Academic literature on the topic 'Volatile Substance Use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Volatile Substance Use"
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Byard, R. W., C. Kostakis, P. E. Pigou, and J. D. Gilbert. "Volatile substance use in sexual asphyxia." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 2000): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jcfm.2000.0356.
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Wilkerson, James Andrew, and Mark Preston Burton. "Inhalation of Volatile Substances: An Emerging Threat to Readiness?" Military Medicine 163, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.5.343.
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Abstract Volatile substance abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile substances to achieve intoxication. We discuss the history and pathophysiological effects of commonly abused volatile substances. We explore three deaths and one serious accident in active duty military settings. The causes for abuse in the military environment are numerous and include remote duty, peer influence, low cost, rapid onset, limitation of ethanol use, difficult detection/screening for use, and lack of knowledge among users and authorities. The lethality of these substances and their casual use can constitute a threat to military readiness. Our experience suggests an increase in the use of these substances in the military paralleling their increasing use in the general population. Education and awareness training could limit fatalities and decrease the threat in military and civilian populations.
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Parker, S. E. "Use and Abuse of Volatile Substances in Industry." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800404.
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1 Although there are trends towards the use of 'safer' or non-solvent materials, the overall consumption of solvents will probably not change very much over the next few years. Substitution of solvents by 'safer' materials is a complex and difficult process and the rate of change is correspondingly slow. 2 HSE exposure data show that generally industry controls most solvent use quite well. High personal exposures are not widespread and tend to occur in a fairly small number of premises involving 'end user' processes (mixing, spraying, etc). 3 Exposure in industry is generally to mixtures of solvents rather than single substances. The degree to which abuse is a contributory factor in exposure is uncertain, but there is probably greater opportunity for abuse to occur in 'end user' processes. 4 The experience of the author and colleagues in the HSE supports the evidence for the occurrence of volatile substance abuse (particularly of organic solvents) in industry but the extent of the practice is not known. 5 The proposed Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) will bring greater emphasis on the assessment of risks to health in industry, which must include the potential for abuse, together with appropriate training and supervision.
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Chadwick, O. F. D., and H. R. Anderson. "Neuropsychological Consequences of Volatile Substance Abuse: A Review." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800409.
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1 The evidence from studies of the neuropsychological consequences of chronic volatile substance abuse is reviewed. 2 Studies of occupational exposure to solvent vapour are of limited relevance when considering the effects of volatile substance abuse because occupational exposure is normally to small quantities of many different compounds over prolonged periods of time. 3 Many studies of chronic volatile substance abusers suffer from serious shortcomings such as the use of small sample sizes, inadequate controls, failure to exclude the possibility of acute toxic effects and a disregard of other factors which could account for the findings. 4 There is reasonably good evidence that neuropsychological impairment is often present amongst volatile subtance abusers with definite neurological abnormalities. 5 Although most studies have found that volatile substance abusers without reported neurological abnormalities obtain lower psychometric test scores than non-abusers, it remains uncertain whether these deficits are best explained in terms of a causal effect of volatile substance abuse, rather than a reflection of other factors associated with volatile substance abuse, such as background, social disadvantages or history of delinquency.
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MacLean, Sarah, Jacqui Cameron, Angela Harney, and Nicole K. Lee. "Psychosocial therapeutic interventions for volatile substance use: a systematic review." Addiction 107, no. 2 (January 17, 2012): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03650.x.
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Marel, Christina, Katherine L. Mills, and Maree Teesson. "Substance use, mental disorders and COVID-19: a volatile mix." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 34, no. 4 (March 17, 2021): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000707.
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Alonso-Matías, Lizeth, Ernesto Reyes-Zamorano, and Jorge J. González-Olvera. "Cognitive and clinic profile of volatile substance users." Salud mental 43, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2020.023.
