Academic literature on the topic 'Volcanic eruptions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Volcanic eruptions"
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Schmidt, Anja, and Benjamin A. Black. "Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 50, no. 1 (2022): 627–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816.
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Volcanic eruptions impact climate, subtly and profoundly. The size of an eruption is only loosely correlated with the severity of its climate effects, which can include changes in surface temperature, ozone levels, stratospheric dynamics, precipitation, and ocean circulation. We review the processes—in magma chambers, eruption columns, and the oceans, biosphere, and atmosphere—that mediate the climate response to an eruption. A complex relationship between eruption size, style, duration, and the subsequent severity of the climate response emerges. We advocate for a new, consistent metric, the Volcano-Climate Index, to categorize climate response to eruptions independent of eruption properties and spanning the full range of volcanic activity, from brief explosive eruptions to long-lasting flood basalts. A consistent metric for categorizing the climate response to eruptions that differ in size, style, and duration is critical for establishing the relationshipbetween the severity and the frequency of such responses aiding hazard assessments, and furthering understanding of volcanic impacts on climate on timescales of years to millions of years. ▪ We review the processes driving the rocky relationship between eruption size and climate response and propose a Volcano-Climate Index. ▪ Volcanic eruptions perturb Earth's climate on a range of timescales, with key open questions regarding how processes in the magmatic system, eruption column, and atmosphere shape the climate response to volcanism. ▪ A Volcano-Climate Index will provide information on the volcano-climate severity-frequency distribution, analogous to earthquake hazards. ▪ Understanding of the frequency of specific levels of volcanic climate effects will aid hazard assessments, planning, and mitigation of societal impacts.
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Ustyugov, G. V., and V. V. Ershov. "Mud volcanism as a dangerous phenomenon for oil and gas facilities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 946, no. 1 (2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/946/1/012030.
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Abstract The research dwells on the danger of mud volcanism for human economic activity, namely, oil and gas production. We performed quantitative assessment of mud volcanoes activities, using Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region as examples. Average annual number of mud volcanoes eruptions is 3–4 for Azerbaijan and 1–2 for Kerch-Taman region. We estimate the catalogues of mud volcanic eruptions for those areas to be 52 % and 39 % complete, respectively. Mud volcanoes eruptions are quite frequent. In both regions, over 50 % of all recorded eruptions occur within ten years of the latest eruption. Analysis of mud volcanic eruptions catalogues shows that the volume of breccia ejected during an eruption is practically not related to how long the mud volcano was quiescent. Analysis of potential impact of seismicity on mud volcanic activity shows that the probability of mud volcanoes responding to an earthquake is 6 % and 10 % for Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region, respectively.
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Yin, Yefei. "Impact and Inspiration of Tonga volcanic Eruption in 2022." E3S Web of Conferences 424 (2023): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342403003.
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People have been puzzled by the problem of volcanic eruptions since ancient times. Because volcanic eruptions are difficult to predict accurately, if people can't take some precautions in advance, sometimes volcanic eruptions will cause great injuries and deaths and hazards. In this context, this review selects the Tonga Volcano as the research object, summarizes the hazards during the eruption of the volcano and the symptom before the eruption, in order to get inspiration for predicting volcanic eruptions. This paper firstly introduces that Tonga volcano is located on the Tonga-Kermadec volcanic arc. When Tonga volcano erupted, it tended to an explosive eruption, which Surtseyan eruption dominated. Secondly, the author analyzes the impact on the capital of Tonga, the surrounding area and the world through the primary disaster, such as the collapse of crater, volcanic ash and SO2. Then, the global impact of secondary disasters after primary disasters is analyzed, such as tsunami and climate change. Thirdly, the author concludes the pre-eruption symptoms, such as surface deformation and ionospheric anomaly. The observation of these anomalies and the establishment of a volcano monitoring system will help people to predict the next volcanic eruption. In addition, it remains to be seen how to detect the symptoms of volcanic eruption in time. Finally, this paper emphasizes that there are few practical applications of volcano monitoring system, and more volcanoes need to be monitored in time. If volcano monitoring systems were made more common around the world, people could minimize the damage caused by volcanoes.
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Guliyev, I. S., G. J. Yetirmishli, and S. E. Kazimova. "Analysis of activation of Lokbatan mud volcano." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 06 (June 15, 2023): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2023-06-07-20-27.
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The article analyzes the eruptions of Lokbatan mud volcano and its relationship with seismicity. The eruptions occurred in 2010, 2012, 2017 and 2022 are considered. According to the data of the new network of volcanic stations (12 s/st.), an intensification of volcanic activity was detected on August 11, 2022, which began several hours before the eruption. Due to the high resolution of the digital seismic equipment of Republican Seismic Survey Center of ANAS (RSSС), the phases, depths and energy released during the eruption were defined. In order to explain the relationship between mud volcanism and seismic activity, Kulikov's theory was considered and it was suggested that the geodynamic setting of the region under study, characterized by compression and extension, may be the reason for both eruptions and earthquakes before and after the eruption.
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Romero, Jorge E., Francisca Vergara-Pinto, Pablo Forte, J. Tomás Ovalle, and Florencia Sánchez. "The Andean Southern Volcanic Zone: a review on the legacy of the latest volcanic eruptions." Andean Geology 51, no. 2 (2024): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov51n2-3681.
