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Journal articles on the topic 'Volatile Substance Use'
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1
Byard, R. W., C. Kostakis, P. E. Pigou, and J. D. Gilbert. "Volatile substance use in sexual asphyxia." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 2000): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jcfm.2000.0356.
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Wilkerson, James Andrew, and Mark Preston Burton. "Inhalation of Volatile Substances: An Emerging Threat to Readiness?" Military Medicine 163, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.5.343.
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Abstract Volatile substance abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile substances to achieve intoxication. We discuss the history and pathophysiological effects of commonly abused volatile substances. We explore three deaths and one serious accident in active duty military settings. The causes for abuse in the military environment are numerous and include remote duty, peer influence, low cost, rapid onset, limitation of ethanol use, difficult detection/screening for use, and lack of knowledge among users and authorities. The lethality of these substances and their casual use can constitute a threat to military readiness. Our experience suggests an increase in the use of these substances in the military paralleling their increasing use in the general population. Education and awareness training could limit fatalities and decrease the threat in military and civilian populations.
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Parker, S. E. "Use and Abuse of Volatile Substances in Industry." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800404.
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1 Although there are trends towards the use of 'safer' or non-solvent materials, the overall consumption of solvents will probably not change very much over the next few years. Substitution of solvents by 'safer' materials is a complex and difficult process and the rate of change is correspondingly slow. 2 HSE exposure data show that generally industry controls most solvent use quite well. High personal exposures are not widespread and tend to occur in a fairly small number of premises involving 'end user' processes (mixing, spraying, etc). 3 Exposure in industry is generally to mixtures of solvents rather than single substances. The degree to which abuse is a contributory factor in exposure is uncertain, but there is probably greater opportunity for abuse to occur in 'end user' processes. 4 The experience of the author and colleagues in the HSE supports the evidence for the occurrence of volatile substance abuse (particularly of organic solvents) in industry but the extent of the practice is not known. 5 The proposed Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) will bring greater emphasis on the assessment of risks to health in industry, which must include the potential for abuse, together with appropriate training and supervision.
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Chadwick, O. F. D., and H. R. Anderson. "Neuropsychological Consequences of Volatile Substance Abuse: A Review." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800409.
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1 The evidence from studies of the neuropsychological consequences of chronic volatile substance abuse is reviewed. 2 Studies of occupational exposure to solvent vapour are of limited relevance when considering the effects of volatile substance abuse because occupational exposure is normally to small quantities of many different compounds over prolonged periods of time. 3 Many studies of chronic volatile substance abusers suffer from serious shortcomings such as the use of small sample sizes, inadequate controls, failure to exclude the possibility of acute toxic effects and a disregard of other factors which could account for the findings. 4 There is reasonably good evidence that neuropsychological impairment is often present amongst volatile subtance abusers with definite neurological abnormalities. 5 Although most studies have found that volatile substance abusers without reported neurological abnormalities obtain lower psychometric test scores than non-abusers, it remains uncertain whether these deficits are best explained in terms of a causal effect of volatile substance abuse, rather than a reflection of other factors associated with volatile substance abuse, such as background, social disadvantages or history of delinquency.
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MacLean, Sarah, Jacqui Cameron, Angela Harney, and Nicole K. Lee. "Psychosocial therapeutic interventions for volatile substance use: a systematic review." Addiction 107, no. 2 (January 17, 2012): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03650.x.
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Marel, Christina, Katherine L. Mills, and Maree Teesson. "Substance use, mental disorders and COVID-19: a volatile mix." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 34, no. 4 (March 17, 2021): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000707.
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Alonso-Matías, Lizeth, Ernesto Reyes-Zamorano, and Jorge J. González-Olvera. "Cognitive and clinic profile of volatile substance users." Salud mental 43, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2020.023.
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Introduction. Inhalant use disorder has increased in spite of its adverse medical consequences. Due to the inherent difficulties of working with this population, so far there has been no quantifiable clinical evidence of the cognitive characteristics of inhalants users in early withdrawal and the clinic effect of consumption time. Objective. To evaluate the clinical and cognitive performance of inhalant users and the clinic effects of consumption time. Method. A cross-sectional study in which 28 adult users of inhalants were included, divided in two groups according to their consumption time: less than or greater than seven years. They were all evaluated in terms of clinical and neuropsychological values. Results. Consumers of inhalant showed presence of craving (M = 479.14, SD = 213.51), altered frontal behavior before (M = 119.18, SD = 29.53) and now (M = 130, SD = 33.03), sleeping problems (M = 8.93, SD = 3.4), and cognitive difficulties (inhibitory control, planning, decision-making, working memory, verbal fluency, and cognitive flexibility); all these tasks were statistically significant (p = < .05). Discussion and conclusion. Executive functioning is impaired with inhalant use disorder; these alterations increase with withdrawal and craving and changes remain independent from the use time.
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Fajri, Rinaldi, Mustafa M. Amin, and Elmeida Effendy. "Mental Emotional Disorder due to Inhalant in Medan." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T3 (May 16, 2021): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6339.
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BACKGROUND: Inhalants, also known as volatile substances or solvents, are volatile hydrocarbons, which become gases at room temperature. Inhalants are substances commonly used by homeless teenagers. The effects of this substance vary including stamina enhancing effect, self-resistance, agitation, paranoid, hallucinations, and chest pain. We expect that this case report is able to show how vulnerable teens are to become users of illegal substance, such as inhalants, particularly those who come from low socio-economical background. CASE REPORT: Mental emotional disorders are commonly found among a 14–18-year-old man who engages in glue sniffing that may end up with jail. Most of the cases in Medan were found in children from broken home families or with low financial background, dropping out of school, and those suffering from bullying. Therefore, we particularly report a case of a 14-year-old boy who uses inhalant (glue) in Medan. CONCLUSION: Several studies show that the use of inhalants in street children is quite high.
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DeBoer, Tracy, Jino Distasio, Corinne A. Isaak, Leslie E. Roos, Shay-Lee Bolton, Maria Medved, Laurence Y. Katz, Paula Goering, Lucille Bruce, and Jitender Sareen. "What are the Predictors of Volatile Substance Use in an Urban Community of Adults Who are Homeless?" Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 34, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2015-003.
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The present study explored the prevalence of volatile substance use (VSU ) in a community of homeless adults. The importance of individual life history characteristics (history of traumatic events, residential school history, mental and physical health conditions) were also examined with respect to past-year volatile substance use in this sample. Overall, the results indicate that a variety of traumatic events, particularly residential school history and a number of mental and physical health conditions, were significantly associated with VSU in this urban Canadian sample. These findings have novel implications for community interventions for VSU and highlight the importance of conceptualizing cultural and historical traumas in understanding VSU .
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MacLean, Sarah. "Out-of-Home Care As an Institutional Risk Environment for Volatile Substance Use." Children Australia 37, no. 1 (March 2012): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2012.4.
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The exploratory study of meanings of volatile substance use (VSU) on which this article draws (involving 28 young people living in Melbourne, Victoria, Australa, aged from 13 to 24 years, each with experience of VSU, and 14 expert workers) was not designed to investigate any relationship between VSU and living in out-of-home care while subject to protective orders. However, when asked about their lives at the time they commenced or intensified VSU, 8 participants were adamant that living in out-of-home care was a significant factor. Two narratives reiterated by these young people are identified in the article: first that VSU is part of life in out-of-home care, and second that VSU ceases to be appropriate after leaving care. Young people who are living in out-of-home care report substantially higher levels of VSU than occur across the general population. This article shows how narrative accounts (even when expressed by small numbers of participants) provide insight into how VSU and other drug use may become embedded in particular institutional settings through assuming meanings and utility for users that are specific to these environments. While previous literature on the aetiology of VSU generally emphasises individual or familial risk factors, this article argues that out-of-home care may function, at least in some instances, as an institutional ‘risk environment’ for VSU and that this should be further explored through future research. Adjusting models of care may offer new strategies for responding to this form of drug use.
