Relevant bibliographies by topics / Volcanic unrest

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Volcanic unrest'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Volcanic unrest"

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Johnston, David, Brad Scott, Bruce Houghton, et al. "Social and economic consequences of historic caldera unrest at the Taupo volcano, New Zealand and the management of future episodes of unrest." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 35, no. 4 (2002): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.35.4.215-230.

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In 1998, changes in a number of indicators (earthquakes and uplift) at two of New Zealand's active volcanic caldera systems (Okataina and Taupo) resulted in increased public, local and central government awareness and some concern about the potential significance of volcanic unrest at a caldera volcano. This paper summarises the episodes of unrest recorded at Taupo caldera since 1895. There have been four significant events (1895, 1922, 1963-64 and 1983) that have included earthquake activity and ground deformation. Caldera unrest is one of the most difficult situations the volcanological and emergency management communities will have to deal with. There is potential for adverse social and economic impacts to escalate unnecessarily, unless the event is managed appropriately. Adverse response to caldera unrest may take the form of the release of inappropriate advice, media speculation, unwarranted emergency declarations and premature cessation of economic activity and community services. A non-volcanic-crisis time provides the best opportunity to develop an understanding of the caldera unrest phenomena, and the best time to establish educational programmes, funding systems for enhanced emergency response and volcano surveillance and to develop co-ordinated contingency plans.
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Papageorgiou, Elena, Michael Foumelis, Elisa Trasatti, Guido Ventura, Daniel Raucoules, and Antonios Mouratidis. "Multi-Sensor SAR Geodetic Imaging and Modelling of Santorini Volcano Post-Unrest Response." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030259.

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Volcanic history of Santorini over recent years records a seismo-volcanic unrest in 2011–12 with a non-eruptive behavior. The volcano deformation state following the unrest was investigated through multi-sensor Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) time series. We focused on the analysis of Copernicus Sentinel-1, Radarsat-2 and TerraSAR-X Multi-temporal SAR Interferometric (MT-InSAR) results, for the post-unrest period 2012–17. Data from multiple Sentinel-1 tracks and acquisition geometries were used to constrain the E-W and vertical components of the deformation field along with their evolution in time. The interpretation of the InSAR observations and modelling provided insights on the post-unrest deformation pattern of the volcano, allowing the further re-evaluation of the unrest event. The increase of subsidence rates on Nea Kameni, in accordance with the observed change of the spatial deformation pattern, compared to the pre-unrest period, suggests the superimposition of various deformation sources. Best-fitting inversion results indicate two deflation sources located at southwestern Nea Kameni at 1 km depth, and in the northern intra-caldera area at 2 km depth. A northern sill-like source interprets the post-unrest deflation attributed to the passive degassing of the magma intruded at 4 km during the unrest, while an isotropic source at Nea Kameni simulates a prevailing subsidence occurring since the pre-unrest period (1992–2010).
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Costa, Fidel, Christina Widiwijayanti, Thin Zar Win Nang, Erickson Fajiculay, Tania Espinosa-Ortega, and Christopher Newhall. "WOVOdat – the global volcano unrest database aimed at improving eruption forecasts." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 6 (2019): 738–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-09-2019-0301.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of a comprehensive global database on volcanic unrest (WOVOdat) as a resource to improve eruption forecasts, hazard evaluation and mitigation actions. Design/methodology/approach WOVOdat is a centralized database that hosts multi-parameter monitoring data sets from unrest and eruption episodes of volcanoes worldwide. Its online interface (https://wovodat.org/) allows interactive data analysis and comparison between volcanoes and eruption styles, which is needed during volcanic crises, as well as to perform basic research on pre-eruption processes, teaching and outreach. Findings WOVOdat aims to standardize and organize the myriad of monitoring data types at the global scale. Users can compare changes during a crisis to past unrest episodes, and estimate probabilities of outcomes using evidence-based statistics. WOVOdat will be to volcanology as an epidemiological database is to medicine. Research limitations/implications The success of eruption forecast relies on data completeness, and thus requires the willingness of observatories, governments and researchers to share data across the volcano community. Practical implications WOVOdat is a unique resource that can be studied to understand the causes of volcanic unrest and to improve eruption forecasting. Originality/value WOVOdat is the only compilation of standardized and multi-parameter volcano unrest data from around the world, and it is freely and easily accessible through an online interface.
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Vougioukalakis, G., R. S. Sparks, T. Druitt, D. Pyle, C. Papazachos, and M. Fytikas. "VOLCANIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT AT SANTORINI VOLCANO: A REVIEW AND A SYNTHESIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE 2011-2012 SANTORINI UNREST." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 1 (2017): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11728.

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In 2011 and the first half of 2012 Santorini experienced its first seismo-volcanic unrest since 1950, as detected by the permanently installed monitoring networks and a large number of campaign measurements. The unrest was characterized by small magnitude but intense seismic activity, significant uplift and inflation deformation rates, and changes of water temperature as well as of fluid and soil gases. While the unrest ended in the spring of 2012, the world-wide interest led to the performance of several studies, in an attempt to assess the possible scenarios for the unrest evolution. Within this framework, we summarize the most important findings regarding the volcanic hazard assessment of the broader Santorini volcanic complex, as well as the constraints that need to be taken into account for a possible future volcanic crisis management.
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Rinawati, Dyah Ika, Diana Puspita Sari, Naniek Utami Handayani, and Bramasta Raga Siwi. "Predicting the probability of Mount Merapi eruption using Bayesian Event Tree_Eruption Forecasting." MATEC Web of Conferences 154 (2018): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401050.