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The Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) concentrates many of the most active volcanoes of the Andean continental arc, as well as the region’s most recent and impactful volcanic eruptions. In this contribution, we briefly revise the general characteristics of the SVZ volcanism and provide a synthesis of the scientific findings related to the latest volcanic eruptions (430 peer-reviewed publications with over 9,000 citations, with large-magnitude (VEI 4-5) eruptions being the most studied. Our study shows that SVZ research has been primarily focused on environmental and atmospheric impacts (29%), eruption descriptions and physical volcanology (20%), volcanic hazard and risk assessments (15%), and other investigations complementary to volcanology. Whereas the least silicic eruptions (e.g., Llaima 2008-2009 and Villarrica 2015) shed light on magma replenishment and degassing dynamics controlling eruption styles, intermediate eruptions (andesitic-dacitic) offered clues on either rapid or slow eruption initiation, with relevant findings on phreatic-to-magmatic style transitions and eruption triggering mechanisms. On the other hand, silicic (i.e., rhyolite-rhyodacite) eruptions provided unique observations on rapid magma ascent, high-rate magma extrusion, rheology, fragmentation processes, and style transitions. These recent eruptions have also inspired a new generation of tephrochronological, tephrostratigraphical, and physical volcanology studies, aimed at assessing the long-term (kyr-scale) evolution of the volcanic systems and their associated hazards. We debate how the knowledge gained from research and the long-term human coexistence with volcanoes are relevant to reducing volcanic risk in the SVZ. Finally, we discuss how challenges and opportunities emerging from other disciplines can complement our understanding of volcanism in this active region.
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Hu, Yiwei, Boxi Li, and Yue Yin. "The Causes of Volcanic Eruptions and How They Affect Our Environment." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4013.
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Volcanic eruptions often have an impact on the environment. In the context of the environmental problem of global warming, a large amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanic eruptions will aggravate the greenhouse effect, which has aroused widespread concern. This article first explains the volcano's cone-shaped structure with several craters, cones, and vents. Although each volcano is unique, most volcanoes can be separated into three major types, the first type is a cinder cone, the second type is a composite volcano, and the third type is a shield volcano. Furthermore, this article interprets the causes of volcanic eruptions by decompression melting, and crustal movement. In addition to this, the environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions from three different angles are explained in the article. The First is the environmental impact of volcanic eruptions at different latitudes. It not only examines the sea surface temperatures' responses to volcanic forcing but also mentions a phenomenon of wind (El Niño de Navidad) caused by volcanic. The second argument is the impact of volcanic eruption on climate. It explains the effects of volcanic dust, Sulphur dioxide, and greenhouse gases, these three main volcanic substances that contribute to environmental cooling, acid rain, and global warming respectively. The final point is the impact of volcanic eruption on the benefits and disadvantages of plant cultivation, hoping this article could raise awareness of volcanoes and global environmental problems and prevent them.
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Iguchi, Masato, Haruhisa Nakamichi, and Takeshi Tameguri. "Integrated Study on Forecasting Volcanic Hazards of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 2 (2020): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0174.
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Several types of eruptions have occurred at Sakurajima volcano in the past 100 years. The eruption in 1914 was of a Plinian type followed by an effusion of lava. The progression of seismicity of volcanic earthquakes prior to the eruption is reexamined and seismic energy is estimated to be an order of 1014 J. Lava also effused from the Showa crater in 1946. Since 1955, eruptions frequently have occurred at the Minamidake or Showa craters at the summit area. Vulcanian eruptions are a well-known type of summit eruption of Sakurajima, however Strombolian type eruptions and continuous ash emissions have also occurred at the Minamidake crater. The occurrence rate of pyroclastic flows significantly increased during the eruptivity of Showa crater, with the occurrence of lava fountains. Tilt and strain observations are reliable tools to forecast the eruptions, and their combination with the seismicity of volcanic earthquakes is applicable to forecasting the occurrence of pyroclastic flows. An empirical event branch logic based on magma intrusion rate is proposed to forecast the scale and type of eruption. Forecasting the scale of an eruption and real-time estimations of the discharge rate of volcanic ash allows us to assess ash fall deposition around the volcano. Volcanic ash estimation is confirmed by an integrated monitoring system of X Band Multi-Parameter radars, lidar and the Global Navigation Satellite System to detect volcanic ash particles with different wave lengths. Evaluation of the imminence of eruptions and forecasting of their scale are used for the improvement of planning and drilling of volcanic disaster measures.
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Yamada, Taishi, Hideki Ueda, Toshiya Mori, and Toshikazu Tanada. "Tracing Volcanic Activity Chronology from a Multiparameter Dataset at Shinmoedake Volcano (Kirishima), Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 5 (2019): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0687.
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Routine volcano monitoring increasingly involves multiparameter datasets. Databases that include multi-disciplinary datasets have great potential to contribute to the evaluation of ongoing volcanic eruptions and unrest events. Here, we examine the characteristics of a multiparameter dataset from Shinmoedake volcano (Kirishima) in Japan for the period of 2010–2018 to examine how the chronology of volcanic activity can be traced. Our dataset consists of global navigation satellite system (GNSS), seismic, tilt, infrasound, sulfur dioxide (SO2) column amount, and video records. We focus mainly on the period after 2012, particularly a series of ash emissions in 2017 (hereafter the 2017 eruption), lava effusion, and Vulcanian eruptions in 2018 (hereafter the 2018 eruption). Our dataset shows that the GNSS observations successfully captured the gradual inflation of the volcano edifice, suggesting magma intrusion or pressure buildup in the magma storage region prior to the 2017 and 2018 eruptions. The number of volcanic earthquakes also gradually increased from 2016 toward the eruptions, particularly events occurring beneath Shinmoedake. Tilt data captured a precursor tilt event prior to the 2017 eruption and a magma chamber deflation during the lava effusion of the 2018 eruption. Tilt, seismic, infrasound, SO2 gas column, and video data record signals accompanying periodic degassing during the lava effusion and explosive degassing accompanying the Vulcanian eruptions, which have similar characteristics to those reported for past eruptions at Shinmoedake and other volcanoes. This similarity suggests that multidisciplinary databases will be an important reference for future evaluations of ongoing volcanic activity and unrest.
