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1
Espinasa-Pereña, Ramón. "Monitoring volcanoes in Mexico." Volcanica 4, S1 (November 1, 2021): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.223246.
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Mexico has at least 46 volcanic centers (including monogenetic volcanic fields) that are considered active or potentially active. Due to the federal governance of the country, the Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) is the entity responsible for monitoring natural hazards. Individual Mexican states also monitor active volcanoes within their territoryand through local universities. Specific observatories exist for Colima, Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba), San Martín Tuxtla, El Chichón, and Tacaná volcanoes, which are considered among the volcanoes with the highest hazard potential in the country. Details on instrumentation, data acquisition, hazard management, information dissemination and outreach are given for each volcano and observatory. The creation of a National Volcanological Service, based at CENAPRED and in full cooperation with local university-based observatories, would help consolidate all monitoring data and official information on active volcanoes at a single institution, procure and distribute resources, and allocate those resources according to the relative risk posed by the different volcanoes. México tiene al menos 46 centros volcánicos que podrían considerarse activos o potencialmente activos (incluyendo campos volcánicos monogenéticos). Debido al carácter federal del país, el Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) es la entidad responsable de monitorear los fenómenos naturales. Individualmente, algunos estados mexicanos también monitorean los volcanes activos dentro de su territorio, a través de las universidades locales, por lo que existen observatorios específicos para Colima, Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba), San Martín Tuxtla, El Chichón y Tacaná; todos estos considerados entre los volcanes de mayor riesgo relativo del país. Se proporcionan detalles sobre instrumentación, adquisición de datos, gestión de riesgos y difusión y divulgación de información para cada volcán y observatorio. La creación de un Servicio Vulcanológico Nacional, con sede en CENAPRED, y en cooperación plena con los observatorios universitarios locales, ayudaría a concentrar todos los datos de monitoreo e información oficial sobre los volcanes activos en una sola institución, así como a adquirir y asignar recursos, de acuerdo con el riesgo relativo que representan los diferentes volcanes.
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Koloskov, A. V., M. Yu Davydova, D. V. Kovalenko та V. V. Ananyev. "New data on age, material composition and geological structure of the Central Kamchatka depression (CKD). Part 1. Rocks types. Age, petrological and isotopo-geochemical characteristicsн". Вулканология и сейсмология, № 3 (14 травня 2019): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203-0306201933-24.
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The paper presents new age and isotope geochemical characteristics for plateau effusive rocks from the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD) and Nikolka Volcano. We compared these data with the data on rocks from the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes and also Sheveluch, Kharchinsky, Zarechny, Nachikinsky, Bakening volcanoes and NEB-adakites from Pliocene shield volcano between the Ozernaya Kamchatka and Pravaya Kamchatka rivers. It is shown that the evolutionally advanced (often more alkaline) rock from Nachikinsky, Bakening, Nikolka volcanoes and the Pliocene shield volcanoe significantly differ in isotope-geochemical characteristics from the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes rocks. Exactly this type of rocks is characteristic for CKD as rift structure. The Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes rock are not typomorphic for this structure and manifest the usual orogenic volcanism stage, typical for much larger area. Miocene plateau effusive rocks differ from rocks of this group only by slightly increased potassium alkalinity. The rift type rocks characteristic feature is not only their increased alkalinity, but also specific microcomponents ratios: Ti/V > 0.004, Nb/Y > 0.28, Dy/Yb > 2.00, La/Yb > 6.5, Sm/Yb > 2.4, Lu/Hf < 0.08. Along with isotopic characteristics, these ratios suggest the existence of the single deep asthenospheric mantle reservoir for initial melts. The Kurile-Kamchatka and Commander-Aleutian island-arc systems’ junction is marked by the increased fluid enrichment (Ce group of REE) of melts for rocks of certain volcanoes: Shiveluch, Kharchinsky, Zarechny.
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Koloskov, A. V., M. Yu Davydova та D. V. Kovalenko. "New data on age, material composition and geological structure of the Central Kamchatka depression (CKD). Part 1. Rocks types. Age, petrological and isotopo-geochemical characteristicsн". Вулканология и сейсмология, № 3 (14 травня 2019): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-9614201933-24.