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Introduction. Inhalant use disorder has increased in spite of its adverse medical consequences. Due to the inherent difficulties of working with this population, so far there has been no quantifiable clinical evidence of the cognitive characteristics of inhalants users in early withdrawal and the clinic effect of consumption time. Objective. To evaluate the clinical and cognitive performance of inhalant users and the clinic effects of consumption time. Method. A cross-sectional study in which 28 adult users of inhalants were included, divided in two groups according to their consumption time: less than or greater than seven years. They were all evaluated in terms of clinical and neuropsychological values. Results. Consumers of inhalant showed presence of craving (M = 479.14, SD = 213.51), altered frontal behavior before (M = 119.18, SD = 29.53) and now (M = 130, SD = 33.03), sleeping problems (M = 8.93, SD = 3.4), and cognitive difficulties (inhibitory control, planning, decision-making, working memory, verbal fluency, and cognitive flexibility); all these tasks were statistically significant (p = < .05). Discussion and conclusion. Executive functioning is impaired with inhalant use disorder; these alterations increase with withdrawal and craving and changes remain independent from the use time.
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Fajri, Rinaldi, Mustafa M. Amin, and Elmeida Effendy. "Mental Emotional Disorder due to Inhalant in Medan." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T3 (May 16, 2021): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6339.
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BACKGROUND: Inhalants, also known as volatile substances or solvents, are volatile hydrocarbons, which become gases at room temperature. Inhalants are substances commonly used by homeless teenagers. The effects of this substance vary including stamina enhancing effect, self-resistance, agitation, paranoid, hallucinations, and chest pain. We expect that this case report is able to show how vulnerable teens are to become users of illegal substance, such as inhalants, particularly those who come from low socio-economical background. CASE REPORT: Mental emotional disorders are commonly found among a 14–18-year-old man who engages in glue sniffing that may end up with jail. Most of the cases in Medan were found in children from broken home families or with low financial background, dropping out of school, and those suffering from bullying. Therefore, we particularly report a case of a 14-year-old boy who uses inhalant (glue) in Medan. CONCLUSION: Several studies show that the use of inhalants in street children is quite high.
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DeBoer, Tracy, Jino Distasio, Corinne A. Isaak, Leslie E. Roos, Shay-Lee Bolton, Maria Medved, Laurence Y. Katz, Paula Goering, Lucille Bruce, and Jitender Sareen. "What are the Predictors of Volatile Substance Use in an Urban Community of Adults Who are Homeless?" Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 34, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2015-003.
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The present study explored the prevalence of volatile substance use (VSU ) in a community of homeless adults. The importance of individual life history characteristics (history of traumatic events, residential school history, mental and physical health conditions) were also examined with respect to past-year volatile substance use in this sample. Overall, the results indicate that a variety of traumatic events, particularly residential school history and a number of mental and physical health conditions, were significantly associated with VSU in this urban Canadian sample. These findings have novel implications for community interventions for VSU and highlight the importance of conceptualizing cultural and historical traumas in understanding VSU .
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MacLean, Sarah. "Out-of-Home Care As an Institutional Risk Environment for Volatile Substance Use." Children Australia 37, no. 1 (March 2012): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2012.4.
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The exploratory study of meanings of volatile substance use (VSU) on which this article draws (involving 28 young people living in Melbourne, Victoria, Australa, aged from 13 to 24 years, each with experience of VSU, and 14 expert workers) was not designed to investigate any relationship between VSU and living in out-of-home care while subject to protective orders. However, when asked about their lives at the time they commenced or intensified VSU, 8 participants were adamant that living in out-of-home care was a significant factor. Two narratives reiterated by these young people are identified in the article: first that VSU is part of life in out-of-home care, and second that VSU ceases to be appropriate after leaving care. Young people who are living in out-of-home care report substantially higher levels of VSU than occur across the general population. This article shows how narrative accounts (even when expressed by small numbers of participants) provide insight into how VSU and other drug use may become embedded in particular institutional settings through assuming meanings and utility for users that are specific to these environments. While previous literature on the aetiology of VSU generally emphasises individual or familial risk factors, this article argues that out-of-home care may function, at least in some instances, as an institutional ‘risk environment’ for VSU and that this should be further explored through future research. Adjusting models of care may offer new strategies for responding to this form of drug use.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volatile Substance Use"
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Sterley, Anna, and Daniel Thörnkvist. "The feasibility of using macroalgae from anaerobic digestion as fertilizer in Grenada : A literature study of the potential use of residue as fertilizer in Grenada, and a complementary laboratory study to evaluate the biogas potential." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284111.
