements relative to the Earth and Mars. Low abundances of volatile elements, fractionated stable isotope ratios of S, Cl, K and Zn, high μ ( 238 U/ 204 Pb) and long-term Rb/Sr depletion are distinguishing features of the Moon, relative to the Earth. These geochemical characteristics indicate both inheritance of volatile-depleted materials that formed the Moon and planets and subsequent evaporative loss of volatile elements that occurred during lunar formation and differentiation. Models of volatile loss through localized eruptive degassing are not consistent with the available S, Cl, Zn and K isotopes and abundance data for the Moon. The most probable cause of volatile depletion is global-scale evaporation resulting from a giant impact or a magma ocean phase where inefficient volatile loss during magmatic convection led to the present distribution of volatile elements within mantle and crustal reservoirs. Problems exist for models of planetary volatile depletion following giant impact. Most critically, in this model, the volatile loss requires preferential delivery and retention of late-accreted volatiles to the Earth compared with the Moon. Different proportions of late-accreted mass are computed to explain present-day distributions of volatile and moderately volatile elements (e.g. Pb, Zn; 5 to >10%) relative to highly siderophile elements (approx. 0.5%) for the Earth. Models of early magma ocean phases may be more effective in explaining the volatile loss. Basaltic materials (e.g. eucrites and angrites) from highly differentiated airless asteroids are volatile-depleted, like the Moon, whereas the Earth and Mars have proportionally greater volatile contents. Parent-body size and the existence of early atmospheres are therefore likely to represent fundamental controls on planetary volatile retention or loss.
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Day, James M. D., Frédéric Moynier, and Charles K. Shearer. "Late-stage magmatic outgassing from a volatile-depleted Moon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 36 (August 21, 2017): 9547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708236114.

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The abundance of volatile elements and compounds, such as zinc, potassium, chlorine, and water, provide key evidence for how Earth and the Moon formed and evolved. Currently, evidence exists for a Moon depleted in volatile elements, as well as reservoirs within the Moon with volatile abundances like Earth’s depleted upper mantle. Volatile depletion is consistent with catastrophic formation, such as a giant impact, whereas a Moon with Earth-like volatile abundances suggests preservation of these volatiles, or addition through late accretion. We show, using the “Rusty Rock” impact melt breccia, 66095, that volatile enrichment on the lunar surface occurred through vapor condensation. Isotopically light Zn (δ66Zn = −13.7‰), heavy Cl (δ37Cl = +15‰), and high U/Pb supports the origin of condensates from a volatile-poor internal source formed during thermomagmatic evolution of the Moon, with long-term depletion in incompatible Cl and Pb, and lesser depletion of more-compatible Zn. Leaching experiments on mare basalt 14053 demonstrate that isotopically light Zn condensates also occur on some mare basalts after their crystallization, confirming a volatile-depleted lunar interior source with homogeneous δ66Zn ≈ +1.4‰. Our results show that much of the lunar interior must be significantly depleted in volatile elements and compounds and that volatile-rich rocks on the lunar surface formed through vapor condensation. Volatiles detected by remote sensing on the surface of the Moon likely have a partially condensate origin from its interior.
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Tian, Zhen, Tomáš Magna, James M. D. Day, Klaus Mezger, Erik E. Scherer, Katharina Lodders, Remco C. Hin, Piers Koefoed, Hannah Bloom, and Kun Wang. "Potassium isotope composition of Mars reveals a mechanism of planetary volatile retention." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (September 20, 2021): e2101155118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101155118.

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The abundances of water and highly to moderately volatile elements in planets are considered critical to mantle convection, surface evolution processes, and habitability. From the first flyby space probes to the more recent “Perseverance” and “Tianwen-1” missions, “follow the water,” and, more broadly, “volatiles,” has been one of the key themes of martian exploration. Ratios of volatiles relative to refractory elements (e.g., K/Th, Rb/Sr) are consistent with a higher volatile content for Mars than for Earth, despite the contrasting present-day surface conditions of those bodies. This study presents K isotope data from a spectrum of martian lithologies as an isotopic tracer for comparing the inventories of highly and moderately volatile elements and compounds of planetary bodies. Here, we show that meteorites from Mars have systematically heavier K isotopic compositions than the bulk silicate Earth, implying a greater loss of K from Mars than from Earth. The average “bulk silicate” δ41K values of Earth, Moon, Mars, and the asteroid 4-Vesta correlate with surface gravity, the Mn/Na “volatility” ratio, and most notably, bulk planet H2O abundance. These relationships indicate that planetary volatile abundances result from variable volatile loss during accretionary growth in which larger mass bodies preferentially retain volatile elements over lower mass objects. There is likely a threshold on the size requirements of rocky (exo)planets to retain enough H2O to enable habitability and plate tectonics, with mass exceeding that of Mars.
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Baker, D. R., and J. Stix. "Volatile elements in magmatic systems." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 73, no. 46 (1992): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91eo00364.