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Leigh, Victoria, and Sarah MacLean. "Silent deaths: a commentary on new mortality data relating to volatile substance abuse in Great Britain." Drugs and Alcohol Today 19, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-08-2018-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on new information from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on deaths caused by volatile substance abuse (VSA) in Great Britain which occurred between 2001 and 2016. Design/methodology/approach Comparing the new study with previous mortality data, the authors consider the strengths and some limitations of the analysis provided by ONS. Findings By utilising a broader range of codes and collating additional information from death certificates, the new report provides a more comprehensive measure of VSA mortality than was previously available, showing increasing prevalence of deaths. The age profile of people dying is older than in previous studies. Most deaths were associated with inhalation of gases and almost three-quarters of deaths involved volatile substances alone. Practical implications Understanding VSA mortality is essential for service planning. It is important that we identify why so many people whose deaths are associated with VSA are not accessing treatment, with particular concern about treatment access for those who only use volatiles. Training to support drug and alcohol and other health service staff to respond to VSA is essential. In future reports, data to identify socioeconomic correlations of VSA deaths would enable targeted responses. Additionally, information on whether deaths occur in long term rather than episodic or one-off users could enable risk reduction education. Originality/value This paper shows how data on VSA deaths may inform for policy and service planning.
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Edeh, J. "Volatile Substance Abuse in Relation to Alcohol and Illicit Drugs: Psychosocial Perspectives." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800410.
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1 Volatile substance abusers are a heterogeneous population despite some demographic and social characteristics which appear similar. 2 Though predominantly an adolescent group activity, adult cases have been reported. Family disruption, alcohol misuse and antisocial behaviour feature prominently. 3 Evidence currently available suggests that only a minority of cases progress to illicit drug use; however a review of literature reveals serious discrepancies. 4 Further research of a longitudinal nature using standardized criteria of psychiatric morbidity and social adjustment and long-term follow-up is indicated to examine the extent of progression to heavy alcohol or illicit drug use.
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Cvetkovski, Stefan, and Paul Dietze. "The incidence and characteristics of volatile substance use related ambulance attendances in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia." Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 3 (February 2008): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.002.
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Kasantikul, Benya, Ruengsak Auttaranakon, and Arun Kongkeaw. "Bamboo scraps and hardwood chips biochar derived from a cone-truncated open fire kiln for use as a nutrition medium for agricultural purpose." E3S Web of Conferences 187 (2020): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018703003.
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An experiment on the production of biochar from bamboo scraps and hardwood chips for use as materials to improve soil was done by burning the biomass of the bamboo scraps and hardwood chips in Pyrolysis conditions at a temperature range of 500 - 700C with a cone-truncated open fire kiln which reduces burning time to 45-60 min. Experimental results revealed that the average bamboo-scrap biochar of 2.5 kg resulted from burning 15 kg of the bamboo scraps; likewise, the average hardwood-chip biochar of 2.2 kg resulted from burning 15 kg of the hardwood chips. According to analyses, the bamboo-scrap biochar was composed of 8.6% moisture content, 8.0% volatile substance, 9.0% ash, 83% fixed carbon, 250mg/g iodine and pH 10.3; whereas, the hardwood-chip biochar was composed of 6% moisture content, 8.2% volatile substance, 3% ash , 88.8% fixed carbon, 300 mg/g iodine, and pH 10.1. The result of planting experiments showed that after mixing the biochar for soil nourishment and compost into the planting soil, the morning glory and kale can grow better than those planted in normal soil and soil with compost.
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Swadi, Harith. "Substance Misuse in Adolescence Questionnaire (SMA Q): A Pilot Study of a Screening Instrument for Problematic Use of Drugs and Volatile Substances in Adolescents." Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2, no. 2 (May 1997): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.1997.tb00048.x.
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Zakh, V. A. "USE OF RESINOUS SUBSTANCES BY THE EARLY NEOLITHIC POPULATION IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ISHIM AREA." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(47) (December 30, 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-1.
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In this study, the author set out to determine the chemical composition and possible use of a substance, which remnants were found on a tile fragment made of soft brown shist. This item was discovered in the occupa-tion layer of a Neolithic settlement belonging to the Boborykino culture (Mergen 3), located on the terrace of Lake Mergen in the forest-steppe of the Ishim area (south of Western Siberia). By analogy with the complexes of the Boborykino culture in the Tobol area — Yurtobor 3 (7701 ± 120 BP (UPI 559)) and Tashkovo 1 (7440 ± 60 BP (LE 1534)) — which age was determined using carbon-14 dating, the Mergen 3 settlement can be attributed to the second half of the 7th millennium Cal. BC. The fragment measuring 3.0 × 2.1 × 0.55 cm has a spherical indenta-tion in the centre measuring 2.0×2.0×0.2 cm with a volume of 0.118 cm3 (0.118 ml). The whole item probably had a square shape with rounded and slightly raised edges. A visual analysis of the spot was carried out using an MBS-10 binocular microscope at a magnification of 16×. The analysis revealed a brown substance on the edges of the indentation, which looked like a dark porous carbon-like spot in the centre. These remnants were studied using a Bruker ALPHA FT-IR spectrometer with an Eco-ATR module — a single reflection ATR sampling module equipped with a zinc selenide crystal (ZnSe) that allows you to analyse liquid, solid and powder samples without preliminary sample preparation. The measurements were performed in the wavenumber range of 300–4000 cm-1 at a resolution of 4 cm-1. Some of the most significant absorption bands (709; 975; 1,024; 1,027 cm-1) were ob-served, which characterise vibrations bending and stretching the bonds in the skeleton of an organic molecule containing single С–С and С–О bonds. The obtained spectra are most consistent with the IR absorption spectra of resin acids, in particular, dehydroabietic acid that is present in resin obtained from coniferous trees. Consider-ing the small volume of the above-mentioned substance and the limited of its burning, the author excludes the use of this tile as a lamp, the use of the substance for the preparation of glue that held together the parts of complex tools, as well as the use of the substance for healing wounds and for cosmetic purposes, which involved addi-tional ingredients. Signs of burning indicate the use of the artefact for rituals, in particular for obtaining finely dis-persed soot employed when applying tattoos. The conducted experiment showed that the soot from a burnt drop of fresh resin covered 4 cm2 of the wrist area. Soot formed at the very beginning of the combustion process (probably combustion of volatile components), then the substance was oxidised without noticeable emissions. The remnants of the porous substance on the tile confirm the importance of the moment of resin burning with the abundant production of soot. However, the possibility that there were other unknown areas of application of gali-pot obtained from coniferous trees is not excluded. In any case, it is safe to say that the early Neolithic population living in the Ishim area purposefully used natural resins in their activities.
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Khalilova, N. Sh, N. V. Korableva, V. A. Vetrova, M. U. Abdullayeva, and Z. U. Usmonaliyeva. "EXPERT RESEARCH OF MICROQUANTITIES NARCOTIC, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES AND PRECURSORS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 332–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.38.
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While investigating and prosecuting criminal cases related to illegal drug trade, psychotropic substances and precursors, microobjects found at the scene of crime, as well as on items related to a crime and its participants, assume ever greater evidentiary. In expert practice, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances often appear as research objects, that are rarely individual compounds. At that greatest difficulties arise while research of substances that are multicomponent systems and mixtures containing a large number of impurity and ballast substances, as well as low concentrations of active substances. So it is difficult to identify the substance that served as the basis for developing a methodology for the investigation of microquantities of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors. Despite the fact that chromatographic analysis is the most common method for the analysis of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, currently due to high information content, sensitivity and selectivity in the world practice of forensic chemical and medical examination, methods of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detector (HPLC-MS) become one of the most widely used. The use of the HPLC-MS method is the most optimal while research on narcotic, psychotropic substances and precursors by reducing the time of sample preparation, since there is no need for the stage of reagents evaporation and receipt of derivatives, and also it is appear possible to identify non-volatile substances that cannot be analyzed by GC-MS. As a result of the performed researches a methods for the criminalistic research of microquantities of certain narcotic drugs (heroin, morphine, opium, methamphetamine, cocaine, etc.), psychotropic substances (clonidine, bromazepam, ketazolam, trihexyphenidyl, methaqualone, barbital, etc.), precursors (pseudoephedrine, ephedrine) and a poison such as scopolamine using GC-MS and HPLC-MS.
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McKee, Richard H., Mark Nicolich, Timothy Roy, Russell White, and Wayne C. Daughtrey. "Use of a Statistical Model to Predict the Potential for Repeated Dose and Developmental Toxicity of Dermally Administered Crude Oil and Relation to Reproductive Toxicity." International Journal of Toxicology 33, no. 1_suppl (October 31, 2013): 17S—27S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581813504226.
