Academic literature on the topic 'Volcano'
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Journal articles on the topic "Volcano"
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Iguchi, Masato. "Special Issue on Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0003.
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Volcanic eruptions induce often widely dispersed, multimodal flows such as volcanic ash, pyroclastics, layers, and lava. Lahars triggered by heavy rain may extend far beyond ash deposits. Indonesia, which has 127 volcanoes along its archipelago, is at high risk for such disasters. The 2010 Merapi volcano eruption, for example, generated pyroclastic flows up to 17 km from the summit along the Gendol River, killing over 300 residents. The February 13, 2014, eruption of the Kelud volcano produced a gigantic ash plume over 17 km high, dispersing tehpra widely over Java Island. Ash falls and dispersion closed 7 airports and caused many flights to be cancelled. Volcanoes in Japan have recently become active, with the 2014 phreatic eruption at the Ontake volcano leaving 63 hikers dead or missing. The eruption of the Kuchinoerabujima volcano on May 29, 2015, forced all island residents to be evacuated. All of these events undeerscore how underedeveloped Japan’s early warning alert levels remain. The Sakurajima volcano, currently Japan’s most active, maintained high activity in the first half of 2015. Ash from Janaury 2015, for example, was moved down the volcano’s slopes by extremely heavy rain in June and July, accumulating as thick sediment near villages. Regarding such situations of volcano countries, we will develop an integrated system to mitigate many kinds of disasters which are generated by volcanic eruptions and extended by rain fall and wind, based on scientific knowledge. We are developing an integrated warning system to be used by local and national governments to mitigate volcanic and sediment disasters. We are also creating measure against volcanic ash for airlines. This special issue summarizes basic scientific knowledge and technology on the present warning system to be used in the integrated system for decision-making.
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Hu, Yiwei, Boxi Li, and Yue Yin. "The Causes of Volcanic Eruptions and How They Affect Our Environment." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4013.
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Volcanic eruptions often have an impact on the environment. In the context of the environmental problem of global warming, a large amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanic eruptions will aggravate the greenhouse effect, which has aroused widespread concern. This article first explains the volcano's cone-shaped structure with several craters, cones, and vents. Although each volcano is unique, most volcanoes can be separated into three major types, the first type is a cinder cone, the second type is a composite volcano, and the third type is a shield volcano. Furthermore, this article interprets the causes of volcanic eruptions by decompression melting, and crustal movement. In addition to this, the environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions from three different angles are explained in the article. The First is the environmental impact of volcanic eruptions at different latitudes. It not only examines the sea surface temperatures' responses to volcanic forcing but also mentions a phenomenon of wind (El Niño de Navidad) caused by volcanic. The second argument is the impact of volcanic eruption on climate. It explains the effects of volcanic dust, Sulphur dioxide, and greenhouse gases, these three main volcanic substances that contribute to environmental cooling, acid rain, and global warming respectively. The final point is the impact of volcanic eruption on the benefits and disadvantages of plant cultivation, hoping this article could raise awareness of volcanoes and global environmental problems and prevent them.
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Garcia, Sebastian, and Gabriela Badi. "Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina." Volcanica 4, S1 (November 1, 2021): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.2148.
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Argentina is a country that presents a complex situation regarding volcanic risk, where a total of 38 volcanoes are considered active. Although Argentina has no major cities close to these volcanoes, the continuous increase in economic activity and infrastructure near the Andean Codillera will increase exposure to volcano hazards in the future. Further, volcanic activity on the border between Argentina and Chile poses a unique challenge in relation to volcano monitoring and the management of volcanic emergencies. Additionally, due to atmospheric circulation patterns in the region (from West to East), Argentina is exposed to ashfall and ash dispersion from frequent explosive eruptions from Chilean volcanoes. Considering this, the Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) decided to create and implement a Volcanic Threat Assessment Program, which includes the creation of the the first permanent volcano observatory for the country, the Observatorio Argentino de Vigilancia Volcánica (OAVV). Previously the Decepcion Island volcano observatory was created as a collaboration between the Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) and the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Argentina es un país que presenta una compleja situación con respecto al riesgo volcánico, donde un total de 38 volcanes son considerados activos. Aunque Argentina no tiene ciudades importantes cerca de estos volcanes, el continuo incremento de la actividad económica y la infraestructura cerca de la Cordillera de los Andes, generará en el futuro un aumento en la exposición a estos peligros. Además, la actividad volcánica en la frontera entre Argentina y Chile constituye un desafío único en relación con el monitoreo de volcanes y la gestión de emergencias volcánicas. Adicionalmente, debido a los patrones de circulación atmosférica en la región (desde el oeste hacia el este), Argentina está expuesta a la caída y dispersión de cenizas de las frecuentes erupciones explosivas de volcanes chilenos. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) decidió crear e implementar un programa de evaluación de amenazas volcánicas, que incluye, la creación del primer observatorio permanente de volcanes para el país, el Observatorio Argentino de Vigilancia Volcánica (OAVV). Previamente, el Observatorio Volcanológico de la Isla Decepción fue creado como una colaboración entre el Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) y el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de España (CSIC).
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Poulidis, Alexandros P., Ian A. Renfrew, and Adrian J. Matthews. "Thermally Induced Convective Circulation and Precipitation over an Isolated Volcano." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 4 (March 3, 2016): 1667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0327.1.
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Abstract Intense rainfall over active volcanoes is known to trigger dangerous volcanic hazards, from remobilizing loose volcanic surface material into lahars or mudflows to initiating explosive activity including pyroclastic flows at certain dome-forming volcanoes. However, the effect of the heated volcanic surface on the atmospheric circulation, including any feedback with precipitation, is unknown. This is investigated here, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The recent activity at the Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat, is a well-documented case of such rainfall–volcano interaction and is used as a template for these experiments. The volcano is represented in the model by an idealized Gaussian mountain, with an imposed realistic surface temperature anomaly on the volcano summit. A robust increase in precipitation over the volcano is simulated for surface temperature anomalies above approximately 40°C, an area-average value that is exceeded at the SHV. For wind speeds less than 4 m s−1 and a range of realistic atmospheric conditions, the precipitation increase is well above the threshold required to trigger volcanic hazards (5–10 mm h−1). Hence, the thermal atmospheric forcing due to an active, but nonerupting, volcano appears to be an important factor in rainfall–volcano interactions and should be taken account of in future hazard studies.