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Tilling, R. I. "Volcanism and associated hazards: the Andean perspective." Advances in Geosciences 22 (December 14, 2009): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-125-2009.
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Abstract. Andean volcanism occurs within the Andean Volcanic Arc (AVA), which is the product of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctica Plates beneath the South America Plate. The AVA is Earth's longest but discontinuous continental-margin volcanic arc, which consists of four distinct segments: Northern Volcanic Zone, Central Volcanic Zone, Southern Volcanic Zone, and Austral Volcanic Zone. These segments are separated by volcanically inactive gaps that are inferred to indicate regions where the dips of the subducting plates are too shallow to favor the magma generation needed to sustain volcanism. The Andes host more volcanoes that have been active during the Holocene (past 10 000 years) than any other volcanic region in the world, as well as giant caldera systems that have produced 6 of the 47 largest explosive eruptions (so-called "super eruptions") recognized worldwide that have occurred from the Ordovician to the Pleistocene. The Andean region's most powerful historical explosive eruption occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru). The impacts of this event, whose eruptive volume exceeded 11 km3, were widespread, with distal ashfall reported at distances >1000 km away. Despite the huge size of the Huaynaputina eruption, human fatalities from hazardous processes (pyroclastic flows, ashfalls, volcanogenic earthquakes, and lahars) were comparatively small owing to the low population density at the time. In contrast, lahars generated by a much smaller eruption (<0.05 km3) in 1985 of Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia) killed about 25 000 people – the worst volcanic disaster in the Andean region as well as the second worst in the world in the 20th century. The Ruiz tragedy has been attributed largely to ineffective communications of hazards information and indecisiveness by government officials, rather than any major deficiencies in scientific data. Ruiz's disastrous outcome, however, together with responses to subsequent hazardous eruptions in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru has spurred significant improvements in reducing volcano risk in the Andean region. But much remains to be done.
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Kent, Adam J. R., Christy B. Till, and Kari M. Cooper. "Start me up: The relationship between volcanic eruption characteristics and eruption initiation mechanisms." Volcanica 6, no. 2 (2023): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.06.02.161172.
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Understanding the processes that initiate volcanic eruptions after periods of quiescence are of paramount importance to interpreting volcano monitoring signals and mitigating volcanic hazards. However, studies of eruption initiation mechanisms are rarely systematically applied to high-risk volcanoes. Studies of erupted materials provide important insight into eruption initiation, as they provide direct insight into the physical and chemical changes that occur in magma reservoirs prior to eruptions, but are also often underutilized. Petrologic and geochemical studies can also constrain the timing of processes involved in eruption initiation, and the time that might be expected to elapse between remote detection of increased activity and eventual eruption. A compilation and analysis of literature data suggests that there are statistical differences in the composition, volume, style and timescales between eruptions initiated by different mechanisms. Knowledge of the processes that initiate eruptions at a given volcano may thus have significant predictive power.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volcanic eruptions"
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Matthews, C. "Fracture mechanics of volcanic eruptions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16280/.
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Seismology is a key tool in the forecasting of volcanic eruptions. The onset of an eruption is often preceded and accompanied by an increase in local seismic activity, driven by fracturing within the edifice. For closed systems, with a repose interval of the order of a century or more, this fracturing must occur in order to create a pathway for the magma to reach the surface. Time-to-failure forecasting models have been shown to be consistent with seismic acceleration patterns prior to eruptions at volcanoes in subduction zone settings. The aim of this research is to investigate the patterns in seismic activity produced by a failure model based on fundamental fracture mechanics, applied to a volcanic setting. In addition to the time series of earthquake activity, statistical measures such as seismic b-value are also analysed and compared with corresponding data from the field and laboratory studies. A greater understanding of the physical factors controlling fracture development and volcano-tectonic activity is required to enhance our forecasting capability. The one dimensional, fracture mechanics grid model developed in this work is consistent with the theory of growth and coalescence of multi-scale fractures as a controlling factor on magma ascent. The multi-scale fracture model predicts an initial exponential increase in the rate of seismicity, progressing to a hyperbolic increase that leads to eruption. The proposed model is run with variations in material and load properties, and produces exponential accelerations in activity with further development to a hyperbolic increase in some instances. In particular, the model reproduces patterns of acceleration in seismicity observed prior to eruptions at Mt. Pinatubo (1991) and Soufriere Hills (1995). The emergence of hyperbolic activity is associated with a mechanism of crack growth dominated by interaction and coalescence of neighbouring cracks, again consistent with the multi-scale fracture model. The model can also produce increasing sequences of activity that do not culminate in an eruption; an occurrence often observed in the field. Scaling properties of propagating fractures are also considered. The seismic bvalue reaches a minimum at the time of failure, similar to observations from the field and measurements of acoustic emissions in the laboratory. Similarly, the fractal dimension describing the fracture magnitude distribution follows trends consistent with other observations for failing materials. The spatial distribution of activity in the model emerges as a fractal distribution, even with an initially random location of fractures along the grid. Significant shifts in the temporal or spatial scaling parameters have been proposed as an indication of change in controlling factors on a volcanic system, and therefore represent a relatively unexplored approach in the art of eruption forecasting.
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Bower, S. M. "Models of explosive volcanic eruptions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596823.