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Petroleum (commonly called crude oil) is a complex substance primarily composed of hydrocarbon constituents. Based on the results of previous toxicological studies as well as occupational experience, the principal acute toxicological hazards are those associated with exposure by inhalation to volatile hydrocarbon constituents and hydrogen sulfide, and chronic hazards are associated with inhalation exposure to benzene and dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds. The current assessment was an attempt to characterize the potential for repeated dose and/or developmental effects of crude oils following dermal exposures and to generalize the conclusions across a broad range of crude oils from different sources. Statistical models were used to predict the potential for repeated dose and developmental toxicity from compositional information. The model predictions indicated that the empirical data from previously tested crude oils approximated a “worst case” situation, and that the data from previously tested crude oils could be used as a reasonable basis for characterizing the repeated dose and developmental toxicological hazards of crude oils in general.
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Wimolrattanasil, Thanasorn, and Sarawut Thepanondh. "Emission Factor of VOCs from Non-Point Source: Case Study of Chemical Laboratory." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.660.
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Laboratory is one of non-point source, which use chemical substance for an experimental analysis and which may release chemical into an environment. There is a lack of information about the release of chemical to the environment from laboratory activity. In this study, releasing of volatile organic compound from school, university and commercial laboratories are estimated. Direct measurement of target chemical concentrations in laboratory are taking into account the normal practice in each laboratory. Emission factors of ethyl acetate are calculated as 383.09, 174.13 and 445.53 kg (release to air) per 1000 kg of amount of usage for school laboratory (opened room), school laboratory (closed room) and university laboratory, respectively. Results of this study indicated that emission rate of VOCs from chemical laboratory will be dramatically decreased as a result of installation of VOCs treatment.
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Imo, Chinedu, and Ejim Moses Ijagem. "Evaluation of Chemical Constituents of Crude Oil." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 66 (June 5, 2020): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.66.79.83.
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The chemical constituents of crude oil were evaluated in this study. Crude oil is used for many purposes. It is commonly used for production of fuel and in traditional medicine for various purposes. Some people also use crude oil as antidote for poisons. Analysis of the chemical constituents of crude oil was carried out with the use of GC (model No. 7890B) and MS detector (model 5977A). Several chemical constituents with various functions were detected in the crude oil. Some of the chemical constituents detected have been reported to be used for the production of some fuels, pesticides, volatile compounds, fragrance, food additives and antimicrobial agents. This study therefore showed that various important chemicals/compounds useful in traditional medicine and for industrial uses are present in crude oil, thereby making it a good raw material for industrial and medicinal purposes. However, some constituents of crude oil are known to be able to cause toxicity, making crude oil a toxic substance.
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Vitenberg, A. G., A. S. Pichugina, and Yu G. Dobryakov. "Use of vapor-phase sources of gas mixtures for calibration and verification of analytical equipment in measuring the content of volatile substance impurity content." Measurement Techniques 52, no. 12 (December 2009): 1372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-010-9447-4.
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Ricci, Sara, Renee M. Petri, Ezequias Castillo-Lopez, Raul Rivera-Chacon, Nicole Reisinger, and Qendrim Zebeli. "196 Screening several phytogenic compounds for their effect on ruminal fermentation parameters in cattle fed high grain diet." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.286.
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Abstract Phytogenic compounds, e.g. secondary plant compounds and essential oils, are often used as supplements in ruminant nutrition to modulate microbial fermentation under ruminal dysbiosis associated with high grain feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of phytogenic compounds on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and composition in cows affected by subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Nine substances were tested at low and high dosage (1x and 10x respectively) using nine non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows, adapted to a 65% concentrate and 35% silage (grass and corn) ration (DM basis). Feeding was restricted for nine hours before providing the substance mixed with five kg of TMR. Each substance and dosage was tested individually on four cows (n = 4/compound/dose) over a period of four hours. Rumen and reticulum fluid were collected before the treatment, and four hours after feeding. VFA were measured with gas chromatography. Ruminal pH was continuously recorded (eCow indwelling pH systems). Data were analyzed with the Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. Seven out of nine compounds showed an effect or a trend on VFA measured, both in rumen and reticulum. Acetic acid in rumen fluid decreased with garlic oil, while low dose mint oil increased its concentration (P = 0.06 and P = 0.01, respectively). Low dose mint oil (P < 0.01) and L-menthol (P = 0.03) both increased the A:P ratio, whereas garlic oil tended towards a decrease in the A:P ratio. Garlic oil and ginger showed negative correlations between total VFA and mean ruminal pH (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that phytogenic compounds can modulate microbial activity within four hours of feeding. The use of phytogenic compounds may have beneficial effects on microbial fermentation under low pH conditions associated with high grain feeding.
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Cherepitsa, Sergey V., Svetlana N. Sytova, Lidia N. Sobolenko, Evgeny D. Shevchenko, Alexander Yu Kolesnov, and Sergey R. Tsimbalaev. "Confirmation of the suitability of the method of using ethanol as a reference substance for quantitative determination of volatile compounds in alcoholic beverages." Butlerov Communications 64, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-64-12-60.
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Quality and safety control of alcohol products is an integral part of the work of laboratories for the food analysis. One of the most important safety indicators regulated worldwide is the chemical composition of an alcoholic beverages, namely the presence of characteristic and impurity volatile components. The list of controlled compounds includes acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols, etc. Analysis of alcoholic beverages is a conservative field, since its results are closely associated with economic risks for the manufacturer, and also directly with the health of the population consuming this product. For this reason, the method, used for the analysis of alcoholic beverages, should be accurate, reproducible and simple for use. The authors have developed and described a method that satisfies the above requirements, based on the use of ethanol containing in alcoholic beverages as a reference substance for gas chromatographic analysis. Confirmation of the suitability of the proposed method for the analysis of a wide range of alcoholic beverages: whiskey, brandy, grappa, vodka, scotch tape, bourbon, brandy, calvados, sake, alcohol, rum, gin and tequila, is presented. The results, obtained by the proposed method are compared with the results obtained by the generally accepted traditional method of the internal standard using 2-pentanol. The repeatability and trueness of the both methods are evaluated. The relative difference between the results, obtained by the internal standard method, and the developed method did not exceed 2%.
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Konieczko, Katarzyna. "Phenolphthalein – inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 34, no. 4(98) (November 30, 2018): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7949.
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Phenolphthalein is a colorless and odorless crystalline solid; in a powdered form white or pale yellow. It is non-volatile, practically insoluble in water, but it dissolves in ethanol. Phenolphthalein is not known to occur as a natural product. The synthetic substance is used as a pH indicator in laboratories, during work on metal surfaces in galvanizing plants as well as for measuring the saturation of concrete with carbon dioxide. Until the end of the 20th century, it was widely used as a component of non-prescription laxatives – in 1999 FDA removed phenolphthalein from the list of substances considered safe. In 2016 in Poland 255 enterprises were reported to work with phenolphthalein (mainly laboratories) and there were 2500 occupationally exposed people. Phenolphthalein used in therapeutic doses was well tolerated. Only a few side effects were reported: abdominal discomfort, nausea, reduced blood pressure and weakness. Chronic use of phenolphthalein resulted in widening of the colon, reduced thickness of the lining of the mucosa, gastric disorders, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. In a 13-week study in which phenolphthalein was administered to laboratory animals with diets, mice turned out to be a more sensitive species from rats. Changes in testes and epididymides were observed in males and hypoplasia and bone marrow necrosis in males and females. The results of genotoxicity studies indicated that phenolphthalein acts as a promutagen and exerts a clastogenic effect after metabolic activation. Studies on the effect of phenolphthalein on the reproduction of animals indicated its harmful effect on reproductive functions of males. In the EU, phenolphthalein is classified as a category-2 mutagen and category-2 reproductive toxicant (due to its effect on fertility). A small increase in the risk of colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer was observed in case-control studies in patients using phenolphthalein-based laxatives (especially with intensive use of these agents), but the relationship was not statistically significant. In a 2-year NTP carcinogenicity study a significant increase in the number of benign phaeochromocytomas and adenomas of renal tubular epithelium was observed in male rats. There was also a significant increase in histiocytic sarcomas in mice of both sexes and in malignant lymphomas (of all types) and thymic lymphomas and benign ovarian tumors in females. Based on these experiments phenolphthalein has been identified as a substance reasonably anticipated as human carcinogen (NTP R). The experiment on heterozygous p53 (+/-) mice of both sexes confirmed an increase in lymphoma cases. Phenolphthalein is classified by European Union experts as a category-1B of carcinogenic substances, i.e. known or presumed human carcinogens, however the classification is largely based on animal evidence. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) identified phenolphthalein as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Based on the NTP test results, the additional risk of malignant lymphoma at 8.25 mg/m3 occupational exposure to phenolphthalein for 40 years is 10-4. A concentration of 8 mg/m3 was proposed as the MAC-TWA value for phenolphthalein. Since phenolphthalein is a poorly water-soluble solid, only dust exposure of the substance will occur in the work environment, hence the proposed MAC value should concern the inhalable fraction of the substance. It is proposed to label phenolphthalein as "Carc. 1B" indicating that phenolphthalein is a category-1B carcinogen and "Ft" due to reprotoxicity. There are no bases for establishing the short-term exposure limit value (STEL) and the limit value in biological material (BEI).