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Yin, Yefei. "Impact and Inspiration of Tonga volcanic Eruption in 2022." E3S Web of Conferences 424 (2023): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342403003.
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People have been puzzled by the problem of volcanic eruptions since ancient times. Because volcanic eruptions are difficult to predict accurately, if people can't take some precautions in advance, sometimes volcanic eruptions will cause great injuries and deaths and hazards. In this context, this review selects the Tonga Volcano as the research object, summarizes the hazards during the eruption of the volcano and the symptom before the eruption, in order to get inspiration for predicting volcanic eruptions. This paper firstly introduces that Tonga volcano is located on the Tonga-Kermadec volcanic arc. When Tonga volcano erupted, it tended to an explosive eruption, which Surtseyan eruption dominated. Secondly, the author analyzes the impact on the capital of Tonga, the surrounding area and the world through the primary disaster, such as the collapse of crater, volcanic ash and SO2. Then, the global impact of secondary disasters after primary disasters is analyzed, such as tsunami and climate change. Thirdly, the author concludes the pre-eruption symptoms, such as surface deformation and ionospheric anomaly. The observation of these anomalies and the establishment of a volcano monitoring system will help people to predict the next volcanic eruption. In addition, it remains to be seen how to detect the symptoms of volcanic eruption in time. Finally, this paper emphasizes that there are few practical applications of volcano monitoring system, and more volcanoes need to be monitored in time. If volcano monitoring systems were made more common around the world, people could minimize the damage caused by volcanoes.
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Seniukov, S. L., and I. N. Nuzhdina. "SEISMICITY of the VOLCANIC AREAS of KAMCHATKA in 2018–2019." Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia, no. 26 (December 14, 2023): 354–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2023.26.31.
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The results of near real-time monitoring of the active Kamchatka volcanoes are described. Continuous monitoring was carried out using three remote methods: 1) seismic monitoring according to automatic telemetric seismic stations; 2) visual and video observation; 3) satellite observation of the thermal anomalies and the ash clouds. Daily information about volcanic activity is published in the Internet (http://www.emsd.ru/ ~ssl/monitoring/main.htm) since February 2000. The results of seismic activity of the Northern (Shiveluch, Kluchevskoy, Bezymianny, Krestovsky and Ushkovsky), Avacha (Avachinsky and Koryaksky), MutnovskyGorely volcano group and Kizimen, Zhupanovsky, Karymsky and Kambalny volcanoes for 2018–2019 are presented. Within two years 29199 earthquakes with KS=1.6–10.1 were located for Northern volcano group, 714 earthquakes with KS=1.6–7.6 – for Avacha volcano group, 247 earthquakes with KS=1.7–7.3 – Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, 116 earthquakes with KS=2.6–8.7 for Kizimen volcano, 315 earthquakes with KS=2.2–10.9 for Zhupanovsky volcano, five earthquakes with KS=6.2–8.3 for Kambalny volcano and four earthquakes with KS=5.2–6.7 for Karymsky volcano. Maps of epicenters, quantities of seismic energy and earthquake distribution according to class are given. All periods of activity were fixed and investigated by remote methods in 2018–2019: intensive volcanic activity of Sheveluch volcano associated with new cone, two paroxysmal explosive eruptions of Bezymianny volcano and the summit explosive-effusive eruptions of Kluchevskoy volcano.
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Khlystov, О. М., and А. V. Khabuev. ""NOVOSIBIRSK" MUD VOLCANO AND EVIDENCE OF ITS ACTIVATIONS (LAKE BAIKAL)." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 15, no. 1 (February 16, 2024): 0739. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2024-15-1-0739.
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An integrated study of mud volcanoes in the World Ocean is important for making assessment of potential geological-ecological disasters caused by rapid large-volume gas discharge into the water column and mud volcano eruptions at the bottom. The study of mud-volcanic activity in the past and determination of its periodicity are pioneering for the Baikal. The mud volcanoes and other hydrate-bearing structures are largely concentrated in the Middle Baikal basin along the tectonic faults. The most representative example of these phenomena is the "Gydratny" fault, four of six structures along which are mud volcanoes. An integrated geological-geophysical study (seismoacoustic and hydroacoustic sounding and geological sampling) of the "Novosibirsk" mud volcano, the largest and well-pronounced feature of the lake bottom relief, confirmed its structural identity with classical submarine mud volcanoes. The "Novosibirsk" mud volcano possesses all major elements of other single hydrate-bearing mud volcanoes of the lake which include volcanic cone in the bottom relief, vertical acoustically not transparent feeding channel, mud-volcanic breccia, gas saturation, and gas hydrates. This makes it one of the reference hydrate-bearing mud volcanic-type structures of Lake Baikal.The analysis of the bottom hydroacoustic profiling yielded evidence of the Late Pleistocene mud-volcanic eruptions shaped as two layers-flows at sub-bottom depths of 15 and 26 m (30 and 50 kyr ago, respectively). The presence of mud-volcanic breccia beneath the thin Holocene diatomic silt deposits testifies to the Holocene mud volcano activation due to the warm fluid rising from the depths to the volcano roots along the active segment of the tectonic fault in accordance with the model of the "Baikal-type" mud volcanism. Using the "Novosibirsk" mud volcano and the "Gydratny" fault as an example, it can be shown that the past tectonic activity of the Baikal basin may be determined based on the knowledge of the structure and evolution of the mud volcanoes of the lake.
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Rüdiger, Julian, Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, J. Maarten de Moor, Nicole Bobrowski, Alexandra Gutmann, Marco Liuzzo, Martha Ibarra, and Thorsten Hoffmann. "Implementation of electrochemical, optical and denuder-based sensors and sampling techniques on UAV for volcanic gas measurements: examples from Masaya, Turrialba and Stromboli volcanoes." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): 2441–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2441-2018.
