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Journal articles on the topic 'Volcanoes – Vanuatu'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ebmeier, S. K., A. M. Sayer, R. G. Grainger, T. A. Mather, and E. Carboni. "Systematic satellite observations of the impact of aerosols from passive volcanic degassing on local cloud properties." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 19 (October 9, 2014): 10601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10601-2014.

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Abstract. The impact of volcanic emissions, especially from passive degassing and minor explosions, is a source of uncertainty in estimations of aerosol indirect effects. Observations of the impact of volcanic aerosol on clouds contribute to our understanding of both present-day atmospheric properties and of the pre-industrial baseline necessary to assess aerosol radiative forcing. We present systematic measurements over several years at multiple active and inactive volcanic islands in regions of low present-day aerosol burden. The time-averaged indirect aerosol effects within 200 km downwind of island volcanoes are observed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 2002–2013) and Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR, 2002–2008) data. Retrievals of aerosol and cloud properties at Kīlauea (Hawai'i), Yasur (Vanuatu) and Piton de la Fournaise (la Réunion) are rotated about the volcanic vent to be parallel to wind direction, so that upwind and downwind retrievals can be compared. The emissions from all three volcanoes – including those from passive degassing, Strombolian activity and minor explosions – lead to measurably increased aerosol optical depth downwind of the active vent. Average cloud droplet effective radius is lower downwind of the volcano in all cases, with the peak difference ranging from 2–8 μm at the different volcanoes in different seasons. Estimations of the difference in Top of Atmosphere upward Short Wave flux upwind and downwind of the active volcanoes from NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) suggest a downwind elevation of between 10 and 45 Wm−2 at distances of 150–400 km from the volcano, with much greater local (< 80 km) effects. Comparison of these observations with cloud properties at isolated islands without degassing or erupting volcanoes suggests that these patterns are not purely orographic in origin. Our observations of unpolluted, isolated marine settings may capture processes similar to those in the pre-industrial marine atmosphere.

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2

Ebmeier, S. K., A. M. Sayer, R. G. Grainger, T. A. Mather, and E. Carboni. "Systematic satellite observations of the impact of aerosols from passive volcanic degassing on local cloud properties." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): 2675–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-2675-2014.

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Abstract. The impact of volcanic emissions is a significant source of uncertainty in estimations of aerosol indirect radiative forcing, especially with respect to emissions from passive degassing and minor explosions. Understanding the impact of volcanic emissions on indirect radiative forcing is important for assessing present day atmospheric properties and also to define the pre-industrial baseline to assess anthropogenic perturbations. We present observations of the time-averaged indirect aerosol effect within 200 km downwind of isolated island volcanoes in regions of low present-day aerosol burden using MODIS and AATSR data. Retrievals of aerosol and cloud properties at Kīlauea (Hawai'i), Yasur (Vanuatu) and Piton de la Fournaise (Réunion) are rotated about the volcanic vent according to wind direction, so that retrievals downwind of the volcano can be averaged to improve signal to noise ratio. The emissions from all three volcanoes, including those from passive degassing, strombolian activity and minor explosions lead to measurably increased aerosol optical depth downwind of the active vent. Average cloud droplet effective radius is lower downwind of the volcano in all cases, with the peak difference in effective radius of 4–8 μm at the different volcanoes. A comparison of these observations with cloud properties at isolated islands with no significant source of aerosol suggests that these patterns are not purely orographic in origin. This approach sets out a first step for the systematic measurement of the effects of present day low altitude volcanic emissions on cloud properties. Our observations of unpolluted, isolated marine settings may also capture processes similar to those in the pre-industrial marine atmosphere.

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3

Vergniolle, S., and N. Métrich. "A bird’s eye view of “Understanding volcanoes in the Vanuatu arc”." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.08.012.

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4

Robin, Claude, Jean-Philippe Eissen, and Michel Monzier. "Mafic pyroclastic flows at Santa Maria (Gaua) Volcano, Vanuatu: the caldera formation problem in mainly mafic island arc volcanoes." Terra Nova 7, no. 4 (July 1995): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1995.tb00539.x.