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Sassi, Guido, Bilal Alam Khan, and Maricarmen Lecuna. "Reproducibility of the Quantification of Reversible Wall Interactions in VOC Sampling Lines." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020280.
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are widely measured at ppb and ppt level in many contexts, from therapeutic drug control in respiratory diseases to monitoring of climate change and indoor air quality. The need for accuracy is a common denominator in all these fields. The interactions between gas mixtures and solid surfaces in sampling lines and instruments play an important role in calculating the total uncertainty of the amount of VOC. The amount of substances in the gas mixture is affected by its reversible and irreversible interactions with the sampling line. The main aim of this paper is to propose and discuss a method to quantify the amount of substance segregated by reversible interactions on sampling lines. To validate the proposed method, the areic amount of a VOC (Acetone) is measured for a commercial test pipe (Sulfinert®) as the amount of substance per unit area of the internal surface of the test pipe segregated from the flowing gas mixture. Stainless steel coated by Sulfinert® was chosen as a test material because of its wide use and its limited irreversible and permeation effects. A certified gas mixture of Acetone in air with a nominal mole fraction of 10 µmol mol−1 was used for validation. Broad temperature control was used and the sensibility of the method to the temperature and the pressure has been evaluated to correct the bias due to physical condition. The sensitivity to the residence time and the Reynolds number of the gas flow has been evaluated to verify the reaching of equilibrium and the limits of the applicability of the method. The areic amount of Acetone at equilibrium on Sulfinert® coated pipe was measured as 40 nmol m−2, and an equilibrium constant value of around 0.2 m was calculated as the ratio between the superficial amount segregated on the wall and the amount concentration of Acetone in the mixture, both at the equilibrium. The observed reproducibility was better than 2.5%. This method is aimed to investigate VOC losses due to interactions for many VOC/material systems at a lower amount of substance levels.
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Korshak, Aleksey А., Arina V. Nikolaeva, Аnna S. Nagatkina, Marat Т. Gaysin, Andrey A. Korshak, and Vladimir V. Pshenin. "Method for predicting the degree of hydrocarbon vapor recovery at absorption." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-2-202-209.
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Over the years of practical use of absorption, various methods for calculating absorbers have been developed. Among others, the calculation of mass transfer processes was created based on the use of a so-called mass transfer coefficient β, showing how much mass of the target substance passes from the gas phase to the liquid one through a surface area unit per time unit. To determine β, empirical equations are used depending on their validity for a particular type of absorber and operating conditions given. However, these calculations are relatively complex and fail to be applicable to whatever absorber design used. The calculations of phase transitions using phase equilibrium constants do not depend on the design features of the equipment where mass transfer occurs. However, to date, the phase equilibrium theory has been applied to calculate the separation of a multicomponent mixture under no air condition; therefore, it could not be used to predict phase transitions when a gas-air mixture contacts a liquid absorber. Based on the theory of phase transitions, the authors developed a simplified method for predicting the degree of oil vapor recovery at absorption. The technique was successfully tested through calculating the efficiency of the jet absorption unit used to recover oil vapor. Also, the installation performance at absorbent replacement was simulated. The replacement of easily volatile oil used as a working fluid with oil of a lower saturated vapor pressure was shown to significantly increase the degree of hydrocarbon vapor recovery. The possibility of applying the technical solution is limited with the following conditions: low-volatile liquids used as absorbent cannot be highly viscous and have a high pour point; their quality should not deteriorate when absorbing oil vapor; the cost of replacing the working fluid should be reasonable.
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Lazdovica, Kristine, and Valdis Kampars. "Catalytic Intermediate Pyrolysis of Cellulose for Hydrocarbons Production in the Presence of Zeolites by Using TGA-FTIR Method." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.127.
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Pyrolysis plays a vital role in biomass conversion as one of the most promising thermal conversion routes. Solid, liquid and gaseous products are obtained from biomass pyrolysis. The liquid is considered as perspective fuel; however, the direct use of bio-oil as fuel may present many difficulties due to its high viscosity, poor heating value and relative instability. This creates a significant economic barrier for production of transportation fuel by pyrolysis process. Catalytic pyrolysis has been widely used as a convenient method for the direct conversion of biomass into higher quality liquid bio-fuels. Intermediate pyrolysis of cellulose (as a model substance for biomass) with or without catalysts was investigated using TGA-FTIR method in order to determine the influence of zeolite on the relative yield of the compounds. The addition of zeolite with medium and weak acidity increased the production of volatile matter from 86.1% to 88.5% and 88.9% under the catalyst of MCM-41 and ZSM-5 (70). Zeolite with high acidity contributes to the formation of coke and simultaneously causing the deactivation of the catalyst, thus decreasing the volatile matter of cellulose from 86.1% to 83.6% and 83.2% by using H-ZSM-5 (23) and H-ZSM-5 (50). All catalysts showed deoxygenation activity. Zeolites had higher activity in the deoxygenation of compounds containing hydroxyl group than compounds containing carbonyl and carboxyl groups. H-ZSM-5 (23) had a substantial effect on the production of monoaromatic hydrocarbons whereas the yield of olefins notably increased in the presence of ZSM-5 (70).
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Kim, Piljae, and Daisuke Kurabayashi. "Efficient Formation of Pheromone Potential Field by Filtering Interaction." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 24, no. 4 (August 20, 2012): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2012.p0561.
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In the biological world, social insects, such as ants and bees, use a volatile substance called pheromone for their foraging or homing tasks. This study deals with the utilization of the concept of chemical pheromone as an artificial potential field for robotic purposes. This paper first models a pheromone-based potential field, which is constructed through the interaction between amobile robot and radio-frequency identification tags. The emphasis in the modeling of the system is on the possibility of practically implementable ideas. Stability analysis of the pheromone potential field is carried out with the aim of implementing the model on a real robotic system. The comprehensive analysis of the stability provides the criteria for setting the parameters for obtaining the appropriate potential field, leading to a new filter design scheme called a pheromone filter. The designed filter satisfies both the stability and accuracy requirements of the field and facilitates a relatively straightforward and practical implementation for building and shaping the potential field. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through both a computer simulation and a real experiment.
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Zhantasov, K. T., Zh U. Myrhalykov, B. B. Turakulov, M. K. Zhantasov, E. N. Kocherov, and D. M. Zhantasova. "Improvement of a Preparation Process of Chromite Raw Material Used for Ferroalloys and Pigments Manufacture." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 17, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj251.