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Abstract. Volcanoes are a natural source of several reactive gases (e.g., sulfur and halogen containing species) and nonreactive gases (e.g., carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere. The relative abundance of carbon and sulfur in volcanic gas as well as the total sulfur dioxide emission rate from a volcanic vent are established parameters in current volcano-monitoring strategies, and they oftentimes allow insights into subsurface processes. However, chemical reactions involving halogens are thought to have local to regional impact on the atmospheric chemistry around passively degassing volcanoes. In this study we demonstrate the successful deployment of a multirotor UAV (quadcopter) system with custom-made lightweight payloads for the compositional analysis and gas flux estimation of volcanic plumes. The various applications and their potential are presented and discussed in example studies at three volcanoes encompassing flight heights of 450 to 3300 m and various states of volcanic activity. Field applications were performed at Stromboli volcano (Italy), Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica) and Masaya volcano (Nicaragua). Two in situ gas-measuring systems adapted for autonomous airborne measurements, based on electrochemical and optical detection principles, as well as an airborne sampling unit, are introduced. We show volcanic gas composition results including abundances of CO2, SO2 and halogen species. The new instrumental setups were compared with established instruments during ground-based measurements at Masaya volcano, which resulted in CO2 ∕ SO2 ratios of 3.6 ± 0.4. For total SO2 flux estimations a small differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system measured SO2 column amounts on transversal flights below the plume at Turrialba volcano, giving 1776 ± 1108 T d−1 and 1616 ± 1007 T d−1 of SO2 during two traverses. At Stromboli volcano, elevated CO2 ∕ SO2 ratios were observed at spatial and temporal proximity to explosions by airborne in situ measurements. Reactive bromine to sulfur ratios of 0.19 × 10−4 to 9.8 × 10−4 were measured in situ in the plume of Stromboli volcano, downwind of the vent.
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Nakamichi, Haruhisa, Masato Iguchi, Hetty Triastuty, Hery Kuswandarto, Iyan Mulyana, Umar Rosadi, Hendra Gunawan, et al. "A Newly Installed Seismic and Geodetic Observational System at Five Indonesian Volcanoes as Part of the SATREPS Project." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0006.
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“Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products” Project was launched in March 2014 for the Galunggung, Guntur, Kelud, Merapi, and Semeru volcanoes. The objectives of the project include the development of an observational system for the prediction and real-time estimations of the discharge rate of volcanic products. Under the project, a team from the Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) and the Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) initiated the installation of a digital seismic and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observational network for the volcanoes in December 2014, and finished the installation in September 2015. The seismic and GNSS data are transmitted by wireless local area networks (WLANs) from the stations to an observatory at each target volcano. We introduced three Windows PC software for data analysis: the first for estimating the equivalent rate of ejected ash from a volcano, the second for continuous smoothing of tilt data and detecting inflation and deflation in the volcanic sources, and the third for continuously evaluating eruption urgency to predict the eruption time. The seismic and GNSS data were routinely transmitted to the Support Systems of Decision Making (SSDM) at CVGHM or BPPTKG. Data completeness varied from volcano to volcano; for example, the data acquired for Kelud volcano were relatively stable, while those for Merapi volcano were problematic, owing to a communication disruption in the WLAN. We obtained the seismic and GNSS data at the target volcanoes in the observation period since 2015 when they have been relatively quiet.
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Seniukov, S., and I. Nuzhdina. "VOLCANOES of KAMCHATKA." Zemletriaseniia Severnoi Evrazii [Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia], no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2019.22.43.
Full textAbstract:
The results of near real-time monitoring of the active Kamchatka volcanoes are described. Continuous monitoring was carried out using three remote methods: 1) seismic monitoring according to automatic telemetric seismic stations; 2) visual and video observation; 3) satellite observation of the thermal anomalies and ash clouds. Daily information about the volcanic activity is published on the Internet (http://www.emsd.ru/~ssl/monitoring/main.htm) since February 2000. Annual results of the seismic activity of the Northern (Shiveluch, Kluchevskoy, Bezymianny, Krestovsky, and Ushkovsky), Avacha (Avachinsky and Koryaksky), Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, and Kizimen volcano are presented. 4390 earthquakes with КS=3.0–8.5 were located for the Northern volcano group, 213 earthquakes with КS=1.8–5.7 – for Avacha volcano group, 110 earthquakes with КS=2.7–7.2 – Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, 199 earthquakes with КS=3.0–8.5 for Kizimen volcano, and 22 earthquakes with КS=3.7–6.7 for the Zhupanovsky volcano in 2013. Maps of epicenters, quantities of seismic energy, and earthquake distribution according to class are given. All periods of activity were fixed and investigated by remote methods in 2013: intensive volcanic activity of Sheveluch volcano associated with new cone, subplinian summit eruption of Kluchevskoy volcano, seismic and volcanic activity of Zhupanovsky volcano after a 56-year quite period, and the ending of the long-time eruptions: Tolbachik fissure eruption and Kizimen volcano eruption.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volcano"
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Burrell, Rhian. "Volcanic instability and associated uncertainties at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat and other volcanoes." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435873.
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Bell, Andrew Forbes. "Patterns of volcano-tectonic seismicity at basaltic volcanoes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444163/.
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Accelerating rates of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes are a common precursor to volcanic eruptions and reflect fracture growth within the edifice. Theoretical models interpret the patterns in terms of failure of the volcanic edifice under the magmatic load and promise improved eruption forecasting. However, many eruptions at frequently active basaltic volcanoes are reported to begin with little change in the rate of VT earthquakes, apparently in conflict with edifice failure models. This thesis investigates the spatial and temporal patterns of VT earthquakes associated with eruptive and intrusive dyke injection at three of the best studied basaltic volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and Mt Etna (Sicily), in order to constrain the processes controlling the approach to eruption and test the applicability of edifice failure models. Approximately one third of dyke injection events are preceded by more than 4 weeks of exponentially accelerating rates of earthquakes. The trends are consistent with a model where deformation is controlled by the growth of independent fractures driven by increased magma pressure. Relations between acceleration parameters, such as the total number of earthquakes and characteristic timescale, provide information as to the likely timing of dyke injection. No evidence is found for short-term power-law accelerations in the rates of earthquakes thought to correspond to the linkage of fractures and observed at subduction zone volcanoes. The seismicity associated with the remaining events has characteristics indicating that flank instability is involved in triggering injection, either through the progressive reduction in the horizontal compressive stress by flank slip or through an episode of accelerated flank slip (a so-called slow earthquake). These observations suggest that: 1) an edifice failure model provides a good basis for understanding the approach to basaltic eruptions, but 2) at unstable volcanoes, modifications of the model are required to account for the influence of flank slip.