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5

Lages, Joao, Yves Moussallam, Philipson Bani, Nial Peters, Alessandro Aiuppa, Marcello Bitetto, and Gaetano Giudice. "First In-Situ Measurements of Plume Chemistry at Mount Garet Volcano, Island of Gaua (Vanuatu)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 7293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207293.

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Recent volcanic gas compilations have urged the need to expand in-situ plume measurements to poorly studied, remote volcanic regions. Despite being recognized as one of the main volcanic epicenters on the planet, the Vanuatu arc remains poorly characterized for its subaerial emissions and their chemical imprints. Here, we report on the first plume chemistry data for Mount Garet, on the island of Gaua, one of the few persistent volatile emitters along the Vanuatu arc. Data were collected with a multi-component gas analyzer system (multi-GAS) during a field campaign in December 2018. The average volcanic gas chemistry is characterized by mean molar CO2/SO2, H2O/SO2, H2S/SO2 and H2/SO2 ratios of 0.87, 47.2, 0.13 and 0.01, respectively. Molar proportions in the gas plume are estimated at 95.9 ± 11.6, 1.8 ± 0.5, 2.0 ± 0.01, 0.26 ± 0.02 and 0.06 ± 0.01, for H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S and H2. Using the satellite-based 10-year (2005–2015) averaged SO2 flux of ~434 t d−1 for Mt. Garet, we estimate a total volatile output of about 6482 t d−1 (CO2 ~259 t d−1; H2O ~5758 t d−1; H2S ~30 t d−1; H2 ~0.5 t d−1). This may be representative of a quiescent, yet persistent degassing period at Mt. Garet; whilst, as indicated by SO2 flux reports for the 2009–2010 unrest, emissions can be much higher during eruptive episodes. Our estimated emission rates and gas composition for Mount Garet provide insightful information on volcanic gas signatures in the northernmost part of the Vanuatu Arc Segment. The apparent CO2-poor signature of high-temperature plume degassing at Mount Garet raises questions on the nature of sediments being subducted in this region of the arc and the possible role of the slab as the source of subaerial CO2. In order to better address the dynamics of along-arc volatile recycling, more volcanic gas surveys are needed focusing on northern Vanuatu volcanoes.

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6

Elizabeth, Webb, Ahmad Elmansouri, Rebecca Ross, Michael Clynes, Jenny Tangis, Carol Stewart, and Elaine M. Dennison. "Ecological Study of Fractures in Paediatric Melanesian Communities with Varying Endemic Environmental Fluoride Exposure." Osteology 1, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/osteology1030014.

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Introduction: Osteoporotic fracture is a major public health burden worldwide, causing significant mortality and morbidity. Studies that have reported bone health in areas of high endemic fluorosis have commonly reported adverse skeletal, as well as dental effects. Vanuatu, sited in the Pacific, and never previously studied with regard to bone health, has six continuous degassing volcanoes on separate islands, resulting in a natural experiment for an ecological study of relationships between naturally occurring fluoride exposure and fracture incidence in paediatric populations. Methods: This ecological study recruited 1026 lifetime residents of the rural Vanuatu islands. A short questionnaire was administered detailing gender, age, and residential history. Participants were asked if they had broken a bone and, if so, were asked to mark its location on a questionnaire manikin. Dental fluorosis was assessed using Dean’s index. Community drinking-water samples were sampled for fluoride concentration. Results: The measured water fluoride concentration and recorded dental fluorosis displayed expected gradients from Aneityum (low) to Ambrym (high) (p < 0.001). The age of participants studied varied from 7.8 (SD 1.2) in Aneityum to 10.6 (3.7) in Lamap/Uliveo. The highest self-reported fracture rates were recorded in the area with medium fluoride levels (Lamap/Uliveo), where 14.9% of boys and 15.6% of girls sampled reported a fracture. In Ambrym, where the mean age of participants was similar, corresponding fracture rates were 4.5% and 2.6%. (p value for differences all < 0.05). Conclusions: Reports of fractures were common in children living in Vanuatu, but demonstrably higher in Lamap, the region with medium fluoride concentrations, rather than Ambrym which had very high rates of naturally occurring fluoride levels. Longer term studies that report validated fracture after peak bone mass acquisition are required.