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<p>The given article contains the research results of carbon-containing chromite pellets’ production from off-grade raw material with application of internal coal-mining overburden rocks as flux. Besides, for the purpose of improvement of ecological situation in industrial regions and expansion of a raw-material base for ferrochrome and pigments manufacture we suppose to use in a charge composition the dust of aspiration units and electrostatic precipitators, which is formed at the preparation of raw materials and production of chromite pellets. The production technology of chromite pellets with use of a slime formed at the concentration of chrome ores as a binding substance was developed. Testing the suggested technology has been carried out in laboratory and trial conditions. The data of a chemical composition of initial components of a charge and calcined carbon-containing chromite pellets have shown economic and ecological efficiency of the developed technological process. Research results lead to the conclusion that the proposed granulation feedstock mixture pellets with a moisture content of 11–12% are obtained crude granules have a compressive strength of 2.3–3.2 kg/splashed. Increasing the content of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in the pellets to 7.6% occurs due to the increase in the extraction of chromium oxide and due to the charge of chromium oxides contained in the sludge, as well as removal of the batch formulation was heat treated carbonates, and volatile organic substances. It was established that during this mode, the temperature in the lower layers is about 1200 °C, and a reduction in natural gas consumption achieves 50% and the residual carbon content in the pellets is about 1.5%, which leads to improvement of technical and economic indices of production chromite pellets and ferrochrome.</p>
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Makris, Dimitris P., and Stavros Lalas. "Glycerol and Glycerol-Based Deep Eutectic Mixtures as Emerging Green Solvents for Polyphenol Extraction: The Evidence So Far." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 5842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245842.
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The acknowledgement that uncontrolled and excessive use of fossil resources has become a prime concern with regard to environmental deterioration, has shifted the orientation of economies towards the implementation of sustainable routes of production, through the valorization of biomass. Green chemistry plays a key role in this regard, defining the framework of processes that encompass eco-friendly methodologies, which aim at the development of highly efficient production of numerous bioderived chemicals, with minimum environmental aggravation. One of the major concerns of the chemical industry in establishing sustainable routes of production, is the replacement of fossil-derived, volatile solvents, with bio-based benign ones, with low vapor pressure, recyclability, low or no toxicity, availability and low cost. Glycerol is a natural substance, inexpensive and non-toxic, and it is a principal by-product of biodiesel industry resulting from the transesterification process. The ever-growing market of biodiesel has created a significant surplus of glycerol production, resulting in a concomitant drop of its price. Thus, glycerol has become a highly available, low-cost liquid, and over the past decade its use as an alternative solvent has been gaining unprecedented attention. This review summarizes the utilization of glycerol and glycerol-based deep eutectic mixtures as emerging solvents with outstanding prospect in bioactive polyphenol extraction.
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Naik, Shrutika Suresh, and Sheela Pargunde. "Physico-chemical Analysis of beeswax procured from Mumbai market, Western Ghats (Natural Habitat)." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) 5, no. 05 (October 25, 2020): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.5.5.26.
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Beeswax is the substance that is obtained from the structure of a honey comb. The bees secrete wax to build the honey combs to store honey. It has rich hydrophobic property, the beeswax is in fact present within cosmetics and body products. Also, beeswax is used in food industry. Beeswax is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, free fatty acid, esters of fatty acid. Beeswax plays an important role in Ayurvedic medicine, the traditional medicine name with Madhushistha (Beewax). The Madhushistha is used for the care of wound from abrasion or even from burns with topical application. Some references in Ayurvedic granth highlight the use of Madhushistha in combination with other herbal and mineral mixture, like Sikta Taila, Mruddaharshringa, Jatyadi Taila, etc. Beeswax is mainly of two types, natural beeswax and processed beeswax. Natural beeswax is clarified further heating in water with petroleum waxes. Because of high demand and shortage in market, adulteration of beeswax with cheaper materials are common like animal fat, plant oil and petroleum spirits (Paraffin wax). Hence authenticity of beeswax is major concern and that can be determined by using physico-chemical parameters such as- organoleptic test, solubility, Melting point, Spacific gravity, Refractive index, Acid value, Ester value, Saponification value, volatile matter. With this justification the present study is expected to determine the quality status of four different beeswax samples procured from Mumbai market, western ghats (Natural habitat). The physico-chemical analysis revealed that volatile matter is detected in market sample (2) whereas market sample (1) shows higher melting point as compare to beeswax collected from the Natural habitat. Market sample (1,2) of beeswax shows slight adulteration hence natural habitat samples (1,2) of beeswax should be used in medicine preparation.
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Meshchurova, Т. А. "ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITIES OF PERM REGION." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-1/17.
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The chemicals emitted from stationary and mobile sources into the air in cities have a harmful effect on the population, contributing to the growth of morbidity and mortality and disturbing the natural environment. In Perm Krai, Russia, industrial facilities discharge about 360 chemicals into the air. The airborne pollution mostly comes from chemical industry, oil and minerals extraction, metallurgical industry, power generation, and transport. This study focused on the assessment of airborne pollution in the cities of Perm Krai. The study used data of the Perm Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, published in annual environmental reports. It was found that the main pollutant emissions from stationary sources are liquid and gaseous substances. The most common emission components are hydrocarbons coming from pipeline transportation facilities. The second most common substance is carbon monoxide emitted by combustion of various fuels. Gross pollutant emissions tended to increase from 2014 to 2018, with a steady growth of emissions from mobile sources. Airborne pollution was assessed by the comprehensive air quality index, taking into account several substances that make the largest contribution to airborne pollution (this year). The monitoring results from Berezniki, Gubakha, Krasnokamsk, Lysva, Perm, Solikamsk and Tchaikovsky were analyzed. The paper presents the dynamics of air quality index in these cities from 2008 to 2018. The highest index value (‘very high’) was observed in Solikamsk in 2012; the lowest index value, in Tchaikovsky. The airborne pollution in these cities showed a tendency to decrease over the past six years, possibly, due to the use of more advanced emissions cleaning technologies and the decommissioning of some industrial facilities. The cities that have large industrial companies, such as Perm, Berezniki, Lysva and Solikamsk, experience the greatest environmental burden from stationary sources. Emissions of volatile organic compounds and sulfur dioxide from stationary sources increased from 2016 to 2018, although neither ‘high’, nor ‘very high’ pollution was observed in the cities of Perm Krai from 2013 to 2018.
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Yudina, T. V., Natalia E. Fedorova, M. V. Larkina, O. E. Egorchenkova, and C. K. Rogacheva. "Determination of residual amounts of chlorothalonil in peaches: problems of gas chromatographic identification with the use of electron capture detector." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-11-1108-1112.
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In the work there are presented results of studies on the validation of the gas chromatographic (GC) methodfor the determination of chlorothalonil residue amounts in peaches with the use of electron capture detector (ECD). For the analytical control there was selected such stone fruit crop as the peach, referring to the crops, the most contaminated with residue amounts ofpesticides. There was justified the necessity of the inclusion in the procedure of the detection of the method of confirmation, based on mass spectrometry detection (MSD) (the type of ionization - electron impact). The significant source of the obtaining of incorrect data in the identification with the use of ECD of ions are shown to be phthalates, visualized in the chromatogram as intense and/or broad peaks. Mass spectra of compounds of the class ofphthalates are characterized by the dominant peak of the ion with the value of (mass/ charge) 149, just on this peak the detection of low molecular weight phthalates occurs in various matrices, on the spectrum there are also recorded typical ions corresponding to fragments of radical residues. The combination of the use of various types of the detection allows to prove that the revealed response (detector signal) is caused just by the analyte, but not the impurities, and optionally to optimize chromatographic conditions towards to the obtaining reliable results. The lower limit of the quantitation of chlorothalonil in peach fruits accounts for 0.01 mg/kg, determined with a signal/noise ratio of 10. The range of measured concentrations is volatile between 0.01-0.1 mg/kg, recovery rate of chlorothalonil from samples of peaches, established according to results of the analysis of model samples with the introduction of the substance in four points along the detection range, was 84-102%, the SD value of the repeatability varies in the range of 2.0-5.8%.
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Kursov, S. V. "Acute toxic gas poisonings in the workplace (lecture)." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 16, no. 7-8 (April 5, 2021): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.16.7-8.2020.223699.
