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Journal articles on the topic "Volcanic impacts"
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Amigo, Alvaro. "Volcano monitoring and hazard assessments in Chile." Volcanica 4, S1 (2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.0120.
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Volcanism in Chile occurs in a variety of tectonic settings but mostly in the context of oceanic-continental plate collision, including 92 potentially active volcanoes. There have been more than 30 documented eruptions in the last few centuries. The Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) is a statutory agency of the Government of Chile responsible for volcano monitoring and hazard assessments across the country. After the impacts derived from volcanic activity at the end of the 20th century, SERNAGEOMIN created the Volcano Hazards Program and the Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). Despite this effort, most volcanoes in Chile remained unmonitored. In 2008, the aftermath of the eruption of Chaitén led to a nationwide program in order to improve eruption forecasting, development of early warning capabilities and our state of readiness for volcanic impacts through hazard assessments. In the last decade responses to volcanic crises have been indubitably successful providing technical advice before and during volcanic eruptions. El volcanismo en Chile ocurre en una amplia variedad de regímenes tectónicos, aunque principalmente en el contexto de la colisión de placas. Alrededor de 92 volcanes son considerados potencialmente activos y más de 30 presentan actividad histórica documentada en los últimos siglos. El Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) es la agencia gubernamental responsable de la evaluación de peligros y monitoreo de la actividad volcánica en el país. Como consecuencia de los impactos derivados de las erupciones volcánicas ocurridas hacia finales del siglo pasado, SERNAGEOMIN creó el Programa de Riesgo Volcánico y el Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). No obstante, a pesar de este esfuerzo la mayoría de los volcanes en Chile se mantenían sin monitoreo. Luego de los impactos derivados de la erupción del volcán Chaitén en 2008, un nuevo programa nacional fue creado con el fin de fortalecer la vigilancia y la evaluación de los peligros volcánicos en el país. En la última década, la respuesta a crisis volcánicas ha sido exitosa, proporcionando apoyo técnico en forma previa y durante erupciones.
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Schmidt, Anja, and Benjamin A. Black. "Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 50, no. 1 (2022): 627–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816.
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Volcanic eruptions impact climate, subtly and profoundly. The size of an eruption is only loosely correlated with the severity of its climate effects, which can include changes in surface temperature, ozone levels, stratospheric dynamics, precipitation, and ocean circulation. We review the processes—in magma chambers, eruption columns, and the oceans, biosphere, and atmosphere—that mediate the climate response to an eruption. A complex relationship between eruption size, style, duration, and the subsequent severity of the climate response emerges. We advocate for a new, consistent metric, the Volcano-Climate Index, to categorize climate response to eruptions independent of eruption properties and spanning the full range of volcanic activity, from brief explosive eruptions to long-lasting flood basalts. A consistent metric for categorizing the climate response to eruptions that differ in size, style, and duration is critical for establishing the relationshipbetween the severity and the frequency of such responses aiding hazard assessments, and furthering understanding of volcanic impacts on climate on timescales of years to millions of years. ▪ We review the processes driving the rocky relationship between eruption size and climate response and propose a Volcano-Climate Index. ▪ Volcanic eruptions perturb Earth's climate on a range of timescales, with key open questions regarding how processes in the magmatic system, eruption column, and atmosphere shape the climate response to volcanism. ▪ A Volcano-Climate Index will provide information on the volcano-climate severity-frequency distribution, analogous to earthquake hazards. ▪ Understanding of the frequency of specific levels of volcanic climate effects will aid hazard assessments, planning, and mitigation of societal impacts.
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Tsatsanifos, C., V. Kontogianni, and S. Stiros. "Tunneling and other engineering works in volcanic environments: Sousaki and Thessaly." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 4 (2007): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17102.
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This study is inspired by the impacts on a tunnel of the Sousaki volcano, in the vicinity of Corinth and examines possible impacts of the Quaternary volcanism on major engineering works in Thessaly. The Sousaki volcano, at the NW edge of the Aegean Volcanic Arc has been associated with important volcanic activity in the past, but its current activity is confined to géothermie phenomena. A tunnel for the new Athens-Corinth High Speed Rail was excavated through the solfatara of the volcano, an area characterized by numerous faults and physical cavities. High temperatures and geothermal gases released in the underground opening through the faults caused disturbance to the tunnel construction, need for supplementary investigations and adoption of special measures to maintain tunnel stability. Experience from the tunnel at Sousaki indicates that similar risks may be faced in future major engineering works in other regions of Greece. Such an example is the area of Microthives and Achillio, Magnesia, Thessaly. Tunnels for the new highway and railway networks constructed or planned through at least two volcanic domes and other main engineering works may also face volcano-associated effects. Optimization of the network routes in combination with special construction techniques and safety measures need to be followed for minimization of such volcanic risks.
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Barnett, Anna. "Volcanic impacts." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 806 (2008): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/climate.2008.48.
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Cuthbertson, Joseph, Carol Stewart, Alison Lyon, Penelope Burns, and Thompson Telepo. "Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 5 (2020): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2000093x.
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AbstractVolcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.
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Yarker, Morgan B., Debasish PaiMazumder, Catherine F. Cahill, Jonathan Dehn, Anupma Prakash, and Nicole Mölders. "Theoretical Investigations on Potential Impacts of High-Latitude Volcanic Emissions of Heat, Aerosols and Water Vapor and their Interactions with Clouds and Precipitation." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 4, no. 1 (2010): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301004010024.
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Augustine Volcano (located in the Cook Inlet of South Central Alaska at 59.4oand 153.4oW) erupted in January 2006 and released, among other things, water vapor, radiation heat, and aerosols into the atmosphere. To determine the potential impact of volcanic emissions and ashfall on local weather, 16 simulations assuming artificial emission and ashfall scenarios were performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model for 24 consecutive days starting the day before the first eruption. These simulations include (1) the control simulation without consideration of any volcanic perturbation, (2) four simulations with simplified scenarios for each individual volcanic factor [radiative heat from the caldera, water vapor, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and/or ice nuclei (IN) aerosols, and albedo change due to ashfall], and (3) 11 simulations containing all possible combinations of these factors. These 11 simulations serve to examine interactions among impacts of the different perturbations under the assumed scenarios. The impact of volcanic factors on local weather depends on the synoptic situation, emission strength, (combination of) volcanic factors, and interaction among impacts of factors if they occur concurrently. ANalysis Of VAriance shows that the greatest (statistically significant at the 95% or higher confidence level) volcanic impact occurs on relatively humid days and immediately downwind of the volcano (<50 km). Depending on relative humidity and temperature conditions, volcanic heat release can increase condensation and/or cloud top levels or reduce cloudiness. Due to non-linear cloud microphysical processes, meteorological responses to volcanic factors can diminish or enhance the impacts of the individual factors when factors occur concurrently. As an example, depending on the ambient conditions, concurrently occurring volcanic factors can lead to a decrease in precipitation at one time and an increase at another time. These findings indicate that in the immediate vicinity of erupting volcanoes, predicted cloud conditions and precipitation may be inaccurate due to the unknown volcanic forcing.
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Hu, Yiwei, Boxi Li, and Yue Yin. "The Causes of Volcanic Eruptions and How They Affect Our Environment." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4013.