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Wang, Ming-Sheng, and Michael E. Lipschutz. "Volatile trace elements in Antarctic ureilites." Meteoritics 30, no. 3 (May 1995): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01130.x.

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Mahan, Brandon, Frédéric Moynier, Julien Siebert, Bleuenn Gueguen, Arnaud Agranier, Emily A. Pringle, Jean Bollard, James N. Connelly, and Martin Bizzarro. "Volatile element evolution of chondrules through time." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 34 (August 6, 2018): 8547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807263115.

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Chondrites and their main components, chondrules, are our guides into the evolution of the Solar System. Investigating the history of chondrules, including their volatile element history and the prevailing conditions of their formation, has implications not only for the understanding of chondrule formation and evolution but for that of larger bodies such as the terrestrial planets. Here we have determined the bulk chemical composition—rare earth, refractory, main group, and volatile element contents—of a suite of chondrules previously dated using the Pb−Pb system. The volatile element contents of chondrules increase with time from ∼1 My after Solar System formation, likely the result of mixing with a volatile-enriched component during chondrule recycling. Variations in the Mn/Na ratios signify changes in redox conditions over time, suggestive of decoupled oxygen and volatile element fugacities, and indicating a decrease in oxygen fugacity and a relative increase in the fugacities of in-fluxing volatiles with time. Within the context of terrestrial planet formation via pebble accretion, these observations corroborate the early formation of Mars under relatively oxidizing conditions and the protracted growth of Earth under more reducing conditions, and further suggest that water and volatile elements in the inner Solar System may not have arrived pairwise.
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Marty, Bernard. "Origins and Early Evolution of the Atmosphere and the Oceans." Geochemical Perspectives 9, no. 2 (October 2020): 135–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/geochempersp.9.2.

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My journey in science began with the study of volcanic gases, sparking an interest in the origin, and ultimate fate, of the volatile elements in the interior of our planet. How did these elements, so crucial to life and our surface environment, come to be sequestered within the deepest regions of the Earth, and what can they tell us about the processes occurring there? My approach has been to establish geochemical links between the noble gases, physical tracers par excellence, with major volatile elements of environmental importance, such as water, carbon and nitrogen, in mantle-derived rocks and gases. From these analyses we have learned that the Earth is relatively depleted in volatile elements when compared to its potential cosmochemical ancestors (e.g., ~2 ppm nitrogen compared to several hundreds of ppm in primitive meteorites) and that natural fluxes of carbon are two orders of magnitude lower than those emitted by current anthropogenic activity. Further insights into the origin of terrestrial volatiles have come from space missions that documented the composition of the proto-solar nebula and the outer solar system. The consensus behind the origin of the atmosphere and the oceans is evolving constantly, although recently a general picture has started to emerge. At the dawn of the solar system, the volatile-forming elements (H, C, N, noble gases) that form the majority of our atmosphere and oceans were trapped in solid dusty phases (mostly in ice beyond the snowline and organics everywhere). These phases condensed from the proto-solar nebula gas, and/or were inherited from the interstellar medium. These accreted together within the next few million years to form the first planetesimals, some of which underwent differentiation very early on. The isotopic signatures of volatiles were also fixed very early and may even have preceded the first episodes of condensation and accretion. Throughout the accretion of the Earth, volatile elements were delivered by material from both the inner (dry, volatile-poor) and outer (volatile-rich) solar system. This delivery was concomitant with the metals and silicates that form the bulk of the planet. The contribution of bodies that formed in the far outer solar system, a region now populated by comets, is likely to have been very limited. In that sense, volatile elements were contributed continuously throughout Earth’s accretion from inner solar system reservoirs, which also provided the silicates and metal building blocks of the inner planets. Following accretion, it likely took a few hundred million years for the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans to stabilise. Luckily, we have been able to access a compositional record of the early atmosphere and oceans through the analysis of palaeo-atmospheric fluids trapped in Archean hydrothermal quartz. From these analyses, it appears that the surface reservoirs of the Earth evolved due to interactions between the early Sun and the top of the atmosphere, as well as the development of an early biosphere that progressively altered its chemistry.
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Ming-sheng, Wang, Rick L. Paul, and Michael E. Lipschutz. "Volatile/mobile trace elements in Bholghati howardite." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, no. 8 (August 1990): 2177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90043-k.

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Steenstra, E. S., C. J. Renggli, J. Berndt, and S. Klemme. "Evaporation of moderately volatile elements from metal and sulfide melts: Implications for volatile element abundances in magmatic iron meteorites." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 622 (November 2023): 118406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118406.

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Zhang, Youxue. "Review of melt inclusions in lunar rocks: constraints on melt and mantle composition and magmatic processes." European Journal of Mineralogy 36, no. 1 (January 26, 2024): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-123-2024.