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This thesis describes the investigation of fluid dynamic processes involved in maintained explosive volcanic eruptions. The thesis is divided into chapters relating to dynamical processes in a volcanic system: evolution and evacuation of a reservoir of molten rock, flow in a narrow conduit to the Earth's surface, and subsequent transport in the atmosphere. In chapter 2, we calculate the mass erupted, prior to caldera collapse, from a chamber as the pressure changes from a certain overpressure to a specified underpressure at which wall collapse occurs. The compressibility of the magma increases significantly as the pressure falls and the magma becomes saturated in volatiles. Magma saturation exerts a dominant control on the amount of magma erupted. We also examine the effects on mass erupted of the chamber shape, size and depth beneath the Earth's surface, the magma composition and the strength of country rock. Finally, we demonstrate applications of our results to various historical eruptions, including the eruption at Vesuvius in 79A.D. and the eruption at Mt St Helens in 1980. During maintained explosive volcanic eruptions, fragmented silicic magma and volatiles exit the vent with pressures typically in the range 10-100 atm and at the speed of sound of the mixture. In chapter 3, we review previous models of magma ascent up a conduit and identify some new scalings for the exit velocity as a function of the speed of sound of the mixture. In chapter 4, we combine models of evolution of the magma chamber with models of ascent of magma up the conduit to make estimates of the duration of the eruption and examine the rate of change in eruption rate with time under conditions of decreasing chamber pressure, changing magma volatile content and conduit widening due to erosion. Finally, we demonstrate an application of our results to the historical eruptions at Vesuvius in 79A.D. and at Mt St Helens in 1980. After decompression, the bulk of the material may ascend as a larger convecting eruption column or collapse to form a dense fountain which sheds ash flows around the vent. In chapter 5, we model the decompression of jets beyond the vent. We describe a jet freely decompressing into the atmosphere or into a crater, coupling our results with models of eruption column formation. We show that decompression through a crater may cause collapse at relatively small eruption rates, while it may promote formation of buoyant eruption columns at higher eruption rates. If a crater grows through erosion during an eruption, then typically a transition in eruption style may occur from an eruption column to column collapse.
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Blower, Jonathan David. "Degassing processes in volcanic eruptions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/30b2bc8c-2956-4a7a-a801-cdbef473ee1a.
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Smith, R. T. "Eruptive and depositional models for units 3 and 4 of the 1.85 ka Taupo eruption: Implications for the nature of large-scale 'wet' eruptions." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Science, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5928.
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Phreatomagmatic eruptions result from the explosive interaction between magma and some external source of water, and produce deposits which are usually distinctive in nature from those of magmatic eruptions. The widespread deposits of large-scale phreatomagmatic eruptions (usually termed Phreatoplinian) are poorly studied relative to their magmatic counterparts and, consequently, current models for large-scale phreatomagmatic volcanism remain speculative. The Hatepe ash and Rotongaio ash (units 3 and 4 of the 1.85 ka Taupo eruption) are two classical widespread phreatomagmatic fall deposits. These have been examined in fine detail and sampled, for the first time, at a mm-scale, with the intention of quantifying vertical and lateral variations within these deposits and improving our understanding of the eruptive mechanisms and depositional processes during large-scale 'wet' eruptions.
The Hatepe ash (1.75 km3) is a widespread (>15 000 km2, individual subunit bt values = 4.4 to 5.5 km), multiple-bedded, poorly-sorted pumiceous fall deposit. The fines-rich character and widespread occurrence of ash aggregates in the proximal to medial dispersal areas are indicators of a phreatomagmatic origin. Subunits contain multiple layers with a wide range of dispersal and grain size characteristics, and a number of distinctive primary lithofacies have been defined which characterise the changes in eruptive conditions and main depositional modes during Hatepe volcanism. The
predominantly fine grained clasts (Mdø= 3.3-4.5), along with perhaps 20-25 wt.% liquid, were transported and deposited in the form of damp to wet 'mud lumps' and accretionary lapilli. Dispersal was from dense, 'wet' plumes which promoted the cohesion and aggregation of liquid-coated fine particles. This mode of transport and deposition was dominant during relatively long-lived episodes of relatively low discharge rate, with higher water/magma ratios at the vent and liquid/particle ratios in plumes. When magma discharge rate was relatively high and water/magma ratios low, fines-poor, plinian-style deposits (Mdø = -2.2 to 0.63) were produced by discrete particle fall from high (~25-30 km), relatively 'dry' plumes. Minor, short-lived fluctuations in discharge rate produced episodes of mixed discrete and ash aggregate fall which produced poly- and bimodal deposits (Mdø = 2.5-3) in proximal and inner-medial areas. Lateral emplacement by dilute, turbulent pyroclastic density currents was important in the proximal environment.
The range and indices of Hatepe ash juvenile clast vesicularities (50-90%, and 75% vesicles, respectively) indicate that fragmentation was driven by magmatic volatiles but that water played some part in quenching. The minimal variation in juvenile clast vesicularity through the deposit and between the facies types indicates that the state of the Hatepe magma remained a uniform foam, and that the mechanism of fragmentation (but not the water/magma ratio) was consistent throughout Hatepe volcanism.
Facies analysis and mapping of internal variations in ash dispersal confirm that the Hatepe ash is not the product of simple sustained magma discharge, but was actually the result of a continuous but highly irregular flux, with fluctuations in magma supply, sometimes over very short time intervals, resulting in a range of eruptive styles and depositional modes.
The Rotongaio ash (0.8 km3) is a widespread (>10 000 km2, subunit bt values = 2.9 to 5km), poorly-sorted fall deposit with abundant evidence for the important involvement of liquid water at the vent and in the plume. Modes of deposition were similar to the Hatepe ash; dominantly damp to wet mud lump fallout (Mdø= 3.9 to 5.5), but with minor episodes of discrete particle fall (Mdø = -1.1 to 1.9) and mixed discrete and aggregate fall (Mdø= 1.2 to 2.9) caused by fluctuations in discharge rate. An additional depositional mode in medial areas during Rotongaio volcanism was by dilute, turbulent density currents, derived from particle-laden downbursts from the umbrella region of dense, wet, convectively-unstable plumes. Such a process may account for occurrences of cross-stratification in the medial-distal parts of other widespread ash falls.