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7

Falconieri, Alfredo, Nicola Genzano, Giuseppe Mazzeo, Nicola Pergola, and Francesco Marchese. "First Implementation of a Normalized Hotspot Index on Himawari-8 and GOES-R Data for the Active Volcanoes Monitoring: Results and Future Developments." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 5481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215481.

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The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) and Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), respectively aboard Himawari-8 and GOES-R geostationary satellites, are two important instruments for the near-real time monitoring of active volcanoes in the Eastern Asia/Western Pacific region and the Pacific Ring of Fire. In this work, we use for the first time AHI and ABI data, at 10 min temporal resolution, to assess the behavior of a Normalized Hotspot Index (NHI) in presence of active lava flows/lakes, at Krakatau (Indonesia), Ambrym (Vanuatu) and Kilauea (HI, USA) volcanoes. Results show that the index, which is used operationally to map hot targets through the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and the Operational Land Imager (OLI), is sensitive to high-temperature features even when short-wave infrared (SWIR) data at 2 km spatial resolution are analyzed. On the other hand, thresholds should be tailored to those data to better discriminate thermal anomalies from the background in daylight conditions. In this context, the multi-temporal analysis of NHI may enable an efficient identification of high-temperature targets without using fixed thresholds. This approach could be exported to SWIR data from the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) instrument aboard the next Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellites.

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8

Gaudin, Damien, Jacopo Taddeucci, Piergiorgio Scarlato, Monica Moroni, Carmela Freda, Mario Gaeta, and Danilo Mauro Palladino. "Pyroclast Tracking Velocimetry illuminates bomb ejection and explosion dynamics at Stromboli (Italy) and Yasur (Vanuatu) volcanoes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119, no. 7 (July 2014): 5384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011096.

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9

Marchese, Francesco, Diego Coppola, Alfredo Falconieri, Nicola Genzano, and Nicola Pergola. "Investigating Phases of Thermal Unrest at Ambrym (Vanuatu) Volcano through the Normalized Hot Spot Indices Tool and the Integration with the MIROVA System." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133136.

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Ambrym is an active volcanic island, located in the Vanuatu archipelago, consisting of a 12 km-wide summit caldera. This open vent volcano is characterized by an almost persistent degassing activity which occurs in the Benbow and Marum craters, which were also the site of recent lava lakes. On 15 December 2018, about three years after an intense lava effusion, the first recorded since 1989, a small-scale intra-caldera fissure eruption occurred. On 16 December, the eruption stopped, and the lava lakes at the Benbow and Marum craters were drained. In this work, we investigated the thermal activity of the Ambrym volcano, before, during, and after the 15 December 2018 eruption, using daytime Sentinel-2 (S2) Multispectral Instruments (MSI) and Landsat-8 (L8) Operational Land Imager (OLI) data, at a mid-high spatial resolution. The results were integrated with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. Outputs of the Normalized Hotspot Indices (NHI) tool, retrieved from S2-MSI and L8-OLI data, show that the thermal activity at the Ambrym craters increased about three weeks before the 15 December 2018 lava effusion. This information is consistent with the estimates of volcanic radiative power (VRP), which were performed by the Middle Infrared Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) system, by analyzing the nighttime MODIS data. The latter revealed a significant increase of VRP, with values above 700 MW at the end of the October–November 2018 period. Moreover, the drastic reduction of thermal emissions at the craters, marked by the NHI tool since the day of the fissure eruption, is consistent with the drop in the lava lake level that was independently suggested in a previous study. These results demonstrate that the S2-MSI and L8-OLI time series, combined with infrared MODIS observations, may contribute to detecting increasing trends in lava lake activity, which may precede effusive eruptions at the open vent volcanoes. This study addresses some challenging scenarios regarding the definition of possible threshold levels (e.g., in terms of VRP and total Short Wave Infrared radiance) from the NHI and MIROVA datasets, which could require special attention from local authorities in terms of the occurrence of possible future eruptions.