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The paper presents new age and isotope geochemical characteristics for plateau effusive rocks from the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD) and Nikolka Volcano. We compared these data with the data on rocks from the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes and also Sheveluch, Kharchinsky, Zarechny, Nachikinsky, Bakening volcanoes and NEB-adakites from Pliocene shield volcano between the Ozernaya Kamchatka and Pravaya Kamchatka rivers. It is shown that the evolutionally advanced (often more alkaline) rock from Nachikinsky, Bakening, Nikolka volcanoes and the Pliocene shield volcanoe significantly differ in isotope-geochemical characteristics from the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes rocks. Exactly this type of rocks is characteristic for CKD as rift structure. The Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes rock are not typomorphic for this structure and manifest the usual orogenic volcanism stage, typical for much larger area. Miocene plateau effusive rocks differ from rocks of this group only by slightly increased potassium alkalinity. The rift type rocks characteristic feature is not only their increased alkalinity, but also specific microcomponents ratios: Ti/V > 0.004, Nb/Y > 0.28, Dy/Yb > 2.00, La/Yb > 6.5, Sm/Yb > 2.4, Lu/Hf < 0.08. Along with isotopic characteristics, these ratios suggest the existence of the single deep asthenospheric mantle reservoir for initial melts. The Kurile-Kamchatka and Commander-Aleutian island-arc systems’ junction is marked by the increased fluid enrichment (Ce group of REE) of melts for rocks of certain volcanoes: Shiveluch, Kharchinsky, Zarechny.
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Wan, Zhifeng, Jinfeng Zhang, Guoqing Lin, Siling Zhong, Qing Li, Jiangong Wei, and Yuefeng Sun. "Formation Mechanism of Mud Volcanoes/Mud Diapirs Based on Physical Simulation." Geofluids 2021 (July 22, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5531957.
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The formation of mud volcanoes/mud diapirs is directly related to oil and gas accumulation and gas-hydrate mineralization. Their eruptive activities easily cause engineering accidents and may increase the greenhouse effect by the eruption of methane gas. Many scholars have performed much research on the developmental characteristics, geochemistry, and carbon emissions of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes, but the formation mechanism of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes is still controversial. Mud diapirs and mud volcanoes are especially developed in the northern South China Sea and are accompanied by abundant oil, gas, and gas-hydrate resources. Based on the mud volcanoes/mud diapirs in the northern South China Sea, the physical simulation experiments of mud diapir/mud volcano formation and evolution under different fluid pressures and tectonic environments have been performed by loading a fluid-input system in traditional sandbox simulation equipment. The genetic mechanism of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes is revealed, and a fluid-leakage model of mud diapirs/mud volcanoes under different geological conditions is established. We believe that in an overpressured environment, the greater the thickness of the overlying strata is, the greater the pressure or power required for the upward migration of muddy fluid to penetrate the overlying strata. Tectonic activity promotes the development of mud volcanos/mud diapirs. To a certain extent, the more intense the tectonic activity is, the more significant the effect of promoting the development of mud volcanoes/mud diapirs and the larger the mud diapirs/mud volcanoes become.
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Aguilar Contreras, Rigoberto, Edu Taipe Maquerhua, Yanet Antayhua Vera, Mayra Ortega Gonzales, Fredy Apaza Choquehuayta, and Luis Cruz Mamani. "Hazard assessment studies and multiparametric volcano monitoring developed by the Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico in Peru." Volcanica 4, S1 (November 1, 2021): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.7392.