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Coastal areas in Grenada and the Caribbean are experiencing an abundance of stranded macroalgae. Climate change and eutrophication are probable causes of this inconvenience. This leads to logistic and economic dilemmas for the Caribbean societies. Research of methods to benefit from the algal bloom is therefore valuable for a sustainable future in these countries. Studies of biogas and fertilizer production are initiated around the world, but a large scale production is absent. Therefore, this thesis scrutinize the requirements for producing biofertilizer from biogas by examine the content of macroalgae and the conditions in Grenada. To achieve this, a literature study and a miniature biogas experiment were conducted. Grenada would presumably benefit from substituting synthetic fertilizer with biofertilizer from macroalgae utilized in biogas production. The positive aspects includes the recirculation of nutrients, development of renewable energy and autonomous fertilizer production. Further research of the definite macroalgae content is essential to determine the exact extent and conditions of the fertilizer utilization.Kustområden i Grenada och Karibien är drabbat av större mängder strandade makroalger. Klimatförändringar och övergödning är de huvudsakliga orsakerna till denna olägenhet. Detta leder till logistiska och ekonomiska problem för samhällen i Karibien. Det är därför av värde att forska på metoder för att försöka nyttja algblomningen, för en hållbar framtid i dessa länder. Studier på biogasproduktion och gödselmedelstillverkning av makroalger har utvecklats på senare tid, men en storskalig produktion är fortfarande frånvarande. Därför ska denna avhandling granska kriterierna för att använda biogödsel från biogasproduktion genom att undersöka makroalgernas innehåll, och Grenadas förutsättningar för att genomföra detta. För att uppnå detta så har en litteraturstudie och ett mindre biogasexperiment genomförts. Grenada skulle förmodligen dra fördel av att byta ut syntetiskt gödningsmedel med biogödningsmedel från biogasproduktion med makroalger. De positiva aspekterna av detta är recirkulationen av näringsämnen, etablering av förnyelsebara energikällor, samt självständig gödselproduktion. Vidare forskning på det exakta innehållet i makroalger är väsentligt för att kunna bestämma utsträckningen och förhållandena för gödselmedelsanvändningen.
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Poulin, Patrick. "Une méthodologie pour prédire la toxicocinétique des substances organiques volatiles à partir d'informations sur leur structure moléculaire." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0024/NQ38827.pdf.
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De, Boer Tracy. "Constructing hope in challenging spaces: narratives by health professionals on issues of solvent use." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18301.
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The process of recovery from addiction is a multifaceted process that involves the efforts of clients, professionals and the broader community. Additional challenges to recovery are present for individuals who use solvents. This study investigates how professionals, involved in the provision of services to clientele who use solvents, understand the process of healing in their collaborative work. Using a narrative methodology, semi-‐structured interviews were conducted with professionals employed in providing recovery-based services to individuals who use volatile solvents. The stories of these professionals demonstrate how they view their clients as “just like everyone else” despite what the dominant cultural story says about their possibilities for recovery. The professionals told stories which are in extreme opposition to the story of dominant culture and involved groupings of “us” (professionals) versus “them” (others). These stories, and how they were told, are discussed in relation to hope for professionals who provide health and housing services.
Books on the topic "Volatile Substance Use"
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Queensland. Crime and Misconduct Commission. Police powers and VSM: A review : responding to volatile substance misuse. Brisbane: Crime and Misconduct Commission, 2005.
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Commission, Queensland Crime and Misconduct. The places of safety model: An evaluation : responding to volatile substance misuse. Brisbane: Crime and Misconduct Commission, 2005.
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A, De Zeeuw R., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and International Association of Forensic Toxicologists. Committee for Systematic Toxicological Analysis., eds. Gas chromatographic retention indices of solvents and other volatile substances for use in toxicological analysis. Weinheim: VCH, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Volatile Substance Use"
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Ives, Richard. "Disorders relating to the use of volatile substances." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 502–6. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0067.