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Volcanic eruptions often have an impact on the environment. In the context of the environmental problem of global warming, a large amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanic eruptions will aggravate the greenhouse effect, which has aroused widespread concern. This article first explains the volcano's cone-shaped structure with several craters, cones, and vents. Although each volcano is unique, most volcanoes can be separated into three major types, the first type is a cinder cone, the second type is a composite volcano, and the third type is a shield volcano. Furthermore, this article interprets the causes of volcanic eruptions by decompression melting, and crustal movement. In addition to this, the environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions from three different angles are explained in the article. The First is the environmental impact of volcanic eruptions at different latitudes. It not only examines the sea surface temperatures' responses to volcanic forcing but also mentions a phenomenon of wind (El Niño de Navidad) caused by volcanic. The second argument is the impact of volcanic eruption on climate. It explains the effects of volcanic dust, Sulphur dioxide, and greenhouse gases, these three main volcanic substances that contribute to environmental cooling, acid rain, and global warming respectively. The final point is the impact of volcanic eruption on the benefits and disadvantages of plant cultivation, hoping this article could raise awareness of volcanoes and global environmental problems and prevent them.
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McDonald, Nicola J., Leslie Dowling, Emily P. Harvey, et al. "Quantifying economic risks to dairy farms from volcanic hazards in Taranaki, Aotearoa / New Zealand." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (2025): 1543–71. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1543-2025.
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Abstract. The volcanic hazard and risk science for Taranaki Mounga (Taranaki volcano) in Aotearoa / New Zealand is in an advanced state, with robust probabilistic data and a series of direct impact scenarios modelled for the region. Here, we progress this work and demonstrate a method to provide risk information that is nuanced for factors such as location and economic sector and considers the dynamic nature of volcanism with hazards potentially repeated over time. Recognising the fundamental importance of the dairy sector to Taranaki region, this paper provides valuable insights into the potential impacts and risks to heterogeneous dairy cattle farms within the region from volcanic hazards. We provide volcanic impact and risk metrics in economic or monetary terms in order to improve its relevance to decision-makers while reducing the complexity of the impacts. To do this, we developed a dynamic, multi-event farm system model of response and recovery, which takes in hazard intensity metrics from a series of volcanic events and generates the resulting annualised revenues, expenditures, and recovery costs through time. The model is formulated in a generalised way such that it can be used for various other hazard types and agricultural land uses. In our application of the model, we create and apply a suite of 10 000 simulations that capture different iterations of possible future volcanic activity over a 50-year period. These include the generation of lahars following eruptions and associated failures for transport and water supply networks. Farms at five case study locations were modelled to capture the diversity in farm management and the spatial variation in hazard intensities and likelihoods across the region. We provide summaries of the distributions of economic impacts generated, both for individual events and for the 50-year volcanic future horizon. Drawing the information together, we also summarise the results for each case study farm in terms of the value at risk statistic. For the case study farms with negligible lahar risk, we find, with 90 % confidence, that volcanic losses over the next 50 years will not exceed around 10 % of property value. By comparison, for the farm with the most severe lahar and ashfall exposure, we find that, at the same level of confidence, losses extend to approximately half the property value. These results indicate that with access to sufficient risk information, we should anticipate volcanic risk as playing an important role in shaping the future dairy sector in Taranaki region. The modelling pipeline and assessment metrics demonstrated in this paper could be used to assess mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce the risk from volcanic hazards and improve the resilience of farm businesses.
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Tilling, R. I. "Volcanism and associated hazards: the Andean perspective." Advances in Geosciences 22 (December 14, 2009): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-125-2009.
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Abstract. Andean volcanism occurs within the Andean Volcanic Arc (AVA), which is the product of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctica Plates beneath the South America Plate. The AVA is Earth's longest but discontinuous continental-margin volcanic arc, which consists of four distinct segments: Northern Volcanic Zone, Central Volcanic Zone, Southern Volcanic Zone, and Austral Volcanic Zone. These segments are separated by volcanically inactive gaps that are inferred to indicate regions where the dips of the subducting plates are too shallow to favor the magma generation needed to sustain volcanism. The Andes host more volcanoes that have been active during the Holocene (past 10 000 years) than any other volcanic region in the world, as well as giant caldera systems that have produced 6 of the 47 largest explosive eruptions (so-called "super eruptions") recognized worldwide that have occurred from the Ordovician to the Pleistocene. The Andean region's most powerful historical explosive eruption occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru). The impacts of this event, whose eruptive volume exceeded 11 km3, were widespread, with distal ashfall reported at distances >1000 km away. Despite the huge size of the Huaynaputina eruption, human fatalities from hazardous processes (pyroclastic flows, ashfalls, volcanogenic earthquakes, and lahars) were comparatively small owing to the low population density at the time. In contrast, lahars generated by a much smaller eruption (<0.05 km3) in 1985 of Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia) killed about 25 000 people – the worst volcanic disaster in the Andean region as well as the second worst in the world in the 20th century. The Ruiz tragedy has been attributed largely to ineffective communications of hazards information and indecisiveness by government officials, rather than any major deficiencies in scientific data. Ruiz's disastrous outcome, however, together with responses to subsequent hazardous eruptions in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru has spurred significant improvements in reducing volcano risk in the Andean region. But much remains to be done.
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Benavides-Cordoba, Vicente, Andres Suarez, Diana Guerrero-Jaramillo, Melissa Silva-Medina, Jhonatan Betancourt-Peña, and Mauricio Palacios-Gómez. "Respiratory and physical health consequences in older adults in a high-risk volcanic area: Comparison of two rural villages." PLOS ONE 19, no. 9 (2024): e0310659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310659.
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Introduction Volcanism is an important natural producer of pollution that impacts health and the quality of the environment. Lung changes caused by exposure to volcanoes have been previously studied. However, limited information exists regarding the effects of prolonged exposure to volcanic compounds. So, this study aimed to analyze the pulmonary effects and stress tolerance in older adults for chronic exposure to the volcanic ashes of the Galeras volcano. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study of association included rural inhabitants aged over 60 years from Genoy, a village located in a high volcanic hazard zone of Galeras volcano, 2603 meters above sea level. Those in this group, called exposed, were contrasted with a sample of El Encano inhabitants with similar socioeconomic and cultural characteristics. Both villages belong to the rural area of San Juan de Pasto in Colombia. Results It was found that of 31 exposed participants, 18 had obstructive alteration, and in the control group, it was found that of 31 subjects, 6 presented this alteration. The difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.001). A similar situation occurred with distal airway obstruction assessed with the forced expiratory flow of 25–75%. No significant differences were found in restrictive alteration between the exposed and unexposed groups. Conclusion Chronic exposure to volcanic compounds has generated obstructive changes in the population, and these changes were greater in number and severity than those in the control group of unexposed people.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volcanic impacts"
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Witham, Claire Suzanne. "Volcanic plumes : impacts, chemistry and dispersion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615011.
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Peters, Michael Steven. "Temporal impacts of volcanic ash in freshwater systems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7639.
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Volcanic ash can cause acidification and metal contamination of freshwater systems.