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Abstract. Mineral-hosted melt inclusions provide a window into magmatic processes and pre-eruptive liquid compositions. Because melt inclusions are small (typically < 100 µm), the study of lunar melt inclusions is enabled by advancements of microbeam instrumental techniques. In the 1970s immediately following the Apollo and Luna missions, major and minor oxide concentrations of lunar melt inclusions were measured using electron microprobes. The data were used to understand magma evolution, and they revealed the immiscibility of two silicate liquids in the late stage of lunar magma evolution. More recently, the development of secondary ion mass spectrometry as well as laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry has enabled the measurement of key volatile elements and other trace elements in lunar melt inclusions, down to about the 0.1 ppm level. The applications of these instruments have ushered in a new wave of lunar melt inclusion studies. Recent advances have gone hand in hand with improved understanding of post-entrapment loss of volatiles. These studies have provided deep insights into pre-eruptive volatiles in lunar basalts, the abundance of volatiles in the lunar mantle, the isotopic ratios of some volatile elements, and the partition of trace elements between host olivine and melt inclusions. The recent studies of lunar melt inclusions have played a critical role in establishing a new paradigm of a fairly wet Moon with about 100 ppm H2O in the bulk silicate Moon (rather than a “bone-dry” Moon) and have been instrumental in developing an improved understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volatile elements"

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Collins, S. J. "Degassing of volatiles and semi-volatile trace elements at basaltic volcanoes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597860.

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At Mt. Etna, Italy, vigorous gas-rich eruptions in 2001, 2002 and 2003 were followed by gas-poor eruptions in 2004, 2006 and 2007. Contrary to expectation, melt inclusion compositions indicate that magmas erupted between 2004 to 2007 did not follow similar degassing paths as recorded in 2001 and 2002 and that are expected from the solubility laws of CO2 and H2O. Instead melts stored in the plumbing system since 2002 reequilibrated with CO2-rich gases from depth. Sustained gas percolation caused loss of water and enhancement of CO2 in the evolving melt. At Piton de la Fournaise melt inclusions trapped in olivines record degassing of various batches of magma and the fractionation of olivines at various depths within the plumbing system. The host melt which carries these olivines to the surface represents an infiltration of new magma which erupts rapidly incorporating olivines along the way. The host melt also records processes of diffusive fractionation during groundmass crystallisation. Semi-volatile trace metals and Li have been found to behave in a volatile fashion at both Mt. Etna and Piton de la Fournaise. At Mt. Etna, CO2 gas fluxing may have been important for causing the transfer of Cu from magmas at depth, to magmas stored in the shallow plumbing system. At Piton de la Fournaise trace metals are not simply behaving as incompatible elements but rather show the influence S and H2O loss during degassing. However, when investigating trace metal concentrations in volcanic products this thesis shows that the affect of sulphide immiscibility should not be neglected. Loss of chalcophile trace metals to sulphide melts prevents partitioning of the element into a gas phase. Destabilisation of these melts on the other hand, may release enriched concentrations of trace metals to a gas phase.
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Aldridge, Simon. "Studies of some volatile compounds of main group elements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:832a8ba8-4b6f-45f3-8a23-403efa9cd6e1.

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Methylzinc tetrahydroborate, [MeZnBH4], has been prepared by two routes and the structure of the solid determined by X-ray crystallography to reveal helical polymers in which MeZn and BH4 units alternate. The latter functions as a bidentate ligand with respect to each of the adjacent metal atoms. Investigation by mass spectrometry and matrix isolation shows that the vapour consists of an equilibrium mixture of monomeric and dimeric species. The pattern of infrared bands for the monomer is characteristic of a bidentate BH4 group, a finding consistent with the results of DFT calculations. Disproportionation into [Me2Zn] and [Zn(BH4)2] is a common feature of the chemistry of methylzinc tetrahydroborate, although it has been possible to isolate and characterize the adduct [MeZnBH4.SMe2]. The reaction between [B4H10 and [Me2Zn] in the gas phase affords colourless acicular crystals of [(MeZn)2B3H7] in yields of ca. 10%. This compound has been characterized by chemical analysis and by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. X-ray crystallography reveals that the product is a dimer, [(MeZn)2B3H7]2, featuring two distinct zinc environments. Two B3H7ZnNe ligands, formally derived from B3H8 by replacement of a µ2-H by a µ2-ZnMe unit, each function in a bis(bidentate) manner linking together two other MeZn centres through pairs of Zn-H-B bridges. The structures of several aluminium tetrahydroborates in the solid phase have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The structure of dimethylaluminum tetrahydroborate has been shown to consist of helical polymeric chains in which Me2-Al and BH4 units alternate. Here, too, the BH4 groups exhibit bidentate ligation with respect to each of the adjacent metal atoms, although the degree of interaction between the metal centre and the BH4 group is somewhat less than in [MeZnBH4 ]. Solid aluminium tris(tetrahydroborate) exhibits two phases with a transition temperature in the range 180-195 K. Each phase is made up of discrete Al(BH 4 )3 units, the principal differences relating to the packing of the individual molecules. In the a phase the Al(BH 4 )3 molecules display an angle of 78.2° between the AlB3 and Al(µ-H)2 planes and are disposed about a 21 crystallographic screw axis; in the ß phase the molecular units conform to D3h symmetry. Dimethylindium octahydrotriborate, [Me2 lnB3 H8 ], has been synthesized by the reaction between trimethylindium and tetraborane(10) and characterized by chemical analysis and by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction of a single crystal reveals that the solid consists of [Me2 lnB3 H8] units, although there is evidence of charge separation in the sense [Me2ln]+[B3 H8 ]- and of secondary interaction between terminal hydrogen atoms and adjacent indium centres. The infrared spectrum of the matrix-isolated vapour is consistent with a monomeric structure similar to that of [Me2 AlB3 H8].
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Korkmaz, Deniz. "Preconcentration Of Volatile Elements On Quartz Surface Prior To Determination By Atomic Spectrometry." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604921/index.pdf.