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Mount Merapi is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia that had varied eruption periods from two to eight years. Due to the density of the population living around the slopes of Mount Merapi, its eruptions caused high number of victims. In order to avoid high number of victims, the disaster management should be improved. Disaster management consist of four phases i.e. mitigation, preparedness, response and reconstruction. In disaster mitigation phase, prediction of the Merapi unrest probability is needed. This paper focus on how to predict the probability of Merapi unrest based on volcano-logical information by using Bayesian Event Tree. Bayesian Event Tree (BET) is a probabilistic model that merges all kinds of volcano-logical information to obtain probability of any relevant volcanic event. The result showed that the probability of Merapi unrest is 0,822. In the next eruption, it has predicted that the volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 2 was biggest chance with the probability of 0,549. It showed that the eruption will take place in the main crater of Merapi with the probability of 0,938.
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De Martino, Prospero, Mario Dolce, Giuseppe Brandi, Giovanni Scarpato, and Umberto Tammaro. "The Ground Deformation History of the Neapolitan Volcanic Area (Campi Flegrei Caldera, Somma–Vesuvius Volcano, and Ischia Island) from 20 Years of Continuous GPS Observations (2000–2019)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (2021): 2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142725.

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The Neapolitan volcanic area includes three active and high-risk volcanoes: Campi Flegrei caldera, Somma–Vesuvius, and Ischia island. The Campi Flegrei volcanic area is a typical example of a resurgent caldera, characterized by intense uplift periods followed by subsidence phases (bradyseism). After about 21 years of subsidence following the 1982–1984 unrest, a new inflation period started in 2005 and, with increasing rates over time, is ongoing. The overall uplift from 2005 to December 2019 is about 65 cm. This paper provides the history of the recent Campi Flegrei caldera unrest and an overview of the ground deformation patterns of the Somma–Vesuvius and Ischia volcanoes from continuous GPS observations. In the 2000–2019 time span, the GPS time series allowed the continuous and accurate tracking of ground and seafloor deformation of the whole volcanic area. With the aim of improving the research on volcano dynamics and hazard assessment, the full dataset of the GPS time series from the Neapolitan volcanic area from January 2000 to December 2019 is presented and made available to the scientific community.
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Doke, Ryosuke, Masatake Harada, and Kazuki Miyaoka. "GNSS Observation and Monitoring of the Hakone Volcano and the 2015 Unrest." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 3 (2018): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0526.

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In recent years, earthquake swarm activities have occurred at the Hakone Volcano in the western area of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, with a frequency of once in several years. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations have detected the inflation of volcanic edifice during these activities. Hot Springs Research Institute of Kanagawa Prefecture (HSRI) regularly observes crustal deformation for monitoring seismic and volcanic activities by using 16 sites of GNSS observation, which were installed in the western area of Kanagawa Prefecture. These observed data, together with those from other agencies, are analyzed routinely, and time-series graphs, displacement vector diagrams, and strain maps are illustrated to monitor seismic and volcanic activities. Given that GNSS monitoring detected the baseline extension about half a month or a month before the earthquake swarm activities, a stacking analysis is routinely performed for early detection of the extension. Some of the analysis results can be found on the website of HSRI. The Hakone Volcano had the largest earthquake swarm activity beginning at the end of April 2015, and a phreatic eruption occurred in Owakudani at the end of June 2015. The GNSS observed crustal deformation, which indicated the inflation of the volcanic edifice in early April 2015. This inflation can be explained by a volume change of a point pressure source located about 6.5 km below sea level.
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Bartolini, Stefania, Carmen López, Laura Becerril, Rosa Sobradelo, and Joan Martí. "A retrospective study of the pre-eruptive unrest on El Hierro (Canary Islands): implications of seismicity and deformation in the short-term volcanic hazard assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 6 (2018): 1759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1759-2018.

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Abstract. The correct identification and interpretation of unrest indicators is useful for forecasting volcanic eruptions, delivering early warnings, and understanding the changes occurring in a volcanic system prior to an eruption. Such indicators play an important role in upgrading previous long-term volcanic hazard assessments and help explain the complexities of the preceding period of eruptive activity. In this work, we present a retrospective analysis of the 2011 unrest episode on the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, that preceded a submarine eruption. We use seismic and surface deformation monitoring data to compute the susceptibility analysis (QVAST tool) and to study the evolution over time of the unrest (ST-HASSET tool). Additionally, we show the advantages to be gained by using continuous monitoring data and hazard assessment e-tools to upgrade spatiotemporal analyses and thus visualize more simply the development of the volcanic activity.
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Yamada, Taishi, Hideki Ueda, Toshiya Mori, and Toshikazu Tanada. "Tracing Volcanic Activity Chronology from a Multiparameter Dataset at Shinmoedake Volcano (Kirishima), Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 5 (2019): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0687.