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Volatile substance abuse (VSA)—also known as ‘solvent abuse’ and ‘inhalant abuse’—is the deliberate inhalation of any of a range of products (see Table 4.2.3.6.1), to achieve intoxication. Amyl (pentyl) and isobutyl nitrites (‘poppers’) have different patterns of misuse, and are not discussed here. VSA has dose-related effects similar to those of other hypnosedatives. Small doses rapidly lead to ‘drunken’ behaviour similar to the effects of alcohol, and may induce delusions and hallucinations. Some heavy misusers inhale large quantities; 6 l of adhesive weekly have been reported. Long-term effects include listlessness, anorexia, and moodiness. The hair, breath, and clothing may smell of the substance(s) used, and empty product containers (e.g. glue cans, cigarette lighter refills, and aerosol spray cans), and bags used to inhale from, may be found. Being readily available, volatile substances are, along with alcohol and tobacco, the first intoxicating substances some children try. However, most VSA is experimental and does not lead to the use of other psychoactive substances; problematic misusers have other difficulties in their lives.
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Cowen, Philip, Paul Harrison, and Tom Burns. "The misuse of alcohol and drugs." In Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 441–84. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199605613.003.0017.
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The phrases substance use disorder (DSM-IV) or disorders due to psychoactive drug use (ICD-10) are used to refer to conditions arising from the misuse of alcohol, psychoactive drugs, or other chemicals such as volatile substances. In this chapter, problems related to alcohol will be discussed first under the general heading of alcohol use disorders. Problems related to drugs and other chemicals will then be discussed under the general heading of other substance use disorders.
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"The symbolic framing of drug use in the news: ecstasy and volatile substance abuse in newspapers." In Drugs and Popular Culture, 153–70. Willan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843926016-19.
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Rastegar, Darius A. "Inhalants." In ASAM Handbook of Addiction Medicine, 257–76. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197506172.003.0011.
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Inhalants are a pharmacologically diverse group of substances with a common route of use. An estimated half million Americans are current inhalant users. Use is highest among adolescents and declines with age. Nitrous oxide is the most commonly used, followed by amyl nitrite and organic compounds. There are clues on history and examination that should raise the suspicion of inhalant use. Metabolites of some organic compounds can be detected on urine testing. Volatile organic compounds are found in a wide variety of household and industrial products. They are associated with a number of medical complications, the most serious of which is encephalopathy. Nitrous oxide and other volatile anesthetic agents are commonly used. The most serious complication associated with their use is hypoxia. Amyl nitrite and related compounds are potent vasodilators. The most serious complications associated with their use are hypotension and methemoglobinemia. There are few data on treatment of individuals who use inhalants.
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Drying." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0014.
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The last step in the separation process for a biological product is usually drying, which is the process of thermally removing volatile substances (often water) to yield a solid. In the step preceding drying, the desired product is generally in an aqueous solution and at the desired final level of purity. The most common reason for drying a biological product is that it is susceptible to chemical (e.g., deamidation or oxidation) and/or physical (e.g., aggregation and precipitation) degradation during storage in a liquid formulation. Another common reason for drying is for convenience in the final use of the product. For example, it is often desirable that pharmaceutical drugs be in tablet form. Additionally, drying may be necessary to remove undesirable volatile substances. Also, although many bioproducts are stable when frozen, it is more economical and convenient to store them in dry form rather than frozen. Drying is now an established unit operation in the process industries. However, because most biological products are thermally labile, only those drying processes that minimize or eliminate thermal product degradation are actually used to dry biological products. This chapter focuses on the types of dryer that have generally found the greatest use in the drying of biological products: vacuum-shelf dryers, batch vacuum rotary dryers, freeze dryers, and spray dryers [1]. The principles discussed, however, will apply to other types of dryers as well. We begin with the fundamental principles of drying, followed by a description of the types of dryer most used for biological products. Then we present scale-up and design methods for these dryers. After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: • Do drying calculations involving relative humidity using the psychrometric moisture chart and the equilibrium moisture curve for the material being dried. • Calculate the relative amounts of bound and unbound water in wet solids before drying. • Model heat transfer in conductive drying and calculate conductive drying times. • Interpret drying rate curves. • Calculate convective drying times of nonporous solids based on mass transfer.