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10

Steenbergen, D. J., P. T. Neihapi, D. Koran, A. Sami, V. Malverus, R. Ephraim, and N. Andrew. "COVID-19 restrictions amidst cyclones and volcanoes: A rapid assessment of early impacts on livelihoods and food security in coastal communities in Vanuatu." Marine Policy 121 (November 2020): 104199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104199.

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11

Cigna, Francesca, Deodato Tapete, and Zhong Lu. "Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162567.

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Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being embedded into assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), infrared (IR), and microwave domains. Launched in mid-2018, the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk” of Remote Sensing gathers 19 research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The strong multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The research advances presented in the published papers are achieved thanks to a wealth of data including but not limited to the following: thermal IR from satellite missions (e.g., MODIS, VIIRS, AVHRR, Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, ASTER, TET-1) and ground-based stations (e.g., FLIR cameras); digital elevation/surface models from airborne sensors (e.g., Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR), or 3D laser scans) and satellite imagery (e.g., tri-stereo Pléiades, SPOT-6/7, PlanetScope); airborne hyperspectral surveys; geophysics (e.g., ground-penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction, magnetic survey); ground-based acoustic infrasound; ground-based scanning UV spectrometers; and ground-based and satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging (e.g., TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1, Radarsat-2). Data processing approaches and methods include change detection, offset tracking, Interferometric SAR (InSAR), photogrammetry, hotspots and anomalies detection, neural networks, numerical modeling, inversion modeling, wavelet transforms, and image segmentation. Some authors also share codes for automated data analysis and demonstrate methods for post-processing standard products that are made available for end users, and which are expected to stimulate the research community to exploit them in other volcanological application contexts. The geographic breath is global, with case studies in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Hawai’i, Alaska, Kamchatka, Japan, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Réunion Island, Ethiopia, Canary Islands, Greece, Italy, and Iceland. The added value of the published research lies on the demonstration of the benefits that these remote sensing technologies have brought to knowledge of volcanoes that pose risk to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, this Special Issue provides not only a collection of forefront research in remote sensing applied to volcanology, but also a selection of case studies proving the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially generate on volcanic hazard and risk management.

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12

Pfalzgraf, Foley C. "Maintaining land and life in Vanuatu: Indigenous alter-natives of recovery following the Manaro eruption on Ambae, Vanuatu." Journal of Environmental Media 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 5.1–5.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jem_00053_1.

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Between 2017 and 2019, the Manaro volcano on the island of Ambae in Vanuatu erupted consistently, leading to two compulsory evacuations of the island’s communities. The eruption was only one of many ecological emergencies unfolding in Vanuatu as climate change continues to affect the islands. Amidst these overlapping crises, community leaders and the national government leveraged customary tenure practices to develop a system of customary reunion and secondary homes for evacuees. An analysis of 54 articles from the Vanuatu Daily Post’s media coverage of the Manaro eruption and disaster recovery from 2017 to 2019 reveals the centrality of customary tenure. While political ecologists have illustrated how disaster recovery policies can become disastrous in and of themselves, this article elaborates upon alter-native disaster recovery practices in Vanuatu and affirms the centrality of land control to Indigenous and settler futures.

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13

Fitzgerald, Rebecca Hanna, Ben M. Kennedy, Christopher Gomez, Thomas M. Wilson, Benjamin Simons, Graham S. Leonard, Robin S. Matoza, Arthur D. Jolly, and Esline Garaebiti. "Volcanic ballistic projectile deposition from a continuously erupting volcano: Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu." Volcanica 3, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.03.02.183204.

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14

Cuthbertson, Joseph, Carol Stewart, Alison Lyon, Penelope Burns, and Thompson Telepo. "Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 5 (July 16, 2020): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2000093x.