Secondary processes such as fluvial erosion and reworking, and soft-sediment deformation and slurry-flow were important depositional modes that operated syneruptively during Rotongaio (and Hatepe ash) volcanism. The very close association in time and space between primary and secondary lithofacies implies that there was a strong genetic link between the style of primary eruptive processes and the nature and extent of the secondary modification. In many cases the 'secondary' processes formed a continuum with primary depositional processes, influenced by the liquid/particle ratio of ash fallout and inherent to the mode of eruption. Throughout deposition of the Rotongaio ash a delicate balance always existed between primary accumulation, erosion and redeposition.
The Rotongaio ash differs from the Hatepe ash, and most other widespread ash fall deposits, in a number of important ways which indicate the Rotongaio ash is not a typical phreatoplinian deposit; 1) it is extremely finely laminated in proximal exposures and many of these beds cannot be traced into the medial environment indicating it is the product of multiple, discrete and non-sustained explosions which dispersed material along a number of axes and with a wide range of thinning rates, 2) juvenile clasts are mostly poorly- to non-vesicular and clast populations span a very wide range of densities (0-65% vesicles) indicating that the Rotongaio magma was partially degassed and heterogeneous (unlike the Hatepe ash and other pumiceous phreatoplinian deposits), and fragmentation was driven not by vesiculation, but largely by external volatiles, 3) the lack of any significant coarse component compared to the Hatepe ash at anyone site supports a fundamentally different mode of fragmentation for Rotongaio volcanism and vent processes which probably involved significant recycling of clasts through the vent.
Detailed analysis of the Hatepe ash and Rotongaio ash has provided some interesting insights into the nature of large-scale phreatomagmatic eruptions. Ash dispersal patterns for subunits of the two deposits indicate that 'wet' and 'dry' plumes, even of comparatively small magnitudes (0.02 to 0.8 km3 subunit volumes) behave in distinctive ways which hint at fundamentally different dynamics of dispersal. Assessment of lateral variations in clast size populations suggest the differences between proximal strongly fines-segregated 'dry' facies and the fines-rich 'wet' facies is an artefact controlled mostly by the initial liquid/solid ratio in the plume rather than the mechanism of fragmentation.
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Hellwig, Bridget M. "The viscosity of dacitic liquids measured at conditions relevant to explosive arc volcanism determing the influence of temperature, silicate composition, and dissolved volatile content /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4597.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 7, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Herd, Richard Angus. "Degassing mechanisms during explosive volcanic eruptions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239117.
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Doherty, Angela Louise. "Blue-sky eruptions, do they exist? : implications for monitoring New Zealand's volcanoes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2855.
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The term “blue-sky eruption” (BSE) can be used to describe eruptions which are unexpected or have no detected precursory activity. Case study analyses indicate that they have a diverse range of characteristics and magnitudes, providing both direct and indirect hazards and occur in both under-developed and developed countries. BSEs can be a result of physical triggers (e.g. the lack of physically detectable precursors or a lack of understanding of the eruption model of the volcano), social triggers (such as an inadequate monitoring network), or a combination of the two. As the science of eruption forecasting is still relatively young, and the variations between individual volcanoes and individual eruptions are so great, there is no effective general model and none should be applied in the absence of a site-specific model. Similarly, as methods vary between monitoring agencies, there are no monitoring benchmarks for effective BSE forecasting. However a combination of seismic and gas emission monitoring may be the most effective. The United States began a hazard and monitoring review of their volcanoes in 2005. While the general principles of their review would be beneficial in a monitoring review of New Zealand’s volcanoes, differences in styles of volcanism, geographic setting and activity levels mean changes would need to be review to fully appreciate the risk posed by New Zealand’s volcanoes. Similarly, the monitoring benchmarks provided in the U.S. review may not be fully applicable in New Zealand. While advances in technology may ultimately allow the effective forecasting of some BSEs, the immediate threat posed by unexpected eruptions means that effective management and mitigation measures may be the only tools currently at our disposal to reduce the risks from BSEs.
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Harris, Bethan. "Super-volcanic eruptions and the Earth's climate." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515712.
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Stock, Michael James. "The volatile history of past volcanic eruptions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4fee2ee-f7bc-44f2-9844-7459eb4d975f.
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Volatile elements play an important role in almost every aspect of sub-volcanic systems, from the generation and storage of magma, to the timing and style of volcanic activity. Currently, the most common method for assessing pre-eruptive magmatic volatile contents is through analysis of trapped melt inclusions. However, the reliability of this record is uncertain, necessitating development of new, independent petrologic methods for determining the pre-eruptive volatile contents of past eruptions. This thesis combines physical and chemical models with empirical analyses to develop the use of apatite as a magmatic volatile 'probe'. The first research chapter investigates well-documented difficulties in electron microprobe analysis of apatite volatile concentrations. These are found to be caused by electron-beam induced heating and electric field generation. In determining these effects, it is possible to identify optimal operating procedures for apatite analysis. The next chapter explores the theoretical evolution of apatite volatile compositions as a function of magmatic evolution, building on previous work to develop thermodynamic models that relate crystal compositions to fluid systematics during fractional crystallisation. These provide a qualitative framework for interpreting apatite compositions in natural volcanic systems. The remainder of the thesis is dedicated to identifying new insights that can be gained from the use of apatite as a magmatic volatile 'probe'; this method is applied to constrain pre-eruptive processes at Campi Flegrei, Italy. Texturally-constrained apatite analyses are used to create a time-series of magmatic volatile evolution in the build-up to eruption. This reveals that volatile saturation occurred late in magmatic evolution, and represents a potential eruption trigger. Apatites from different eruptions show a long-term temporal variability in the H2O contents of primitive melts feeding Campi Flegrei, which correlates with different epochs of activity. Melt inclusions from all eruptions have reequilibrated post-entrapment. This study demonstrates the potential utility of apatite for investigating pre-eruptive volatile behaviour in apatite-saturated magmas.
