Relevant bibliographies by topics / Volcanoes – Vanuatu

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Academic literature on the topic 'Volcanoes – Vanuatu'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Volcanoes – Vanuatu"

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Ebmeier, S. K., A. M. Sayer, R. G. Grainger, T. A. Mather, and E. Carboni. "Systematic satellite observations of the impact of aerosols from passive volcanic degassing on local cloud properties." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 19 (October 9, 2014): 10601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10601-2014.

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Abstract. The impact of volcanic emissions, especially from passive degassing and minor explosions, is a source of uncertainty in estimations of aerosol indirect effects. Observations of the impact of volcanic aerosol on clouds contribute to our understanding of both present-day atmospheric properties and of the pre-industrial baseline necessary to assess aerosol radiative forcing. We present systematic measurements over several years at multiple active and inactive volcanic islands in regions of low present-day aerosol burden. The time-averaged indirect aerosol effects within 200 km downwind of island volcanoes are observed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 2002–2013) and Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR, 2002–2008) data. Retrievals of aerosol and cloud properties at Kīlauea (Hawai'i), Yasur (Vanuatu) and Piton de la Fournaise (la Réunion) are rotated about the volcanic vent to be parallel to wind direction, so that upwind and downwind retrievals can be compared. The emissions from all three volcanoes – including those from passive degassing, Strombolian activity and minor explosions – lead to measurably increased aerosol optical depth downwind of the active vent. Average cloud droplet effective radius is lower downwind of the volcano in all cases, with the peak difference ranging from 2–8 μm at the different volcanoes in different seasons. Estimations of the difference in Top of Atmosphere upward Short Wave flux upwind and downwind of the active volcanoes from NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) suggest a downwind elevation of between 10 and 45 Wm−2 at distances of 150–400 km from the volcano, with much greater local (< 80 km) effects. Comparison of these observations with cloud properties at isolated islands without degassing or erupting volcanoes suggests that these patterns are not purely orographic in origin. Our observations of unpolluted, isolated marine settings may capture processes similar to those in the pre-industrial marine atmosphere.
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Ebmeier, S. K., A. M. Sayer, R. G. Grainger, T. A. Mather, and E. Carboni. "Systematic satellite observations of the impact of aerosols from passive volcanic degassing on local cloud properties." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): 2675–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-2675-2014.

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Abstract. The impact of volcanic emissions is a significant source of uncertainty in estimations of aerosol indirect radiative forcing, especially with respect to emissions from passive degassing and minor explosions. Understanding the impact of volcanic emissions on indirect radiative forcing is important for assessing present day atmospheric properties and also to define the pre-industrial baseline to assess anthropogenic perturbations. We present observations of the time-averaged indirect aerosol effect within 200 km downwind of isolated island volcanoes in regions of low present-day aerosol burden using MODIS and AATSR data. Retrievals of aerosol and cloud properties at Kīlauea (Hawai'i), Yasur (Vanuatu) and Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion) are rotated about the volcanic vent according to wind direction, so that retrievals downwind of the volcano can be averaged to improve signal to noise ratio. The emissions from all three volcanoes, including those from passive degassing, strombolian activity and minor explosions lead to measurably increased aerosol optical depth downwind of the active vent. Average cloud droplet effective radius is lower downwind of the volcano in all cases, with the peak difference in effective radius of 4–8 μm at the different volcanoes. A comparison of these observations with cloud properties at isolated islands with no significant source of aerosol suggests that these patterns are not purely orographic in origin. This approach sets out a first step for the systematic measurement of the effects of present day low altitude volcanic emissions on cloud properties. Our observations of unpolluted, isolated marine settings may also capture processes similar to those in the pre-industrial marine atmosphere.
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Vergniolle, S., and N. Métrich. "A bird’s eye view of “Understanding volcanoes in the Vanuatu arc”." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.08.012.

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Robin, Claude, Jean-Philippe Eissen, and Michel Monzier. "Mafic pyroclastic flows at Santa Maria (Gaua) Volcano, Vanuatu: the caldera formation problem in mainly mafic island arc volcanoes." Terra Nova 7, no. 4 (July 1995): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1995.tb00539.x.

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Lages, Joao, Yves Moussallam, Philipson Bani, Nial Peters, Alessandro Aiuppa, Marcello Bitetto, and Gaetano Giudice. "First In-Situ Measurements of Plume Chemistry at Mount Garet Volcano, Island of Gaua (Vanuatu)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 7293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207293.

