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Journal articles on the topic 'Volcanism – California – Long Valley Caldera'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 July 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Evans, John R., and Andrew M. Pitt. "Reliable automatic detection of long-period volcanic earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 85, no. 5 (October 1, 1995): 1518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0850051518.

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Abstract Capturing the rare long-period (LP) volcanic earthquakes occurring in and near Long Valley caldera, California, is important to ongoing volcanic-hazards monitoring. It is difficult, however, because LP events are weak, emergent, and almost devoid of energy above a few hertz. Automatic systems designed for tectonic earthquakes routinely fail to capture LP events. We applied a PC-based teleseism-specific event-detection computer program to capturing these events. Retuning the software for LP events involved only changing parameters originally designed for change in this algorithm. Our retuned algorithm has captured every known LP event at Long Valley from October 1992 through the end of 1994. We monitored up to 16 stations known to produce good records of LP events, saving those events that triggered enough of these stations (typically 10 of 16) within a specified time window. The principal difficulty has been the algorithm's sensitivity to regional earthquakes, which have waveforms similar to LP events. During our test, the 1992 Landers, 1994 Northridge, and 1994 Double Springs Flat (Nevada) earthquakes each have swamped the detector, requiring careful, active management of PC disk resources. The efficacy of this retuned algorithm and the poor performance of tectonic-earthquake detectors during some volcanic emergencies make this algorithm an attractive candidate for volcano monitoring.

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2

Li, Bing Q., Jonathan D. Smith, and Zachary E. Ross. "Basal nucleation and the prevalence of ascending swarms in Long Valley caldera." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (August 2021): eabi8368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi8368.

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Earthquake swarms are ubiquitous in volcanic systems, being manifestations of underlying nontectonic processes such as magma intrusions or volatile fluid transport. The Long Valley caldera, California, is one such setting where episodic earthquake swarms and persistent uplift suggest the presence of active magmatism. We quantify the long-term spatial and temporal characteristics of seismicity in the region using cluster analysis on a 25-year high-resolution earthquake catalog derived using leading-edge deep-learning algorithms. Our results show that earthquake swarms beneath the caldera exhibit enlarged families with statistically significant tendency for upward migration patterns. The ascending swarms tend to nucleate at the base of the seismogenic zone with a spatial footprint that is laterally constrained by the southern rim of the caldera. We suggest that these swarms are driven by the transport of volatile-rich fluids released from deep volcanic processes. The observations highlight the potential for extreme spatial segmentation of earthquake triggering processes in magmatic systems.

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3

Mayeda, Kevin, Stuart Koyanagi, and Keiiti Aki. "Site amplification from S-wave coda in the Long Valley caldera region, California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 2194–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0810062194.

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Abstract Following the work of Phillips (1985), we have computed site amplification factors for coda waves at many sites in the Long Valley region in the eastern Sierra Nevada. We computed ratios of coda amplitudes measured at 15 stations in and around Long Valley caldera relative to a granitic site, MMPM, for six frequency bands centered at 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, and 15.0 Hz. All station sites located within the caldera experienced large ground motion amplification at 1.5 and 3.0 Hz, ranging between five and 17 times that of the reference site. However, at higher frequencies, these same sites exhibited significantly less amplification than the reference granite site. This is attributed to the competing effects of an impedance contrast between the basement rock and caldera fill and very high absorption in the caldera fill at high frequencies. Station MMLM, located on top of a volcanic plug, displayed the largest amplitudes of all the sites studied for frequencies between 9.0 and 15.0 Hz. A dike structure attached to the plug couples the basement rock to the surface. At high frequencies, the resulting large amplitudes at MMLM are not due to amplification resulting from a strong impedance contrast; rather, the absorption under this site is very low, perhaps lower than at the reference site, MMPM. Outside the caldera, another hard-rock site located at Devil's Postpile, MDPM, generally behaved like the reference site for all frequencies. The lowest amplifications observed came from a site outside the caldera, MDCM, located on thin pyroclastic ash deposits overlying granitic basement. This can be attributed to a dominance of absorption over the amplification caused by lower impedance of this layer. Variations among sites on similar surface geology may be due to small local variations in impedance and absorption under and adjacent to the site. The range in the spectral decay parameter, κ, between caldera and rock sites are comparable to results of Anderson and Hough (1984) for sites on alluvium and rock in the San Fernando region. These surprisingly different amplifications support the need for additional site-specific studies. Amplifications determined in this study for the frequency range 1.5 and 3.0 Hz correlate remarkably well with Eaton's (1990) residuals for duration magnitude, FMAG, and amplitude magnitude, XMAG, for the USGS northern California seismic array, further supporting the use of coda waves in determining site-specific amplification.