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"Air Pollution." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0014.
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It is somewhat artificial to consider air, water, and soil pollution separately because their effects are interchangeable. Chemicals emitted into the air eventually combine with rain or snow and settle down to become water and land pollutants. On the other hand, volatile chemicals from soil or those that enter lakes and rivers evaporate to become air pollutants. Pesticides sprayed on land are carried by the wind to become transient air pollutants that eventually settle somewhere on land or water. For discussion purposes, however, some systematic division appears to be advisable. Although the problems of air pollution have been recognized for many decades, they were once considered to be only of local significance, restricted to industrial urban areas. With the current recognition of the destruction of stratospheric ozone, the greenhouse effect, worldwide forest destruction, and the acidification of lakes and coastal waters, air pollution assumes global significance. The sources of urban air pollution are . power generation . transportation . industry, manufacturing, and processing . residential heating . waste incineration Except for waste incineration, all of these pollution sources depend on fossil fuel and, to a lesser degree, on fuel from renewable resources such as plant material. Therefore, all of them produce essentially the same pollutants, although the quantity of each substance may vary from source to source. The principal incineration-generated pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), a mixture of nitrogen oxides (NOx), a mixture of hydrocarbons, referred to as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), suspended particulate matter (SPM) of varying sizes, and metals, mostly bound to particles. Waste incineration, in addition, produces some chlorinated dioxins and furans that are formed on combustion of chlorine-containing organic substances Most of these air pollutants originate from geophysical, biological, and atmospheric sources. Their contribution to total air pollution is globally significant. This fact should not lead us into complacency about anthropogenic air pollution. In nature, a steady state has been established between emission and disposition of biogenic pollutants. Life on earth developed in harmony with these external influences.
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Henderson, Peter A. "Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets." In Southwood's Ecological Methods, 430–57. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862277.003.0014.
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Methods to assess the size of a population and the interactions between populations in terms of biomass (weight of living material) or energy content are described. Biomass can be expressed as wet weight, dry weight (DW), shell-free dry weight (SFDW), ash-free dry weight, or as the amount of organic carbon present. The energy content of a material may be determined directly by oxidation, either by potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid, or by burning in oxygen and determining the amount of heat liberated. The latter method—bomb calorimetry—is most convenient and is widely used in ecology, but it involves drying the material, and volatile substances can be lost. Methods to estimate standing-crop, energy density, feeding and assimilation, and production are reviewed. Energy budgets can usefully be summarized and compared if the efficiencies of various processes are calculated. Dynamic energy budget models are introduced.
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Marsden, John, Colin Bradbury, and John Strang. "Assessing need and organizing services for drug misuse problems." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 515–20. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0070.
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In the present decade, there has been substantial investment in drug misuse treatment thereby expanding the workforce, the capacity of the treatment system and leading to reduced waiting times and better integration of local services. In 2006–07, an in-treatment population of approximately 200 000 individuals were recorded by the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS). Capture-recapture estimates suggest that there are approximately 327 000 users of opioids and/or crack cocaine. About two-thirds of adults entering drug misuse treatment services are dependent on illicit heroin—a clinical presentation complicated by between 20 per cent to 50 per cent of admissions by concurrent dependence on cocaine and other substances such as the misuse of pharmaceutical medications (such as benzodiazepines). Cannabis is reported as the main problem drug for younger patients under 18 years of age. Overall, treatment services for clients of all ages are able to assess and provide interventions across all illicit drugs including amphetamine-type stimulants, sedative/hypnotics, cannabis, hallucinogens and volatile substances (solvents and inhalants). Hazardous and harmful alcohol use characterizes a significant, but priority group of drug misuse treatment seekers. In 2006, a revised national drug misuse treatment effectiveness strategy stressed the need for better local partnerships to commission and organize local services and promote reintegration of treated patients into the community. A core component of the strategy was the creation of Criminal Justice Integrated Teams (CJITS) who were given the role of treatment case coordi-nation for individuals involved in the justice system with identified drug misuse. Nevertheless, improvements to the reach, operation, and effectiveness of treatments remains a priority—particularly tackling high-risk behaviours linked to the acquisition and transmission of blood-borne infections and ensuring that all service users receive good quality assessment and care coordination.