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Urban development in the areas surrounding active volcanoes has led to increasing risks in southern Peru. In order to evaluate the hazard, the Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) created a Volcano Observatory (OVI) to carry out detailed geological investigations to understand eruption histories and provide volcanic hazard maps. The generation of geological information on volcanoes has allowed the identification of scenarios and zoning of potentially impacted areas. This information has also allowed OVI to implement surveillance networks giving priority to the volcanoes that pose the greatest risk to the population, infrastructure, and economic activities. Since 2006, OVI has been running volcanic monitoring networks with a multidisciplinary approach, improving real-time transmission, and making timely forecasts. Based on geological information and the risk posed by the volcanoes, the greatest efforts have been made to monitor Sabancaya, Misti, Ubinas, and Ticsani volcanoes. Following the order of priorities, monitoring of Coropuna, Huaynaputina, Tutupaca and, Yucamane volcanoes has also been developed. In addition, OVI carries out routine education activities and diffusion of information that serve to manage volcanic risk in Peru. El desarrollo urbano en zonas aledañas a volcanes activos ha conllevado a la generación de riesgos cada vez mayores en el sur del Perú. Con la finalidad de evaluar el peligro, el Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) creó un observatorio vulcanológico (OVI) para realizar estudios geológicos detallados que permitan conocer las historias eruptivas y elaborar mapas de peligros volcánicos. La generación de información geológica sobre los volcanes ha permitido la identificación de escenarios y la zonificación de áreas con potencial a ser afectadas. Esta información también ha permitido al OVI implementar sus redes de monitoreo priorizando los volcanes que representan mayor riesgo para la población, la infraestructura y las actividades económicas. Desde el año 2006, el OVI viene implementando redes de vigilancia volcánica con un enfoque multidisciplinario, mejorando la transmisión en tiempo real y realizando pronósticos oportunos. En base a la información geológica y el nivel de riesgo de los volcanes, se han puesto los mayores esfuerzos en monitorear los volcanes Sabancaya, Misti, Ubinas y Ticsani. Siguiendo el orden de prioridades, el OVI ha comenzado, también, el monitoreo de los volcanes Coropuna, Huaynaputina, Tutupaca y Yucamane. Además, el observatorio desarrolla actividades permanentes de educación y difusión de la información que sirven a la gestión del riesgo volcánico en el Perú.
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Layana, Susana, Felipe Aguilera, Germán Rojo, Álvaro Vergara, Pablo Salazar, Juan Quispe, Pablo Urra, and Diego Urrutia. "Volcanic Anomalies Monitoring System (VOLCANOMS), a Low-Cost Volcanic Monitoring System Based on Landsat Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2020): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101589.
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The practice of monitoring active volcanoes, includes several techniques using either direct or remote measurements, the latter being more important for volcanoes with limited accessibility. We present the Volcanic Anomalies Monitoring System (VOLCANOMS), a new, online, low-cost and semiautomatic system based on Landsat imagery. This system can detect permanent and/or temporal thermal anomalies in near-infrared (NIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) bands. VOLCANOMS allows researchers to calculate several thermal parameters, such as thermal radiance, effective temperature, anomaly area, radiative, gas, convective, and total heat, and mass fluxes. We study the eruptive activity of five volcanoes including Krakatau, Stromboli, Fuego, Villarrica and Lascar volcanoes, comparing field and eruptive data with thermal radiance. In the case of Villarrica and Lascar volcanoes, we also compare the thermal radiance and eruptive activity with seismic data. The thermal radiance shows a concordance with the eruptive activity in all cases, whereas a correlation is observed between thermal and seismic data both, in Villarrica and Lascar volcanoes, especially in the case of long-period seismicity. VOLCANOMS is a new and powerful tool that, combined with other techniques, generates robust information for volcanic monitoring.
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Hansen, Kristian, Simon Barker, Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Craig Anslow, Christof Mueller, and Graham Leonard. "VolcanoVR: A virtual reality environment for volcanic data visualisation and communication." Volcanica 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2025): 175–87. https://doi.org/10.30909/vol/vccy3095.
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With the increasing size and complexity of geological datasets relating to volcano monitoring and research, effective visualisation can be challenging. Here, we demonstrate the possibilities of volcanic data visualisation utilising virtual reality (VR) and 3D game engine technology to create a robust and adaptable program called VolcanoVR. VolcanoVR can display multiple complex datasets and has been developed to investigate volcanoes in the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. To assess the usability and effectiveness of VolcanoVR a survey was conducted, involving 33 participants, ranging in education level and previous experience with volcanic data and VR. Results indicate VolcanoVR is easy to use with high immersion ratings and acceptable system useability and mental demand scores, with minor improvements made following the survey. Limited variability across user experience levels indicates the program is useable for a broad range of geoscientists. We have made the source code for VolcanoVR freely available so that it can be easily adapted and applied worldwide to a range of different volcanoes and geological settings.