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4

Mankinen, Edward A., C. Sherman Grommé, G. Brent Dalrymple, Marvin A. Lanphere, and Roy A. Bailey. "Paleomagnetism and K-Ar ages of volcanic rocks from Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, B1 (1986): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb091ib01p00633.

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5

Prudencio, Janire, and Michael Manga. "3-D seismic attenuation structure of Long Valley caldera: looking for melt bodies in the shallow crust." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 3 (December 2, 2019): 1677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz543.

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SUMMARY Unrest at Long Valley caldera (California) during the past few decades has been attributed to the ascent of hydrothermal fluids or magma recharge. The difference is critical for assessing volcanic hazard. To better constrain subsurface structures in the upper crust and to help distinguish between these two competing hypotheses for the origin of unrest, we model the 3-D seismic attenuation structure because attenuation is particularly sensitive to the presence of melt. We analyse more than 47 000 vertical component waveforms recorded from January 2000 through November 2016 obtained from the Northern California Earthquake Data Center. We then inverted the S-to-coda energy ratios using the coda normalization method and obtained an average Q of 250. Low attenuation anomalies are imaged in the fluid-rich western and eastern areas of the caldera, one of which corresponds to the location of an earthquake swarm that occurred in 2014. From a comparison with other geophysical images (magnetotellurics, seismic tomography) we attribute the high attenuation anomalies to hydrothermal systems. Average to high attenuation values are also observed at Mammoth Mountain (southwest of the caldera), and may also have a hydrothermal origin. A large high attenuation anomaly within the caldera extends from the surface to the depths we can resolve at 9 km. Shallow rocks here are cold and this is where earthquakes occur. Together, these observations imply that the high attenuation region is not imaging a large magma body at shallow depths nor do we image any isolated high attenuation bodies in the upper ≈8 km that would be clear-cut evidence for partially molten bodies such as sills or other magma bodies.

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6

Murphy, Benjamin S., Robert R. Gaines, and Jade Star Lackey. "Co-Evolution of Volcanic and Lacustrine Systems In Pleistocene Long Valley Caldera, California, U.S.A." Journal of Sedimentary Research 86, no. 10 (October 2016): 1129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2016.70.

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7

Lowenstern, Jacob B., Robert B. Smith, and David P. Hill. "Monitoring super-volcanoes: geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1845 (June 27, 2006): 2055–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1813.

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Earth's largest calderas form as the ground collapses during immense volcanic eruptions, when hundreds to thousands of cubic kilometres of magma are explosively withdrawn from the Earth's crust over a period of days to weeks. Continuing long after such great eruptions, the resulting calderas often exhibit pronounced unrest, with frequent earthquakes, alternating uplift and subsidence of the ground, and considerable heat and mass flux. Because many active and extinct calderas show evidence for repetition of large eruptions, such systems demand detailed scientific study and monitoring. Two calderas in North America, Yellowstone (Wyoming) and Long Valley (California), are in areas of youthful tectonic complexity. Scientists strive to understand the signals generated when tectonic, volcanic and hydrothermal (hot ground water) processes intersect. One obstacle to accurate forecasting of large volcanic events is humanity's lack of familiarity with the signals leading up to the largest class of volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, it may be difficult to recognize the difference between smaller and larger eruptions. To prepare ourselves and society, scientists must scrutinize a spectrum of volcanic signals and assess the many factors contributing to unrest and toward diverse modes of eruption.

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8

Tiampo, K. F., J. B. Rundle, J. Fernandez, and J. O. Langbein. "Spherical and ellipsoidal volcanic sources at Long Valley caldera, California, using a genetic algorithm inversion technique." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 102, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(00)00185-2.