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Recent volcanic gas compilations have urged the need to expand in-situ plume measurements to poorly studied, remote volcanic regions. Despite being recognized as one of the main volcanic epicenters on the planet, the Vanuatu arc remains poorly characterized for its subaerial emissions and their chemical imprints. Here, we report on the first plume chemistry data for Mount Garet, on the island of Gaua, one of the few persistent volatile emitters along the Vanuatu arc. Data were collected with a multi-component gas analyzer system (multi-GAS) during a field campaign in December 2018. The average volcanic gas chemistry is characterized by mean molar CO2/SO2, H2O/SO2, H2S/SO2 and H2/SO2 ratios of 0.87, 47.2, 0.13 and 0.01, respectively. Molar proportions in the gas plume are estimated at 95.9 ± 11.6, 1.8 ± 0.5, 2.0 ± 0.01, 0.26 ± 0.02 and 0.06 ± 0.01, for H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S and H2. Using the satellite-based 10-year (2005–2015) averaged SO2 flux of ~434 t d−1 for Mt. Garet, we estimate a total volatile output of about 6482 t d−1 (CO2 ~259 t d−1; H2O ~5758 t d−1; H2S ~30 t d−1; H2 ~0.5 t d−1). This may be representative of a quiescent, yet persistent degassing period at Mt. Garet; whilst, as indicated by SO2 flux reports for the 2009–2010 unrest, emissions can be much higher during eruptive episodes. Our estimated emission rates and gas composition for Mount Garet provide insightful information on volcanic gas signatures in the northernmost part of the Vanuatu Arc Segment. The apparent CO2-poor signature of high-temperature plume degassing at Mount Garet raises questions on the nature of sediments being subducted in this region of the arc and the possible role of the slab as the source of subaerial CO2. In order to better address the dynamics of along-arc volatile recycling, more volcanic gas surveys are needed focusing on northern Vanuatu volcanoes.
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Elizabeth, Webb, Ahmad Elmansouri, Rebecca Ross, Michael Clynes, Jenny Tangis, Carol Stewart, and Elaine M. Dennison. "Ecological Study of Fractures in Paediatric Melanesian Communities with Varying Endemic Environmental Fluoride Exposure." Osteology 1, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/osteology1030014.

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Introduction: Osteoporotic fracture is a major public health burden worldwide, causing significant mortality and morbidity. Studies that have reported bone health in areas of high endemic fluorosis have commonly reported adverse skeletal, as well as dental effects. Vanuatu, sited in the Pacific, and never previously studied with regard to bone health, has six continuous degassing volcanoes on separate islands, resulting in a natural experiment for an ecological study of relationships between naturally occurring fluoride exposure and fracture incidence in paediatric populations. Methods: This ecological study recruited 1026 lifetime residents of the rural Vanuatu islands. A short questionnaire was administered detailing gender, age, and residential history. Participants were asked if they had broken a bone and, if so, were asked to mark its location on a questionnaire manikin. Dental fluorosis was assessed using Dean’s index. Community drinking-water samples were sampled for fluoride concentration. Results: The measured water fluoride concentration and recorded dental fluorosis displayed expected gradients from Aneityum (low) to Ambrym (high) (p < 0.001). The age of participants studied varied from 7.8 (SD 1.2) in Aneityum to 10.6 (3.7) in Lamap/Uliveo. The highest self-reported fracture rates were recorded in the area with medium fluoride levels (Lamap/Uliveo), where 14.9% of boys and 15.6% of girls sampled reported a fracture. In Ambrym, where the mean age of participants was similar, corresponding fracture rates were 4.5% and 2.6%. (p value for differences all < 0.05). Conclusions: Reports of fractures were common in children living in Vanuatu, but demonstrably higher in Lamap, the region with medium fluoride concentrations, rather than Ambrym which had very high rates of naturally occurring fluoride levels. Longer term studies that report validated fracture after peak bone mass acquisition are required.
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Falconieri, Alfredo, Nicola Genzano, Giuseppe Mazzeo, Nicola Pergola, and Francesco Marchese. "First Implementation of a Normalized Hotspot Index on Himawari-8 and GOES-R Data for the Active Volcanoes Monitoring: Results and Future Developments." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 5481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215481.