Shmt-te1m chemical and pH fluxes in water have been attributed to dissolution of the
ash surface film while dissolution of the glassy matrix has been linked to metal input
over longer time periods. The rate at which ash surface film and glassy matrix
dissolution occurs and the associated impact of ash to freshwater pH and chemistry over
time has not previously been established. The influence of volcanic ash BET surface
area on initial pH fluxes and metal dissolution rates in freshwater systems was
investigated using pristine basaltic-andesite volcanic ashes from Mt. Ruapehu (New
Zealand), Mt. Sakurajima (Japan) and Soufriere Hills (Montserrat). The aim of this
study was to investigate the bi-temporal hazard of volcanic ash in freshwater systems
including freshwater drinking-water supplies.
All ashes provided an immediate pH decrease to water that was directly related to
sulphur concentrations released from ash surface film (p < 0.02). The maximum pH
decrease was observed after 2.5 minutes. The rate of change was independent of ash
surface area due to the high solubility of the surface film. Initial pH decreases for all
ashes were transient with the degree of acidification lessening following surface film
removal via water rinse(s) and time in solution. The rapid rate of dissolution means in
'real-world' settings the surface film will be removed within the upper layer of a water
body and will only provide a shmt-te1m source of acidification and chemical
contamination.
Release rates for (Al, Mn and As) from the glassy matrix of ashes over longer-time
periods (0-1 00 hours) were dependent on BET surface area and ash to water ratios for
each ash. The influence of differing physical and chemical characteristics between the
three ashes, however, prevented surface area being used as a proxy for all dissolution
rates. The metal release rates were used to calculate the time needed for the drinking
water quality guidelines to be exceeded under three different ashfall scenarios. Using
the derived metal release rates for the Mt Ruapehu Ash, Al was the element most likely
to exceed the drinking water standards. This exceedance can be attributed to the
relatively fast release rate (Al 10.4 flg h -I m-2
) and high concentration within the ash
(14% by weight). An ashfall of 1 Omm would result in exceedances of the drinking water standards for AI in the Waitakere and Hays Creek Reservoirs (Auckland city
water supply) after ~8 hours.
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Giles, Teresa Mary. "Volcanic emissions and distal palaeoenvironmental impacts in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2176.
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This thesis is a palaeoenviromnental investigation into possible non-climatic effects on the environment from volcanic ash fall and toxic emissions outside the blast zone of a volcanic eruption. These effects are determined from palynological and geochemical changes following tephra fall at a range of sites across the North Island of New Zealand which were located at increasing distances from the main volcanic source, the Taupo Volcanic Zone. These sites collectively covered a wide variety of habitats existing under different climatic regimes. The first site is a peat bog at a warm temperate, comparatively unstable coastal location, Matakana Island. The peat profile extends to 1000 yrs BP and contains the Kaharoa Tephra layer, erupted around the time of early human settlement in New Zealand. The second study site is Kaipo peat bog which, in contrast to Matakana Island, is an upland sub-alpine site existing under a harsher climatic regime with cool temperatures, strong winds and heavy rainfall. The Kaipo record covers the Holocene period up to recent times. Lake Rotoroa is the third site which is located inland, sheltered within the Waikato valley, an area of rich fertile soils and mild temperate climate. The Lake Rotoroa record extends to approximately 15,000 yrs BP including the end of the last glacial period and the Holocene. The final site investigated, Kohuora bog, is situated in an extinct late Quaternary volcanic crater within Auckland urban area, a region of warm temperate climate. This record extends from the last glacial period to the present. Fine resolution sampling methods were employed above tephra layers preserved at each of these sites to examine the immediate short-term palaeoenvironmental impacts from volcanic tephra deposition. The methods used included pollen analysis, and the relatively new technique of Energy Dispersive X-ray Micro Analysis (EDMA) which investigated changes in sediment geochemistry to provide further information on local environmental change following tephra impact. The use of pollen analysis together with EDMA proved beneficial in assessing overall short term environmental impacts from tephra fell. Results revealed that thicker tephra layers did not always cause extensive environmental damage, as impacts seen above the 0.5 cm thick Egmont 15 Tephra at Lake Rotoroa were among the most significant recorded at this site. Instead, the contributing factors of prevailing climate and local site factors (e.g. drainage, soils, vegetation cover and shelter) at the time of an eruption, together with local forest diversity and species sensitivity to tephra deposition, proved more important in determining the degree of tephra impact. Taxa found to be particularly sensitive to tephra deposition included Halocarpus, with inconsistent impacts from tephra fell on Dacrydium and Metrosideros. Duration of tephra impacts varied between sites, but broad estimates from the results showed the time taken for recovery of forest vegetation following an eruption was >100 years, with environmental stability returning after a minimum period of 50 years. The results from Matakana Island revealed that any possible tephra impacts from deposition of the Kaharoa Tephra were obscured owing to large-scale deforestation following Polynesian settlement on the island around the time of the Kaharoa eruption. This study indicates the importance of investigating distal volcanic impacts prior to human settlement to eliminate ambiguity in interpretation of palaeoenvironmental data.
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Driscoll, Simon. "Climate impacts of stratospheric particle injection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5460c624-75d0-448e-b9a0-c1bc70cc9ad0.
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Geoengineering has attracted large attention over recent years as to being a possible way to ameliorate some of the effects of climate change. One of the proposals, involving injecting sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere in order to cool Earth's temperature back to pre-industrial levels, has been assessed as one of the leading geoengineering proposals. Despite this, large uncertainties remain in both the physical and social sciences. Small scale trials of sulphate aerosol injection are not seen as ways to provide large amounts of useful data to inform on the climate response to stratospheric sulphate aerosol loading (whilst also facing many social and ethical barriers). Large scale trials involving injecting amounts of aerosol more comparable to what would be required to cool the Earth's temperature back to pre-industrial levels are viewed as too risky. Assessments of the climate effects of sulphate aerosol geoengineering by the scientific community therefore have largely relied on climate modelling studies. The thesis begins by reviewing sulphate aerosol geoengineering and the modelling that have been conducted to date. In light of the need to verify modelling results with observations the thesis seeks to understand the effects of nature's analogue to sulphate aerosol geoengineering: large volcanic eruptions. When a volcano erupts it can inject large amounts of SO2 gas into the stratosphere, which then undergo conversion to form sulphate aerosol, cooling the Earth in a way analogous to sulphate aerosol engineering. The ability of the climate models submitted to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) database is assessed, with a particular focus on dynamical changes in the Northern Hemisphere winter period. These models fail to capture the observed NH dynamical response following eruptions, which is of concern for the accuracy of geoengineering modelling studies that assess the atmospheric response to sulphate aerosol geoengineering. Simulations of volcanic eruptions are then performed with high-top and low-top configurations of the HadGEM2-CC climate model. The high-top version of HadGEM2-CC, with enhanced vertical resolution and model height, gives a markedly improved and statistically significant post-volcanic winter dynamical simulation to its low-top counterpart. The post-winter dynamical simulation in the high-top model agrees with the observed response following volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, mechanisms involved in the dynamical changes are analysed and it is concluded that the HadGEM2-CC high-top model would give more confident simulations of sulphate aerosol geoengineering over its low-top counterpart. Given the identification of a more suitable model for geoengineering simulations following extensive investigation, the final chapter analyses simulations of the HadGEM2-CC high-top model for asymmetries between the climate response to an immediate onset of geoengineering and a rapid cessation of geoengineering - known as a 'termination' of geoengineering. The project is summarised and discussed, and future work is proposed, involving a large host of projects.