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Routine volcano monitoring increasingly involves multiparameter datasets. Databases that include multi-disciplinary datasets have great potential to contribute to the evaluation of ongoing volcanic eruptions and unrest events. Here, we examine the characteristics of a multiparameter dataset from Shinmoedake volcano (Kirishima) in Japan for the period of 2010–2018 to examine how the chronology of volcanic activity can be traced. Our dataset consists of global navigation satellite system (GNSS), seismic, tilt, infrasound, sulfur dioxide (SO2) column amount, and video records. We focus mainly on the period after 2012, particularly a series of ash emissions in 2017 (hereafter the 2017 eruption), lava effusion, and Vulcanian eruptions in 2018 (hereafter the 2018 eruption). Our dataset shows that the GNSS observations successfully captured the gradual inflation of the volcano edifice, suggesting magma intrusion or pressure buildup in the magma storage region prior to the 2017 and 2018 eruptions. The number of volcanic earthquakes also gradually increased from 2016 toward the eruptions, particularly events occurring beneath Shinmoedake. Tilt data captured a precursor tilt event prior to the 2017 eruption and a magma chamber deflation during the lava effusion of the 2018 eruption. Tilt, seismic, infrasound, SO2 gas column, and video data record signals accompanying periodic degassing during the lava effusion and explosive degassing accompanying the Vulcanian eruptions, which have similar characteristics to those reported for past eruptions at Shinmoedake and other volcanoes. This similarity suggests that multidisciplinary databases will be an important reference for future evaluations of ongoing volcanic activity and unrest.
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Sparks, R. S. J., C. B. Folkes, M. C. S. Humphreys, et al. "Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia: Volcanic unrest due to mid-crustal magma intrusion." American Journal of Science 308, no. 6 (2008): 727–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/06.2008.01.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volcanic unrest"

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Hickey, James. "Constraining volcanic unrest with integrated geodetic modelling." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683904.

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A comprehensive understanding of the origin, nature, and significance of volcanic unrest is currently missing, but of fundamental imp0l1ance to communities living with the threat of volcanic hazards. My thesis addresses this shortcoming from a volcanic deformation angle. By incorporating a range of multi-disciplinary data, I have developed new integrated models of volcanic deformation using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) that are suitable for use in both forward and inverse modelling approaches. They are consistent with independent geophysical observables and provide detailed insight on volcanic processes during unrest crises. I have applied these models to three volcanoes. A study of Uturuncu volcano, Bolivia, highlighted the importance of subsurface structure and time-dependent source processes in explaining both the spatial and temporal deformation patterns. The combined results alluded to a diapiric-type ascent of magma. At Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador, I used novel inversion models employing FEA to elucidate the location and volume of a magmatic intrusion during an aseismic, and non-eruptive, unrest episode. The models also provided insights into observable signals that could be associated with future intrusive or eruptive activity. My analysis of the persistent inflation at Aira caldera, Japan, during an ongoing emptive phase at Sakurajima volcano, used inverse Finite Element models to, for the first time, quantify the statistical significance of including topography and subsurface heterogeneity in deformation models. Additional models results were used to identify the rate, timing, volume, location and mechanism of magma supply, as well as the timescales that could be associated with increases in future eruptive activity. Together, these results highlight how models with more plausible, and geophysically consistent, components can improve our understanding of the mechanical processes affecting volcanic unrest and geodetic eruption precursors. They provide a framework to help advance emption forecasting and risk mitigation.
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Mercier, David. "A Quantitative Analysis of a Non-Eruptive Volcanic Event: Mt. Spurr, Alaska, 2002-2006." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56620.

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Mt. Spurr is a volcano in proximity to Anchorage, Alaska and major airline routes making an eruption or episode of unrest potentially hazardous. Between 2004 and 2006, Mt. Spurr underwent such an episode of unrest involving increased seismic activity, CO2 emissions, ice melting, and debris flows, which was likely forecasted by the increased seismicity of Oct 2002. The timeline of events provide data to construct a model analyzing the thermal energy release and constraining subsurface magmatic and hydrothermal processes during the period of unrest. The results show that the ice cauldron formation and the increase of meltwater temperature could not have been caused by the observed CO2 release alone and suggest that enhanced hydrothermal heat transfer related to increased CO2 output could provide the thermal power necessary to drive the melting event. Scaling hydrothermal convection in terms of its Rayleigh number and using boundary layer analysis suggests that the mean permeability of the volcanic edifice prior to the unrest event was ~10-14 m2. CO2 release, most likely related to mechanical fracturing of the edifice by over-pressurized fluids at depth and signaled by increased seismicity likely enhanced the hydrothermal Rayleigh number and heat output by a combination of heating and increased permeability.<br>Master of Science
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Barton, David J. "Frequency-magnitude distribution and spatial fractal dimension of seismicity at The Geysers geothermal area and Long Valley Caldera, California." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5046/.