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The lecture presents the main mechanisms of damage to the body, the typical clinical picture and the principles of emergency medical care (EMС) and intensive care in victims of acute poisonings by toxic gases. Due to the fact that the risk of simultaneous appearance of a large number of victims with such poisonings is always high in the conditions of chemical production, the issue of providing EMС to this group of patients is always relevant. The lecture considers the features of damage to the human body with ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, arsine, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and gasoline vapors. All these chemical compounds are widespread chemical reagents and reaction intermediates in production. The inhalation route by which volatile substances enter the body determines the accelerated development of clinical symptoms due to the rapid pass of toxic chemicals into the blood of patients. Disorders in the functioning of the external respiratory system are among the most common ones when inhaling such aggressive chemical compounds as ammonia, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, gasoline vapors. The intake of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen sulfide poses a high risk of hemic hypoxia and related damage to the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Inhalation of compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, arsine, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide determines the development of disorders of tissue respiration. Almost all chemical compounds, the action of which is presented in the lecture, can have a general toxic effect on patients. The need to immediately stop the contact with the toxic substance, prevention and intensive care of patients with acute respiratory failure syndrome, use of antidotes and drugs with antihypoxic effect, which improve tissue respiration and promote energy production, are highlighted when considering the aspects of providing EMС.
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Raharyaningsih, Mustika Ayu, and R. Azizah. "Air Formaldehyde Levels and Eye Irritation in Workers at Production Area of Wood Adhesive Factory in Surabaya." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 9, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v9i2.2017.191-199.
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Formaldehyde is a chemical substance that has volatile and short-term effect characteristics, which can cause eye irritation. Exposure to formaldehyde in low levels can cause irritation to human eyes. The purpose of this research was to study the production process, air formaldehyde levels and eye irritation at Wood Adhesive Factory workers in Surabaya. This study was an observational study with cross sectional design and analyzed descriptively. The variables studied were levels of formaldehyde in the air and eye irritation of workers. Results showed that the average levels of formaldehyde in three areas of production (formalin, liquid adhesive, and powder adhesive production) was 0.2102 ppm and 12.5% of respondents experiencing eye irritation had age between 26-35 years, working period less than 10 years, length of work 7 hours per day, not wearing personal protective equipment safety glasses (spectacles) and had a habit of smoking. The factory had provided personal protective equipment safety glasses (spectacles), but 37.5% of the respondents did not wear personal protective equipment when they were working. Hence strict supervision regarding the use of personal protective equipment is needed, especially safety glasses (spectacles) so that workers are more obedient in wearing personal protective equipment and eye irritation to workers can be avoided.
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Boidron, Jean-Noël, Pascal Chatonnet, and Monique Pons. "Influence du bois sur certaines substances odorantes des vins." OENO One 22, no. 4 (December 31, 1988): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1988.22.4.1263.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">L'élevage des vins en barriques modifie profondément leur expression aromatique.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'étude par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et spectrométrie de masse permet d'identifier plusieurs substances volatiles appartenant à la fraction phénolique des arômes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Les vins rouges présentent naturellement une composition complexe en phénols volatils alors que celle des vins blancs est plus simple. L'élevage sous bois entraîne une augmentation notable des phénols déjà présents ainsi que l'apparition de molécules spécifiques au bois dechêne brûlé.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'interaction des levures et des bactéries avec le bois est mise en évidence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Les vins rouges se caractérisent par une présence parfois abondante d'éthyl phénols, les vins blancs qui ne subissent pas la fermentation malolactique s'en différencient par l'abondancede vinyl phénols.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'étude sensorielle de chaque substance permet de démontrer le rôle négligeable de certaines : furfural, méthyl-5-furfural, alcool furfurylique et le rôle exceptionnel joué par d'autres : cis et trans β-méthyl-γ-octalactone, vanilline et dans certains cas éthyl-4-phénol et éthyl-4-gaïacol.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Wood storage of wines changes profondly their aromatic expression.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Several volatile substances from wines and oak woods phenolic fraction of aroma are identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Wood storage increases natural phenols concentration. Simultaneously specific burned wood molecules appear.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Yeast and bacterial interaction with wood is demonstrated. Ethyl phenols are characteristic of red wines and vinyl phenols of white wines without malolactic fermentation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The sensorial analysis of each substance demonstrates the negligible intervention in wine aroma of furfural, 5-methyl-furfural, and furfuryl alcohol, and the important participation of cis and trans β-methyl-γ-octalactone, vanilin 4-ethyl-phenol and 4-ethyl gaïacol.</p>
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Malysheva, Alla G., Yu A. Rakhmanin, E. G. Rastyannikov, N. Yu Kozlova, I. Yu Artyushina, and V. A. Shokhin. "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric studies of volatile emissions from plants for the assessment of the effectiveness and chemical safety of the implementation of environment improving phytotechnologies." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 6 (October 28, 2019): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-6-501-507.
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The chromato-mass-spectrometric studies of volatile emissions of fresh-cut roses have revealed the persistence of wide range of organic compounds. The most large content was consist of terpene hydrocarbons. The contribution of oxygen-containing components (alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones) varied in wide ranges in dependence on the content of the feeding solution. The significant part of plants ’ volatiles has no hygienic norm. Among the substances released into the air space ofpremises with volatile emissions ofplants, a significant part has not hygienic standards. Purposeful change in composition of the mixture of volatile organic compounds released by the plants, in the combination with chemical-analytical control of the content of these substances by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in terms of ecological and hygienic aspects may be useful in the development, use and determination of the optimal conditions of the implementation of environment improving phytotechnologies and evaluation of the efficacy and safety of their impact on public health.
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Cordell, Geoffrey A., and Oscar E. Araujo. "Capsaicin: Identification, Nomenclature, and Pharmacotherapy." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 3 (March 1993): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302700316.
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OBJECTIVE: To provide a brief overview of the chemical history, analysis, nomenclature, biology, pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy of capsaicin. DATA SOURCES: Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, and a MEDLINE search were used to identify pertinent literature; selected literature was used in this review. DATA EXTRACTION: Original articles, reviews, and abstracts of articles were used to select material pertinent to the objectives of the review. The volume of material available prohibits comprehensive data extraction. CONCLUSIONS: A history of the use of Capsicum spp. and the predominant active ingredient, capsaicin, the parent compound of a group of vanillyl fatty acid amides, is presented. Distinct structural differences are noted between this compound and the capsaicinoids, especially the synthetic analog nonivamide, which has appeared as an adulterant in capsaicin-labeled products. Analysis shows that although some of these synthetic analogs eventually may prove to be true natural products, conclusive evidence based on isolation and structure elucidation is still absent after decades of attempted isolation from several potential natural sources. Although the crude, dark oleoresin extract of capsicum contains over 100 distinct volatile compounds and therefore may function in many ways dissimilar to capsaicin, the oleoresin continues to be marketed in products with a high degree of variability in efficacy. Capsaicin as a pure white crystalline material, however, acts specifically by depleting stores of substance P from sensory neurons, and has been successful in the treatment of several painful conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, peripheral neuropathies).
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Lyu, Fei, Yuliang Zhao, Kejing Shen, Xuxia Zhou, Jianyou Zhang, and Yuting Ding. "Using Pretreatment of Carbon Monoxide Combined with Chlorine Dioxide and Lactic Acid to Maintain Quality of Vacuum-Packaged Fresh Beef." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3158086.
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Due to microbial growth, beef easily gets corrupt in retail conditions, and the color and quality of the meat will be deteriorated. Therefore, hurdle technology, namely, pretreatment of carbon monoxide (CO), chlorine dioxide, and lactic acid, is used for vacuum-packaged beef to decontaminate beef and increase its quality stability. Beef was pretreated with 100% CO (C1), 100% CO and 50 mg/L chlorine dioxide (C2), and 100% CO and 50 mg/L chlorine dioxide and 30 g/L lactic acid (C3). The untreated samples were used as control (CK). During storage, the a⁎ color parameters of C1, C2, and C3 were significantly higher than that of CK, indicating CO pretreatment is a good way to maintain color appearance of beef, and chlorine dioxide and lactic acid did not affect the color-protecting role of CO on beef. C3 showed the strongest antimicrobial activity with the lowest total viable counts, followed by C2, C1, and CK. Samples in C3 also showed the lowest total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and metmyoglobin during the mid-late storage. Moreover, C3 can keep beef with higher unsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, CO pretreatment combined with chlorine dioxide and lactic acid displayed efficient antimicrobial and color-stability activity for vacuum-packaged beef. It would be a potential way to use pretreatment of CO combined with chlorine dioxide and lactic acid to maintain the quality of vacuum-packaged beef.
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Le Huy Hai, Le Mai Xuan Truc, and Nguyen Quoc Trung. "Same useful fixative from resin in Vietnam." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.3.0238.