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AbstractVolcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.

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15

Zielinski, Christelle, Sylvie Vergniolle, Michel Lardy, Alexis Le Pichon, and Michel Frogneux. "Close listening of a permanently degassing volcano: Yasur (Vanuatu)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2935635.

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16

Sheehan, Fionnuala, and Jenni Barclay. "Staged storage and magma convection at Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.024.

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17

Barsdell, Mark, and Ian E. M. Smith. "Petrology of recrystallized ultramafic xenoliths from Merelava volcano, Vanuatu." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 102, no. 2 (June 1989): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00375343.

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18

Iezzi, A. M., D. Fee, K. Kim, A. D. Jolly, and R. S. Matoza. "Three‐Dimensional Acoustic Multipole Waveform Inversion at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, no. 8 (August 2019): 8679–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jb017073.

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19

Beaumais, Aurélien, Hervé Bertrand, Gilles Chazot, Laure Dosso, and Claude Robin. "Temporal magma source changes at Gaua volcano, Vanuatu island arc." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.026.

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20

Bani, Philipson, Clive Oppenheimer, Vitchko I. Tsanev, Simon A. Carn, Shane J. Cronin, Rachel Crimp, Julie A. Calkins, Douglas Charley, Michel Lardy, and Tjarda R. Roberts. "Surge in sulphur and halogen degassing from Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu." Bulletin of Volcanology 71, no. 10 (May 26, 2009): 1159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0293-7.

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21

Marchetti, E., M. Ripepe, D. Delle Donne, R. Genco, A. Finizola, and E. Garaebiti. "Blast waves from violent explosive activity at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 22 (November 20, 2013): 5838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gl057900.

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22

Battaglia, Jean, Jean-Philippe Métaxian, and Esline Garaebiti. "Short term precursors of Strombolian explosions at Yasur volcano (Vanuatu)." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 5 (March 12, 2016): 1960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl067823.

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23

Toney, Liam, David Fee, Alex Witsil, and Robin S. Matoza. "Waveform Features Strongly Control Subcrater Classification Performance for a Large, Labeled Volcano Infrasound Dataset." Seismic Record 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320220019.

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Abstract Volcano infrasound data contain a wealth of information about eruptive patterns, for which machine learning (ML) is an emerging analysis tool. Although global catalogs of labeled infrasound events exist, the application of supervised ML to local (<15 km) volcano infrasound signals has been limited by a lack of robust labeled datasets. Here, we automatically generate a labeled dataset of >7500 explosions recorded by a five-station infrasound network at the highly active Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu. Explosions are located via backprojection and associated with one of Yasur’s two summit subcraters. We then apply a supervised ML approach to classify the subcrater of origin. When trained and tested on data from the same station, our chosen algorithm is >95% accurate; when training and testing on different stations, accuracy drops to about 75%. The choice of waveform features provided to the algorithm strongly influences classification performance.

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24

Kremers, Simon, Yan Lavallée, Jonathan Hanson, Kai-Uwe Hess, Magdalena Oryaëlle Chevrel, Joachim Wassermann, and Donald B. Dingwell. "Shallow magma-mingling-driven Strombolian eruptions at Mt. Yasur volcano, Vanuatu." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 21 (November 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl053312.

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25

BARSDELL, M. "Petrology and Petrogenesis of Clinopyroxene-Rich Tholeiitic Lavas, Merelava Volcano, Vanuatu." Journal of Petrology 29, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 927–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.5.927.

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26

Woitischek, Julia, Andrew W. Woods, Marie Edmonds, Clive Oppenheimer, Alessandro Aiuppa, Tom D. Pering, Tehnuka Ilanko, Roberto D'Aleo, and Esline Garaebiti. "Strombolian eruptions and dynamics of magma degassing at Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu)." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 398 (June 2020): 106869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106869.

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27

Beaumais, Aurélien, Gilles Chazot, Laure Dosso, and Hervé Bertrand. "Temporal source evolution and crustal contamination at Lopevi Volcano, Vanuatu Island Arc." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 264 (August 2013): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.07.005.