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Although there is no obvious reason why seismic 6-value and the spatial fractal dimension of earthquakes, D, should be related, there are several reports of observed empirical correlations between these two quantities. In order to investigate this phenomenon, and attempt to relate it to different types of earthquakes, industrially induced seismicity in The Geysers geothermal area, California and earthquake swarms in Long Valley caldera, California were analysed. Raw seismograms from the Unocal-NEC-Thermal network in The Geysers were processed automatically, calculating magnitudes from coda lengths and locating them using a three-dimensional velocity model. Seismicity correlated with the locations of commercial wells and surface fault locations. The entire Geysers dataset was too complex for clear correlations between b, D, seismicity and injection to be observed. In several cases, short pulses of injection induced bursts of seismicity of either small-magnitude, clustered events or large-magnitude diffuse seismicity, resulting always in a transient anomaly of negative b/D. However, sometimes pulses of injection were not accompanied by b/D transients and sometimes b/D transients were not accompanied by known injection. The latter cases may or may not indicate undisclosed injection activity. A seismic crisis in Long Valley caldera was associated with major b/D anomalies that accompanied migration of the activity from a hydrothermal zone on the south edge of the resurgent dome to the right-lateral, blind, near-vertical South Moat fault to the immediate south. The results indicated that the hydrothermal zone is an inhomogeneous structure whereas the South Moat has a mature, coherent fault plane, capable of generating magnitude M = 6 earthquakes and posing a threat to the town of Mammoth Lakes.
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Albert, Mínguez Helena. "Processes, time scales and unrest of monogenetic volcanism." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334689.

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Seismic, deformation, and gas activity (unrest) typically precedes volcanic eruptions. Successful volcanic event forecasting depends on the quality of the surveillance network for detecting any changes in volcano behaviour. To interpret the geochemical and geophysical precursors correctly it is important to understand the volcanic processes that occur prior and during volcanic eruptions. Detailed knowledge of the volcano internal structure, the rheology of the magmas, the time scales of the processes occurring at depth and the characteristics of past unrest episodes, must be combined with an adequate monitoring network to improve the volcanic hazard forecast. However, these aspects have received little attention in monogenetic volcanoes. The aim of my PhD Thesis is to improve our understanding on monogenetic volcanism, its causes and dynamics, and to help anticipating the volcanic activity. I have focused on three main aspects of this problem. The first one is the calculation of the rheological properties of magmas during mixing. The second aspect I have addressed are the processes and time scales that lead to monogenetic eruptions with the aim to better interpret volcanic unrest and improve eruption forecasts. Finally, I have investigated the seismic unrest periods of historical monogenetic eruptions from a compilation of historical accounts worldwide. The results provide a conceptual framework for better anticipating monogenetic eruptions and should lead to improved strategies for mitigation of their associated hazards and risks.<br>Las erupciones volcánicas están generalmente precedidas por la actividad sísmica, la deformación y la desgasificación (unrest). El éxito en la predicción del evento volcánico depende de la calidad de la red de vigilancia para detectar cualquier cambio en el comportamiento del volcán. Para interpretar los precursores geoquímicos y geofísicos correctamente es importante entender los procesos volcánicos que ocurren antes y durante las erupciones volcánicas. El conocimiento en detalle de la estructura interna del volcán, la reología de los magmas, las escalas de tiempo de los procesos que ocurren en profundidad y las características de los episodios pasados de unrest, debe combinarse con una red de vigilancia adecuada para mejorar el pronóstico de los eventos volcánicos. Sin embargo, estos aspectos han recibido poca atención en los volcanes monogenéticos. El objetivo de mi tesis doctoral es mejorar nuestra comprensión sobre el vulcanismo monogenético, sus causas y su dinámica, con el objetivo de mejorar la posibilidad de anticiparse a la actividad volcánica. Me he centrado en tres aspectos principales de este problema. El primero es el cálculo de las propiedades reológicas de los magmas durante los eventos de mezcla. El segundo aspecto es el estudio de los procesos, junto con sus escalas temporales, que llevan a erupciones monogenéticas con el fin de interpretar mejor la actividad volcánica y mejorar los pronósticos de una erupción. Por último, he investigado los períodos de unrest sísmico de erupciones monogenéticas históricas en todo el mundo mediante una compilación de documentos históricos. Los resultados proporcionan un marco conceptual que permite mejorar la predicción de erupciones monogenéticas y deberían conducir a mejores estrategias para mitigar sus peligros y riesgos asociados.
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De, Zeeuw-van Dalfsen Elske. "A geophysical study of volcanic processes at a persistently active volcano and at two calderas in a state of unrest." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417457.

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Guldstrand, Frank. "Magmatic Sheet Intrusions as Seen in Surface Deformation - Developing a Tool for Interpreting Volcanic Unrest." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-255690.