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Ogden, Darcy E. "Fluid dynamics of high pressure volcanic eruptions /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textBooks on the topic "Volcanic eruptions"
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W, Johnson R. Volcanic eruptions & atmospheric change. Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Dept. of Primary Industries and Energy, 1993.
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Braccini, Giulio Cesare. Dell'incendio fattosi nel Vesuvio e delle sue cause ed effetti (Napoli, 1632). Arnaldo Forni, 2006.
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Zimbelman, James R., and Tracy K. P. Gregg, eds. Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6.
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Mastin, Larry G. Can rain cause volcanic eruptions? U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior, 1993.
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Clynne, M. A. Pre-1980 eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey, David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Volcanic eruptions"
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Hickson, Catherine J., T. C. Spurgeon, and R. I. Tilling. "Eruption Types (Volcanic Eruptions)." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_122.
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Bryant, Edward. "Volcanic Eruptions." In Tsunami. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06133-7_8.
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Bourdé, Arnaud, Bertrand Guihard, and Pedro Do Monte. "Volcanic Eruptions." In Disaster Medicine Pocket Guide: 50 Essential Questions. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00654-8_18.
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Dominelli, Lena. "Volcanic eruptions." In Social Work Practice During Times of Disaster. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003105824-12.
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Biondi, Franco. "Dendrochronology, Volcanic Eruptions." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_24.
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Biondi, Franco. "Dendrochronology, Volcanic Eruptions." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_24-1.
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Bauch, Martin. "Geoengineering and the Middle Ages: Lessons from Medieval Volcanic Eruptions for the Anthropocene." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_8.
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AbstractThe existential challenge of mitigating anthropogenic climate change encouraged serious discussions on geoengineering approaches. One of them, Solar Radiation Management (SRM), would mean inserting aerosols into the atmosphere, thus imitating and perpetuating the cooling effects of large volcanic events, such as the 1815 Tambora eruption. However, artificially inserting sulphur aerosols into the atmosphere is connected with considerable uncertainties. One of them, pointed out by several climate scientists, is the different effects on temperature and precipitation in different parts of the globe. These are not the only ones, though. As the largest volcanic eruptions have taken place during the medieval times (ca 500–1500 CE), historical research can reveal further uncertainties in dating these eruptions and their connected socio-environmental effects, and hence on the actual climate and social impacts we might expect from SRM. A combination of humanist and scientific research on past volcanic eruptions therefore has the potential to produce a more precise understanding of past volcanic eruptions and their climatic consequences. As long as we do not acquire a consistent multi-disciplinary perspective on past volcanic eruptions, extreme caution should be taken before investing in geoengineering measures that include the artificial injection of sulphur aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Gregg, Tracy K. P., and James R. Zimbelman. "Volcanic Vestiges." In Environmental Effects on Volcanic Eruptions. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4151-6_9.
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Loughlin, Sue C. "Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_39.
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Wei, Hung-Lung. "Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions." In Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_54-1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Volcanic eruptions"
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Asgary, Ali. "Holovulcano: Augmented Reality simulation of volcanic eruptions." In The 8th International Defence and Homeland Security Simulation Workshop. CAL-TEK srl, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2018.dhss.007.
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"This paper describes an interactive holographic simulation of volcanic eruption. The aim of the project is to use Augmented Reality (AR) technology to visualize different volcanic eruptions for public education, emergency training, and preparedness planning purposes. To achieve this goal, a 3D model of the entire Vulcano Island in Italy has been created using real elevation data. Unity game engine and Microsoft Visual Studio have been used to develop HoloVulcano augmented/virtual reality simulation application. The current version of HoloVulcano simulates normal and unrest situations, single and long lasting Vulcanian, Plinian, and Strombolian eruptions. HoloVulcano has been developed for Microsoft HoloLens AR device. Wearing the HoloLens, users can interact with the volcano through voice, gazing, and gestures and view different eruptions from different points in the island. HoloVulcano will be used for training emergency exercises and public education."
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Saito, T., H. Yamashita, and K. Takayama. "CFD Application to Construction of Hazard Maps of Volcanic Eruptions." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1599.
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Shock wave propagation due to explosive-type volcano eruptions are numerically simulated in order to produce hazard maps. Different types of damages caused by pyroclastic-surge and ballistic fragments as well as positive and negative pressure loading are related to the maximum overpressure of the blast waves. Hazard maps produced by the present method is useful for establishing better safety countermeasures for volcanic eruptions. Simulations of blast wave propagation take the complex terrain of the interested area into account. Several eruption models for the energy release such as the reservoir-break model and the jet models are considered and discussed. The three-dimensional numerical code employs the finite volume method with WAF scheme for evaluating the numerical fluxes at the cell interface. The WAF scheme is one of the high-order Godunov schemes and HLLC approximate Riemann solution is used in the present work.
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Jäger, H. "Pinatubo Cloud Over Garmisch-Partenkirchen." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.otue18.
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The explosive eruptions of the Philippine volcano Pinatubo in mid-June 1991 caused the first major perturbation of the stratosphere since the eruption of the Mexican volcano El Chichón in April 1982. Early groundbased, satelliteborne and in situ observations of the Pinatubo eruption cloud were collected by McClelland et al., 1991. Satellite images from July and August did not show a significant transport of volcanic debris to mid-latitudes, the major part of the cloud was reported to be confined in an equatorial band 15°S to 25°N with the densest part in the 20 to 25 km height range and further layers below 20 km.
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Gislason, Sigurdur Reynir, EYDÍS Eiriksdottir, and Iwona Galeczka. "Environmental Impact of Volcanic Eruptions." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.838.