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Garcia, Sebastian, and Gabriela Badi. "Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina." Volcanica 4, S1 (November 1, 2021): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.2148.
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Argentina is a country that presents a complex situation regarding volcanic risk, where a total of 38 volcanoes are considered active. Although Argentina has no major cities close to these volcanoes, the continuous increase in economic activity and infrastructure near the Andean Codillera will increase exposure to volcano hazards in the future. Further, volcanic activity on the border between Argentina and Chile poses a unique challenge in relation to volcano monitoring and the management of volcanic emergencies. Additionally, due to atmospheric circulation patterns in the region (from West to East), Argentina is exposed to ashfall and ash dispersion from frequent explosive eruptions from Chilean volcanoes. Considering this, the Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) decided to create and implement a Volcanic Threat Assessment Program, which includes the creation of the the first permanent volcano observatory for the country, the Observatorio Argentino de Vigilancia Volcánica (OAVV). Previously the Decepcion Island volcano observatory was created as a collaboration between the Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) and the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Argentina es un país que presenta una compleja situación con respecto al riesgo volcánico, donde un total de 38 volcanes son considerados activos. Aunque Argentina no tiene ciudades importantes cerca de estos volcanes, el continuo incremento de la actividad económica y la infraestructura cerca de la Cordillera de los Andes, generará en el futuro un aumento en la exposición a estos peligros. Además, la actividad volcánica en la frontera entre Argentina y Chile constituye un desafío único en relación con el monitoreo de volcanes y la gestión de emergencias volcánicas. Adicionalmente, debido a los patrones de circulación atmosférica en la región (desde el oeste hacia el este), Argentina está expuesta a la caída y dispersión de cenizas de las frecuentes erupciones explosivas de volcanes chilenos. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) decidió crear e implementar un programa de evaluación de amenazas volcánicas, que incluye, la creación del primer observatorio permanente de volcanes para el país, el Observatorio Argentino de Vigilancia Volcánica (OAVV). Previamente, el Observatorio Volcanológico de la Isla Decepción fue creado como una colaboración entre el Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) y el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de España (CSIC).
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Richter, Nicole, and Jean-Luc Froger. "The role of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar in Detecting, Mapping, Monitoring, and Modelling the Volcanic Activity of Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion: A Review." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12061019.
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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing plays a significant role in volcano monitoring despite the measurements’ non real-time nature. The technique’s capability of imaging the spatial extent of ground motion has especially helped to shed light on the location, shape, and dynamics of subsurface magmatic storage and transport as well as the overall state of activity of volcanoes worldwide. A variety of different deformation phenomena are observed at exceptionally active and frequently erupting volcanoes, like Piton de la Fournaise on La Réunion Island. Those offer a powerful means of investigating related geophysical source processes and offer new insights into an active volcano’s edifice architecture, stability, and eruptive behavior. Since 1998, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been playing an increasingly important role in developing our present understanding of the Piton de la Fournaise volcanic system. We here collect the most significant scientific results, identify limitations, and summarize the lessons learned from exploring the rich Piton de la Fournaise SAR data archive over the past ~20 years. For instance, the technique has delivered first evidence of the previously long suspected mobility of the volcano’s unsupported eastern flank, and it is especially useful for detecting displacements related to eruptions that occur far away from the central cone, where Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations are sparse. However, superimposed deformation processes, dense vegetation along the volcano’s lower eastern flank, and turbulent atmospheric phase contributions make Piton de la Fournaise a challenging target for applying InSAR. Multitemporal InSAR approaches that have the potential to overcome some of these limitations suffer from frequent eruptions that cause the replacement of scatterers. With increasing data acquisition rates, multisensor complementarity, and advanced processing techniques that resourcefully handle large data repositories, InSAR is progressively evolving into a near-real-time, complementary, operational volcano monitoring tool. We therefore emphasize the importance of InSAR at highly active and well-monitored volcanoes such as Mount Etna, Italy, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i, and Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion.