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The end-member types of shallow magmatic intrusions comprise cone sheets and dykes. These propagate from their source magma chamber towards the Earth’s surface. The propagation of magma within the shallow part of the volcano plumbing system produces surface deformation and seismicity, signs of volcanic unrest. Studying surface displacement using GPS and InSAR, geodetic modelling, fitting modelled data to real displacements, and inversion is regularly used to understand the processes in the subsurface. There is no possibility in nature to validate the assumptions of these models. However, using analogue modelling, it is possible to reproduce cone sheets and dykes in a controlled environment and study the associated surface deformation. This thesis tests the hypothesis that the two end-member types of magmatic sheet intrusions produce specific patterns of surface deformation. The analogue model surface is documented using two different monitoring setups: moiré monitoring and photogrammetry. The moiré method (dataset 1) consists of 43 experiments, 19 of which were dykes, 22 were cone sheets, and 2 were classified as hybrids. Photo- grammetry (dataset 2) was applied in 8 experiments, 3 of which produced cone sheets and 5 dykes. Dataset 1 successfully identified surface deformation patterns specific to the two intrusion types. Cone sheets develop in a gradual linear fashion, while the dykes exhibit a two-phase behaviour. The first phase shows little deformation until about halfway through the experiment duration when rapid deformation starts to occur. The point of maximum uplift, in both intrusion types, indicates the area of eruption from an early stage. Dataset 2 primarily evaluated the benefits of using the photogrammetric method. It successfully resolved horizontal components of displacement making it possible to study brittle defor- mation. As Dataset 2 consists of a limited amount of experiments, the results cannot be considered conclusive. However, they indicate that characteristic patterns of brittle deformation exist for the two types. Future improvements in this field include studying effects of topography and anisotropy on the surface deformation of the analogue models. Improvements in temporal and spatial resolution in the monitoring methods used to study surface displacement in nature is needed to perform analyses, similar to the ones presented here, on real surface deformation. The misfit of the surface deformation seen in numerical models compared to analogue models indicate that sheet intrusion propagation is not yet fully understood.<br>När magma rör sig från magmakammare mot jordytan i den ytliga delen av det underjordiska system av magma som finns under vulkaner, bildas ytdeformation. Genom att studera ytdeformationen med hjälp av GPS och InSAR samt numerisk modellering försöker forskare förstå dessa underjordiska processer för att förutspå framtida utbrott. Dessvärre finns ingen möjlighet att undersöka huruvida dessa numeriska modeller faktiskt överensstämmer med naturen. I gamla utdöda vulkaner som eroderats ner kan man se vulkanens inre där det finns stelnade, magmafyllda sprickor, så kallade gångar. Tyvärr ger detta dock ingen inblick i hur gångarnas bildning återspeglades i ytan. Detta kan man undersöka med hjälp av analoga modeller där det är möjligt att skapa likartade intrusioner i en kontrollerad labb-miljö och studera den tillhörande ytdeformationen. Denna avhandling undersöker hypotesen att de två huvudsakliga typerna av ytliga magmatiska gångar skapar specifika identifierbara mönster av ytdeformation. Detta testas genom att dokumentera den analoga modellens yta alltjämt som intrusionerna bildas med hjälp av två olika övervaknings- metoder. Den första metoden lyckades identifiera mönster som är specifika för de två olika typerna. Den högsta punkten på den deformerade ytan kan användas för att förutspå den plats där framtida utbrott kommer att ske i båda typerna. Den andra metoden lyckades urskilja dem horisontella komponenterna av förskjutning som gör det möjligt att studera den spröda deformation som utvecklas på ytan. Resultaten tyder på att karakteristiska mönster av spröd deformation existerar för de två typerna. För att förbättra de analoga modellerna måste man undersöka hur en mer topografiskt varierad yta påverkar den bildade deformation samt en skorpa som inte är helt homogen. Vid jämförelse mellan numeriska modeller och analoga modeller sågs en stor skillnad som tyder på att vi ännu inte förstår hur magma rör sig genom jordskorpan. Framtida användning av analyserna presenterade i denna avhandling kräver en förbättring av upplösningen på systemen som används till vulkanövervakning i naturen.
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Parks, Michelle. "Volcanic processes during eruption and unrest : combining satellite and ground-based monitoring at Galeras and Santorini volcanoes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f253bb62-d95d-4d31-ae05-459991758796.

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This dissertation explores the combination of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) results with field data to provide additional constraints on the processes controlling deformation signals observed at Galeras volcano (Colombia) and Santorini volcano (Greece). InSAR measurements during 2007-2008 at Galeras reveal a subsidence signal on its northeast flank. I model InSAR and gravity data to determine the best-fit parameters for the subsidence source and suggest this signal was caused by deflation of the magma chamber associated with the January 2008 eruption. In January 2011, Santorini volcano entered a period of unrest characterised by earthquake swarms and caldera-wide uplift. I analyse satellite data over a period incorporating both the preceding phase of quiescence (1993-2010) and the phase of unrest (2011-2012). A subsidence signal is confirmed on the intra-caldera island of Nea Kameni during 1993-2010. I investigate several possible scenarios for its source, with my preferred explanation being a combination of cooling and contraction of historic lava flows, and loading from these flows inducing relaxation of the substrate. I also use a joint InSAR/GPS inversion technique to model the caldera-wide uplift observed during 2011-2012. I determine the optimal parameters for the deformation source and the temporal variation in volume change within the shallow magma chamber. The renewed activity offered an opportunity to observe how soil-gas emissions would respond to an influx of magma to a shallow reservoir. I employ a new approach (222Rn-δ<sup>13</sup>C systematics) to identify and quantify the source of diffuse degassing at Santorini during the period of unrest. Finally, I present a new high-resolution merged LiDAR-Bathymetry grid, enabling detailed mapping of both onshore and offshore historic lava flows emplaced in the centre of Santorini caldera. Updated lava volumes provide new extrusion rate estimates and a means of estimating both the size and duration of future dome-building eruptions at Santorini.
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Hill-Butler, C. "Evaluating the effect of large magnitude earthquakes on thermal volcanic activity : a comparative assessment of the parameters and mechanisms that trigger volcanic unrest and eruptions." Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/5f612a7d-ebbf-4d38-90aa-89c4984a1c0f/1.