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Today, fixatives from natural raw materials are gradually replacing fixatives synthesized from chemicals. The arm of this research is the study of same useful resin in Vietnam for fixative substance in blending fragrance. We obtained Benzoin resin from Styrax tonkenensis Pierre plant in Ha Giang province, Canarium resin from Canarium Album L. in Dak Nong district, Dak Lak province, and Agarwood pulp of Aquilaria crassna plant in Binh Thuan province Vietnam. The material used in the experiment for the natural fragrance was taken from the project of Vietnam essential oils and related natural products. The method of this process is resin extraction by volatile solvents. The resin is dissolved in alcohol 96% and the distilled alcohol is removed to obtain absolute. The method of assessment of product quality in this study is using the olfactory to assess the odour of samples over time. Benzoin resin, Canarium resin, and Agarwood resin of Vietnam are useful fixatives in blending fragrance. The fixative ability of Benzoin resin absolute is not equal to the ability of Agarwood resin absolute but better than the ability of Canarium resin absolute. Through research and experiment, we can see Benzoin resin, Canarium resin and Agarwood resin are precious. They can be used as a good fixative in aromatherapy. This is a natural resin, a kind of resource available in Vietnam. Therefore, it is recommended for further research, exploitation, and effective use of this resource.
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Fellman, John K., and James P. Mattheis. "STUDY OF NON-ETHYLENE VOLATILE ORGANIC MOLECULES IN ASSESSING PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF FRUITS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1180d—1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1180d.
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Developments in analytical technology, most notably high resolution fused silica open tubular (FSOT) gas chromatography-mass spectromety (GC-MS), make it possible to investigate physiological roles of volatile molecules occurring at low (ppb-ppm) concentrations. Use of headspace and purge-and-trap sampling coupled with cryofocusing injection techniques minimizes artifacts often created when more traditional methods of volatile molecule extraction are used. A challenging aspect of the work is development of appropriate delivery methods for internal standard quantitation of the molecules of interest. Apparently, biosynthesis of certain volatile substances is O2 dependent and others are manufactured in response to a changing environment. FSOT GC-MS investigation revealed dramatic changes in content and quantity of `Bisbee' apple headspace and purgable flesh volatiles during a 5-week harvest maturity period and 4 months of subsequent refrigerated storage. Other studies with apple mesocarp cultures and other fruits show interesting volatile molecule profiles in response to different treatments.
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Warr, Jennifer, Fenny Dane, and Bob Ebel. "Effect of C6-Volatiles on Bioluminescent Plant Pathogens." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 557d—557. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.557d.
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C6 volatile compounds are known to be produced by the plant upon pathogen attack or other stress-related events. The biological activity of many of these substances is poorly understood, but some might produce signal molecules important in host–pathogen interactions. In this research we explored the possibility that lipid-derived C6 volatiles have a direct effect on bacterial plant pathogens. To this purpose we used a unique tool, a bacterium genetically engineered to bioluminesce. Light-producing genes from a fish-associated bacterium were introduced into Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, enabling nondestructive detection of bacteria in vitro and in the plant with special computer-assisted camera equipment. The effects of different C6 volatiles (trans-2 hexanal, trans-2 hexen-1-ol and cis-3 hexenol) on growth of bioluminescent Xanthomonas campestris were investigated. Different volatile concentrations were used. Treatment with trans-2 hexanal appeared bactericidal at low concentrations (1% and 10%), while treatments with the other volatiles were not inhibitive to bacterial growth. The implications of these results with respect to practical use of trans-2 hexanal in pathogen susceptible and resistant plants will be discussed.
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Fucci, Nadia, Alessio Gili, Kyriaki Aroni, Paola Carletti, Vincenzo Lorenzo Pascali, and Cristiana Gambelunghe. "Monitoring people at risk of drinking by a rapid urinary ethyl glucuronide test." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 10, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intox-2017-0022.
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Abstract Alcohol and illicit drug abuse are major public health problems worldwide. Since alcohol is the predominant substance of choice in polydrug abusers, monitoring its use, along with urinary drug screening in patients in rehabilitation programs, appeared to be crucial in identifying patients at risk of alcohol disorders leading to impaired quality of life. Ethyl β-D-6-glucuronide, a non-oxidative, non-volatile, stable and minor direct ethanol metabolite, has a 6h to 4 day window of detection in urine after the last alcohol intake. Each of the 119 subjects (85 males, 34 females) registered with the Public Health Service for Drug Dependence Treatment provided a urine sample for ethylglucoronide (EtG) determination in an immunochemical test with a 500 ng/ml cutoff. All results were evaluated with confirmation criteria of a fully validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry assay. The diagnostic performance of the EtG immunochemical test was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analysis. The immunochemical test specificity was 100% for EtG urinary values above 500 ng/ml. No false positive results were found. With levels below 500 ng/ml, 12% of the samples were classified as negative. The average consumption of the incorrectly classified subjects was 171 ng/ml, with a misclassification error of 6.5% to 18.5%. High agreement between EtG as determined in an immunochemical test and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, suggests that the rapid EtG test is a reliable, cost-effective alcohol monitoring assay for patient management in many non-forensic settings, such as drug rehabilitation programs.
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Olalla, Manuel, María C. López, and Marina Villalón. "Quelques composants volatils des vins de la région de l'Alpujarra-Contraviesa (Espagne)." OENO One 28, no. 3 (September 30, 1994): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1994.28.3.1143.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Cette note rassemble les teneurs en substances volatiles des vins produits dans la région de l'Alpujarra-Contraviesa et située dans la province de Grenade ayant une tradition vitivinicole assez ancienne. Le caractère essentiellement traditionnel de l'élaboration de ces vins, leur distribution au détail et le manque de contrôle analytique nous ont poussé à déterminer les composés volatils les plus importants: les alcools, les aldéhydes et les esters.</p>
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Daneluti, André Luis Máximo, and Jivaldo do Rosário Matos. "Study of thermal behavior of phytic acid." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, no. 2 (June 2013): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502013000200009.
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Phytic acid is a natural compound widely used as depigmenting agent in galenic cosmetic emulsions. However, we have observed experimentally that phytic acid, when heated to 150 ºC for around one hour, shows evidence of thermal decomposition. Few studies investigating this substance alone with regard to its stability are available in the literature. This fact prompted the present study to characterize this species and its thermal behavior using thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DSC) and to associate the results of these techniques with those obtained by elemental analysis (EA) and absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region. The TG/DTG and DSC curves allowed evaluation of the thermal behavior of the sample of phytic acid and enabled use of the non-isothermal thermogravimetric method to study the kinetics of the three main mass-loss events: dehydration I, dehydration II and thermal decomposition. The combination of infrared absorption spectroscopy and elemental analysis techniques allowed evaluation of the intermediate products of the thermal decomposition of phytic acid. The infrared spectra of samples taken during the heating process revealed a reduction in the intensity of the absorption band related to O-H stretching as a result of the dehydration process. Furthermore, elemental analysis results showed an increase in the carbon content and a decrease in the hydrogen content at temperatures of 95, 150, 263 and 380 °C. Visually, darkening of the material was observed at 150 °C, indicating that the thermal decomposition of the material started at this temperature. At a temperature of 380 °C, thermal decomposition progressed, leading to a decrease in carbon and hydrogen. The results of thermogravimetry coupled with those of elemental analysis allow us to conclude that there was agreement between the percentages of phytic acid found in aqueous solution. The kinetic study by the non-isothermal thermogravimetric method showed that the dehydration process occurred in two stages. Dehydration step I promoted a process of vaporization of water (reaction order of zero), whereas dehydration step II showed an order of reaction equal to five. This change in reaction order was attributed to loss of chemically bonded water molecules of phytic acid or to the presence of volatile substances. Finally, the thermal decomposition step revealed an order of reaction equal to one. It was not possible to perform the kinetic study for other stages of mass loss.
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Vikina, D. S., I. N. Antonova, V. V. Tec, and T. E. Lazareva. "Microbiota in intra-oral halitosis – characteristics, effects of antibacterial mouth rinse treatment." Periodontology 25, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33925/1683-3759-2020-25-1-4-9.