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Loginov, V. A., L. I. Gontovaya, and S. L. Senyukov. "Avachinsky and Koryaksky Group of Volcanoes: Geophysical Inhomogeneity of the Lithosphere and Deep Processes (Kamchatka)." Вулканология и сейсмология 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203030622700031.
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The article presents the results of our gravimetric, seismic and electromagnetic research, as well as the data on deep seismicity of the lithosphere in the area of the active Avachinsky and Koryaksky group of volcanoes, which is the part of the East Kamchatka volcanic belt. We managed to develop the comprehensive geophysical model of the Earth’s crust and lithospheric mantle of this area. Based on the distribution scheme of the Earth’s crust geophysical inhomogeneities in general, and particularly beneath Avachinsky Volcano, we revealed specific features for both intracrustal fluid saturation and conduits through which deep fluids rise to the upper part of the crust. According to the comprehensive model, stresses arising at the margins of zones with different defluidisation conditions, in particular, in the lower part of the crust, and characterizing by contrasting electrical conductivity values, are one of the most important reasons for active seismicity beneath active volcanoes. The general scheme of the deep lithospheric processes and the volcanoes magma feeding system specific features are based on the obtained results and the data on the local seismic tomography. It is assumed that Avachinsky Volcano, being a part of the active Avachinsky and Koryaksky group of volcanoes, is connected with the asthenospheric layer at a depth of ~70–120 km, from which fluid/melts enter into the magma chamber located in the lower crust and then, under the influence of the heat from the lower crustal source, the peripheral chamber is formed in the upper crust beneath the volcano’s cone.
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Pratomo, Indyo. "Klasifikasi gunung api aktif Indonesia, studi kasus dari beberapa letusan gunung api dalam sejarah." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 1, no. 4 (December 28, 2006): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.1.4.209-227.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol1no4.20065Indonesia is well known as a volcanic country, where more than 30% out of all the world volcanoes occupied this region. Volcanic region is generally densely populated, because of their soil fertility and other land use. Based on their historical eruptions noted since and before 1600 A.D., the Indonesian active volcanoes are regrouped in to A type (79 volcanoes), which were defi ned as volcanoes erupted since 1600 A.D., B type (29 volcanoes) erupted before 1600 A.D., and C type (21 volcanoes) are solfatar fi elds (Bemmelen, 1949; van Padang 1951; Kusumadinata, 1979). Studies on parts of the Indonesian active volcanoes, show different eruptive characters, which are generally related to hazard potentials. A new classifi cation of Indonesian active volcanoes was proposed based on the combination of their physical properties, morphology, volcanic structure and eruptive styles to the eight differents types, those are Tambora (caldera formation), Merapi (lava dome), Agung (open crater), Papandayan (sector failure), Batur (post-caldera activities), Sangeangapi (lava fl ows) and Anak Krakatau types (volcano islands and submarine volcano). This classification would be make a better understanding to different characteristics of Indonesian active volcanoes, for the volcanic hazard and mitigation and also for the applied volcanological researches.
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Amini, L., M. Fathallahzadeh, and A. A. Kakroodi. "MONITORING GROUND DEFORMATION OF MUD VOLCANOES USING RADAR INTERFEROMETRIC METHOD (SBAS) AND THERMAL DATA CASE STUDY: THE SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF THE CASPIAN SEA." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-4/W1-2022 (January 13, 2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w1-2022-63-2023.
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Abstract. Mud volcano, as the most attractive geomorphological natural phenomena, includes the internal resources such as water sources or hydrocarbon reservoirs such as oil and gas fields. Therefore, monitoring their deformation and temperature anomaly has some important information of subsurface activity and mud-volcano structure. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has shown to be an effective instrument for calculating mud volcano deformation. The purpose of this study is to monitor the deformation of the mud volcanoes and also its characteristics to thermal anomaly using SBAS method by ENVISAT (C-band) radar satellite images from 2003 to 2011. Therefore, the Landsat-8 image was used to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST). The results show the most surface deformation belongs to the mud volcanoes located in the northern part of Golestan Plain, and decreased towards the southern mud volcanoes. Moreover, the highest temperature belongs to Ounegh Yilghay and Sofikam mud volcanoes, but they indicate up-lifting (207 mm) and down-lifting (−14.64 mm) respectively.