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Volcanic eruptions and unrest have the potential to have large impacts on society causing social, economic and environmental losses. One of the primary goals of volcanological studies is to understand a volcano’s behaviour so that future instances of unrest or impending eruptions can be predicted. Despite this, our ability to predict the onset, location and size of future periods of unrest remains inadequate and one of the main problems in forecasting is associated with the inherent complexity of volcanoes. In practice, most reliable forecasts have employed a probabilistic approach where knowledge of volcanic activity triggers have been incorporated into scenarios to indicate the probability of unrest. The proposed relationship between large earthquakes and volcanic activity may, therefore, indicate an important precursory signal for volcanic activity forecasting. There have been numerous reports of a spatial and temporal link between volcanic activity and high magnitude seismic events and it has been suggested that significantly more periods of volcanic unrest occur in the months and years following an earthquake than expected by chance. Disparities between earthquake-volcano assessments and variability between responding volcanoes, however, has meant that the conditions that influence a volcano’s response to earthquakes have not been determined. Using data from the MODVOLC algorithm, a proxy for volcanic activity, this research examined a globally comparable database of satellite-derived volcanic radiant flux to identify significant changes in volcanic activity following an earthquake. Cases of potentially triggered volcanic activity were then analysed to identify the earthquake and volcano parameters that influence the relationship and evaluate the mechansisms proposed to trigger volcanic activity following an earthquake. At a global scale, this research identified that 57% [8 out of 14] of all large magnitude earthquakes were followed by increases in global volcanic activity. The most significant change in volcanic radiant flux, which demonstrates the potential of large earthquakes to influence volcanic activity at a global scale, occurred between December 2004 and April 2005. During this time, new thermal activity was detected at 10 volcanoes and the total daily volcanic radiant flux doubled within 52 days. Within a regional setting, this research also identified that instances of potentially triggered volcanic activity were statistically different to instances where no triggering was observed. In addition, assessments of earthquake and volcano parameters identified that earthquake fault characteristics increase the probability of triggered volcanic activity and variable response proportions at individual volcanoes and regionally demonstrated the critical role of the state of the volcanic system in determining if a volcano will respond. Despite the identification of these factors, this research was not able to define a model for the prediction of volcanic activity following earthquakes and, alternatively, proposed a process for response. In doing so, this thesis confirmed the potential use of earthquakes as a precursory indicator to volcanic activity and identified the most likely mechanisms that lead to seismically triggered volcanic unrest.
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Milluzzo, Vincenzo. "Seismic chacterization of Vulcano island and Aeolian area by tectonic and seismo-volcanic events." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1330.

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We investigated the relationship between seismo-volcanic events, recorded at La Fossa crater of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during 2004-2009, and the dynamics of the hydrothermal system. During the period of study, six episodes of increasing numbers of seismo-volcanic events took place at the same time as geothermal and geochemical anomalies were observed. These geothermal and geochemical anomalies have been interpreted as resulting from an increasing deep magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids. Four classes of seismic events (long period, high frequency, monochromatic and tornillos events), characterised by different spectral content and various similarity of the waveforms, have been recognised. These events, clustered mainly below La Fossa crater area at depths of 0.5 1.1 km b.s.l., were space-distributed according to the classes. Based on their features, we can infer that such events at Vulcano are related to two different source mechanisms: (1) fracturing processes of rocks and (2) resonance of cracks (or conduits) filled with hydrothermal fluid. In the light of these source mechanisms, the increase in the number of events, at the same time as geochemical and geothermal anomalies were observed, was interpreted as the result of an increasing magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids, implying an increase of their flux. Indeed, such variation caused an increase of both the pore pressure within the rocks of the volcanic system and the amount of ascending fluids. Increased pore pressures gave rise to fracturing processes, while the increased fluid flux favoured resonance and vibration processes in cracks and conduits. Finally, a gradual temporal variation of the waveform of the hybrid events (one of the subclasses of long period events) was observed, likely caused by heating and drying of the hydrothermal system. After careful analysis of the seismo-volcanic events of the Aeolian Islands area, the attention was paid to the tectonic events, in order to find possible relationships with the volcanic activity in the area. The aim of this part of the thesis was to identify spatial clusters of earthquakes, locate active seismogenic zone and their relationships with the volcanic activity in the Aeolian Islands. High precision locations were performed in the present thesis, by applying the concept of the velocity model-hypocentres joint inversion and earthquake relocations, along with an analysis of the fault plane solutions. In order to improve our knowledge on the active seismo-tectonics areas we exploited a dataset encompassing 351 events recorded during a 17 year period (1993-2010). Overall, our results show that part of the seismicity is clustered along active seismogenic structures that concur with the main regional tectonic trends whose activity furnishes new elements to better understand the dynamics of the area. A cluster of 24 events in the northern part of Vulcano, NE-SW oriented, marks the presence of a structure that seems to play a key role in magma uprising at Vulcano. These earthquakes suggest the existence of a seismogenic structure (passing just below Vulcanello), which could be interpreted as a discontinuity linking the two magma accumulation zones, thereby representing a possible preferential pathway along which magma may intrude as well as being responsible for fluid migration toward the surface. The results presented in this thesis suggest that the comparison of seismic, ground deformation and temperature data can be useful for better understanding the dynamics of a complex volcano-hydrothermal system, including a better definition of the origin of a volcano unrest, and hence for improving the estimation of the level of the local volcanic hazard.
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Caudron, Corentin. "Multi-disciplinary continuous monitoring of Kawah Ijen volcano, East Java, Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209416.