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9

Miller, C. Dan. "Holocene eruptions at the Inyo volcanic chain, California: Implications for possible eruptions in Long Valley caldera." Geology 13, no. 1 (1985): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<14:heativ>2.0.co;2.

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10

Ji, Kang Hyeun, Thomas A. Herring, and Andrea L. Llenos. "Near real-time monitoring of volcanic surface deformation from GPS measurements at Long Valley Caldera, California." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 6 (March 26, 2013): 1054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50258.

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11

Fernández, J., M. Charco, K. F. Tiampo, G. Jentzsch, and J. B. Rundle. "Joint interpretation of displacement and gravity data in volcanic areas. A test example: Long Valley Caldera, California." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012393.

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12

Johnson, Marie C., and Malcolm J. Rutherford. "Experimental calibration of the aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley caldera (California) volcanic rocks." Geology 17, no. 9 (1989): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0837:ecotai>2.3.co;2.

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13

Varga, Robert J., Roy A. Bailey, and Gene A. Suemnicht. "Evidence for 600 year-old basalt and magma mixing at Inyo Craters Volcanic Chain, Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, B13 (1990): 21441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb095ib13p21441.

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14

Charco, M., J. Fern�ndez, K. Tiampo, M. Battaglia, L. Kellogg, J. McClain, and J. B. Rundle. "Study of Volcanic Sources at Long Valley Caldera, California, Using Gravity Data and a Genetic Algorithm Inversion Technique." Pure and Applied Geophysics 161, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-2511-8.

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15

Long, Sylvan M., and Eric B. Grosfils. "Modeling the effect of layered volcanic material on magma reservoir failure and associated deformation, with application to Long Valley caldera, California." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 186, no. 3-4 (October 2009): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.05.021.

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16

Langbein, John, Daniel Dzurisin, Grant Marshall, Ross Stein, and John Rundle. "Shallow and peripheral volcanic sources of inflation revealed by modeling two-color geodimeter and leveling data from Long Valley Caldera, California, 1988-1992." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 100, B7 (July 10, 1995): 12487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jb01052.

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17

Battaglia, Maurizio, Joachim Gottsmann, Daniele Carbone, and José Fernández. "4D volcano gravimetry." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 6 (November 2008): WA3—WA18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2977792.

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Time-dependent gravimetric measurements can detect subsurface processes long before magma flow leads to earthquakes or other eruption precursors. The ability of gravity measurements to detect subsurface mass flow is greatly enhanced if gravity measurements are analyzed and modeled with ground-deformation data. Obtaining the maximum information from microgravity studies requires careful evaluation of the layout of network benchmarks, the gravity environmental signal, and the coupling between gravity changes and crustal deformation. When changes in the system under study are fast (hours to weeks), as in hydrothermal systems and restless volcanoes, continuous gravity observations at selected sites can help to capture many details of the dynamics of the intrusive sources. Despite the instrumental effects, mainly caused by atmospheric temperature, results from monitoring at Mt. Etna volcano show that continuous measurements are a powerful tool for monitoring and studying volcanoes.Several analytical and numerical mathematical models can beused to fit gravity and deformation data. Analytical models offer a closed-form description of the volcanic source. In principle, this allows one to readily infer the relative importance of the source parameters. In active volcanic sites such as Long Valley caldera (California, U.S.A.) and Campi Flegrei (Italy), careful use of analytical models and high-quality data sets has produced good results. However, the simplifications that make analytical models tractable might result in misleading volcanological inter-pretations, particularly when the real crust surrounding the source is far from the homogeneous/isotropic assumption. Using numerical models allows consideration of more realistic descriptions of the sources and of the crust where they are located (e.g., vertical and lateral mechanical discontinuities, complex source geometries, and topography). Applications at Teide volcano (Tenerife) and Campi Flegrei demonstrate the importance of this more realistic description in gravity calculations.

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18

Mortensen, Carl E., and Douglas G. Hopkins. "Tiltmeter measurements in Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 92, B13 (December 10, 1987): 13767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb092ib13p13767.

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19

Hill, D. P., M. L. Sorey, W. L. Ellsworth, and J. Sass. "Scientific drilling continues in Long Valley caldera, California." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 79, no. 35 (1998): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98eo00326.

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20

Ponko, Stefan C., and Christopher O. Sanders. "Inversion forPandSwave attenuation structure, Long Valley caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 99, B2 (February 10, 1994): 2619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jb03405.