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Wetie, Ngongang Ariane. "Seismic and Volcanic Hazard Analysis for Mount Cameroon Volcano." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60871.
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Mount Cameroon is considered the only active volcano along a 1600 km long chain of volcanic complexes called the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). It has erupted seven times during the last 100 years, the most recent was in May 2000. The approximately 500,000 inhabitants that live and work around the fertile flanks are exposed to impending threats from volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
In this thesis, a hazard assessment study that involves both statistical modelling of seismic hazard parameters and the evaluation of a future volcanic risk was undertaken on Mount Cameroon. The Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relations, the annual activity rate, the maximum magnitude, the rate of volcanic eruptions and risks assessment were examined.
The seismic hazard parameters were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood Method on the basis of a procedure which combines seismic data containing incomplete files of large historical events with complete files of short periods of observations. A homogenous Poisson distribution model was applied to previous recorded volcanic eruptions of Mount Cameroon to determine the frequency of eruption and assess the probability of a future eruption.
Frequency-magnitude plots indicated that Gutenberg-Richter b-values are partially dependent on the maximum regional magnitude and the method used in their calculation. b-values showed temporal and spatial variation with an average value of 1.53 ± 0.02. The intrusion of a magma body generating the occurrence of relatively small earthquakes as observed in our instrumental catalogue, could be responsible for this high anomalous b-value.
An epicentre map of locally recorded earthquakes revealed that the southeastern zone is the most seismically active part of the volcano. The annual mean activity rate of the seismicity strongly depends on the time span of the seismic catalogue and results showed that on average, one earthquake event occurs every 10 days. The maximum regional magnitude values which had been determined from various approaches overlap when their standard deviations are taken into account. However, the magnitude distribution model of the Mt. Cameroon earthquakes might not follow the form of the Gutenberg-Richter frequency magnitude relationship.
The datations of the last eruptive events that have occurred on Mt. Cameroon volcanic complex are presented. No specific pattern was observed on the frequency of eruptions, which means that a homogenous Poisson distribution provides a suitable model to estimate the rate of occurrence of volcanic eruptions and evaluate the risk of a future eruption. Two different approaches were used to estimate the mean eruption rate (λ) and both yielded a value of 0.074. The results showed that eruptions take place on average once every 13 years and, with the last eruption occurring over 15 years ago, it is considered that there is at present a high risk of an eruption to occur.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Geology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Armanno, Venero. "The volcano." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
Find full textAbstract:
The problems associated with marketing in China have been raised in several studies in the last 10 years. However, these prior studies focused on the four elements of
marketing mix for China and not on strategic marketing for the market in China, nor did they emphasise the implications of culture and marketing systems in China for developing strategic marketing plans.
This thesis has focused on building a general framework that could help Western firms, particularly Hong Kong-based, to develop strategic marketing plans that deal with
Chinese cultures and marketing systems in China. Therefore this thesis addresses the
research problem:How do wholly-owned Western firms in Hong Kong develop strategic marketing plans to do business in China? This research reviewed the available literature relating to cultures and marketing
systems in the West and China. By comparing and contrasting these differences, eleven research questions were formulated and shown as follow. In developing strategic marketing plans for the market in China: RQJ: how is market research as important a foundation for strategic marketing effectiveness as it is in the West?
RQ2: how is planning longer-term than in the West?
RQ3: how is the approach evolutionary rather than revolutionary, compared to the
West?
RQ4: how does strategy emphasise long-term relationships with and among consumers
(for example, by offering sales service) more than in the West?
RQ5: how does target marketing emphasise the group rather than the individual?
RQ6: how are product line strategies different.from those in the West?
RQ7: how do marketing strategies allow for less flexibility in price than in the West?
RQB: how will promotion strategies which Western firms can exercise within
distribution channels in China be similar to those used in the West?
RQ9: how are the choice of institutions and levels of channels in China different from
those in the West?
RQI Oa: how is market segmentation of consumers in China more difficult than in the
West?
RQllb: how can cultural differences between West and China be used as a basis for market segmentation?
As discussed in chapter 3, data were collected by using the case study methodology,with one pilot case study conducted in Brisbane to refine the research protocol and
procedure. In the major stage of data collection, six wholly-owned Western firms from different industries were interviewed and examined in Hong Kong. As discussed in chapter 4, data was analysed by using case descriptions, cross-case analysis and explanation building methods. Triangulation was carried out in order to ensure the findings and conclusion were convincing and generalisable.
The results of the research indicate that most of the methods for developing strategic marketing plans for the market in China (for example, market research, segmentation and targeting) are derived from the Western conventional marketing principles. However, the methods are relatively rudimentary and the approach tends to
evolutionary and emphasises relationships. Indeed, there are only a few similarities between strategic marketing planning in China and the West, with the differences being attributable in the main to cultural factors and marketing systems. The major contribution of the research was to provide far more detailed descriptions and
sometimes explanations of strategic marketing planning processes than those provided in the extant literature.
On the basis of these research findings, a model (refer table 5.2 and figure 5.1) has been built to help Western firms to develop strategic marketing plans that deal with
Chinese cultures and marketing systems.
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Saito, Takeshi. "Magnetic petrology of Yufu volcano and Unzen volcano, Japan." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147704.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第10945号
人博第232号
15||187(吉田南総合図書館)
新制||人||58(附属図書館)
UT51-2004-G792
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科環境相関研究専攻
(主査)教授 鎌田 浩毅, 助教授 石川 尚人, 助教授 酒井 敏
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Smith, Cassandra M. "Volcanic Electrification: A Multiparametric Case Study of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7950.