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28

Bani, Philipson, Clive Oppenheimer, Johan C. Varekamp, Thomas Quinou, Michel Lardy, and Simon Carn. "Remarkable geochemical changes and degassing at Voui crater lake, Ambae volcano, Vanuatu." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 188, no. 4 (December 2009): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.09.018.

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29

Nabyl, A., J. Dorel, and M. Lardy. "A comparative study of low‐frequency seismic signals recorded at Stromboli volcano, Italy, and at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40, no. 4 (December 1997): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1997.9514783.

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30

Polacci, Margherita, Don R. Baker, Alexandra La Rue, Lucia Mancini, and Patrick Allard. "Degassing behaviour of vesiculated basaltic magmas: an example from Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu Arc." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 233-234 (July 2012): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.04.019.

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31

Gomez, C., and B. Kennedy. "Capturing volcanic plumes in 3D with UAV-based photogrammetry at Yasur Volcano – Vanuatu." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 350 (January 2018): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.007.

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32

Allibone, Rachel, Shane J. Cronin, Douglas T. Charley, Vince E. Neall, Robert B. Stewart, and Clive Oppenheimer. "Dental fluorosis linked to degassing of Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu: a novel exposure pathway." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 34, no. 2 (August 12, 2010): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9338-2.

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33

Webb, Elizabeth, Carol Stewart, Erie Sami, Samuel Kelsey, Peggy Fairbairn Dunlop, and Elaine Dennison. "Variability of naturally occurring fluoride in diverse community drinking-water sources, Tanna Island, Vanuatu." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.270.

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Abstract Large variations in fluoride concentrations exist in natural waters, many of which are the source of community drinking-water supplies. Determining fluoride concentrations in community drinking waters can be challenging in developing Pacific countries such as Vanuatu that have limited laboratory capacity. Knowledge of naturally elevated fluoride concentrations that cause irreversible, adverse health outcomes may allow communities the opportunity to treat and manage their drinking-water supplies. Community drinking-water samples (n = 69), sourced from groundwaters, roof catchment rainwaters, surface waters and springs, were sampled on Tanna Island, Vanuatu between 2017 and 2020. In an 18 km2 area of Western Tanna, a set of 30 groundwater-based drinking-water samples had a median fluoride concentration of 3.3 mg/L, with 20 samples >1.5 mg/L and seven samples >4.0 mg/L. These concentrations increase the risk of dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. Repeat resampling at five sites showed little variation over the sampling period. Rainwater-fed drinking-water supplies were lower overall and highly variable in fluoride concentrations (<0.05–4.0 mg/L, median of 0.53 mg/L), with variable inputs from volcanic emissions from Yasur volcano. We recommend a comprehensive oral health and bone health study for the whole island to determine adverse health effects of excess fluoride in this vulnerable population.

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Picard, C., M. Monzier, J. P. Eissen, and C. Robin. "Concomitant evolution of tectonic environment and magma geochemistry, Ambrym volcano (Vanuatu, New Hebrides arc)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 81, no. 1 (1994): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1994.081.01.08.

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Oppenheimer, C., P. Bani, J. A. Calkins, M. R. Burton, and G. M. Sawyer. "Rapid FTIR sensing of volcanic gases released by Strombolian explosions at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu." Applied Physics B 85, no. 2-3 (July 7, 2006): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-006-2353-4.

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Coppola, D., M. Laiolo, and C. Cigolini. "Fifteen years of thermal activity at Vanuatu's volcanoes (2000–2015) revealed by MIROVA." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.005.

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Ilanko, Tehnuka, Tom D. Pering, Thomas Charles Wilkes, Julia Woitischek, Roberto D’Aleo, Alessandro Aiuppa, Andrew J. S. McGonigle, Marie Edmonds, and Esline Garaebiti. "Ultraviolet Camera Measurements of Passive and Explosive (Strombolian) Sulphur Dioxide Emissions at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 2703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172703.