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Jones, Anthony Crawford. "Investigating the climatic impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27786.
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In this thesis, we assess various climatic impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), a geoengineering proposal that aims to cool Earth by enhancing the sunlight-reflecting aerosol layer in the lower stratosphere. To this end, we employ simpleradiative transfer models, a detailed radiative transfer code (SOCRATES), and two Hadley Centre general circulation models (HadGEM2-CCS and HadGEM2-ES). We find that the use of a light-absorbing aerosol (black carbon) for SAI would result in significant stratospheric warming and an unprecedented weakening of the hydrological cycle. Conversely, we find that SAI with sulphate or titania aerosol could counteract many of the extreme climate changes exhibited by a business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5) by the end of this century. In a separate investigation, we show that volcanic aerosol dispersion following low-altitude volcanic eruptions can exhibit high sensitivity to the ambient weather state. Volcanic aerosol may get 'trapped' in a single hemisphere or transported to the opposite hemisphere depending simply on the meteorological conditions on the day of the eruption. In a final study, we investigate the impacts of SAI on North Atlantic tropical storm frequency. We find that SAI exclusively promoted in the southern hemisphere would increase North Atlantic storm frequency, and vice versa for northern hemisphere SAI. The results of this thesis should promote further research into SAI, which could conceivably be deployed to maintain global-mean temperature below the COP21 target of +1.5 K above pre-industrial levels, whilst society transitions onto a sustainable energy pathway. Conversely, the possibility of SAI being weaponised, for instance, to specifically increase North Atlantic tropical storm frequency, should motivate policymakers to implement effective regulation and governance to deter unilateral SAI deployments.
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Schmidt, Anja. "Modelling tropospheric volcanic aerosol : from aerosol microphysical processes to Earth system impacts." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540764.
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Scaini, Chiara. "Modeling strategies for volcanic ash dispersal and management of impacts on civil aviation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288372.
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During April-May 2010, the eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland caused the larger breakdown of civil aviation after World War II. Although the eruption was weak in intensity, the dispersal of volcanic ash clouds over northern and central Europe resulted in more than 100.000 flights canceled and caused over USD 1.7 billion economical losses. This event and its unexpected effects raised many questions amongst the affected communities and stakeholders. How could volcanic eruptions cause severe disruptions at continental scales? Were these impacts totally unexpected? What could have been done to improve preparedness of aviation sector and reduce societal impacts of disruptions?
The harmful effects of volcanic ash on aircraft's components have long been recognized, and volcanic ash dispersal patterns can be forecasted thanks to sophisticated numerical models. However, the procedures to be implemented in case of ash-contaminated airspace where applied only in few occasions, due to the relatively low frequency of explosive eruptions events. The 2010 Eyjafjallajokull crisis revealed a low preparedness of society to direct and indirect impacts of volcanic eruptions, and pointed out some flaws to be improved for mitigating impacts of explosive eruptions on aviation operations.
The issues pointed out by the 2010 crisis are the starting point of this PhD research, which aims at offering new methods for improving aviation management during explosive volcanic eruptions. This manuscript describes the novel contributions developed during a 4-year period of research. The adoption of new techniques is proposed in order to improve current tephra dispersal modeling strategies and produce results focused on aviation needs. This research develops the first methodology to assess vulnerability of air traffic system and its elements to volcanic tephra dispersal. In addition, an impact assessment methodology has been designed to estimate expected impacts of explosive volcanic eruptions on the air traffic network and its elements. The impact assessment methodology has been implemented into a map-based tool to automatically assess expected impacts of volcanic eruptions based on real ash dispersal and air traffic data. Results of the vulnerability and impact assessment can support the stakeholders involved in the definition of risk-management strategies.
Contributions of this research have been applied to case-studies and specific results have been published in a collection of journal papers. Main outcomes of the research are discussed identifying further work to be done in this rapidly evolving field. This research provides useful insights to reduce impacts of volcanic eruptions on civil aviation and, eventually, on the whole society.<br>En Abril 2010, la erupción del volcán Islandés Eyjafjallajokull causó la interrupción mas grande del tráfico aéreo en Europa desde la segunda guerra mundial. A pesar de su baja intensidad, esta erupción produjo una nube de ceniza que cubrió Europa central causando la cancelación de mas de 100.000 vuelos y perdidas económicas de más de 1.700 millones de USD. Este evento generó muchas preguntas en la opinión publica y las comunidades impactadas. ¿Pero cómo pudo una erupción volcánica provocar impactos tan fuertes a escala continental? ¿Fueron estos impactos realmente inesperados? ¿Qué se habría podido hacer para mejorar la preparación de la aviación civil? Los daños que la ceniza volcánica puede provocar en los componentes de los aviones se han documentado desde los años ochenta. También, gracias a sofisticados modelos numéricos desarrollados en las ultimas décadas, los patrones de dispersión de ceniza volcánica se pueden pronosticar. Aun así, la erupción de Eyjafjallajokull en 2010 evidenció que la sociedad no estaba preparad a lidiar con este tipo de eventos y sus impactos directos e indirectos. En Europa los procedimientos a seguir en caso de ceniza volcánica en el espacio aéreo se habían aplicado en pocas ocasiones, debido a la frecuencia relativamente baja de erupciones volcánicas explosivas. Las dificultades sufridas por los gestores del trafico aéreo en 2010 subrayan algunos aspectos a mejorar para mitigar impactos similares en el futuro. Estos aspectos son el punto de partida de esta investigación, que tiene como objetivo ofrecer nuevos métodos para mejorar la gestión del tráfico aéreo durante erupciones volcánicas explosivas. Este documento describe las contribuciones desarrolladas durante los 4 años de investigación pre-doctoral. Esta investigación propone algunas mejoras en las estrategias de modelado utilizadas actualmente para dispersión de ceniza en la atmósfera, y generar resultados que satisfagan las necesidades de la aviación civil. Se presenta la primera metodología que permite estimar la vulnerabilidad del trafico aéreo en caso de erupciones volcánicas y los impactos de la ceniza volcánica sobre sus elementos. También se ha creado una herramienta informática que permite automatizar el análisis de impactos y producir resultados utilizando datos reales de dispersión de ceniza y de trafico aéreo. Este documento discute los resultados principales de la investigación y propone directrices para su desarrollo futuro. Las contribuciones de esta investigación se han aplicado a varios casos de estudio para producir resultados específicos, y se pueden potencialmente aplicar a otras zonas. Los resultados se han presentado y discutido en un compendio de artículos científicos, publicados en revistas internacionales. Los análisis de vulnerabilidad e impacto pueden dar soporte a los actores involucrados en la gestión de trafico aéreo y la definición de estrategias para la gestión de riesgo. Sus resultados son significativos para dar soporte y definir estrategias para la gestión de riesgo. Los desarrollos futuros de esta investigación podrían utilizarse para reducir el impacto de erupciones volcánicas sobre la aviación civil, que afectan indirectamente a toda la sociedad
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Olgun, Nazlı [Verfasser]. "Impacts of airborne volcanic ash on the surface ocean biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems / Nazlı Olgun." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1020283823/34.
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Young, Cindy L. "A satellite and ash transport model aided approach to assess the radiative impacts of volcanic aerosol in the Arctic." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53404.