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The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) and Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), respectively aboard Himawari-8 and GOES-R geostationary satellites, are two important instruments for the near-real time monitoring of active volcanoes in the Eastern Asia/Western Pacific region and the Pacific Ring of Fire. In this work, we use for the first time AHI and ABI data, at 10 min temporal resolution, to assess the behavior of a Normalized Hotspot Index (NHI) in presence of active lava flows/lakes, at Krakatau (Indonesia), Ambrym (Vanuatu) and Kilauea (HI, USA) volcanoes. Results show that the index, which is used operationally to map hot targets through the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and the Operational Land Imager (OLI), is sensitive to high-temperature features even when short-wave infrared (SWIR) data at 2 km spatial resolution are analyzed. On the other hand, thresholds should be tailored to those data to better discriminate thermal anomalies from the background in daylight conditions. In this context, the multi-temporal analysis of NHI may enable an efficient identification of high-temperature targets without using fixed thresholds. This approach could be exported to SWIR data from the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) instrument aboard the next Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellites.
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Gaudin, Damien, Jacopo Taddeucci, Piergiorgio Scarlato, Monica Moroni, Carmela Freda, Mario Gaeta, and Danilo Mauro Palladino. "Pyroclast Tracking Velocimetry illuminates bomb ejection and explosion dynamics at Stromboli (Italy) and Yasur (Vanuatu) volcanoes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119, no. 7 (July 2014): 5384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011096.

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Marchese, Francesco, Diego Coppola, Alfredo Falconieri, Nicola Genzano, and Nicola Pergola. "Investigating Phases of Thermal Unrest at Ambrym (Vanuatu) Volcano through the Normalized Hot Spot Indices Tool and the Integration with the MIROVA System." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133136.

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Ambrym is an active volcanic island, located in the Vanuatu archipelago, consisting of a 12 km-wide summit caldera. This open vent volcano is characterized by an almost persistent degassing activity which occurs in the Benbow and Marum craters, which were also the site of recent lava lakes. On 15 December 2018, about three years after an intense lava effusion, the first recorded since 1989, a small-scale intra-caldera fissure eruption occurred. On 16 December, the eruption stopped, and the lava lakes at the Benbow and Marum craters were drained. In this work, we investigated the thermal activity of the Ambrym volcano, before, during, and after the 15 December 2018 eruption, using daytime Sentinel-2 (S2) Multispectral Instruments (MSI) and Landsat-8 (L8) Operational Land Imager (OLI) data, at a mid-high spatial resolution. The results were integrated with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. Outputs of the Normalized Hotspot Indices (NHI) tool, retrieved from S2-MSI and L8-OLI data, show that the thermal activity at the Ambrym craters increased about three weeks before the 15 December 2018 lava effusion. This information is consistent with the estimates of volcanic radiative power (VRP), which were performed by the Middle Infrared Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) system, by analyzing the nighttime MODIS data. The latter revealed a significant increase of VRP, with values above 700 MW at the end of the October–November 2018 period. Moreover, the drastic reduction of thermal emissions at the craters, marked by the NHI tool since the day of the fissure eruption, is consistent with the drop in the lava lake level that was independently suggested in a previous study. These results demonstrate that the S2-MSI and L8-OLI time series, combined with infrared MODIS observations, may contribute to detecting increasing trends in lava lake activity, which may precede effusive eruptions at the open vent volcanoes. This study addresses some challenging scenarios regarding the definition of possible threshold levels (e.g., in terms of VRP and total Short Wave Infrared radiance) from the NHI and MIROVA datasets, which could require special attention from local authorities in terms of the occurrence of possible future eruptions.
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Steenbergen, D. J., P. T. Neihapi, D. Koran, A. Sami, V. Malverus, R. Ephraim, and N. Andrew. "COVID-19 restrictions amidst cyclones and volcanoes: A rapid assessment of early impacts on livelihoods and food security in coastal communities in Vanuatu." Marine Policy 121 (November 2020): 104199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104199.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volcanoes – Vanuatu"

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Zielinski, Christelle. "Ecouter les volcans pour mieux les comprendre : volcans de la zone de subduction du Vanuatu." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077110.