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Khlystov, О. М., and А. V. Khabuev. ""NOVOSIBIRSK" MUD VOLCANO AND EVIDENCE OF ITS ACTIVATIONS (LAKE BAIKAL)." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 15, no. 1 (February 16, 2024): 0739. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2024-15-1-0739.
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An integrated study of mud volcanoes in the World Ocean is important for making assessment of potential geological-ecological disasters caused by rapid large-volume gas discharge into the water column and mud volcano eruptions at the bottom. The study of mud-volcanic activity in the past and determination of its periodicity are pioneering for the Baikal. The mud volcanoes and other hydrate-bearing structures are largely concentrated in the Middle Baikal basin along the tectonic faults. The most representative example of these phenomena is the "Gydratny" fault, four of six structures along which are mud volcanoes. An integrated geological-geophysical study (seismoacoustic and hydroacoustic sounding and geological sampling) of the "Novosibirsk" mud volcano, the largest and well-pronounced feature of the lake bottom relief, confirmed its structural identity with classical submarine mud volcanoes. The "Novosibirsk" mud volcano possesses all major elements of other single hydrate-bearing mud volcanoes of the lake which include volcanic cone in the bottom relief, vertical acoustically not transparent feeding channel, mud-volcanic breccia, gas saturation, and gas hydrates. This makes it one of the reference hydrate-bearing mud volcanic-type structures of Lake Baikal.The analysis of the bottom hydroacoustic profiling yielded evidence of the Late Pleistocene mud-volcanic eruptions shaped as two layers-flows at sub-bottom depths of 15 and 26 m (30 and 50 kyr ago, respectively). The presence of mud-volcanic breccia beneath the thin Holocene diatomic silt deposits testifies to the Holocene mud volcano activation due to the warm fluid rising from the depths to the volcano roots along the active segment of the tectonic fault in accordance with the model of the "Baikal-type" mud volcanism. Using the "Novosibirsk" mud volcano and the "Gydratny" fault as an example, it can be shown that the past tectonic activity of the Baikal basin may be determined based on the knowledge of the structure and evolution of the mud volcanoes of the lake.
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Zeynalova, Sevil A., Volodymyr V. Manyuk, Firdus R. Karimzade, Rufat A. Shahbazov, and Tamella E. Zahidova. "Substantiating of oil and gas prospects of Mesozoic sediments based on the geochemical model of mud volcanoes in the Shamakhi-Gobustan structural element of the South Caspian megadepression." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 33, no. 3 (September 23, 2024): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112457.
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There are up to 120 mud volcanoes in the Shamakhi-Gobustan region. During the process of mud volcano eruptions, a large amount of solid, liquid, and gaseous products are thrown to the Earth’s surface, which are widely used for the identification of oil and gas deposits and are considered the main indicator of the productivity of the basin. According to laboratory results from the analysis of solid, liquid, and gas products of mud volcanoes, it is possible to obtain detailed information about the oil-gas content of deep-lying sediments. Therefore, the study of the geochemical composition of the mud volcanoes in the Shamakhi-Gobustan trough plays a major role in the discovery of new oil-gas and gas-condensate deposits. To clarify the changes in the chemical and isotopic composition of gases from mud volcanoes in the Shamakhi-Gobustan trough and to evaluate the oil-bearing and gas-bearing potential of Mesozoic sediments, the characteristics of changes in the isotopic composition of methane gas, heavy hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, ni- trogen, as well as CH4 and CO2, were studied. The amount of methane in the gas emissions released from mud volcanoes in the Azerbaijan region is more than 90%. The amount of CH4 in the mud volcanoes of the Shamakhi-Gobustan trough ranges from 78.5% to 97.56%. The minimum amount of methane is found in North Gobustan (Gizmeydan 86.8%, Malikchobanli 78.5%), while relatively high amounts are mainly noted in Central (Kushchu 97.55%) and South Gobustan (including Dashgil 