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Here, we present the first ultraviolet (UV) camera measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2) flux from Yasur volcano, Vanuatu, for the period 6–9 July 2018. These data yield the first direct gas-measurement-derived calculations of explosion gas masses at Yasur. Yasur typically exhibits persistent passive gas release interspersed with frequent Strombolian explosions. We used compact forms of the “PiCam” Raspberry Pi UV camera system powered through solar panels to collect images. Our daily median SO2 fluxes ranged from 4 to 5.1 kg s−1, with a measurement uncertainty of −12.2% to +14.7%, including errors from the gas cell calibration drift, uncertainties in plume direction and distance, and errors from the plume velocity. This work highlights the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for plume velocity determination, which was preferred over the typically used cross-correlation and optical flow methods because of the ability to function over a variety of plume conditions. We calculated SO2 masses for Strombolian explosions ranging 8–81 kg (mean of 32 kg), which to our knowledge is the first budget of explosive gas masses from this target. Through the use of a simple statistical measure using the moving minimum, we estimated that passive degassing is the dominant mode of gas emission at Yasur, supplying an average of ~69% of the total gas released. Our work further highlights the utility of UV camera measurements in volcanology, and particularly the benefit of the multiple camera approach in error characterisation. This work also adds to our inventory of gas-based data, which can be used to characterise the spectrum of Strombolian activity across the globe.

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Battaglia, Jean, Jean-Philippe Métaxian, and Esline Garaebiti. "Families of similar events and modes of oscillation of the conduit at Yasur volcano (Vanuatu)." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.003.

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Turtle, E. P., R. M. C. Lopes, R. D. Lorenz, J. Radebaugh, and R. R. Howell. "Temporal behavior and temperatures of Yasur volcano, Vanuatu from field remote sensing observations, May 2014." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.030.

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Sorbadere, Fanny, Pierre Schiano, Nicole Métrich, and Esline Garaebiti. "Insights into the origin of primitive silica-undersaturated arc magmas of Aoba volcano (Vanuatu arc)." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 162, no. 5 (April 20, 2011): 995–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0636-1.

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Firth, Chris, Heather Handley, Simon Turner, Shane Cronin, and Ian Smith. "Variable Conditions of Magma Storage and Differentiation with Links to Eruption Style at Ambrym Volcano, Vanuatu." Journal of Petrology 57, no. 6 (June 2016): 1049–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw029.

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Bani, Philipson, Georges Boudon, Hélène Balcone-Boissard, Pierre Delmelle, Thomas Quiniou, Jérôme Lefèvre, Esline Garaebiti Bule, Shinohara Hiroshi, and Michel Lardy. "The 2009–2010 eruption of Gaua volcano (Vanuatu archipelago): Eruptive dynamics and unsuspected strong halogens source." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.06.023.

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Rouland, Daniel, Denis Legrand, Mikhail Zhizhin, and Sylvie Vergniolle. "Automatic detection and discrimination of volcanic tremors and tectonic earthquakes: An application to Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 181, no. 3-4 (April 2009): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.019.

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Allard, Patrick, Mike Burton, Georgina Sawyer, and Philipson Bani. "Degassing dynamics of basaltic lava lake at a top-ranking volatile emitter: Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu arc." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 448 (August 2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.014.

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Robin, Claude, Jean-Philippe Eissen, and Michel Monzier. "Giant tuff cone and 12-km-wide associated caldera at Ambrym Volcano (Vanuatu, New Hebrides Arc)." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 55, no. 3-4 (March 1993): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(93)90039-t.

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Meier, K., M. Hort, J. Wassermann, and E. Garaebiti. "Strombolian surface activity regimes at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu, as observed by Doppler radar, infrared camera and infrasound." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 322 (August 2016): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.038.

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Hamling, Ian J., Sandrine Cevuard, and Esline Garaebiti. "Large‐Scale Drainage of a Complex Magmatic System: Observations From the 2018 Eruption of Ambrym Volcano, Vanuatu." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 9 (May 3, 2019): 4609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082606.