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The Arctic radiation climate is influenced substantially by anthropogenic and natural aerosols. There have been numerous studies devoted to understanding the radiative impacts of anthropogenic aerosols (e.g. those responsible for producing the Arctic haze phenomenon) and natural aerosols (e.g. dust and smoke) on the Arctic environment, but volcanic aerosols have received less attention. Volcanic eruptions occur frequently in the Arctic and have the capacity to be long duration, high intensity events, expelling large amounts of aerosol-sized ash and gases, which form aerosols once in the atmosphere. Additionally, volcanic eruptions deposit ash, which can alter the surface reflectivity, and remain to influence the radiation balance long after the eruptive plume has passed over and dissipated. The goal of this dissertation is to quantify the radiative effects of volcanic aerosols in the Arctic caused by volcanic plumes and deposits onto ice and snow covered surfaces.
The shortwave, longwave, and net direct aerosol radiative forcing efficiencies and atmospheric heating/cooling rates caused by volcanic aerosol from the 2009 eruption of Mt. Redoubt were determined by performing radiative transfer modeling constrained by NASA A-Train satellite data. The optical properties of volcanic aerosol were calculated by introducing a compositionally resolved microphysical model developed for both ash and sulfates. Two compositions of volcanic aerosol were considered in order to examine a fresh, ash rich plume and an older, ash poor plume. The results indicate that environmental conditions, such as surface albedo and solar zenith angle, can influence the sign and the magnitude of the radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface. Environmental conditions can also influence the magnitude of the forcing in the aerosol layer. For instance, a fresh, thin plume with a high solar zenith angle over snow cools the surface and warms the top of the atmosphere, but the opposite effect is seen by the same layer over ocean. The layer over snow also warms more than the same plume over seawater. It was found that plume aging can alter the magnitude of the radiative forcing. For example, an aged plume over snow at a high solar zenith angle would warm the top of the atmosphere and layer by less than the fresh plume, while the aged plume cools the surface more. These results were compared with those reported for other aerosols typical to the Arctic environment (smoke from wildfires, Arctic haze, and dust) to demonstrate the importance of volcanic aerosols. It is found that the radiative impacts of volcanic aerosol plumes are comparable to those of other aerosol types, and those compositions rich in volcanic ash can have greater impacts than other aerosol types.
Volcanic ash deposited onto ice and snow in the Arctic has the potential to perturb the regional radiation balance by altering the surface reflectivity. The areal extent and loading of ash deposits from the 2009 eruption of Mt. Redoubt were assessed using an Eulerian volcanic ash transport and dispersion model, Fall3D, combined with satellite and deposit observations. Because observations are often limited in remote Arctic regions, we devised a novel method for modeling ash deposit loading fields for the entire eruption based on best-fit parameters of a well-studied eruptive event. The model results were validated against NASA A-train satellite data and field measurements reported by the Alaska Volcano Observatory. Overall, good to moderate agreement was found. A total cumulative deposit area of 3.7 X 10^6 km2 was produced, and loadings ranged from ~7000 ± 3000 gm-2 near the vent to <0.1 ± 0.002 gm-2 on the outskirts of the deposits. Ash loading histories for total deposits showed that fallout ranged from ~5 – 17 hours. The deposit loading results suggest that ash from short duration events can produce regionally significant deposits hundreds of kilometers from the volcano, with the potential of significantly modifying albedo over wide regions of ice and snow covered terrain.
The solar broadband albedo change, surface radiative forcing, and snowmelt rates associated with the ash deposited from the 2009 eruption of Mt. Redoubt were calculated using the loadings from Fall3D and the snow, ice, and aerosol radiative models. The optical properties of ash were calculated from Mie theory, based on size information recovered from the Fall3D model. Two sizes of snow were used in order to simulate a young and old snowpack. Deposited ash sizes agree well with field measurements. Only aerosol-sized ashes in deposits were considered for radiative modeling, because larger particles are minor in abundance and confined to areas very close to the vent. The results show concentrations of ash in snow range from ~ 6.9x10^4 – 1x10^8 ppb, with higher values closer to the vent and lowest at the edge of the deposits, and integrated solar albedo reductions of ~ 0 – 59% for new snow and ~ 0 – 85% for old snow. These albedo reductions are much larger than those typical for black carbon, but on the same order of magnitude as those reported for volcanic deposits in Antarctica. The daily mean surface shortwave forcings associated with ash deposits on snow ranged from 0 – 96 Wm-2 from the outmost deposits to the vent. There were no significantly accelerated snowmelts calculated for the outskirts of the deposits. However, for areas of higher ash loadings/concentrations, daily melt rates are significantly higher (~ 220 – 320%) because of volcanic ash deposits.
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Moore, Oliver. "Chemical weathering of volcanic rocks in the tropics : using small scale studies to determine the mechanisms, rates and impacts of perturbations." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738514.
Full textBooks on the topic "Volcanic impacts"
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A, McGee K., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Impacts of volcanic gases on climate, the environment, and people. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Compositions, origins, emission rates and atmospheric impacts of volcanic gases. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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A, McGee K., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Impacts of volcanic gases on climate, the environment, and people. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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A, McGee K., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Impacts of volcanic gases on climate, the environment, and people. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
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Casadevall, Thomas J. Discussions and recommendations from the Workshop on the Impacts of Volcanic Ash on Airport Facilities, Seattle, Washington, April 26-28, 1993. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
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Wallez, Sandrine. Etude des impacts socio-économiques des menaces volcaniques et autres risques naturels sur l'archipel du Vanuatu (Mélanésie). Centre ORSTOM de Port-Vila, 1998.
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Moore, Richard B. Annotated bibliography: Volcanology and volcanic activity with a primary focus on potential hazard impacts for the Hawaii Geothermal Project. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
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T, Delaney Paul, Kauahikaua James P, United States. Dept. of Energy., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Annotated bibliography: Volcanology and volcanic activity with a primary focus on potential hazard impacts for the Hawaii Geothermal Project. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
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T, Delaney Paul, Kauahikaua James P, United States. Dept. of Energy., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Annotated bibliography: Volcanology and volcanic activity with a primary focus on potential hazard impacts for the Hawaii Geothermal Project. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
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Wiart, Pierre. Impact et gestion des risques volcaniques au Vanuatu: Memoire de fin d'études. Institut superieur technique d'outre mer, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Volcanic impacts"
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Németh, Károly. "Volcanic Geoheritage in the Light of Volcano Geology." In Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07289-5_1.