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Relevance. Modern data confirm multimicrobial etiology of oral malodor that can significantly compromise effective therapy. Thus, it is relevent to perform comprehensive study of causes of oral malodour, based on microbiological study of composition of mixed microbial biofilms including culturable and non-culturable microbes and evaluation of efficacy of mouth rinses with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.Purpose. To study oral microbiota in oral malodor and its correction with antibacterial mouth rinses.Materials and methods. Subjects, involved in the study, were divided into 3 groups, each having 20 people. Controls didn’t use mouth rinses; experimental group used mouth rinse, containing multicidum; in comparison group chlorhxidine containing mouth rinse was used. Orgnoleptic measurement based on 0-5 Rosenberg scale was applied to score intensity of oral malodor. Coating of the root of the tongue was studied by culture-based methods.Results. The research showed that Multicidum® mouth rinse in comprehensive oral malodor treatment affects aerobic bacteria involved in the pathologic process causing bad breath. Positive effect manifested itself organoleptically according to Rosenberg scale in foul breath reduction and in composition changes of microbiota of the root of the tongue. At thus, amount of microorganisms producing smelly volatile compounds decreased and the number of bacteria inhibiting this process increased amid reduction of spore-forming bacteria that contribute to maintenance of stable microbial communities in oral malodor.Conclusion. Gram-positive cocci and Bacillus-Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Granulicatella adiacens, Rothia and aerobic spore-forming bacteria from the Bacillus family that are involved in maintaining the functions of resistant bacterial communities-predominated among the bacteria identified in patients with halitosis. There was a statistically significant decrease in the severity of halitosis under the action of a rinse aid, the main active substance of which is Multicidum , and the absence of a statistically significant effect when using a rinse aid based on chlorhexidine.
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Popova, Venelina, Tanya Ivanova, Albena Stoyanova, Violeta Nikolova, Tsveta Hristeva, Velizar Gochev, Yonko Yonchev, Nikolay Nikolov, and Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. "Terpenoids in the Essential Oil and Concentrated Aromatic Products Obtained from Nicotiana glutinosa L. Leaves." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010030.
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N. glutinosa L. is a relatively less studied Nicotiana species (Solanaceae), although there are data about its importance as a model plant in viral control studies, as a gene donor in tobacco hybridization and as a source of agents with insecticidal or fungicidal effects. The biological activities of the species were associated mostly with the presence of leaf surface metabolites, in particular diterpenes and sucrose esters. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) and two aromatic extraction products (concrete and resinoid) obtained from N. glutinosa L. leaves. GC-MS analysis identified 26 components in the EO (representing 97.3% of total oil content), which contained mostly diterpene compounds with major components manool (14.2%), sclarene (8.4%) and manoyl oxide (8.1%). The number of compounds identified in the concrete was 37 (95.5% of the total content) and the major component was the diterpene alcohol sclareol (14.2%). In the resinoid, 30 volatile components (representing 95.1% of resinoid content) were identified, with major components nicotine (32.9%), α-tocopherol (8.2%), tridecanoin (6.9%), sclareol (6.9%), and solanone (6.9%). The group of bicyclic diterpenes had the largest share in the diterpene fraction of the products (57.3%, 91.7%, and 86.3%, respectively for the EO, concrete, and resinoid). Considering the abundance of sclareol in the aromatic products, the antimicrobial activity of the pure substance was determined. Sclareol was highly effective against a set of medicinally important yeasts; Candida albicans АТСС 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. parapsilosis clinical isolate, and C. tropicalis NBIMCC 23, while being less effective against the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Data from the study on N. glutinosa aromatic products composition may be of interest to the aroma industries for their possible use in perfumery and cosmetics.
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Ailer, Štefan, Roman Serenčéš, Dagmar Kozelová, Zuzana Poláková, and Silvia Jakabová. "Possibilities for Depleting the Content of Undesirable Volatile Phenolic Compounds in White Wine with the Use of Low-Intervention and Economically Efficient Grape Processing Technology." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 6735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156735.
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The influence of the technological processes of grape processing on the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and volatile phenolic substances in wine was studied. The method of targeted oxygenation was applied in grape processing technology of the Welschriesling and Chardonnay grape varieties. The content of volatile phenolic substances was determined by gas chromatography, the content of hydroxycinnamic acids by liquid chromatography, and the basic analytical parameters of the wine by FTIR spectrometry. The method of targeted must oxygenation had a statistically significant effect on the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and volatile phenolics in the wine. In all three monitored years (2015–2017), the content of 4-vinylphenol and 4-vinylguajacol in the wine significantly decreased. A significant dependence between the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and volatile phenolics was found. The experiment showed that a 1% increase in the content of hydroxycinnamic acids in the Chardonnay variety could result in an average increase in the content of monitored volatile phenolics by 3.6% (3 years’ data). Naturally reducing the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, with the application of technological processes, eliminated the oxidative processes during wine maturation. Sensory undesirable volatile phenolic substances were consequently formed in lower quantities, and there was no negative impact on the favourable sensory properties of wine. It was not necessary to use the polyvinylpolypyrrolidone adsorbents.
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Hd., J., and Barbara Noble. "Deaths Associated with the Use of Alcohol, Drugs and Volatile Substances." Population (French Edition) 50, no. 3 (May 1995): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1534423.
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Soćko, Renata. "Tetrachloroethene. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 35, no. 4(102) (December 30, 2019): 111–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6379.
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etrachloroethene is a colorless, volatile liquid used as a chlorinated solvent in chemical laundries, in metal, machine, aerospace and paint and varnish removers. It is an intermediate for the synthesis of chemical compounds. It has found use as a medium in heat exchangers, in veterinary medicine and for disinfection of grain by fumigation. The production volume of tetrachloroethene in the EU is 100,000–1,000,000 t / year. The monograph along with the proposed hygiene standard for tetrachloroethene was re-developed due to the setting of a new limit value in biological material (BLV) in SCOEL, including measurement of tetrachloroethene concentration in exhaled air and a decrease in BLV value in blood, compared to the one recommended by the Inter-Ministry Committee for OEL and OEL the value of permissible concentration of tetrachloroethene in biological material (DSB). According to SCOEL, for substances absorbed through the skin, including tetrachloroethene, there is a particular need to monitor workers' biological exposure to ensure the highest possible level of protection. According to the harmonized EU classification, tetrachloroethene is a category-2 carcinogen with risk phrase: Suspected of causing cancer. There is limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect of tetrachloroethene in humans and sufficient evidence of a carcinogenic effect in laboratory animals (hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma and lymphocytic leukemia). In both humans and laboratory animals, the effects of acute and chronic exposure to tetrachloroethene are primarily associated with the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. Central nervous system disorders are manifested by headache, dizziness, impairment or abnormal coordination, and other disorders found with neuropsychological tests. Acute inhalation toxicity is also irritating to tetrachloroethene on the eyes and respiratory mucosa. The metabolites of tetrachloroethene are mainly responsible for its metabolites formed in the process of conjugation with glutathione in the liver and then activated in the kidneys with the participation of beta-lyase. The results of epidemiological studies do not clearly indicate the effect of tetrachloroethene on human reproduction or embryotoxic effects. Admittedly, effects on reproduction, embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of tetrachloroethene have been reported in some studies on laboratory animals, exposed to this substance in very high concentrations, though. In Poland, the maximum permissible concentration of tetrachloroethe at 85 mg/m3 and the maximum permissible instantaneous concentration at 170 mg / m3 are currently in force. The determined DSB value is 1.2 mg tetrachloroethene / L capillary blood in a sample taken 15–20 min after the end of work on the 4th and 5th day of exposure. The critical effect of tetrachloroete are disorders in the central nervous system. The value of the hygiene standard was derived based on the LOAEL value (lowest concentration causing harmful effects) of 680 mg /m3, obtained from a study on volunteers exposed to tetrachloroethene for 1 h. In volunteers at the tested concentration headache and drowsiness and slight eye irritation were noted. The proposed MAC value for tetrachloroethene is 85 mg/m3, and the MAC value is 170 mg/m3. It was proposed to take a concentration of 0.3 mg/l capillary blood collected before the last work shift on the 5th day of work as the DSB value of tetrachloroethene. It was recommended to label tetrachloroethene with the notation "skin" (absorption of the substance through the skin may be as important as when inhaled). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.