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Barbu, Marius C., Jörg Hasener, and Gregor Bernardy. "Modern Testing of Wood-Based Panels, Process Control, and Modeling." In Research Developments in Wood Engineering and Technology, 90–130. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4554-7.ch003.
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The fast development of the wood-based panels industry during the last decades resulted in a substantially increased production capacity of manufacturing lines. The utilization of advanced manufacturing systems created a large output of different panel types with a production of more than 1,000 m3 per day on at least 300 days within a year. Therefore, it is important to take into account the new requirements for an on-line control of the manufacturing process. Only on-line Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) technologies are able to survey, detect, and forecast the quality of the raw materials, level of production parameters, and development of the panel properties. Main parameters like moisture content, resination level, mat area weight, thickness, and density profile influence the final properties of the panels. For over a decade there has been no other choice to control these and other process parameters than NDT methods using microwave (water content), IR (moisture and color), X-ray (mat and board area weight and density profile), ultrasound (blisters or density variation), etc. The determination of the effective resin content on the wood particle or the density, temperature, and moisture development during the hot pressing are further requirements for the future production units. The on-line measurement of free formaldehyde remaining after resin curing and other volatile substances from wood and resin seems to be a further subject of major interest. The intelligent implementation and integration, use, and understanding of on-line NDT methods in wood panel manufacturing is a big challenge that includes a better understanding of the overall process and its limits, an updated state of the art of knowledge, as well as an open and continuous dialog between the equipment producers, board manufactures, and users that could be another important key for the development of an environmentally friendly modern wood-based panel industry in the world.
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Mark, James E., Harry R. Allcock, and Robert West. "Preceramic Inorganic Polymers." In Inorganic Polymers. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131192.003.0013.
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One of the most important interfaces in materials science is the one between polymers and ceramics. Ceramics can be viewed as highly cross-linked polymer systems, with the three-dimensional network providing strength, rigidity, and resistance to high temperatures. Although not generally recognized as such, a few ceramics exist that are totally organic (i.e., carbon-based). Melamine-formaldehyde resins, phenolformaldehyde materials, and carbon fibers are well-known examples. However, totally inorganic ceramics are more widely known, many of which are based on the elements silicon, aluminum, or boron combined with oxygen, carbon, or nitrogen. Among the inorganic ceramics, two different classes can be recognized—oxide ceramics and non-oxide materials. The oxide ceramics frequently include silicate structures, and these are relatively low melting materials. The non-oxide ceramics, such as silicon carbide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, and boron nitride are some of the highest melting substances known. Non-oxide ceramics are often so high melting that they are difficult to shape and fabricate by the melt- or powder-fusion techniques that are common for oxide materials. One major use for inorganic-organic polymers and oligomers is as sacrificial intermediates for pyrolytic conversion to ceramics. The logic is as follows. Linear, branched, or cyclolinear polymers or oligomers can be fabricated easily by solution- or melt-fabrication techniques. If a polymeric material that has been shaped and fabricated in this way is then cross-linked and pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere to drive off the organic components (typically, the side groups), the resultant residue may be a totally inorganic ceramic in the shape of the original fabricated article. Thus, ceramic fibers, films, coatings, and shaped objects may by accessible without recourse to the ultra-high temperatures needed for melting of the ceramic material itself. Note, however, that although the final shape of the object may be retained during pyrolysis, the size will be diminished due to the loss of volatile material. If the pyrolysis takes place too quickly, this contraction process may cause cracking of the material and loss of strength.
Conference papers on the topic "Volatile Substance Use"
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Antoanela, Popescu, Suciu Felicia, Lupu Carmen, Stoicescu Iuliana, and Roșca Adrian Cosmin. "PHARMACOGNOSTIC ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS OF THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF THE AERIAL PARTS OF THE SPECIES CERASTIUM BULGARICUM UECHTR. SIN. CERASTIUM GRACILE DUFOUR." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/15.