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AbstractVolcanic geoheritage relates to the geological features of a region that are associated with the formation of a volcanic terrain in diverse geoenvironmental conditions. These features include the volcanic processes, volcanic landforms and/or the eruptive products of volcanism that form the geological architecture of that region. Volcanic geoheritage is expressed through the landscape and how it forms and evolves through volcanic processes on various spatio-temporal scales. In this sense it is directly linked to the processes of how magma released, transported to the surface and fragmented, the styles of eruption and accumulation of the eruptive products. Volcanic geoheritage is directly linked to the natural processes that generated them. Geocultural aspects are treated separately through volcanic geosite identification and their valorization stages. Identification of volcanic geosites, based on various valorization techniques, have been applied successfully in the past decades to many geological heritage elements. Volcanism directly impacts societal, cultural, and traditional development of communities, hence the “living with volcanoes” concept and indigenous aspects and knowledge about volcanism can and should play important roles in these valorization methods through co-development, transdisciplinary approaches by including interconnected scientists in discussions with local communities. Elements of volcanism and volcanic geoheritage benefit of the geoculture of society so volcanic geoheritage sites are ideal locations for community geoeducation where resilience toward volcanic hazard could be explored and applied more effectively than it is done today. Geoparks within volcanic terrains or volcanism-influenced regions should be the flagship conservation, education and tourism sites for this message. Volcanism can be an integral part of processes operating in sedimentary basins. Here volcanic eruptive products and volcanic processes contribute to the sediment fill and geological features that characterize the geoheritage of that region.
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Yadav, Rahul Kant, Debasish Mahapatra, and Chinmay Mallik. "Volcanic Emissions: Causes, Impacts, and Its Extremities." In Extremes in Atmospheric Processes and Phenomenon: Assessment, Impacts and Mitigation. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7727-4_10.
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Mani, Lara, Doug Erwin, and Lindley Johnson. "6. Natural Global Catastrophic Risks." In The Era of Global Risk. Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0336.06.
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To what extent is humanity vulnerable to natural catastrophic risks such as large-magnitude volcanic eruptions and Near-Earth Object impacts? And what does this risk landscape look like? This chapter explores the current state of research on natural catastrophic risks and considers how the latter are often underestimated, although their impact on our complex societies continues to grow.
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Nishikane, Yuichiro, Natsuki Terada, Takuya Urakoshi, and Shoichi Kawamura. "Volcanic ash impacts on railway signal facilities and utilizing of the volcanic ash fall forecast." In Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology in Volcanic Fields. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293590-15.
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Bauch, Martin. "Geoengineering and the Middle Ages: Lessons from Medieval Volcanic Eruptions for the Anthropocene." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_8.
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AbstractThe existential challenge of mitigating anthropogenic climate change encouraged serious discussions on geoengineering approaches. One of them, Solar Radiation Management (SRM), would mean inserting aerosols into the atmosphere, thus imitating and perpetuating the cooling effects of large volcanic events, such as the 1815 Tambora eruption. However, artificially inserting sulphur aerosols into the atmosphere is connected with considerable uncertainties. One of them, pointed out by several climate scientists, is the different effects on temperature and precipitation in different parts of the globe. These are not the only ones, though. As the largest volcanic eruptions have taken place during the medieval times (ca 500–1500 CE), historical research can reveal further uncertainties in dating these eruptions and their connected socio-environmental effects, and hence on the actual climate and social impacts we might expect from SRM. A combination of humanist and scientific research on past volcanic eruptions therefore has the potential to produce a more precise understanding of past volcanic eruptions and their climatic consequences. As long as we do not acquire a consistent multi-disciplinary perspective on past volcanic eruptions, extreme caution should be taken before investing in geoengineering measures that include the artificial injection of sulphur aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Pires, Ana, and Helder I. Chaminé. "Geotechnics, Georesources and Natural Hazards: Impacts in Marine Technology and Oceanic Engineering." In Advances in Natural Hazards and Volcanic Risks: Shaping a Sustainable Future. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25042-2_31.
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Bermúdez, Víctor Andrés Pérez, and Daniela Vargas Ariza. "Archeology Expanded—a Multidisciplinary Approach for Natural Disaster Response." In Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6663-5_12.
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AbstractThis article evaluates the vulnerability index of three elements associated with the historical and fortified heritage of Santa Catalina Island, a volcanic promontory located in the northwest of the Colombian Caribbean. The extremely active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season intensified the loss of valuable heritage assets of the Raizal community. Taking into account their intangible and historical values, the analysis focuses on the impacts of climate change on these elements over time, with the aim of contributing to scientific debate on the awareness and protection of cultural heritage for future generations.
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Nakata, Alessandra M., Kazuo Konagai, and Ryo Onishi. "Multiple Landslides in an Area Draped in Volcanic Matters: The Dual Impacts of Rains and Earthquakes." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 3 Issue 1, 2024. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55120-8_6.
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AbstractThe devastating 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 6.7, inflicted significant damage in the eastern part of Hokkaido, Japan, resulting in the tragic loss of 41 lives, with landslides accounting for 36 fatalities. The mountainous epicentral regions experienced a high number of landslides, primarily induced by the movement of tephra strati originating from eruptions associated with Shikotsu Caldera, Mt. Tarumae, and Mt. Eniwa. The combined intensity of the earthquake and the accumulation of rainfall played crucial roles in initiating these landslides. To gain comprehensive insights into the dynamics of this event, we utilized the Multi-Scale Simulator for the Geo-Environment (MSSG) to simulate the spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall from August 6 to September 5, 2018. Our simulation results were effectively validated against observed data from weather stations operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) in the epicentral area. Impressively, the simulation accurately captured the intricate variations in rainfall, taking into account the influence of the region's mountainous terrain. Notably, our findings revealed a noteworthy relationship: as the peak ground acceleration (PGA) increases, the required threshold of rainfall for triggering landslides decreases. This study enhances our understanding of the complexities surrounding landslide dynamics in earthquake-prone areas and contributes to improved disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts.
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Pandarinath, Kailasa. "Impacts of Hydrothermal Alteration on Magnetic Susceptibility and Some Geochemical Properties of Volcanic Rocks from Geothermal Areas." In Geochemical Treasures and Petrogenetic Processes. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4782-7_16.
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Hernández Ramos, William, Victor Ortega, Monika Przeor, Nemesio M. Pérez, and Pedro A. Hernández. "Submarine Eruption of El Hierro, Geotourism and Geoparks." In Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07289-5_11.
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AbstractThe year 2011 remained in the memory of the residents of the island of El Hierro (Canary Island, Spain) because of the volcanic episode that originated in its vicinity. From the beginning of the first precursory signs in July 2011, the island’s inhabitants reminded that the islands’ geological origin is volcanic and, what are the consequent threats of living on them. The eruption, however, has occurred in the marine realm leaving the only threats to the population, strong earthquakes, and diffuse emission of volcanic gases. The Tagoro eruption has not caused any loss of human life, however, its major impact indirectly affected the economy of the residents of the village of La Restinga, in whose vicinity the volcano originated. From a scientific point of view, the eruption has provided an enormous field of observation of the volcanic phenomenon. With the information obtained during the monitoring of the volcano, there is more insight into possible future eruptions. A volcanic product that has never been seen before (Restringolites) was found thanks to this eruption, which is why this volcano was so particular from a petrological point of view. The eruption affected the island's economy, and it also had negative consequences on Herreño tourism. The inhabitants of the island, wanting to recover the pre-eruptive economic levels and attract tourists, who, due to the false catastrophic descriptions about the eruption, stopped coming, have taken decisive steps. El Hierro, having peculiar geomorphological and geological characteristics, was the perfect candidate to obtain the Geopark status. In this way, the island of El Hierro, being the Biosphere Reserve since 2000, became also the Geopark since 2014.
Conference papers on the topic "Volcanic impacts"
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Baliashvili, Giorgi, Sophiko Kvinikadze, Tamar Iashvili, Davit Tsverava, and Aleksandre Vanishvili. "DEVELOPMENT OF METAL-POLYMER LAMINATE WITH HIGH MECHANICAL PROPERTIES." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s24.04.