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Hydride generation technique is frequently used for the detection of elements as As, Se, Sb, Sn, Bi, Ge, Te and Pb that form volatile hydrides in solution using a reductant. In this study, a novel quartz trap for on-line preconcentration of volatile analyte species was designed. Pb, Sb and Cd were selected as analyte elements and chemical vapour generation technique was employed for generation of their volatile species in flow systems. The trapping medium was formed by external heating of either the inlet arm of the quartz tube atomizer or a separate cylindirical quartz tube. Generated analyte species were trapped on quartz surface heated to the collection temperature and the collected species were revolatilized when the trap was heated further to releasing temperature and hydrogen gas was introduced in the trapping medium. The conventional quartz T-tube and multiple microflame quartz tube were employed as atomizers. The influence of relevant experimental parameters on the generation, collection and revolatilization efficiencies was investigated. Optimum conditions, performance characteristics of the trap and analytical figures of merit are presented. Experimental design was used for optimizations in some cases. Standard reference materials were analyzed to assess the accuracy of the proposed method. For a collection period of 1.0 minute for Pb, 2.0 minutes for Sb and 3.0 minutes for Cd, 3&
#963
limit of detections, in pg ml-1, were 19, 3.9 and 1.8, respectively. In cases of Sb and Cd, the limits of detections obtained are the same as the best attained with in-situ trapping in graphite furnaces.
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Hetherington, Dale Laird. "III-V compound semiconductor integrated charge storage structures for dynamic and non-volatile memory elements." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186112.

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This thesis presents an investigation into a novel group of GaAs charge storage devices. These devices, which are an integration of bipolar and junction field effect transistor structures were conceived, designed, fabricated, and tested within this study. The purpose was to analyse new types of charge storage devices, which are suitable for fabrication and lead to the development of dynamic and nonvolatile memories in III-V compound semiconductors. Currently, III-V semiconductor storage devices consist only of capacitors, where data is destroyed during reading and electrical erasure is difficult. In this work, four devices types were demonstrated that exhibit nondestructive reading, and three of the prototypes can be electrically erased. All types use the junction field effect transistor (JFET) for charge sensing, with each having different bipolar or epitaxial layer structure controlling the junction gate. The bottom epitaxial layer in each case served as the JFET channel. Two of the device types have three alternately doped layers, while the remaining two have four alternately doped layers. In all cases, removal of majority carriers from the middle layers constitutes stored charge. The missing carriers deplete the current carrying a region of the JFET channel. Drain current of the JFET becomes an indicator of stored charge. The basic function of each JFET memory element type is independent of interchanging n- and p- type doping within the structure type. Some performance advantage can be realized, however, by sensing with an n-type channel as compared to p- type due to increased carrier mobility. All device types exhibit storage time characteristics of order ten seconds. Devices are constructed in epitaxial layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) reactors. The design of the epitaxial layers is an intrinsic part, together with the electrical design, of the storage device concept. These concepts are implemented first with photolithography masks which are used in device fabrication. The fabrication methods employ wet chemical etching and ohmic metal liftoff techniques. Electrical dc and charge retention time characteristics along with functionality read/write operations for the memory element group are measured using commercial electronic test equipment.
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Leroy, Clémence. "L'iode et le xénon dans les magmas : deux comportements différents." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066094/document.