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21

Hill, David P. "Unrest in Long Valley Caldera, California, 1978–2004." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 269, no. 1 (2006): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.269.01.02.

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22

Black, Ross A., Sharon J. Deemer, and Scott B. Smithson. "Seismic reflection studies in Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 96, B3 (March 10, 1991): 4289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jb02401.

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23

Sorey, Michael L., Vicki S. McConnell, and Evelyn Roeloffs. "Summary of recent research in Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 127, no. 3-4 (October 2003): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00168-9.

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24

Rundle, J. B., and D. P. Hill. "The Geophysics of a Restless Caldera Long Valley, California." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 16, no. 1 (May 1988): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.001343.

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25

Moos, Daniel, and Mark D. Zoback. "State of stress in the Long Valley caldera, California." Geology 21, no. 9 (1993): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0837:sositl>2.3.co;2.

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26

Julian, Bruce R., and Stuart A. Sipkin. "Earthquake processes in the Long Valley Caldera Area, California." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, B13 (1985): 11155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb090ib13p11155.

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27

Estrem, J. E., M. Lisowski, and J. C. Savage. "Deformation in the Long Valley Caldera, California, 1983–1984." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, B14 (1985): 12683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb090ib14p12683.

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28

Pitt, A. M., and D. P. Hill. "Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera Region, eastern California." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 16 (August 1, 1994): 1679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl01371.

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29

Hildreth, Wes. "Fluid-driven uplift at Long Valley Caldera, California: Geologic perspectives." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 341 (July 2017): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.06.010.

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30

Montgomery-Brown, E. K., C. W. Wicks, P. F. Cervelli, J. O. Langbein, J. L. Svarc, D. R. Shelly, D. P. Hill, and M. Lisowski. "Renewed inflation of Long Valley Caldera, California (2011 to 2014)." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 13 (July 7, 2015): 5250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064338.

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31

Jachens, Robert C., and Carter W. Roberts. "Temporal and areal gravity investigations at Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, B13 (1985): 11210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb090ib13p11210.

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32

Savage, J. C., R. S. Cockerham, J. E. Estrem, and L. R. Moore. "Deformation near the Long Valley Caldera, eastern California, 1982-1986." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 92, B3 (March 10, 1987): 2721–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb092ib03p02721.

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33

Wollenberg, H. A., A. R. Smith, D. F. Mosier, S. Flexser, and M. Clark. "Radon-222 in groundwater of the Long Valley caldera, California." Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 122, no. 2-4 (1985): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00874602.

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34

Hildreth, Wes, Judy Fierstein, and Andrew Calvert. "Early postcaldera rhyolite and structural resurgence at Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 335 (April 2017): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.01.005.

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35

Hill, D. P., E. K. Montgomery-Brown, D. R. Shelly, A. F. Flinders, and S. Prejean. "Post-1978 tumescence at Long Valley Caldera, California: A geophysical perspective." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 400 (August 2020): 106900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106900.

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36

Reid, John B. "The Owens River as a Tiltmeter for Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geology 100, no. 3 (May 1992): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629637.

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37

Hill, David P., Malcolm J. S. Johnston, John O. Langbein, and Roger Bilham. "Response of Long Valley Caldera to theMw= 7.3 Landers, California, Earthquake." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 100, B7 (July 10, 1995): 12985–3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jb00860.

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38

McConnell, V. S., C. K. Shearer, J. C. Eichelberger, M. J. Keskinen, P. W. Layer, and J. J. Papike. "Rhyolite intrusions in the intracaldera Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 67, no. 1-3 (August 1995): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00099-3.

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39

Flinders, Ashton F., David R. Shelly, Philip B. Dawson, David P. Hill, Barbara Tripoli, and Yang Shen. "Seismic evidence for significant melt beneath the Long Valley Caldera, California, USA." Geology 46, no. 9 (August 2, 2018): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g45094.1.

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40

Reches, Ze'ev, and Jonathan Fink. "The mechanism of intrusion of the Inyo Dike, Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 93, B5 (May 10, 1988): 4321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib05p04321.