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Kawah Ijen (2386 m) is a stratovolcano located within Ijen Caldera, at the easternmost<p>part of Java island in Indonesia. Since 2010, the volcano has been equipped with seismometers<p>and several sensors (temperature and level) have been immersed in its acidic lake waters and in the acidic river seeping on the volcano flanks. While finding instruments capable of resisting to such extreme conditions (pH~0) has been challenging, the coupling of lake monitoring techniques with seismic data improves the knowledge of the volcanic-hydrothermal dynamics. Moreover, the monitoring capabilities have been considerably<p>enhanced supporting the decision-making of the authorities in case of emergency.<p><p>Several methods and processing techniques were used to analyze the seismic data. Much effort has been given to implement the seismic velocities (Moving Window Cross Spectral Analysis (MWCSA)) calculations. At Kawah Ijen, the frequency band that is less affected by the volcanic tremor and the seasonal fluctuations at the source ranges between 0.5-1.0 Hz. Moreover, a stack of 5 days for the current CCF gives reliable results with low errors and allows to detect fluctuations which are missed using a 10-day stack.<p><p>The background seismic activity mostly consists in low frequency events and a continuous tremor of low amplitude. Fluctuations of the lake temperature and level result from the recharge of the hydrothermal system during the rainy season. Kawah Ijen lake waters are not perfectly mixed and a shallow stratification occurs during the rainy season, because meteoric waters are less dense than the lake fluids.<p><p>Different unrest occurred during our study. Some of them strongly affected the volcanic lake, while others did only weakly. In the first category, a strong unrest commenced in October 2011 with heightened VT (Volcano Tectonic) earthquakes and low frequency events activity, which culminated mid-December 2011. This unrest was correlated with an enhanced heat and hydrothermal fluids discharge to the crater and significant variations of the relative velocities (~1%). This suggests an important build-up of stress into the system. VT earthquakes opened pathways for the fluids to ascend, by increasing the permeability of the system, which latter allowed the initiation of monochromatic tremor (MT) when the steam/gases interacted with the shallow portions of the aquifer. Our calculations evidence a higher contribution of steam in March 2012 that might explain the increase of the MT frequency when bubbles were observed at the lake surface. This period was also characterized by short-lived but strong velocity variations, related to water level<p>rises containing important amount of bubbles, and important heat and mass discharges<p>into the lake. On the contrary, the second category of unrest did only slightly affect the<p>lake system. This could be explained by a dryer hydrothermal system and/or locations of<p>the seismic sources, which were not directly linked to the lake.<p><p>While a magmatic eruption will likely be preceded by a strong seismic activity, the major challenges remain to understand why the unrest we studied did not lead to an eruption and to identify precursory signs of a phreatic eruption. Even a small phreatic eruption would be devastating for the people working everyday in the crater and the ones<p>who live nearby the voluminous acidic lake.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Books on the topic "Volcanic unrest"

1

Gottsmann, Joachim, Jürgen Neuberg, and Bettina Scheu, eds. Volcanic Unrest. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58412-6.

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Gottsmann, Joachim. Volcanic Unrest: From Science to Society. Springer Nature, 2019.

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Hill, David P. Development of alert criteria for future volcanic unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Bailey, Roy A. Eruptive history and chemical evolution of the precaldera and postcaldera basalt-dacite sequences, Long Valley, California: Implications for magma sources, current seismic unrest, and future volcanism. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Bailey, Roy A. Eruptive history and chemical evolution of the precaldera and postcaldera basalt-dacite sequences, Long Valley, California: Implications for magma sources, current seismic unrest, and future volcanism. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Newhall, Christopher G. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Newhall, Christopher G. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Newhall, Christopher G. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1988.

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Gottsmann, Joachim, Jürgen Neuberg, and Bettina Scheu. Volcanic Unrest. Saint Philip Street Press, 2020.

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Gottsmann, Joachim, Jürgen Neuberg, and Bettina Scheu. Volcanic Unrest: From Science to Society. Springer, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Volcanic unrest"

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Jasim, Alia, Brioch Hemmings, Klaus Mayer, and Bettina Scheu. "Groundwater flow and volcanic unrest." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11157_2018_33.

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Hill, David P., Margaret T. Mangan, and Stephen R. McNutt. "Volcanic Unrest and Hazard Communication in Long Valley Volcanic Region, California." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11157_2016_32.

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Bretton, R. J., S. Ciolli, C. Cristiani, J. Gottsmann, R. Christie, and W. Aspinall. "Volcanic Unrest Simulation Exercises: Checklists and Guidance Notes." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11157_2018_34.

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Barberi, F., and M. L. Carapezza. "The Problem of Volcanic Unrest: The Campi Flegrei Case History." In Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80087-0_23.

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Gottsmann, J., J. C. Komorowski, and J. Barclay. "Volcanic Unrest and Pre-eruptive Processes: A Hazard and Risk Perspective." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_19.

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Rouwet, Dmitri, Silvana Hidalgo, Erouscilla P. Joseph, and Gino González-Ilama. "Fluid Geochemistry and Volcanic Unrest: Dissolving the Haze in Time and Space." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_12.