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Electrical activity at volcanoes has been recently recognized as a potential new remote sensing technique for plume-forming eruptions. Volcanic electrical activity takes place in the conduit and plume and therefore has the benefit of being a direct indicator of surface activity. This is unlike seismic signals, which indicate magma/gas movement underground, and infrasound signals, which indicate a surface explosion but not necessarily the formation of an ash plume. There are two distinct types of volcanic electrical discharges: volcanic lightning and continual radio frequency (CRF) impulses. This dissertation explores the relationships between these two electrical signals and other commonly monitored volcanic parameters. For volcanic electrical activity to be widely adopted into monitoring platforms it is important to understand how electrical discharges at volcanoes are related to other monitored signals. I present a case study of the electrical activity at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. The lightning mapping array (LMA) is used to record both lightning and CRF. I relate CRF to ash properties and show that CRF corresponds to eruptions containing more juvenile magma that has undergone milling as it is transported out of the conduit. Seismic, infrasound, and video data are used in conjunction with multivariable statistical methods on a suite of electrical parameters to show that high levels of volcanic electrical activity are related to eruptions with large infrasound signals (> 107 J), high initial velocities (> 55 m/s), and relatively tall plume heights (> 1 km). Finally, an examination of globally detected lightning at Bogoslof Volcano, AK shows the potential for volcanic lightning in plume tracking (0-100 km), even after the end of the explosive phase of the eruption.
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Longobardi, Mariantonietta <1983>. "Locating the source of volcanic tremor at stromboli volcano, italy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5181/1/Tesi.pdf.
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We have developed a method for locating sources of volcanic tremor and applied it to a dataset recorded on Stromboli volcano before and after the onset of the February 27th 2007 effusive eruption. Volcanic tremor has attracted considerable attention by seismologists because of its potential value as a tool for forecasting eruptions and for better understanding the physical processes that occur inside active volcanoes. Commonly used methods to locate volcanic tremor sources are: 1) array techniques, 2) semblance based methods, 3) calculation of wave field amplitude. We have choosen the third approach, using a quantitative modeling of the seismic wavefield. For this purpose, we have calculated the Green Functions (GF) in the frequency domain with the Finite Element Method (FEM). We have used this method because it is well suited to solve elliptic problems, as the elastodynamics in the Fourier domain. The volcanic tremor source is located by determining the source function over a regular grid of points. The best fit point is choosen as the tremor source location. The source inversion is performed in the frequency domain, using only the wavefield amplitudes. We illustrate the method and its validation over a synthetic dataset. We show some preliminary results on the Stromboli dataset, evidencing temporal variations of the volcanic tremor sources.
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Longobardi, Mariantonietta <1983>. "Locating the source of volcanic tremor at stromboli volcano, italy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5181/.
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We have developed a method for locating sources of volcanic tremor and applied it to a dataset recorded on Stromboli volcano before and after the onset of the February 27th 2007 effusive eruption. Volcanic tremor has attracted considerable attention by seismologists because of its potential value as a tool for forecasting eruptions and for better understanding the physical processes that occur inside active volcanoes. Commonly used methods to locate volcanic tremor sources are: 1) array techniques, 2) semblance based methods, 3) calculation of wave field amplitude. We have choosen the third approach, using a quantitative modeling of the seismic wavefield. For this purpose, we have calculated the Green Functions (GF) in the frequency domain with the Finite Element Method (FEM). We have used this method because it is well suited to solve elliptic problems, as the elastodynamics in the Fourier domain. The volcanic tremor source is located by determining the source function over a regular grid of points. The best fit point is choosen as the tremor source location. The source inversion is performed in the frequency domain, using only the wavefield amplitudes. We illustrate the method and its validation over a synthetic dataset. We show some preliminary results on the Stromboli dataset, evidencing temporal variations of the volcanic tremor sources.
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Fournier, Nicolas. "Shallow volcanic processes at persistently active volcanoes : evidence from a multidisciplinary study at PoaÌs volcano, Costa Rica." Thesis, Open University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411251.
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Letham-Brake, Mark. "Geological constraints on fluid flow at Whakaari volcano (White Island)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Geological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8728.
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This study assesses the geological constraints on fluid flow within the main crater of Whakaari volcano (White Island) which is located in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. A review of the volcanological and morphological history, field mapping, and permeability experiments were used to propose a model for single-state (gas or liquid water) fluid flow in the volcano. Three structural scales were of most importance: (a) the elongate main crater (1.2 km by 0.5 km); which contains (b) three subcraters (~300-500 m in diameter); and (c) >14 historic eruption craters and crater complexes (30-300 m in diameter).
A large (2.1x10⁸ m³) sector collapse formed the basic morphology and structure of the amphitheatre-like main crater ≤3.4 ka. Hot fluids are released from magma at ~1–2 km depth and circulated within a conduit-hosted volcano-hydrothermal system. The collapse event was likely to have removed low permeability cone lavas, significantly increasing meteoric water collection and lateral seawater infiltration within high permeability main crater fill above the magma conduit. It is proposed that this caused a susceptibility to ‘wet’ (i.e. phreatic and phreatomagmatic) eruptions which possibly formed three prehistoric subcraters and has been demonstrated in the last ~200 years of available historic record. The permeability of the remaining in-situ cone lavas is controlled by micro- (<1 mm) and macro- (>1 mm) cracks but despite these cracks, the cone lavas’ permeability is still sufficiently low to focus rising magmatic fluid flow through main crater fill. Low-to-high permeability lithified tuffs are inferred to fill the main crater at depth. Low permeability fine ash tuffs generally restrict vertical fluid flow put permit it when vertical trains of vesicles are present. Atmospheric steam and gas pluming is accommodated by a permeable zone of repeated and overlapping historic eruption crater-related discontinuities that extend to >250 m depth through highly permeable unlithified main crater fill in the west. It is likely to be this material into which the seawater infiltrates from the east. Throughout the main crater, fluid flow is focussed at subcrater margins due to steeply-dipping discontinuities between low permeability lava and low-to-high permeability crater fill deposits. The variable permeabilities of crater fill deposits are due to age-related factors of hydrothermal alteration, reworking/sorting, consolidation, and pore mineralisation. At shallow levels (<100 m depth), vertical fluid flow is diverted to historic eruption crater margins by very low permeability clay (reworked and altered tephra). High permeability coarse ash tuffs, Fe-rich lapilli tuffs, and surficial solfatara deposits do not appear to have much effect on the overall fluid flow system.