97.57%, Goturdag 96.55%, Bahar 96.78%). Mud vol- canoes are less developed in the North Gobustan region and are small in size. In the Central zone, both the size and the number of volcanic cones increase significantly compared to North Gobustan. The largest and most active volcanoes have developed in the southern zone of the trough. Huge mud volcanoes such as Dashmerdan, Solakhay, Ayrantoken, Goturdag, Kirdag, and other volcanoes have developed along the Alat range. The mud volcanoes of North and Central Gobustan are mainly confined to Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments, and due to the low occurrence of plastic clay rocks in these sediment sections, mud volcanoes are rare and weakly active. On the contrary, to the south of these zones, that is, in South Gobustan, they are located in Pliocene sediments, and due to the presence of very thick plastic rocks in their section, mud volcanoes are widespread, and they are active volcanoes that are morphologically sharply reflected. It should be noted that in areas where plastic clay rocks with significant thickness and rheologically active properties are developed, large cones of mud volcanoes that erupt frequently are observed. The calculated gas production of mud volcanoes increases from the northern zone towards South Gobustan. Thus, while the calculated gas production of the Nabur volcano located in the Northern zone is 1500 m3/day, the calculated gas production of the Dashgil mud volcano located in South-Eastern Gobustan is 40,000 m3/day. In the central and south- ern zones of the Shamakhi-Gobustan trough, the presence of ancient rock fragments from the Oligocene-Miocene (Maykop) age rocks forming their roots in the solid waste of mud volcanoes (Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene), a large percentage of methane gas (97.57%), transverse elevations, and the presence of an intersection zone of longitudinal faults suggests that there is a tectonic rupture zone rich in natural gas below the base of the volcano. This is proven once again by the occurrence of gas flows in Anart (110,000 m3/day), Utalgi (50,000 m3/day), and the Touragay field (20,000 m3/day). The presence of oil films in the eruption products of mud volcanoes indicates the accumulation of oil alongside gas.
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Tiyow, Sriwahyu, Patricia Silangen, and Theresje Mandang. "Identifikasi Mekanisme Kedalaman Gempa Vulkanik Gunungapi Soputan Menggunakan Data Seismik Vulkanik Dalam Periode April-Mei 2014." Jurnal FisTa : Fisika dan Terapannya 3, no. 1 (May 3, 2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/fista.v3i1.171.
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Indonesian An archipelago country that has many volcanoes, namely 147 volcanoes 127 of which are active volcanoes. Spread in several regions of Indonesian following the boundaries of the active plate starting from the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, Flores, Sulawesi and Maluku. Soputan volcano is one of 127 active volcanoes in Indonesia, is a Strato volcano. As an active tecto-volcanic country, with many volcanoes we try to minimize and prevent the dangers posed by volcanic eruptions. Based on these thoughts, to date in Indonesian various methods of volcanic natural disasters have been carried out, including earthquakes (seismic). Volcanic earthquakes usually occur in the area around volcanoes and their magnitudes are generally very small, averaging less than 5 on the Richter Scale. The depth of the volcanic earthquake ranges from 0-40 km. Based on the hypocentrum distribution of the depth of the epicenter, it shows that the earthquake point that occurred before the eruption was at a depth of 0 km - 2 km at sea level, while the point of the earthquake that occurred during the eruption was at a depth of 0 km - 2 km below sea level, the point of the earthquake that occurred after the eruption it is at a depth of 0 km - 3 km below sea level. The mechanism for the eruption of Mount Soputan Volcano is a visual change in the vegetation around the crater, the plants turn yellow and can die, as soon as the thin crater turns gray.
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Li, Hu, Wentao Nong, Anbo Li, and Hao Shang. "Automatic Identification and Mapping of Cone-Shaped Volcanoes Based on the Morphological Characteristics of Contour Lines." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 3922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15053922.