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La présence de magmas en profondeur permet de contraindre des processus géologiques passés et actuels. Ces magmas (i.e. liquides silicatés) participent aux cycles géochimiques des éléments volatils comme vecteur de matière.Nous étudions deux éléments volatils complémentaires : l'iode (I), un halogène, et le xénon (Xe), un gaz rare. Leur système radioactif éteint 129I/129Xe (T1/2 = 15.7Ma) est utilisé pour dater les processus hadéens et la formation de l'atmosphère, issu de l'évolution d'un océan magmatique. Or on connait peu le comportement de l'iode et du xénon dans les magmas en profondeur à haute pression et température.Notre protocole expérimental vise l'étude de l'incorporation de l'iode et du xénon et de leur solubilité dans les magmas. Pour étudier l'incorporation, la structure des silicates liquides a été caractérisée par diffraction de rayons X avec des expériences in situ réalisées dans des cellules à enclumes de diamant et dans des presses Paris-Édimbourg. Les teneurs de solubilité de l'iode et du xénon ainsi que l'eau ont été mesurés par les méthodes PIXE et ERDA.À hautes pressions, l'iode possède une forte solubilité (quelques %pds) dans les magmas. Les résultats préliminaires sur son incorporation dans du basalte montrent que l'iode ne formerait pas des liaisons covalentes. À haute pression et température (T>300°C - P>1GPa), le xénon forme une liaison covalente Xe-O avec les oxygènes des anneaux de 6 tétraèdres SiO44-. Le xénon a une solubilité élevée dans les magmas (4pds% - 1600°C - 3.5GPa).Les modèles de datation et des cycles géochimiques de l'iode et du xénon doivent être revus en tenant compte de leur comportement différentiel dans les magmas
The presence of magmas at depth helps to constrain past and actual geological processes. Magmas (i.e. silicate melts) participate in geochemical cycles of volatile elements, as vectors of chemical transfers. We study two complementary volatile elements: iodine (I), a halogen, and xenon (Xe), a noble gas. Their extinct 129I/129Xe isotopic system (half-life of 15.7Ma) is used to date Hadean processes and Earth’s atmosphere formation since the atmosphere originated from the Magma Ocean’s evolution. However, little is known about the behavior of both iodine and xenon in silicate melts at depth, under HT and HP conditions. Our experimental protocol aims at elucidating the incorporation process of xenon and iodine in silicate melts, and their solubility. To understand the incorporation of iodine and xenon in magmas, the structure of silicate melts was investigated by in situ diamond anvil cells and Paris-Edinburgh press experiments coupled with X-ray diffraction characterization. Iodine and xenon’s solubility, along with water content are obtained by PIXE and ERDA methods using a nuclear microprobe. At high pressure, iodine has a high solubility (about few wt.%) in magmas. Preliminary results on iodine incorporation in basaltic melt show an absence of covalent bond. At high pressure and temperature conditions (T>300°C – P>1GPa), xenon forms a Xe-O covalent bond with the oxygens of the 6-membered-rings of the melt network. Its solubility in silicate melts is also high (about 4wt.% in haplogranite melts at 1600°C and 3.5GPa). Considering the xenon and iodine differential behavior in melts at depth, a revision of dating models in xenon and iodine cycles must be considered
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Leroy, Clémence. "L'iode et le xénon dans les magmas : deux comportements différents." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066094.pdf.

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La présence de magmas en profondeur permet de contraindre des processus géologiques passés et actuels. Ces magmas (i.e. liquides silicatés) participent aux cycles géochimiques des éléments volatils comme vecteur de matière.Nous étudions deux éléments volatils complémentaires : l'iode (I), un halogène, et le xénon (Xe), un gaz rare. Leur système radioactif éteint 129I/129Xe (T1/2 = 15.7Ma) est utilisé pour dater les processus hadéens et la formation de l'atmosphère, issu de l'évolution d'un océan magmatique. Or on connait peu le comportement de l'iode et du xénon dans les magmas en profondeur à haute pression et température.Notre protocole expérimental vise l'étude de l'incorporation de l'iode et du xénon et de leur solubilité dans les magmas. Pour étudier l'incorporation, la structure des silicates liquides a été caractérisée par diffraction de rayons X avec des expériences in situ réalisées dans des cellules à enclumes de diamant et dans des presses Paris-Édimbourg. Les teneurs de solubilité de l'iode et du xénon ainsi que l'eau ont été mesurés par les méthodes PIXE et ERDA.À hautes pressions, l'iode possède une forte solubilité (quelques %pds) dans les magmas. Les résultats préliminaires sur son incorporation dans du basalte montrent que l'iode ne formerait pas des liaisons covalentes. À haute pression et température (T>300°C - P>1GPa), le xénon forme une liaison covalente Xe-O avec les oxygènes des anneaux de 6 tétraèdres SiO44-. Le xénon a une solubilité élevée dans les magmas (4pds% - 1600°C - 3.5GPa).Les modèles de datation et des cycles géochimiques de l'iode et du xénon doivent être revus en tenant compte de leur comportement différentiel dans les magmas
The presence of magmas at depth helps to constrain past and actual geological processes. Magmas (i.e. silicate melts) participate in geochemical cycles of volatile elements, as vectors of chemical transfers. We study two complementary volatile elements: iodine (I), a halogen, and xenon (Xe), a noble gas. Their extinct 129I/129Xe isotopic system (half-life of 15.7Ma) is used to date Hadean processes and Earth’s atmosphere formation since the atmosphere originated from the Magma Ocean’s evolution. However, little is known about the behavior of both iodine and xenon in silicate melts at depth, under HT and HP conditions. Our experimental protocol aims at elucidating the incorporation process of xenon and iodine in silicate melts, and their solubility. To understand the incorporation of iodine and xenon in magmas, the structure of silicate melts was investigated by in situ diamond anvil cells and Paris-Edinburgh press experiments coupled with X-ray diffraction characterization. Iodine and xenon’s solubility, along with water content are obtained by PIXE and ERDA methods using a nuclear microprobe. At high pressure, iodine has a high solubility (about few wt.%) in magmas. Preliminary results on iodine incorporation in basaltic melt show an absence of covalent bond. At high pressure and temperature conditions (T>300°C – P>1GPa), xenon forms a Xe-O covalent bond with the oxygens of the 6-membered-rings of the melt network. Its solubility in silicate melts is also high (about 4wt.% in haplogranite melts at 1600°C and 3.5GPa). Considering the xenon and iodine differential behavior in melts at depth, a revision of dating models in xenon and iodine cycles must be considered
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Funk, Claudia [Verfasser], Carsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Münker, and Dominik [Akademischer Betreuer] Hezel. "Abundances and distribution of chalcogen volatile elements in chondritic meteorites and their components / Claudia Funk. Gutachter: Carsten Münker ; Dominik Hezel." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1071947052/34.