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41

Dixon, Timothy H., Ailin Mao, Marcus Bursik, Michael Heflin, John Langbein, Ross Stein, and Frank Webb. "Continuous monitoring of surface deformation at Long Valley Caldera, California, with GPS." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 102, B6 (June 10, 1997): 12017–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jb03902.

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42

Montgomery‐Brown, E. K., D. R. Shelly, and P. A. Hsieh. "Snowmelt‐Triggered Earthquake Swarms at the Margin of Long Valley Caldera, California." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 3698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082254.

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43

Elbring, Gregory J., and John B. Rundle. "Analysis of borehole seismograms from Long Valley, California: Implications for caldera structure." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 91, B12 (November 10, 1986): 12651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb091ib12p12651.

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44

Goldstein, N. E. "Pre-drilling data review and synthesis for the Long Valley Caldera, California." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 3 (1988): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo00034.

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45

Peppin, William A., Thomas W. Delaplain, and J. Scott Lewis. "Pre-S observations at station SLK, NW of Long Valley caldera, California, and their relation to possible magma bodies." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 1894–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0790061894.

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Abstract The authors describe and catalog 280 observations of a seismic phase taken at the single station SLK, NW of Long Valley caldera. These observations are observed to precede S by a more or less constant 1.6 sec in the distance range 30 to 90 km, and are closely fit by the least-squares line TSLK = (0.2853 ± 0.0009)Δ − (0.9029 ± 0.052). These observations can only be explained in terms of laterally heterogeneous velocity structure near the caldera. The model proposed here—that these so-called “SLK phases” result from an S-to-P conversion across a dipping planar structure NW of the caldera in the vicinity of Inyo Craters—fits not only these observations, but is consistent with the data presented in two recent papers (Luetgert and Mooney, 1985; Zucca et al., 1987). On the other hand, the data presented here are inconsistent with the models proposed by those authors involving deep reflections from magma bodies associated with the caldera. Furthermore, these observations are not related to the magma bodies within the caldera proposed by Sanders (1984), as suggested in previous abstracts. The original vertical-component observations at SLK are supplemented by three-component observations obtained on a small (several hundred meters aperture) array near SLK, which identify the SLK phase unambiguously as having longitudinal particle motion, consistent with the proposal that it is a S-to-P conversion occurring NW of the caldera boundary.

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46

Gross, W. K., and J. C. Savage. "Deformation near the epicenter of the 1984 Round Valley, California, earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 1339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750051339.

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Abstract A trilateration network extending from near Mammoth Lakes to Bishop, California, was resurveyed following the 23 November 1984, Round Valley earthquake (ML = 5.8). The network had previously been surveyed in 1982. Deformation apparently associated with the Round Valley earthquake was detected as well as deformation due to the expansion of a magma chamber 8 km beneath the resurgent dome in the Long Valley caldera and right-lateral slip on the uppermost 2 km of the 1983 rupture surface in the south moat of the caldera. The deformation associated with Round Valley earthquake suggests left-lateral slip on the north-northeasterly striking vertical plane defined by the aftershock hypocenters located by A. S. Ryall. The earthquake moment implied by the deformation is about 3.8·1017 N-m, a value equivalent to an earthquake magnitude ML = 5.7 in good agreement with the observed magnitude of 5.8. A 0.053 km3 expansion of the magma chamber and 0.32 m slip on the 1983 rupture surface in the 1982-1985 interval was also required to account for the observed deformation.

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47

Langbein, John, David P. Hill, Timothy N. Parker, and Stuart K. Wilkinson. "An episode of reinflation of the Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: 1989–1991." Journal of Geophysical Research 98, B9 (1993): 15851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jb00558.

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48

Gritto, Roland, Arturo E. Romero, and Thomas M. Daley. "Results of a VSP experiment at the Resurgent Dome, Long Valley caldera, California." Geophysical Research Letters 31, no. 6 (March 2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019451.

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49

Sanders, Christopher O. "Reanalysis ofS-to-Pamplitude ratios for gross attenuation structure, Long Valley Caldera, California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 98, B12 (December 10, 1993): 22069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jb02393.

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50

Hill, David P., Roy A. Bailey, and Alan S. Ryall. "Active tectonic and magmatic processes beneath Long Valley Caldera, eastern California: An overview." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, B13 (1985): 11111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb090ib13p11111.

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