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Osborn, Mary T., David M. Winker, David C. Woods, and Robert J. DeCoursey. "Evolution of the Pinatubo Volcanic Cloud Over Hampton, Virginia." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.the.23.
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A series of eruptions of the Philippine Mt. Pinatubo volcano in June 1991 climaxed in cataclysmic eruptions on June 15-16, which greatly perturbed the stratospheric aerosol layer. These eruptions yielded an estimated 20 megatonnes of SO2, which is nearly three times the amount produced by the eruptions of El Chichon in 1982 (Bluth et al., 1991). Lidar measurements taken at 694 nm by the 48-inch lidar system at Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, Virginia, show the vertical distribution, intensity and spread of the Pinatubo aerosol layers over this mid-latitude location. The peak stratospheric aerosol burden, which occurred in late February 1992, is equivalent to an optical depth of approximately 0.2 at 694 nm. In the subsequent nine months, the stratospheric loading has decreased with an l/e decay rate of 7.3 months. The magnitudes, transport times, and decay rates of the volcanic aerosol layers following Pinatubo and El Chichon are compared.
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Krueger, Arlin J., and Luce Morin. "Improvements in Remote Sensing of Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.mc6.
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Sulfur dioxide in volcanic eruption clouds was detected from space using data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument on the Nimbus 7 satellite (Krueger, 1983) and confirmed in data from the SBUV instrument on the same satellite (McPeters and Heath, 1984). The detection was possible because sulfur dioxide has strong absorption bands in the same wavelength region of the near ultraviolet that was selected for measuring total ozone with these satellite instruments. The background levels of sulfur dioxide are so low that the measurement of ozone can normally be made without accounting for any interference from this gas. However, volcanic eruptions can produce millions of tons of sulfur dioxide in compact clouds which locally dwarf the absorption by ozone. Even as the eruption cloud is dispersing the absorption by sulfur dioxide can be comparable to that of ozone.
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Caldera, Jithamala, and S. Wirasinghe. "Analysis and Classification of Volcanic Eruptions." In 10th Annual Conference of the International Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Reconstruction. Purdue University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315372.
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McCormick, M. Patrick. "The Stratospheric Impact of the Eruption of Pinatubo." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.otue1.
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The eruptions of the Philippine volcano Pinatubo (15.14°N, 120.35°W) in June 1991 caused the largest impact to stratospheric aerosols experienced probably in this century. Early estimates place the SO2 injected to altitudes of at least 30 km at 2 or more times that from the 1982 eruptions of El Chichon. El Chichon put about 6 megatonnes of SO2, or 12 megatonnes of sulfuric acid aerosol, into the lower-to-middle stratosphere making it the largest in the Northern Hemisphere for at least 50 years. An eruption of the magnitude of Pinatubo is important for studies of global change. In particular, its effects to cooling the Earth's surface and possibly masking greenhouse warming must be understood. The heterogeneous chemical effects of this new surface area and the potential for ozone reduction must also be studied. Other potential impacts include the possibility of increased cirrus cloud production and effects of this volcanic layer on producing artifacts in various ground-based and satellite-based remote sensor retrievals. Another effect clearly observed after El Chichon, was the serious crazing of acrylic windows on aircraft flying in polar regions and, therefore, at stratospheric altitudes where aircraft came into contact with the increased sulfuric acid aerosol produced by the El Chichon eruption.
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Adushkin, Vitaly, Alexander Spivak, Yuri Rybnov, Svetlana Riabova, and Vladimir Kharlamov. "Manifestation of volcanic eruptions in acoustic vibrations." In 26th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2574952.
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Steinbrecht, W., and A. I. Carswell. "Errors introduced in Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone by Pinatubo Aerosols." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1993.wd.2.
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Differential Absorption Lidars (DIAL) are being used since the early 1980’s to measure stratospheric ozone. They allow a routine, drift free, remote optical measurement of the ozone profile. Therefore they have been chosen as one component of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric change (NDSC, [1]). Unfortunately, like many optical measurements, their precision is affected by the large amount of aerosols in the stratosphere after a major volcanic eruption. Because of this one has to be very careful when using lidar measurements of ozone together with measurements of stratospheric aerosols, although lidars have been used very successfully in the past to characterize the stratospheric aerosol layers following volcanic eruptions (e.g. [2, 3]).
Reports on the topic "Volcanic eruptions"
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Goff, Fraser, Shari A. Kelley, Cathy J. Goff, et al. Geologic Map of Mount Taylor Volcano Area, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/gm-80.
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The Geologic Map of the Mount Taylor Volcano Area, New Mexico is a 1:36,000 compilation of six recent NMBGMR 1:24,000 geologic quadrangles that encompass this extinct composite stratovolcano. Mount Taylor is New Mexico's second-largest volcano after the Valles Caldera in the Jemez Mountains. This timely map and accompanying report, resulting from over a decade of thorough work, synthesizes the current geologic understanding of such an important landscape feature of the state.For such a complex volcanic landform, the report provides an exhaustive description of the volcano area in an easy-to-read format. In addition to providing a detailed description of each of the map's 339 units and dikes, it documents the volcano's history and history of research, its geochemical and petrographic composition, the phases of its construction ranging from the initial to the terminal eruptions, 3.72-1.26 million years ago, and its subsequent erosion, resulting in the summit Amphitheater and its extensive apron of debris. It describes the surrounding volcanic centers, the structure of the area, and the extensive dikes and maars. After touching on the water resources, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization, and geothermal potential, the report concludes with a conceptual model of volcano evolution.
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McConnell, V., and J. Eichelberger. Volcanic eruptions and research drilling in the Inyo Domes Chain, Inyo National Forest, California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5940573.