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"The main objective of the paper was the pharmacognostic analysis of the microscopic and chemical species of the aerial part of the species Cerastium bulgaricum Uechtr. sin. Cerastium gracile Dufour, to establish the chemical composition and especially to identify active principles that scientifically substantiate the traditional use of the plant product. The microscopic analyses of the vegetative organs (stem and leaf) the species Cerastium bulgaricum Uechtr led to the conclusion that its histo-anatomical structure is specific to Caryophyllaceae. Following the global chemical analysis, active principles known in the literature for the antioxidant potential were identified. Following the preliminary quantitative determinations (drying loss, determination of soluble substances) results comparable to those in the literature on the content of volatile substances and soluble substances were obtained. The separation, identification and quantification of poliphenols compounds were made through high performance of liquid chromatography (HPLC), standardized method according to USP30-NF25 Monograph"
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Nuro, Aurel, and Bledar Murtaj. "LEVELS OF SOME PRIORITY SUBSTANCES ON ADRIATIC SEA, ALBANIA." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.277.
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This study evaluated levels for organochlorine pesticides (DDTs, HCHs, Heptachlors, Aldrins and Endosulfanes), their residues, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water samples of Adriatic Sea, Albanian part. Water stations were chosen near the main river estuaries of Albania (Vjosa, Semani, Shkumbini, Erzeni, Mati and Buna rivers). These rivers have catchment areas that cover almost all Albania. First, agricultural, industrial and urban waste is transported in these rivers and after that they finished in Adriatic Sea. Water samples were analyzed for a five-year period from February 2015 to December 2019. Liquid-liquid extraction was used to isolate chlorinated pollutants and a florisil column was used for clean-up procedure. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides (according to Method EPA 8081B) and 7 PCB markers was realized using GC/ECD and RTX-5 capillary column. The PAHs were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction technique and after sample concentration qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by the GC/FID technique. Organochlorine pollutants were detected for all stations of Adriatic Sea because of new arrivals by agricultural and industrial activity in river basins. The highest levels were found near Shkumbini and Semani estuaries due to impact Myzeqeja agricultural area. New arrivals from water irrigation and rainfall influence in found levels. Degradation products of pesticides and volatile PCBs were found at higher levels for all samples analyzed. The levels of some individual organochlorine pesticides were higher than EU and Albanian norms for Semani and Shkumbini rivers. Also, PAHs were found at higher levels for Semani River because of extracting-processing industry in Patos-Marinza area. Monitoring of organic pollutants in water of Adriatic Sea should be continuous because of its importance in fishing, tourism, recreation and Albania economy overall.
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Mosser, Mark F. "Progress on Environmentally Compliant Aluminum Ceramic Compressor Coatings." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54294.
Full textAbstract:
During the last decade there has been an increasing emphasis on compliance to ever stricter environmental laws as well as compliance to regulations that have been designed to protect workers from exposure to toxic or otherwise harmful substances or processes. This world-wide emphasis has forced a continuing review of materials and processes used in the manufacture and protection of compressor materials from corrosion. Turbine compressors have been coated with silicone aluminum paint, diffused nickel cadmium and aluminum pigmented ceramic coatings that contain hexavalent chromium. These three processes utilize various chemicals including toxic substances, carcinogens and volatile organic compounds (VOC). All three of the coating processes need to be either made compliant or eliminated from use. This paper will review efforts that have been made to develop compliant aluminum ceramic compressor coating materials as applied to various steel and stainless steel substrates. In all cases the new materials that have been developed are free of toxic or carcinogenic materials. Test results will be compared to specification requirements for chrome containing compressor coatings in the area of physical properties including surface finish, thickness and adhesion. Additionally, environmental test data will be presented based on standard test methods that compare new compliant coatings with conventional chrome containing materials. Finally, process steps and conditions will be described for these new coatings.
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Alonso, Dominique, Ghislain Genin, David Heller, Brice Chabrier, and Michel Molie`re. "Evaporation of Volatile Liquid Pools Under Forced Convection: Experimental Approach for Multi-Component Liquids and Validation of a Vaporization Model." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45560.