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Amet, Quentin. "Les isotopes du zinc et de l'étain en géochimie et cosmochimie." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSEN001.

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Ce projet de thèse s’articule autour de l’étude du fractionnement isotopique de l’étain (Sn) et du zinc(Zn) dans le système solaire. Etant deux éléments modérément volatils, les isotopes de ces éléments sont sensibles aux processus d’évaporation et de condensation. L’étude des fractionnements isotopiques du Zn et de l’Sn permet donc de mieux comprendre l’appauvrissement en éléments volatils des planètes telluriques et des météorites. Une méthode de mesure de composition isotopique en Zn a été développée au cours de la thèse. Le premier objectif a ensuite été de déterminer la composition isotopique en Sn et Zn du manteau global de la Terre. Pour cela, il a été nécessaire de comprendre le comportement des isotopes de ces deux systèmes au cours des processus magmatiques grâce à des mesures isotopiques et au développement de modèles associés. Ces derniers nécessitent, pour être quantitatifs, la connaissance des facteurs de fractionnement isotopiques, ce qui n’existait pas jusqu’ici pour les isotopes de l’étain. Ils ont été déterminés par deux méthodes indépendantes : la spectroscopie NRIXS et la spectrométrie de masse associée à des expériences d’équilibres métal-silicate. A partir de ces résultats, il a été possible de discuter des implications quant à la formation du noyau terrestre et sur la composition de la Terre globale
This project focuses on the study of the isotopic fractionation of tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) in the solar system. Being two moderately volatile elements, the isotopes of these elements are sensitive to evaporation and condensation processes. Therefore, the study of Zn and Sn isotope fractionation provides tools to better understand volatile element depletion in terrestrial planets and meteorites. A method for measuring Zn isotope composition was developed during the thesis. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the Sn and Zn isotope compositions of the Earth’s mantle. To do that, the first step consisted in understanding the behavior of both isotope systems during magmatic processes using isotope measurements and modelling of partial melting and fractional crystallization. In order to develop a quantitative model, we determined the isotope fractionation factors (which were unknown in the case of Sn) using two independent methods: NRIXS spectroscopy and mass spectrometry associated with metal-silicate equilibrium experiments. Based on these results, we discussed the implications concerning core formation on Earth and the Sn isotope composition of the bulk Earth
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Sussa, Fabio Vitorio. "Efeito do manejo agrícola, da sazonalidade e dos elementos traço na produção dos óleos voláteis de erva-cidreira (Melissa officinalis L.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-16022017-142812/.

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Este trabalho é um estudo interdisciplinar envolvendo o cultivo de erva-cidreira (Melissa officinalis L.) e sua caracterização química. O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer informação sobre a adubação orgânica e convencional, a sazonalidade e os efeitos dos elementos traço na produção dos óleos voláteis de Melissa officinalis. O modelo experimental utilizado foi em canteiros com delineamento inteiramente casualizados (DIC) com quatro repetições. Melissa officinalis foi submetida a diferentes sistemas de adubação e época de colheita. A concentração elementar foi determinada pela análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA), espectrometria de absorção atômica por forno de grafite (GF AAS) e espectrometria de emissão óptica com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES) nas folhas de Melissa officinalis e nos solos de cultivo. Os óleos voláteis de Melissa officinalis foram extraídos pela técnica de hidrodestilação, utilizando-se o aparelho de Clevenger e os principais metabólitos secundários (citronelal, neral, geranial, citronelol, nerol e geraniol) foram determinados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas (GC-MS). Primavera e verão apresentaram os óleos de melhor qualidade por possuírem menores teores de citronelol, nerol e geraniol. A formação de neral e geranial foi favorecida no manejo convencional correlacionado com a presença dos elementos Co, Cr, Mg e Ni presentes no solo, enquanto que a formação do citronelal foi favorecida no manejo orgânico correlacionado com o elemento Mn presente nas folhas de Melissa officinalis.
This work is an interdisciplinary study of Lemon balm cultivation (Melissa officinalis L.) and its chemical characterization. The objective of this study was to provide information about organic and mineral fertilization, season and trace elements effects on volatile oil production by the species Melissa officinalis. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. Melissa officinalis was under different fertilization and harvest season. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were applied to determine the elemental concentration in the soil and plant samples. The volatile oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the compounds citronelal, neral, geranial, citronelol, nerol and geraniol were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The best quality of the oil was obtained in spring and summer because the lower content of citronellol, nerol and geraniol. Neral and geranial formation was favored in the conventional management correlated with the presence of Co, Cr, Mg and Ni elements present in the soil, whereas citronellal formation was favored in organic management correlated with Mn element present in the Melissa officinalis leaves.
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Roberge, Julie. "Use of volatile and trace elements to infer geodynamic and magmatic processes : Ontong Java Plateau (Western Pacific) and Bishop Tuff (Eastern California) /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3201697.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-153). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Books on the topic "Volatile elements"