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Halliday, Timothy J., Rachel Inafuku, Lester Lusher, and Áureo de Paula. VOG: Using Volcanic Eruptions to Estimate the Impact of Air Pollution on Student Learning Outcomes. The IFS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2022.4722.
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Ho, Chih-Hsiang. A compound power-law model for volcanic eruptions: Implications for risk assessment of volcanism at the proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/196577.
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Shinohara, Masanao. Working Paper PUEAA No. 6. Recent seafloor seismic and tsunami observation systems for scientific research and disaster mitigation. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.004r.2022.
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Due to its position between various tectonic plates, Japan is at constant risk of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The latter have a great and destructive impact since a large part of the Japanese population lives on coastal plains. The importance of having early warning systems has led Japanese scientists to give particular importance to the study of the seabed and its tectonic characteristics, in order to better understand its geological composition, and to be able to create better and faster early warning systems with new technologies for transmission and data collection.
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Woldegabriel, Giday, Elizabeth D. Miller, Richard E. Kelley, and Emily S. Schultz-Fellenz. Geochemistry, extent, signatures, and chronology of basaltic and young silicic pyroclastic eruptions: Refining existing data to support a future volcanic hazards assessment of LANL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1079548.
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Albright, Jeff, Kim Struthers, Lisa Baril, and Mark Brunson. Natural resource conditions at Valles Caldera National Preserve: Findings & management considerations for selected resources. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293731.
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Valles Caldera National Preserve (VALL) encompasses 35,977 ha (88,900 ac) in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico and is surrounded by the Santa Fe National Forest, the Pueblo of Santa Clara, and Bandelier National Monument. VALL’s explosive volcanic origin, about 1.23 million years ago, formed the Valles Caldera—a broad, 19- to 24-km (12- to 15-mi) wide circular depression. It is one of the world’s best examples of a young caldera (in geologic time) and serves as the model for understanding caldera resurgence worldwide. A series of resurgent eruptions and magmatic intrusive events followed the original explosion, creating numerous volcanic domes in present day VALL—one of which is Redondo Peak at an elevation of 3,430 m (11,254 ft), which is the second highest peak in the Jemez Mountains. In fact, VALL in its entirety is a high-elevation preserve that hosts a rich assemblage of vegetation, wildlife, and volcanic resources. The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program selected VALL to pilot its new NRCA project series. VALL managers and the NRCA Program selected seven focal study resources for condition evaluation. To help us understand what is causing change in resource conditions, we selected a subset of drivers and stressors known or suspected of influencing the preserve’s resources. What is causing change in resource conditions? Mean temperatures during the spring and summer months are increasing, but warming is slower at VALL than for neighboring areas (e.g., Bandelier National Monument). The proportion of precipitation received as snow has declined. From 2000 to 2018, forest pests damaged or killed 75% of the preserve’s forested areas. Only small, forested areas in VALL were affected by forest pests after the 2011 Las Conchas and the 2013 Thompson Ridge fires. The all-sky light pollution model and the sound pressure level model predict the lowest degree of impacts from light and sound to be in the western half of the preserve.
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Kieffer, S. W., G. A. Valentine, and Mahn-Ling Woo. Supercomputer modeling of volcanic eruption dynamics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/82530.
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Narvaez, Liliana, Joerg Szarzynski, and Zita Sebesvari. Technical Report: Tonga volcano eruption. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/ysxa5862.
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On 15 January 2022, the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai volcano eruption was felt across the Pacific Ocean and beyond, releasing energy equivalent to hundreds of Hiroshima nuclear explosions and creating supersonic air pressure waves that were observed from space. In the archipelago Kingdom of Tonga, the ashfall, tsunami and shock waves caused widespread devastation on several islands. The only fibre-optic cable that connects the islands with the rest of the world was severely damaged, leaving the entire country offline for more than three weeks. The case the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano eruption showed that the inability to “be online” becomes a vulnerability in the context of extreme events. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Tonga volcano eruption through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Swanson, David. Tree investigations in the Noatak National Preserve, Alaska, 2011?2022: Old-growth and new forests. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301700.
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Tree rings in the Noatak National Preserve provide information about the growth of trees at the cold limit of tree survival in northwestern North America. The present study was based on cores and other tree measurements (tree basal area, height, and number per unit area) of white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) trees taken from 39 permanent monitoring plots (34 with coreable trees) at three locations in the Preserve. The tree rings widths were measured and then normalized using a 50-year smoothing spline to remove the effects of growth variations through the life cycles of the trees. Old-growth white spruce forests, which here include numerous trees over 200 years old and some that are more than 300 years old, form open stands on well-drained slopes. Stands of younger trees that became established in the 1900s are present near elevational tree-line, and in small groves on tussock tundra. These younger stands are interpreted primarily as the result of forest expansion due to climate warming, though re-establishment of trees after wildfire is also possible in the tussock tundra. On river floodplains and terraces, stands of both white spruce and balsam poplar were also initiated in the 1900s, but here the youth of the trees is probably due to colonization of new areas exposed by river channel migration. Both the old-growth and younger forests showed continuing growth (as expressed by an increase in stand basal area) between our initial visit in 2011 and re-visit in 2021 or 2022, with the greatest increases occurring on floodplains. Tree rings showed much year-to-year variation in width, but the effect of individual cold summers was surprisingly weak. Some of the major global climate perturbations due to volcanic eruptions were visible in the tree ring record, but the resulting ring growth was generally no worse than other bad growth years within a few decades of the volcanic event. Tree ring width was statistically correlated more closely with the average warmth of several preceding growing seasons (as expressed by the annual sum of thaw degree-days) than with the current year?s or the previous year?s warmth alone. This is probably due to the cumulative effect of several years? warmth (or cold) on the conditions in the tree rooting zone, on the amount of foliage available for photosynthesis, and the level of stored reserves in the tree.