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Rouland, D., A. Cisternas, R. Denkmann, H. Dufumier, M. Régnier, and M. Lardy. "The December 1994 seismic swarm near Aoba (AMBAE) volcano, Vanuatu, and its relationship with the volcanic processes." Tectonophysics 338, no. 1 (August 2001): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(01)00074-9.

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Jolly, Arthur D., Robin S. Matoza, David Fee, Ben M. Kennedy, Alexandra M. Iezzi, Rebecca H. Fitzgerald, Allison C. Austin, and Richard Johnson. "Capturing the Acoustic Radiation Pattern of Strombolian Eruptions using Infrasound Sensors Aboard a Tethered Aerostat, Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 19 (October 12, 2017): 9672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074971.

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Matoza, Robin S., Bernard A. Chouet, Arthur D. Jolly, Phillip B. Dawson, Rebecca H. Fitzgerald, Ben M. Kennedy, David Fee, et al. "High-rate very-long-period seismicity at Yasur volcano, Vanuatu: source mechanism and decoupling from surficial explosions and infrasound." Geophysical Journal International 230, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 392–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab533.

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SUMMARY Yasur volcano, Vanuatu is a continuously active open-vent basaltic-andesite stratocone with persistent and long-lived eruptive activity. We present results from a seismo-acoustic field experiment at Yasur, providing locally dense broad-band seismic and infrasonic network coverage from 2016 July 27 to August 3. We corroborate our seismo-acoustic observations with coincident video data from cameras deployed at the crater and on an unoccupied aircraft system (UAS). The waveforms contain a profusion of signals reflecting Yasur’s rapidly occurring and persistent explosive activity. The typical infrasonic signature of Yasur explosions is a classic short-duration and often asymmetric explosion waveform characterized by a sharp compressive onset and wideband frequency content. The dominant seismic signals are numerous repetitive very-long-period (VLP) signals with periods of ∼2–10 s. The VLP seismic events are ‘high-rate’, reoccurring near-continuously throughout the data set with short interevent times (∼20–60 s). We observe variability in the synchronization of seismic VLP and acoustic sources. Explosion events clearly delineated by infrasonic waveforms are underlain by seismic VLPs. However, strong seismic VLPs also occur with only a weak infrasonic expression. Multiplet analysis of the seismic VLPs reveals a systematic progression in the seismo-acoustic source decoupling. The same dominant seismic VLP multiplet occurs with and without surficial explosions and infrasound, and these transitions occur over a timescale of a few days during our field campaign. We subsequently employ template matching, stacking, and full-waveform inversion to image the source mechanism of the dominant VLP multiplet. Inversion of the dominant VLP multiplet stack points to a composite source consisting of either a dual-crack (plus forces) or pipe-crack (plus forces) mechanism. The derived mechanisms correspond to a point-source directly beneath the summit vents with centroid depths in the range ∼900–1000 m below topography. All mechanisms suggest a northeast trending crack dipping relatively shallowly to the northwest and indicate a VLP source centroid and mechanism controlled by a stable structural geologic feature beneath Yasur. We interpret the results in the framework of gas slug ascent through the conduit responsible for Yasur explosions. The VLP mechanism and timing with infrasound (when present) are explained by a shallow-buffered top-down model in which slug ascent is relatively aseismic until reaching the base of a shallow section. Slug disruption in this shallow zone triggers a pressure disturbance that propagates downward and couples at the conduit base (VLP centroid). If the shallow section is open, an explosion propagates to the surface, producing infrasound. In the case of (the same multiplet) VLPs occurring without surficial explosions and weak or no infrasound, the decoupling of the dominant VLPs at ∼900–1000 m depth from surficial explosions and infrasound strongly indicates buffering of the terminal slug ascent. This buffering could be achieved by a variety of conditions at or directly beneath the vents, such as a high-viscosity layer of crystal-rich magma, a debris cap from backfill, a foam layer, or a combination of these. The dominant VLP at Yasur captured by our experiment has a source depth and mechanism separated from surface processes and is stable over time.

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