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Kallenbach, R., T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. Mauersberger, T. C. Owen, and F. Robert, eds. Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8.

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B, McConnell James, United States. Dept. of the Army., US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon. Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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B, McConnell James, United States. Dept. of the Army, US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon. Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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B, McConnell James, United States. Dept. of the Army, US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon. Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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B, McConnell James, United States. Dept. of the Army, US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon. Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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B, McConnell James, United States. Dept. of the Army., US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon. Environmental and Natural Resources Management Office., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds in bed sediments from streams and impoundments at Fort Gordon, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Mesko, Thomas O. Occurrence of pesticides, nitrate, volatile organic compounds, and trace elements in ground water and streams, southeastern Missouri, 1986-87. [Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Mesko, Thomas O. Occurrence of pesticides, nitrate, volatile organic compounds, and trace elements in ground water and streams, southeastern Missouri, 1986-87. [Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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M, Carlson Gale, Missouri. Dept. of Health, Missouri. Dept. of Natural Resources, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Occurrence of pesticides, nitrate, volatile organic compounds, and trace elements in ground water and streams, southeastern Missouri, 1986-87. [Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Detra, D. E. A modification of the U.S. Geological Survey one-sixth order semiquantitative spectrographic method for the analysis of geologic materials that improves limits of determination of some volatile to moderately volatile elements. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Volatile elements"

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Jambon, Albert. "Chapter 12. EARTH DEGASSING AND LARGE-SCALE GEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF VOLATILE ELEMENTS." In Volatiles in Magmas, edited by Michael R. Carroll and John R. Holloway, 479–518. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501509674-019.

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Geiss, Johannes, and George Gloeckler. "Isotopic Composition of H, He and Ne in the Protosolar Cloud." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 3–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_1.

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Altwegg, Kathrin, and Dominique Bockelée-Morvan. "Isotopic Abundances in Comets." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 139–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_10.

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Messenger, S., F. J. Stadermann, C. Floss, L. R. Nittler, and S. Mukhopadhyay. "Isotopic Signatures of Presolar Materials in Interplanetary Dust." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 155–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_11.

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Marty, B., K. Hashizume, M. Chaussidon, and R. Wieler. "Nitrogen Isotopes on the Moon: Archives of the Solar and Planetary Contributions to the Inner Solar System." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 175–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_12.

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Wieler, R., and V. S. Heber. "Noble Gas Isotopes on the Moon." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 197–210. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_13.

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Pepin, R. O. "On Noble Gas Processing in the Solar Accretion Disk." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 211–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_14.

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Grady, Monica M., and Ian P. Wright. "Elemental and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon and Nitrogen in Meteorites." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 231–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_15.

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Galimov, E. M. "Isotopic Criteria for Identification of Organic Carbon on Earth and Meteorites." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 249–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_16.

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Mauersberger, K., D. Krankowsky, and C. Janssen. "Oxygen Isotope Processes and Transfer Reactions." In Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements, 265–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Volatile elements"

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Braukmüller, Ninja, Claudia Funk, Carsten Münker, and Frank Wombacher. "Volatile Elements in Chondrites." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.256.

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Loewen, Matt, Adam Kent, and Pavel Izbekov. "Tracking magmatic volatile and non-volatile trace elements with amphibole in arc magmas." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.10654.

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Roland, Jérôme, Vinciane Debaille, and Steven Goderis. "Moderately volatile elements in CB and CH chondrites." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.15337.

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Nie, Nicole, Xinyang Chen, Timo Hopp, Justin Hu, Zhe Zhang, Fang-Zhen Teng, Anat Shahar, and Nicolas Dauphas. "Incomplete condensation of volatile elements as the cause for volatile depletion in carbonaceous chondrites." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.10750.