The results of this study show that, within active volcanic craters, the spatial distributions of variably permeable lithologies are often related to discontinuous cratering structures. Together, these are significant geological constraints on fluid flow. Morphological changes to crater structure can directly impact the groundwater regime above the magma conduit and may strongly influence the occurrence of wet versus dry eruptions. This process is possibly a significant control on eruptive behaviour at volcanoes with similar fluid flow systems worldwide.
Books on the topic "Volcano"
More sourcesBook chapters on the topic "Volcano"
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Thurber, Clifford, and Stephanie Prejean. "Volcanoes volcano , Observations volcano observations and Impact volcano impact." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 11633–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_731.
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Varley, Nick. "Volcanoes volcano of Mexico volcano of Mexico." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 11613–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_477.
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Hargitai, Henrik, and Edgardo Cañón-Tapia. "Volcano." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1–9. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_453-1.
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Arndt, Nicholas. "Volcano." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1753–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1671.
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Arndt, Nicholas. "Volcano." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2617. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1671.
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Puri, Shalini. "Volcano." In The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present, 151–71. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137066909_7.
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Arndt, Nicholas. "Volcano." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1671-4.
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Hargitai, Henrik, and Edgardo Cañón-Tapia. "Volcano." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 2277–83. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_453.
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Nadeau, Olivier, Hanik Humaida, and Patrick Allard. "Merapi Volcano: From Volcanic Gases to Magma Degassing." In Merapi Volcano, 323–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15040-1_11.
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Dzurisin, Daniel. "The modern volcanologist’s tool kit." In Volcano Deformation, 1–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49302-0_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Volcano"
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Apel, Ted, and Jeffrey B. Johnson. "Portable Realtime Volcano Infrasound Auditory Display Devices." In ICAD 2021: The 26th International Conference on Auditory Display. icad.org: International Community for Auditory Display, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2021.012.
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Active open-vent volcanoes produce intense infrasound airwaves, and volcanoes with prominent craters can create strongly resonant signals, which are inaudible to humans, and often peak around 1 Hz. Study of volcano infrasound is used to model eruption dynamics, the structure of volcanic craters, and can be used as a component of volcano monitoring infrastructure. We have developed a portable on-site real-time sonification device that emits an audible sound in response to an infrasonic airwave. This device can be used near an active volcano both as a real-time educational aid and as an accessible tool for monitoring the state of volcano activity. This paper presents this device with its hardware and software implementation, its parameter mapping sonification algorithm, recommendations for its use in the field, and strategies for future improvements.
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Jatu, C. "The Grobogan Mud Volcano Complex: An Identification to Reveal the Opportunity of Hydrocarbon Exploration." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-sg-362.
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Mud volcanoes in Grobogan are referred as the Grobogan Mud Volcanoes Complex in Central Java where there is evidence of oil seepages. This comprehensive research is to determine the characteristics and hydrocarbon potential of the mud volcanoes in the Central Java region as a new opportunity for hydrocarbon exploration. The Grobogan Mud Volcano Complex consists of eight mud volcanoes that have its characteristics based on the study used the geological surface data and seismic literature as supporting data on eight mud volcanoes. The determination of geological surface characteristics is based on geomorphological analysis, laboratory analysis such as petrography, natural gas geochemistry, water analysis, mud geochemical analysis and biostratigraphy. Surface data and subsurface data are correlated, interpreted, and validated to make mud volcano system model. The purpose of making the mud volcanoes system model is to identify the hydrocarbon potential in Grobogan. This research proved that each of the Grobogan Mud Volcanoes has different morphological forms. Grobogan Mud Volcanoes materials are including muds, rock fragments, gas, and water content with different elemental values. Based on this research result, there are four mud volcano systems models in Central Java, they are Bledug Kuwu, Maesan, Cungkrik, and Crewek type. The source of the mud is from Ngimbang and Tawun Formation (Middle Eocene to Early Miocene) from biostratigraphy data and it been correlated with seismic data. Grobogan Mud Volcanoes have potential hydrocarbons with type III kerogen of organic matter (gas) and immature to early mature level based on TOC vs HI cross plot. The main product are thermogenic gas and some oil in relatively small quantities. Water analysis shows that it has mature sodium chloride water. This analysis also shows the location was formed within formations that are deposited in a marine environment with high salinity. Research of mud volcanos is rarely done in general. However, this comprehensive research shows the mud volcano has promising hydrocarbon potential and is a new perspective on hydrocarbon exploration.
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Christian, Sheila, Júlio Alves, André Ferreira, Dinarte Jesus, Rúben Freitas, and Nelson Vieira. "Volcano salvation." In CHI '14: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2559206.2580103.
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Calles Ortiz, Johana Paola. "Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres en la Planificación territorial: Amenazas naturales caso Latacunga-Ecuador." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.9900.
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In recent years, we have witnessed the devastating consequences that emergencies and disasters leave in Latin America and the world. In Ecuador, one of the registered cases is the eruption of the Tungurahua volcano, with its strong episode in 2006; that left fatalities, destroyed infrastructure and severe social, environmental and economic impacts. Like this one, there is a great probability of occurrence of similar events, so it is considered; carry out the risk analysis, given the “possible eruption of the Cotopaxi volcano”, which was reactivated in 2015 and compromises populated centers. Likewise, it is intended to analyze the response mechanisms used in both cases, to determine if Ecuadorian cities are prepared for the occurrence of adverse situations. Considering that the incorporation of risk management is a key tool to reduce vulnerability in cities and minimize impacts in the event of an emergency or disaster.