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Hickey, J., J. Gottsmann, P. Mothes, H. Odbert, I. Prutkin, and P. Vajda. "The Ups and Downs of Volcanic Unrest: Insights from Integrated Geodesy and Numerical Modelling." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_13.

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Marini, Luigi, Claudia Principe, and Matteo Lelli. "Soil CO2 Diffuse Degassing and Thermal Energy Release as Indicators of Volcanic Unrest in the Solfatara-Pisciarelli Area." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98471-7_10.

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Salvage, R. O., S. Karl, and J. W. Neuberg. "Volcano Seismology: Detecting Unrest in Wiggly Lines." In Advances in Volcanology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11157_2017_11.

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Carniel, Roberto, and Silvina Raquel Guzmán. "Machine Learning in Volcanology: A Review." In Volcanoes - Updates in Volcanology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94217.

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A volcano is a complex system, and the characterization of its state at any given time is not an easy task. Monitoring data can be used to estimate the probability of an unrest and/or an eruption episode. These can include seismic, magnetic, electromagnetic, deformation, infrasonic, thermal, geochemical data or, in an ideal situation, a combination of them. Merging data of different origins is a non-trivial task, and often even extracting few relevant and information-rich parameters from a homogeneous time series is already challenging. The key to the characterization of volcanic regimes is in fact a process of data reduction that should produce a relatively small vector of features. The next step is the interpretation of the resulting features, through the recognition of similar vectors and for example, their association to a given state of the volcano. This can lead in turn to highlight possible precursors of unrests and eruptions. This final step can benefit from the application of machine learning techniques, that are able to process big data in an efficient way. Other applications of machine learning in volcanology include the analysis and classification of geological, geochemical and petrological “static” data to infer for example, the possible source and mechanism of observed deposits, the analysis of satellite imagery to quickly classify vast regions difficult to investigate on the ground or, again, to detect changes that could indicate an unrest. Moreover, the use of machine learning is gaining importance in other areas of volcanology, not only for monitoring purposes but for differentiating particular geochemical patterns, stratigraphic issues, differentiating morphological patterns of volcanic edifices, or to assess spatial distribution of volcanoes. Machine learning is helpful in the discrimination of magmatic complexes, in distinguishing tectonic settings of volcanic rocks, in the evaluation of correlations of volcanic units, being particularly helpful in tephrochronology, etc. In this chapter we will review the relevant methods and results published in the last decades using machine learning in volcanology, both with respect to the choice of the optimal feature vectors and to their subsequent classification, taking into account both the unsupervised and the supervised approaches.
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Conference papers on the topic "Volcanic unrest"

1

Junek, William N., W. Linwood Jones, and Mark T. Woods. "Detecting developing volcanic unrest." In SOUTHEASTCON 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/secon.2012.6196985.

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Hort, Matthias, and Klemen Zaksek. "Managing volcanic unrest: The mobile volcano fast response system." In 2008 Second Workshop on Use of Remote Sensing Techniques for Monitoring Volcanoes and Seismogenic Areas (USEReST). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/userest.2008.4740358.

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Gregg, Patricia M., John A. Albright, Yan Zhan, and J. Cory Pettijohn. "Geodetic Data Assimilation for Evaluating Volcanic Unrest." In IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss39084.2020.9323109.

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Asgary, Ali. "Holovulcano: Augmented Reality simulation of volcanic eruptions." In The 8th International Defence and Homeland Security Simulation Workshop. CAL-TEK srl, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2018.dhss.007.

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"This paper describes an interactive holographic simulation of volcanic eruption. The aim of the project is to use Augmented Reality (AR) technology to visualize different volcanic eruptions for public education, emergency training, and preparedness planning purposes. To achieve this goal, a 3D model of the entire Vulcano Island in Italy has been created using real elevation data. Unity game engine and Microsoft Visual Studio have been used to develop HoloVulcano augmented/virtual reality simulation application. The current version of HoloVulcano simulates normal and unrest situations, single and long lasting Vulcanian, Plinian, and Strombolian eruptions. HoloVulcano has been developed for Microsoft HoloLens AR device. Wearing the HoloLens, users can interact with the volcano through voice, gazing, and gestures and view different eruptions from different points in the island. HoloVulcano will be used for training emergency exercises and public education."
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McMurtry, Gary, James DeLuze, and James Blessing. "Field-Portable Helium Isotope Detectors for Continuous Monitoring of Volcanic Unrest and Large Earthquakes." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1768.

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Kahl, Maren, Euan Mutch, John Maclennan, et al. "Linking diffusion chronometry to geophysical indicators of volcanic unrest – Insights from the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption." In Goldschmidt2022. European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.11860.

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Cabaniss, Haley E., Patricia M. Gregg, Scott Nooner, and William W. Chadwick. "RHEOLOGIC CONTROLS ON MODELS OF VOLCANO UNREST." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-340883.

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Papageorgiou, Elena, Michael Foumelis, Antonios Mouratidis, and Costas Papazachos. "Sentinel-1 Monitoring of Santorini Volcano Post-Unrest State." In IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2018.8518471.

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Reports on the topic "Volcanic unrest"

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Cameron, C. E., and K. A. Janssen. Mount Edgecumbe: Ongoing volcanic unrest and response actions. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/30904.

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