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Depuis une dizaine d'années, les mesures acoustiques s'imposent comme un outil permettant d'étudier les éruptions volcaniques. Dans le cas des éruptions basaltiques, la libération du gaz au niveau de la surface libre magmatique peut se faire de façon continue sous forme de dégazage passif, mais aussi discrète sous forme d'explosion liée à l'éclatement d'une bulle de gaz surpressurisée, formée dans le réservoir ou dans le conduit. Ce dégazage actif génère des signaux infrasonores énergétiques, dont la forme d'onde est remarquablement simple et très peu perturbée lors de sa propagation dans l'atmosphère. Une première partie de ce travail de thèse a consisté à la mise au point d'un programme de détection automatique des signaux acoustiques produits lors des éruptions basaltiques, ainsi que de calcul du volume de gaz actif libéré. Le principe est de pouvoir suivre à partir des données acoustiques l'évolution de la quantité de gaz libérée par les explosions, afin de contraindre les processus magmatiques du réservoir. Ces méthodes ont été utilisées pour étudier l'activité éruptive quasi-permanente de deux volcans du Vanuatu, Ambrym et Yasur. Le suivi acoustique du dégazaged'Ambrym, à partir des données d'un réseau de capteurs triangulaires situé à 3. 5 km des cratères actifs entre 2008 rt 2010, a ainsi permis d'étudier le système d'alimentation superficiel et d'apporter une hypothèse sur la géométrie du réservoir magmatique sous-jacent. Les enregistrements acoustiques issus d'une station située à 500 m des évents actifs du Yasur ont enfin été analysés pour suivre de façon précise les fluctuations de volume de gaz libéré par l'activité strombolienne entre 2009 et 2011
Acoustic measurements can be a powerful tool to study volcanic eurptions. In the case of basaltic eruptions, the gas is continuously released at the magma free surface (passive degassing). It can also be released during explosive event, due to the bursting of an overpressure bubble of gas, which has been formed by coalescence of smaller bubbles in the magma chamber or in the conduit. This active degassing generates very energetic infrasonic signals whose waveform is remarkably simple and undistrubed during its atmospheric propagation. The first part of this thesis concerned the development of a program which automatically detects acoustic signal produced by basaltic eruptions, and calculates the associated gas volume. The principle is to follow from acoustic data the evolution of the amount of gas released bu the explosions, in order to constrain the dynamic of the magmatic reservoir. These methods were then used to study the almost permanent eruptive activity of two volcanoes in Vanuatu, Ambrym and Yasur. Acoustic monitoring of the active degassing of Ambryn, using date from a triangular network located at 3. 5 km from the active craters between 2008 and 2010, has enabled to study the superficial plumbing system and to provide an assumption concerning the geometry of the magma chamber. Acoustics recordings from a station located at 500 m from the active vents of Yasur volcano were also analyzed to accurately follow the fluctuations of gas volume released by Strombolian activity between 2009 and 2011
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Sheehan, Fionnuala. "Petrological insights into pre- and syn-eruptive degassing at Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/59405/.

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This study is a petrological investigation of magmatic conditions and degassing processes at Ambrym volcano, a basaltic island arc volcano recently identified as a prodigious emitter of volcanic gases. Typical activity at this volcano entails heavy degassing from quasipermanent lava lakes, with Strombolian activity of fluctuating intensity. This is punctuated on an approximately decadal timescale by moderate sub-Plinian paroxysms, often accompanied by overflow of lava from the intracaldera cones and via flank fissures. This study focuses primarily on basaltic scoria recently erupted from a central lava lake during a period of heavy degassing, in order to interpret volatile pathways through the system and how these relate to gas emissions at the surface. Lavas from basaltic intracaldera and flank lava flows have also been briefly examined to give a broader insight into magma storage associated with variations in volcanic activity, and detailed study has been made of a trachyandesitic lava flow erupted in 1986, a geochemically unusual event compared to the majority of larger events in historical time. Petrography, major element modelling, mineral chemistry and dissolved volatile contents indicate that Ambrym is a water-poor, CO2-rich system, characterised chiefly by quiescent convection-driven degassing through two central intracaldera cones. Examination of the 1986 trachyandesite suggests that it derives from interaction of basaltic magma with a body of trachydacitic melt residing in the shallow crust.
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Meier, Kristina [Verfasser], and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Hort. "Temporal Variability of Strombolian Explosive Activity at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu / Kristina Meier. Betreuer: Matthias Hort." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058213369/34.

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Hartsock, Tanner. "Magma evolution, P-T conditions and volatile degassing of a steady-state volcano: Yasur, Vanuatu." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6757.