Keywords: Natural hazards, volcanoes, vulnerable cities. En los últimos años, hemos sido testigos de las devastadoras consecuencias que dejan los desastres naturales en Latinoamérica y en el mundo; cobrando la vida de cientos de personas y dejando a miles sin hogar. En Ecuador, uno de los casos registrados, es la erupción del volcán Tungurahua, con su episodio más fuerte en 2006; que dejó víctimas mortales, infraestructura destruida y severos impactos sociales y económicos. Como éste, existe la gran probabilidad de ocurrencia de eventos con similares características, por lo que se considera; realizar el análisis situacional y de riesgos, ante la “posible erupción del volcán Cotopaxi”, que se reactivó en el año 2015 y compromete centros poblados. Además en ambos casos, tanto del evento probable, como del evento pasado, se pretende analizar los mecanismos establecidos para la respuesta y los instrumentos normativos de planificación que rigen los determinados territorios según sea el caso; para de ésta manera establecer, si las ciudades ecuatorianas están preparadas ante la ocurrencia de situaciones adversas. Considerando para ello; que la incorporación de la gestión de riesgos, es una herramienta clave para reducir la vulnerabilidad en las ciudades y minimizar los impactos en caso de una emergencia o desastre.
Palabras clave: amenazas naturales, volcanes, ciudades vulnerables.
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Weibring, P., T. Lindström, H. Edner, S. Svanberg, T. Caltabiano, G. Cecchi, and L. Pantani. "Assessment of the total emission of sulphur dioxide from Italian volcanoes in simultaneous shipborne measurements using lidar, doas and correlation spectroscopy." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.cmi4.
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Volcanoes contribute substantial amounts of sulphur dioxide to the global atmosphere, and thus reliable measurements are needed for an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural and antropogenic emissions. Normally, gas correlation measurements based on COSPEC instruments are performed, observing in ground-based traverses the spectral imprint of the gas in the spectrum of the down-welling ambient radiation. However, because of complicated scattering conditions above, within and below the volcanic plume, data are complex. The differential optical absorption spectroscopy (doas) technique works in a similar way but also provides the full spectrum for detailed analysis. The lidar technique, being an active remote sensing technique, provides more well-defined measurement conditions. Field tests have been performed using the research vessel "Urania", where scans under the plumes from the Italian volcanoes Etna, Stromboli and Volcano were performed. Three cruises were made, where the last one, in August 1997, provided the most complete and accurate data.
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Jin, Zhengkun, and Xuanyu Xu. "Volcano Identification and Volcanic Activity Monitoring by Remote Sensing." In 2022 International Conference on Applied Physics and Computing (ICAPC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icapc57304.2022.00058.
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Hort, Matthias, and Klemen Zaksek. "Managing volcanic unrest: The mobile volcano fast response system." In 2008 Second Workshop on Use of Remote Sensing Techniques for Monitoring Volcanoes and Seismogenic Areas (USEReST). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/userest.2008.4740358.
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Jäger, H. "Pinatubo Cloud Over Garmisch-Partenkirchen." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.otue18.
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The explosive eruptions of the Philippine volcano Pinatubo in mid-June 1991 caused the first major perturbation of the stratosphere since the eruption of the Mexican volcano El Chichón in April 1982. Early groundbased, satelliteborne and in situ observations of the Pinatubo eruption cloud were collected by McClelland et al., 1991. Satellite images from July and August did not show a significant transport of volcanic debris to mid-latitudes, the major part of the cloud was reported to be confined in an equatorial band 15°S to 25°N with the densest part in the 20 to 25 km height range and further layers below 20 km.
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Yanis, Muhammad, Zaini Nasrullah, Muhammad Isa, Ananda Riski, Muzakir Zainal, and Andri Yadi Paembonan. "Optimizing the Gravity Data and Geological Observation for Mapping the Local Fault around the Jaboi Volcano." In The 5th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-mezta6.
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Geothermal is a very expensive investment industry. Therefore, it is necessary to map a geological structure in the sub-surface, i.e., faults, and rock formations that control volcanic hydrothermal systems to reduce investment risk in the exploitation of geothermal. On the other hand, the hydrothermal system aims for flow paths connecting reservoir wells for fluid production. The Jaboi Volcano, with an estimated 80 MWe located on Weh Island, Indonesia, has been planned by the government to develop electrical energy, where the excess energy will be exported to Banda Aceh via undersea cables. We use global gravity model plus (GGM+) in a resolution of ~230m/px for mapping the geological structure of Jaboi volcano. Based on GGM+ data analysis, the Bouguer anomaly data shows low gravity values in volcanic areas, namely 46 – 69 mGal. These data only represent rock density values with low density in geothermal areas. We also calculate the residual anomaly from the Bouguer data using the high-pass-filtering technique, wherein the volcanic area, several high-gravity anomalies (1 – 1.4 mGal) correspond to the Leumomate fault in the direction of NW-SE. The same pattern is also obtained in the area with a suspected Ceunohot fault in the SW – NE direction. This research demonstrates the optimization of gravity satellite that free access to be used in mapping geological structures in geothermal Jaboi. Finally, we conclude that GGM+ data is a very efficient and cost-effective technique to detect geological structures around the Jaboi volcano, which developing countries can use as a preliminary study for evaluating and exploring geothermal energy
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Lam, Francis, and Judith Donath. "Seascape and volcano." In CHI '05 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1056808.1056972.
Full textReports on the topic "Volcano"
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Goff, Fraser, Shari A. Kelley, Cathy J. Goff, David J. McCraw, G. Robert Osburn, John R. Lawrence, Paul G. Drakos, and Steven J. Skotnicki. Geologic Map of Mount Taylor Volcano Area, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/gm-80.