Full textAbstract:
The evaporation of pools of volatile liquids under dynamic conditions is gaining interest as an engineering subject. Indeed there is an increasing need to optimize the control of thermal or chemical processes and to cope with more and more stringent Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) regulations applicable to the handling of hazardous liquids, especially those relating to stationary gas turbine installations. A specific issue, tied with flammable substances, comes from the fact that the transition from a flame to an explosion is not sufficiently well controlled due to the difficulty in modeling complex installations. Therefore, the current approach used to address explosion risks consists in quantifying the flux of vapors emitted by the pool and evaluating the mechanical effect entailed by a potential ignition of the flammable cloud generated. It is therefore of paramount importance to accurately know, under variable vaporizing conditions, how much of the volatile matter is extracted by the ventilation stream from the liquid pool and how these vapors get diluted downstream of the source. A survey of the literature shows that while pool evaporation of water has been extensively covered by experimentation, most organic liquids including hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, etc. have been insufficiently studied. In order to fill this gap, the authors have combined an experimental approach enabling to quantify the source of vapors with a dedicated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach describing the mixing/dilution phenomena in the gas phase. This dual approach has proved very fruitful as it leads to realistic spatial distributions of the species downstream of the source. Therefore it has been utilized to develop experimentally verified data for the evaporation rate of single and multicomponent liquids. This paper presents the original experimental rig developed to quantify the vaporization rates. The elaboration of the CFD model and the results obtained when coupling both approaches will be the matter of a next paper.
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Molie`re, Michel, Philippe Cozzarin, Se´bastien Bouchet, and Philippe Rech. "Catalytic Detection of Fuel Leaks in Gas Turbines Units: Gaseous and Volatile Hydrocarbon Based Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68875.
Full textAbstract:
Gas/vapor detection is a critical function in Gas Turbines (GT) units as it allows to take appropriate steps in case of incipient fuel leaks in the confined volume of enclosures. This important subject is being actively revisited by the GT community and safety organizations, namely under the impulse of the HSE of UK. Historically the catalytic detection technology that is of common use in stationary GT, has been applied to detect leakages of gaseous fuels — and more especially Natural Gas (NG) — since the catalytic detectors or “pellistors” are most sensitive to methane. Indeed, the response of catalytic detectors is specific to each individual hydrocarbon molecule and decrease with the size of the latter. After years this technology has been extended to the detection of rich NG (containing some amounts of C3-C4) then to hydrogen and liquefied petroleumliquids (LPG). The use of alternative gas turbine fuels such as LPG, syngas and volatile fuels is becoming increasingly popular in some world regions and requires to adapt the leak detection systems. Especially, volatile liquid fuels that comprise naphtha, “natural gas liquids”, gas condensates (and alcohols) are critical in safety terms. Indeed these fuels exhibit both low initial boiling points (IBP as low as 30°C) and Flash Points (down to-20°C); in case of leak, they generate — as liquids — large masses of flammable substances. In addition, vapors of liquid fuels have a more complex response in catalytic detection than gases due to their complex composition with tens of HC molecules of various size and structure. In this context, the behavior of commercial detectors in presence of not only gas fuels but also of synthetic vapors of naphtha has been the matter of a comprehensive evaluation at the laboratory of INERIS, a French Institute devoted to safety and environment. This work that targets the detection of hydrocarbon (CnHm) fuels is the first phase of an overall, GE-INERIS joint evaluation program covering both hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon GT fuels, i.e. the complete CnHm/CO/H2/N2(CO2) spectrum. The first part of this program phase addressed the lightest terms of the paraffin series (C1 to C4) and some mixtures of the same that are involved in the detection of NG and LPG vapors. The second part was dedicated to the higher paraffins terms (C5 to C8) including various mixtures of the same and 2 synthetic naphtha compositions. Particular emphasis has been placed on the capability to detect hydrocarbons at the levels (as low as 5%) that result from recent safety codes. After a record of principles, the paper summarizes the results of these tests that confirm the general capability of the catalytic technology for the detection of LPG and naphtha vapors.