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Basalt fiber-reinforced metal-polymer composites represent a cutting-edge class of materials that merge the robustness of metal with the pliability of polymer. Originating from natural volcanic rocks, basalt fibers possess remarkable mechanical properties, such as high tensile strength, resistance to extreme temperatures, and chemical inertness. Integrating basalt fibers into a polymer matrix like epoxy or thermoplastic resins significantly boosts the composite's resistance to dynamic impacts and its energy absorption capacity. The metal component ensures structural integrity and strength, while the polymer matrix distributes energy through elastic deformation. Basalt fibers find application across various industries, including aviation, automotive, and military technology. There are research centers and scientific groups whose work is focused on developing polymer composite materials reinforced with basalt fibers. These metal-polymer composites are especially valuable for their application in an automotive industry, aerospace and construction, due to their high strength to weight ratio, as well as for the ability to absorb impact energy, flexibility in design and chemical resistance. The objective of this study is to develop a technology for producing basalt fiber-based metal-polymer composites and to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of these materials. Using Vacuum Infusion Process (VIP) technology, metal-polymer composites incorporating basalt fiber were produced. The resulting samples exhibit high bonding strength, uniform polymer distribution within the matrix, and a straightforward manufacturing process. Experimental samples of the metal-polymer composites, produced using VIP technology, were tested under mechanical and dynamic loads.
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Ghoshal, Anindya, Kevin Kerner, Muthuvel Murugan, Blake Barnett, Michael Walock, and Marc Pepi. "Turbomachinery Blade Thermomechanical Interface Science and Sandphobic Coatings Research." In Vertical Flight Society 71st Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0071-2015-10240.
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Gas turbine engines operating in hostile environment polluted with micron-sized solid particles are susceptible to blade surface damage. Commercial/Military fixed-wing aircraft engines and helicopter engines often have to operate over sandy terrains or in volcanic areas; on the other hand gas turbines in marine applications are subjected to salt spray, while the coal-burning industrial power generation turbines are subjected to fly-ash. The presence of solid particles in the working fluid medium has an adverse effect on these engines, both structurally and aerodynamically. Typical turbine blade damages include blade wear, sand glazing, Calcia-Magnesia-Alumina-Silicate (CMAS) attack, oxidation, plugged cooling holes, all of which can cause rapid performance deterioration. The focus of this research work is to simulate a single solid particle impact on typical turbomachinery material targets using non-linear dynamics analysis. The objective of this research is to understand the interfacial kinetic behaviors that can provide insights into the physics of particle interactions and to enable leap ahead technologies in material choices and sand-phobic thermal barrier coatings for turbomachinery blades. This paper outlines the research efforts at the U.S Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to come up with novel gas turbine engine protective coatings, and analysis methods to study particle impact effects at the surface of the coatings, and the integrity of interfaces between substrate and coating materials. The research effort intends to cover both nickel-based super alloys and ceramic matrix composites (CMC) for developing thermal and sandphobic coatings.
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Marchese, F., G. Malvasi, M. Ciampa, C. Filizzola, N. Pergola, and V. Tramutoli. "A Robust Multitemporal Satellite Technique for Volcanic Activity Monitoring: Possible Impacts on Volcanic Hazard Mitigation." In 2007 International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/multitemp.2007.4293056.
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Christensen, Beth, Claire Williams, Claire Williams, et al. "INTERWEAVING HISTORIES: HOW VOLCANIC VALLEY FORMATION IMPACTS MODERN RESTORATION." In GSA Connects 2024 Meeting in Anaheim, California. Geological Society of America, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2024am-405683.
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Datta, Saugata, Harshad Kulkarni, Joseph Medley, Jennifer Hathaway, Diana E. Northup, and Charity Phillips-Lander. "Impacts of wildfire on volcanic (lava tube) cave water chemistry." In Goldschmidt2022. European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12577.
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Hollan, Steven, Harshad Vijay Kulkarni, Joseph Jackson Medley, et al. "IMPACTS OF WILDFIRE ON VOLCANIC (LAVA TUBE) CAVE WATER CHEMISTRY." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-383106.
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Sauzéat, Lucie, David Jessop, Roberto Moretti, Claude Beaudoin, Hélène Holota, and David Volle. "Long-term exposure to volcanic ash deposits & health-related impacts." In Goldschmidt2023. European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.17490.
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El-Shafey, Ramadan E., Mohamed Heikal, Hatem El-Dsoky, Gehad Mohamed Saleh, and Ahmed Abubakr Omar. "Geochemical and Experimental Investigations of some Egyptian Volcanic Tuffaceous Rocks as Natural Supplementary Cementitious Materials." In 15th International Conference on Sustainable Green Construction and Nano-Technology "Advances in Fire Safety, HVAC-R, and Built Environment". Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1q2wab.
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Supplementary cementitious materials are additives that are used to improve the qualities of Portland cement while also reducing its environmental impact. The production of such blended cements relies on the regional availability of additional components. Despite the prevalence of volcanic tuffs in the Eastern Desert and South Sinai encountered in Egypt, there is a scarcity of knowledge regarding experimental research on cement manufacture. The main objective of this study is to analyze the geochemical and experimental characteristics of several volcanic tuffaceous rocks exploited as natural additional cementitious materials and their impact on the characteristics of the resulting blended cement. The partially replacement can play an important role in reducing the local environmental impacts (CO2 emissions). Various volcanic rock specimens have been collected from the Sinai (Wadi Kid) and the Eastern Desert (Gabal Umm Zarabit, Wadi Umm Khariga, Gabal Igla El-Iswid, and Abu Wassat), Egypt. The samples under study were examined for their mineralogy, petrography, and chemical composition in order to identify their specifications. In addition, a total of fifteen blended cement samples were produced by partially replacing clinker with the investigated samples. The substitution ratios used were 10%, 20%, and 25% by mass. A control mix was also designed, consisting of ordinary Portland cement without any other substances. An assessment has been conducted on the effects of partially replacing clinker with volcanic rocks on the characteristics of the resulting blended cement. The physico-mechanical parameters, including Blaine, setting time, flexural strength, and compressive strength, of the hardened blended mortars were measured at specific times (7 and 28 days). The study demonstrated that the strength of the studied blended cement mixes decreased as the fraction of the examined volcanic rocks to clinker ratio increased throughout the early stages. The highest compressive strength among the mixtures evaluated was achieved when using a 10% ratio of volcanic rocks as clinker replacement.
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Moreno, Justin, Matthew Shaeffer, Samuel Slingluff, Yo-Rhin Rhim, David Brown, and K. T. Ramesh. "Erosion from Hypervelocity Impacts with Simultaneously Launched Particles." In 2024 17th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/hvis2024-042.