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The Geologic Map of the Mount Taylor Volcano Area, New Mexico is a 1:36,000 compilation of six recent NMBGMR 1:24,000 geologic quadrangles that encompass this extinct composite stratovolcano. Mount Taylor is New Mexico's second-largest volcano after the Valles Caldera in the Jemez Mountains. This timely map and accompanying report, resulting from over a decade of thorough work, synthesizes the current geologic understanding of such an important landscape feature of the state.For such a complex volcanic landform, the report provides an exhaustive description of the volcano area in an easy-to-read format. In addition to providing a detailed description of each of the map's 339 units and dikes, it documents the volcano's history and history of research, its geochemical and petrographic composition, the phases of its construction ranging from the initial to the terminal eruptions, 3.72-1.26 million years ago, and its subsequent erosion, resulting in the summit Amphitheater and its extensive apron of debris. It describes the surrounding volcanic centers, the structure of the area, and the extensive dikes and maars. After touching on the water resources, hydrothermal alteration and mineralization, and geothermal potential, the report concludes with a conceptual model of volcano evolution.
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Wilson, A. M., and M. C. Kelman. Assessing the relative threats from Canadian volcanoes. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328950.
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This report presents an analysis of the threat posed by active volcanoes in Canada and outlines directives to bring Canadian volcano monitoring and research into alignment with global best practices. We analyse 28 Canadian volcanoes in terms of their relative threat to people, aviation and infrastructure. The methodology we apply to assess volcanic threat was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the 2005 National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS). Each volcano is scored on a number of hazard and exposure factors, producing an overall threat score. The overall threat scores are then assigned to five threat categories ranging from Very Low to Very High. We adjusted the methodology slightly to better suit Canadian volcano conditions by adding an additional knowledge uncertainty score; this does not affect the threat scoring or ranking. Our threat assessment places two volcanoes into the Very High threat category (Mt. Meager and Mt. Garibaldi). Three Canadian volcanoes score in the High threat category (Mt. Cayley, Mt. Price and Mt. Edziza) and two volcanoes score in the Moderate threat category (the Nass River group and Mt. Silverthrone). We compare the ranked Canadian volcanoes to similarly scored volcanoes in the USA and assess the current levels of volcano monitoring against internationally recognised monitoring strategies. We find that even the most thoroughly-studied volcano in Canada (Mt. Meager) falls significantly short of the recommended monitoring level (Mt. Meager is currently monitored at a level commensurate with a Very Low threat edifice, according to NVEWS recommendations). All other Canadian volcanoes are unmonitored (other than falling within a regional seismic network emplaced to monitor tectonic earthquakes). Based on the relative threat and scientific uncertainty surrounding some Canadian volcanoes, we outline five strategies to improve volcano monitoring in Canada and lower the uncertainty about eruption style and frequency: installation of real-time seismic stations at all Very High and High threat volcanoes, comprehensive lithofacies studies at Mt. Garibaldi in order to reduce uncertainty surrounding the frequency and style of volcanism, hazard mapping at Mt. Garibaldi and Mt. Cayley and publication of existing hazard analyses and mapping for Mt. Meager as a comprehensive hazard map, regular satellite-based ground deformation monitoring at all Very High to Moderate threat edifices, and, finally, installation of a landslide detection and alerting system at Mt. Meager.
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Wilson, A. M., and M. C. Kelman. Assessing the relative threats from Canadian volcanoes. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328950.
Full textAbstract:
This report presents an analysis of the threat posed by active volcanoes in Canada and outlines directives to bring Canadian volcano monitoring and research into alignment with global best practices. We analyse 28 Canadian volcanoes in terms of their relative threat to people, aviation and infrastructure. The methodology we apply to assess volcanic threat was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the 2005 National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS). Each volcano is scored on a number of hazard and exposure factors, producing an overall threat score. The overall threat scores are then assigned to five threat categories ranging from Very Low to Very High. We adjusted the methodology slightly to better suit Canadian volcano conditions by adding an additional knowledge uncertainty score; this does not affect the threat scoring or ranking. Our threat assessment places two volcanoes into the Very High threat category (Mt. Meager and Mt. Garibaldi). Three Canadian volcanoes score in the High threat category (Mt. Cayley, Mt. Price and Mt. Edziza) and two volcanoes score in the Moderate threat category (the Nass River group and Mt. Silverthrone). We compare the ranked Canadian volcanoes to similarly scored volcanoes in the USA and assess the current levels of volcano monitoring against internationally recognised monitoring strategies. We find that even the most thoroughly-studied volcano in Canada (Mt. Meager) falls significantly short of the recommended monitoring level (Mt. Meager is currently monitored at a level commensurate with a Very Low threat edifice, according to NVEWS recommendations). All other Canadian volcanoes are unmonitored (other than falling within a regional seismic network emplaced to monitor tectonic earthquakes). Based on the relative threat and scientific uncertainty surrounding some Canadian volcanoes, we outline five strategies to improve volcano monitoring in Canada and lower the uncertainty about eruption style and frequency: installation of real-time seismic stations at all Very High and High threat volcanoes, comprehensive lithofacies studies at Mt. Garibaldi in order to reduce uncertainty surrounding the frequency and style of volcanism, hazard mapping at Mt. Garibaldi and Mt. Cayley and publication of existing hazard analyses and mapping for Mt. Meager as a comprehensive hazard map, regular satellite-based ground deformation monitoring at all Very High to Moderate threat edifices, and, finally, installation of a landslide detection and alerting system at Mt. Meager.
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Beget, J. E., C. J. Nye, J. R. Schaefer, and P. L. Stelling. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2872.
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Beget, J. E., C. J. Nye, and K. W. Bean. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Makushin Volcano, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2679.
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Zhang, Ling. Tears of Volcano. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8385.
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Stelling, P. L., J. E. Beget, J. E. Gardner, and J. R. Schaefer. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Fisher volcano, Unimak Island, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/29146.
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Beget, J. E., J. F. Larsen, C. A. Neal, C. J. Nye, and J. R. Schaefer. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/7042.
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Schaefer, J. R. G., J. M. Perreault, J. F. Larsen, and J. W. Vallance. Makushin volcano ash hazards. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/30411.
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Herbert, T. P., and N. Cutillo. Volcano XM89 Training Canister. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada228932.
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