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Fumarola, Alessandro, Y. Leblebici, P. Narayanan, R. M. Shelby, L. L. Sanchez, G. W. Burr, K. Moon, J. Jang, H. Hwang, and S. Sidler. "Non-filamentary non-volatile memory elements as synapses in neuromorphic systems." In 2019 19th Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium (NVMTS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nvmts47818.2019.8986194.

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Burney, D., and C. R. Neal. "MODERATELY VOLATILE ELEMENTS (MVES) IN THE MARTIAN AND LUNAR MANTLES." In 52nd Annual North-Central GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018nc-312725.

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Liu, Deze, Frédéric Moynier, Julien Siebert, and Paolo Sossi. "Tracking the origin of Earth’s volatile elements depletion with indium." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7217.

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Suer, Terry-Ann, Colin Jackson, Damanveer Grewal, Celia Dalou, and Tim Lichtenberg. "The distribution of highly volatile elements during rocky planet formation." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.18365.

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Füri, Evelyn. "Origin and Distribution of Volatile Elements in the Early Solar System." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.771.

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Burney, D., and C. R. Neal. "USING MODERATELY VOLATILE ELEMENTS TO EXPLORE THE LUNAR AND MARTIAN MANTLES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320556.

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Reports on the topic "Volatile elements"

1

Wimpenny, J. Assessing the Behavior of Moderately Volatile Elements on the Moon in order to Constrain Processes of Magmatic Evolution and Planetary Accretion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2229028.

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Soltani Dehnavi, A., D. R. Lentz, and C. R. M. McFarlane. LA-ICP-MS analysis of volatile trace elements in massive sulphides and host rocks of selected VMS deposits of the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: methodology and application to exploration. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296545.

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Jung, Carina, Karl Indest, Matthew Carr, Richard Lance, Lyndsay Carrigee, and Kayla Clark. Properties and detectability of rogue synthetic biology (SynBio) products in complex matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45345.

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Synthetic biology (SynBio) aims to rationally engineer or modify traits of an organism or integrate the behaviors of multiple organisms into a singular functional organism through advanced genetic engineering techniques. One objective of this research was to determine the environmental persistence of engineered DNA in the environment. To accomplish this goal, the environmental persistence of legacy engineered DNA building blocks were targeted that laid the foundation for SynBio product development and application giving rise to “post-use products.” These building blocks include genetic constructs such as cloning and expression vectors, promoter/terminator elements, selectable markers, reporter genes, and multi-cloning sites. Shotgun sequencing of total DNA from water samples of pristine sites was performed and resultant sequence data mined for frequency of legacy recombinant DNA signatures. Another objective was to understand the fate of a standardized contemporary synthetic genetic construct (SC) in the context of various chassis systems/genetic configurations representing different degrees of “genetic bioavailability” to the environmental landscape. These studies were carried out using microcosms representing different environmental matrices (soils, waters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) liquor) and employed a novel genetic reporter system based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) detection to assess proliferation and persistence of the SC in the matrix over time.
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Bourdeau, J. E., and R. D. Dyer. Regional-scale lake-sediment sampling and analytical protocols with examples from the Geological Survey of Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331911.

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Regional-scale lake sediment surveys have been successfully used since the 1970s as a means for reconnaissance geochemical exploration. Lake sediment sampling is typically performed in areas with a lack of streams and an overabundance of small-sized (=5 km across) lakes. Lake sediments are known to have major, minor and trace element concentrations that reflect the local geology. Overall, lake sediment surveys are planned and conducted following four distinct stages: 1) background research, 2) orientation survey, 3) regional survey, and 4) detailed survey. At the Geological Survey of Canada, samples are usually collected from a helicopter with floats. Sample density ranges from 1 sample per 6 - 13 km2. Samples are collected from the centre of the lake using a gravity torpedo sampler which corresponds to a hollow-pipe, butterfly bottom-valved sampler attached by a rope to the helicopter. Collected sediment samples are then placed in labelled bags and left to air dry. Detailed field notes and additional samples (field duplicates), for the purpose of an adequate quality assurance and quality control program, are also taken. Samples are then milled and sent to analytical laboratories for element determination. Commonly used analytical methods include: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and -mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and/or determination of volatile compounds and organic carbon using Loss on Ignition (LOI). Analytical data is first evaluated for quality (contamination, accuracy and precision). Numerous options for the analysis of lake sediment data exist, ranging from simple basic element concentration maps and statistical graphical displays together with summary statistics, to employing multivariate methodologies, and, more recently, using machine learning algorithms. By adopting the set of guidelines and examples presented in this manual, scientific researchers, exploration geologists, geochemists and citizen scientists will be able to directly compare lake sediment datasets from anywhere in Canada.
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Dehnavi, A. S., C. R. M. McFarlane, S. H. McClenaghan, and D. R. Lentz. In situ LA-ICP-MS of sulfide minerals in VMS deposits throughout the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada: volatile trace-element contents and distribution with implications for their syngenetic to polyphase metamorphic history. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/293681.

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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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