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Abstract Introduction Structural materials and optical components involved in aerospace applications are subjected to collisions with airborne dust and sand. Aerosol particles from volcanic eruptions and other pollution events, typically less than 10 microns in diameter, can remain entrained at stratospheric altitudes for months to years [1]. Larger particles such as dust and ice can grow to hundreds of microns in diameter and persist above strong weather systems [2]. Collisions with clouds or agglomerations of these particles can cause material erosion and damage system components. Degradation of these systems, even to a small degree, can be significant and decrease light transmission, signal resolution, and survivability [3]. The rate of surface material erosion is dependent on several factors including the impact velocity, angle, target material, and projectile characteristics [4]. Often, impacts at these size scales and velocities are studied using post-mortem analysis without in-situ observation of the impact surface [5]. Few studies of particle-surface interaction exist studying particles at tens to hundreds of microns in size with most studies focusing on a few microns to sub-micron particles, or much larger millimeter scale particles.
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Shand, Lyndsay, Jose Huerta, and Robert Garrett. "A Multivariate Space-Time Dynamic Modelfor characterizing downstream impacts of the 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic eruption." In Modern Statistical and Machine Learning Approaches for High-Dimensional Compound Spatial Extremes - Granada, , Spain - May - 2023. US DOE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2431366.
Full textReports on the topic "Volcanic impacts"
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Moore, R. B., P. T. Delaney, and J. P. Kauahikaua. Volcanology and volcanic activity with a primary focus on potential hazard impacts for the Hawaii geothermal project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10103021.
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Albright, Jeff, Kim Struthers, Lisa Baril, and Mark Brunson. Natural resource conditions at Valles Caldera National Preserve: Findings & management considerations for selected resources. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293731.
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Valles Caldera National Preserve (VALL) encompasses 35,977 ha (88,900 ac) in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico and is surrounded by the Santa Fe National Forest, the Pueblo of Santa Clara, and Bandelier National Monument. VALL’s explosive volcanic origin, about 1.23 million years ago, formed the Valles Caldera—a broad, 19- to 24-km (12- to 15-mi) wide circular depression. It is one of the world’s best examples of a young caldera (in geologic time) and serves as the model for understanding caldera resurgence worldwide. A series of resurgent eruptions and magmatic intrusive events followed the original explosion, creating numerous volcanic domes in present day VALL—one of which is Redondo Peak at an elevation of 3,430 m (11,254 ft), which is the second highest peak in the Jemez Mountains. In fact, VALL in its entirety is a high-elevation preserve that hosts a rich assemblage of vegetation, wildlife, and volcanic resources. The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program selected VALL to pilot its new NRCA project series. VALL managers and the NRCA Program selected seven focal study resources for condition evaluation. To help us understand what is causing change in resource conditions, we selected a subset of drivers and stressors known or suspected of influencing the preserve’s resources. What is causing change in resource conditions? Mean temperatures during the spring and summer months are increasing, but warming is slower at VALL than for neighboring areas (e.g., Bandelier National Monument). The proportion of precipitation received as snow has declined. From 2000 to 2018, forest pests damaged or killed 75% of the preserve’s forested areas. Only small, forested areas in VALL were affected by forest pests after the 2011 Las Conchas and the 2013 Thompson Ridge fires. The all-sky light pollution model and the sound pressure level model predict the lowest degree of impacts from light and sound to be in the western half of the preserve.
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Sutton, A. J., T. Elias, and R. Navarrete. Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/71612.
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Dello, Kathie D., and Philip W. Mote. Oregon climate assessment report : December 2010. Corvallis, Oregon : Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, Oregon State University, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1157.
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The group of scientists that make up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change found in 2007 that the warming of Earth’s climate is unequivocal and largely due to human activity. Earth’s climate has changed in the past, though the recent magnitude and pace of changes are unprecedented in human existence. Recent decades have been warmer than at any time in roughly 120,000 years. Most of this warming can be attributed to anthropogenic activity, primarily burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) for energy. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases, also known as greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere. This warming cannot be explained by natural causes (volcanic and solar) alone. It can be said with confidence that human activities are primarily responsible for the observed 1.5 ˚F increase in 20th century temperatures in the Pacific Northwest. A warmer climate will affect this state substantially. In 2007, the Oregon State Legislature charged the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, via HB 3543, with assessing the state of climate change science including biological, physical and social science as it relates to Oregon and the likely effects of climate change on the state. This inaugural assessment report is meant to act as a compendium of the relevant research on climate change and its impacts on the state of Oregon. This report draws on a large body of work on climate change impacts in the western US from the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington and the California Climate Action Team. In this report, we also identify knowledge gaps, where we acknowledge the need for more research in certain areas. We hope this report will serve as a useful resource for decision-makers, stakeholders, researchers and all Oregonians. The following chapters address key sectors that fall within the biological, physical and social sciences in the state of Oregon.
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Braude, Ashwin, Emiliano Diaz, Daniel Okoh, et al. PYROCAST. SpaceML, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56272/fpib2524.
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More than 17 million people have been affected and USD144 billion lost through major wildfire events over the last 30 years. In addition, the degradation of air quality due to the creation of aerosols and ozone from fires resulted in between 260 000 and 600 000 premature deaths each year. The risk that wildfires pose to people and the environment is increasing due to climate change. By the end of the century, the frequency of wildfires, compared to a 2000-2010 reference period, is predicted to increase by a factor of 1.31 to 1.57 with the number of extreme wildfires increasing even further. Pyrocumulonimbus or pyroCbs are storm clouds produced by particularly large and intense wildfires that can produce storm clouds. These storm clouds create their own weather fronts which can make wildfire behaviour unpredictable through strong winds and ignite new fires through lightning. PyroCbs also convect wildfire aerosols into the stratosphere, where they remain for several months. These events, which can be on the scale of a volcanic eruption, have important impacts on the Earth's climate. PyroCbs could also hinder the recovery of the ozone layer.
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Meshanko, Matthew D. Impact of Volcanic Activity on AMC Channel Operations. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602884.
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Halliday, Timothy J., Rachel Inafuku, Lester Lusher, and Áureo de Paula. VOG: Using Volcanic Eruptions to Estimate the Impact of Air Pollution on Student Learning Outcomes. The IFS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2022.4722.
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Inafuku, Rachel, Timothy J. Halliday, Lester Lusher, and Áureo de Paula. Vog: using volcanic eruptions to estimate the impact of air pollution on student test scores. The IFS, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2025.0725.
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Shinohara, Masanao. Working Paper PUEAA No. 6. Recent seafloor seismic and tsunami observation systems for scientific research and disaster mitigation. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.004r.2022.
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Due to its position between various tectonic plates, Japan is at constant risk of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The latter have a great and destructive impact since a large part of the Japanese population lives on coastal plains. The importance of having early warning systems has led Japanese scientists to give particular importance to the study of the seabed and its tectonic characteristics, in order to better understand its geological composition, and to be able to create better and faster early warning systems with new technologies for transmission and data collection.
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Narvaez, Liliana, Joerg Szarzynski, and Zita Sebesvari. Technical Report: Tonga volcano eruption. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/ysxa5862.
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On 15 January 2022, the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha'apai volcano eruption was felt across the Pacific Ocean and beyond, releasing energy equivalent to hundreds of Hiroshima nuclear explosions and creating supersonic air pressure waves that were observed from space. In the archipelago Kingdom of Tonga, the ashfall, tsunami and shock waves caused widespread devastation on several islands. The only fibre-optic cable that connects the islands with the rest of the world was severely damaged, leaving the entire country offline for more than three weeks. The case the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano eruption showed that the inability to “be online” becomes a vulnerability in the context of extreme events. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Tonga volcano eruption through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.