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Yasur is an active scoria cone volcano in the Siwi Caldera on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu, in the South Pacific. This volcano has been erupting continuously for the last 800 years and is the latest manifestation of episodic volcanic activity in this area dating back to the late Pliocene. Yasur eruptions consist of intermittent Strombolian-style explosions of pyroclastic debris with emissions of volatiles such as SO₂, HCl and HF. Other than CO2 and H2O, the most abundant gas emitted from Yasur is sulfur, and plume monitoring has confirmed the volcano as one of the largest point sources of sulfur on the planet with an average flux of 600-1400 tons/day. Fluorine poses a chronic environmental health risk on Tanna, so understanding long-term exposure rates as well as periodic increases in volcanic intensity will help to better quantify its risk. In this study we gauge compositional variation of magma using fresh pyroclastic bombs collected over a 3-month period from August to November, 2016. Our results suggest long-term broad compositional stability in both the whole-rock and groundmass glass and minerals. Our results show slight variation in volatile phases in both olivine-hosted melt inclusions and groundmass glass over an intensively sampled 3-month period, which suggests that the plumbing beneath Yasur harbors an open-system degassing environment. Volcanic eruptions are usually driven by magma mixing, however, our results show no compositional variation in phenocrysts. We show that Yasur is an excellent example of an inefficiently degassed volcano, and that volcanic activity is controlled by volatile flux. We also use cotectic compositional data to calculate pressure and temperature conditions within the magma chamber and assess fluxes of volatiles from the magma using melt inclusion analyses for S and Cl. Our study places new bounds on the vertical extent of the magma chamber and suggests differentiation from a basaltic trachyandesite at depths of up to 12 km.
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Kelley, Jennifer L. "Glassy tephra of Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu : a magnetic, petrographic, and crystallographic study and implications for devitrification /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1559852881&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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GERARD, MARTINE. "Bassins d'arc et fosses arriere-arc dans un contexte de collision/subduction : l'arc des nouvelles hebrides (vanuatu). hydrothermalisme, neogenese et diagenese d'une serie volcano-sedimentaire." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112197.

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La structuration des bassins de l'arc des nouvelles hebrides a ete etudiee par des methodes de geologie-geophysique. Des phenomenes compressifs apparaissent transmis a la zone centrale arriere arc qui est marquee par un chevauchement crustal. Cette deformation est attribuee a la collision de rides portees par la plaque plongeante. Une discordance majeure, pliocene terminal-pleistocene, dans les formations du bassin d'aoba est correlee a cette collision. Le bassin subsident d'aoba se developpe sur une flexure. Un modele d'activite volcanique, en sills et dykes, est propose dans ce bassin. Au nord et au sud de l'arc, se situent des fosses d'extension arriere-arc. La formation des fosses est estimee d'age pliocene superieur et pourrait resulter de reajustements consecutifs a la reorganisation de l'ouverture oceanique du bassin nord-fidjien. L'etude des sequences volcano-sedimentaires met en evidence des indices mineralogiques et geochimiques de processus diagenetiques et hydrothermaux de basse temperature. Les marqueurs de l'hydrothermalisme sont caracterises dans le bassin d'aoba par un assemblage mineralogique smectites-zeolites resultant d'une migration de fluides. Dans les fosses arriere arc, des encroutements ferromanganesiferes a todorokite-celadonite indiquent des phenomenes paleohydrothermaux le long de la bordure orientale des fosses, alors que sur un complexe volcanique plus central les phenomenes diagenetiques sont dominants. Une signature geochimique caracteristique de chacun de ces deux processus repose sur le fractionnement des terres rares et des elements metalliques
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Books on the topic "Volcanoes – Vanuatu"

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Robin, C. Risque volcanique au Vanuatu. [Port-Vila, Vanuatu]: ORSTOM et Département de la géologie, des mines et des ressources en eau du gouvernement de Vanuatu, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Volcanoes – Vanuatu"

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"Under the volcano: Ni-Vanuatu and their environment." In Natural Disasters and Cultural Change, 178–87. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203165102-15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Volcanoes – Vanuatu"

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Ukstins, Ingrid, Tanner Hartsock, Ben Simons, and Shane J. Cronin. "Magmatic Evolution, P–T Conditions, and Volatile Degassing of a Steady-State Volcano: Yasur, Vanuatu." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2648.

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