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Cone-shaped volcanoes have important research significance and application value due to their typical cone shape and unique structural features. The existing methods for recognizing volcanoes are mainly morphological feature matching and machine learning. In general, the former has low recognition accuracy, while the latter requires a large number of training samples. The contour lines of cone-shaped volcanoes are distributed in concentric circles. Furthermore, from the center outwards, the elevation of the contour lines increases first and then decreases. Based on the morphological characteristics of cone-shaped volcanoes and the Hough transform algorithm, the main algorithm includes (1) preliminary filtering of contour lines, (2) filtering circular contour lines based on random Hough transform, (3) grouping contour lines based on contour trees, (4) recognizing cone-shaped volcanoes based on concentric-circle contour lines, and (5) automatically mapping cone-shaped volcanoes. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of this method for detecting cone-shaped volcanoes in the Western Galapagos shield volcanoes and the Mariana Trench submarine volcano group. The proposed algorithm has low missed and false alarm rates, which is basically consistent with the manual recognition results. This method can effectively automatically recognize cone-shaped volcanoes and cone-shaped landscapes and is a powerful means to support deep-space and deep-sea exploration.
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REINTHALER, JOHANNES, FRANK PAUL, HUGO DELGADO GRANADOS, ANDRÉS RIVERA, and CHRISTIAN HUGGEL. "Area changes of glaciers on active volcanoes in Latin America between 1986 and 2015 observed from multi-temporal satellite imagery." Journal of Glaciology 65, no. 252 (May 28, 2019): 542–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.30.
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ABSTRACTGlaciers on active volcanoes are subject to changes in both climate fluctuations and volcanic activity. Whereas many studies analysed changes on individual volcanoes, this study presents for the first time a comparison of glacier changes on active volcanoes on a continental scale. Glacier areas were mapped for 59 volcanoes across Latin America around 1986, 1999 and 2015 using a semi-automated band ratio method combined with manual editing using satellite images from Landsat 4/5/7/8 and Sentinel-2. Area changes were compared with the Smithsonian volcano database to analyse possible glacier–volcano interactions. Over the full period, the mapped area changed from 1399.3 ± 80 km2to 1016.1 ± 34 km2(−383.2 km2) or −27.4% (−0.92% a−1) in relative terms. Small glaciers, especially in tropical regions lost more of their area compared to large and extra–tropical glaciers. Interestingly, 46 out of 59 analysed glaciers (78%) showed a decelerating shrinkage rate in the second period (−1.20% a−1before 1999 and −0.70% a−1after 1999). We found a slightly higher (but statistically not significant) area loss rate (−1.03% a−1) for glaciers on volcanoes with eruptions than without (−0.86% a−1).
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Soldati, Arianna, and Sam Illingworth. "In my remembered country: what poetry tells us about the changing perceptions of volcanoes between the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries." Geoscience Communication 3, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-73-2020.
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Abstract. In this study we investigate what poetry written about volcanoes from the 1800s to the present day reveals about the relationship between volcanoes and the societies and times represented by poets who wrote about them, including how it evolved over that time frame. In order to address this research question, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of a selection of 34 English-language poems written about human–volcano interactions. Firstly, we identified the overall connotation of each poem. Then, we recognised specific emerging themes and grouped them in categories. Additionally, we performed a quantitative analysis of the frequency with which each category occurs throughout the decades of the dataset. This analysis reveals that a spiritual element is often present in poetry about volcanoes, transcending both the creative and destructive power that they exert. Furthermore, the human–volcano relationship is especially centred around the sense of identity that volcanoes provide to humans, which may follow from both positive and negative events. These results highlight the suitability of poetry as a means to explore the human perception of geologic phenomena. Additionally, our findings may be relevant to the definition of culturally appropriate communication strategies with communities living near active volcanoes.
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Sarmili, Lili, and Lukman Arifin. "INDIKASI GUNUNGAPI BAWAH LAUT DI PERAIRAN SANGEANG SUMBAWA NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.13.2.2015.263.
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Penelitian dengan menggunakan metode seismik pantul saluran ganda (multichannel) dan geomagnet mengindikasikan adanya gunungapi bawah laut. Dari penampang rekaman seismik dapat ditafsirkan bahwa Gunungapi bawah laut ditandai dengan bentuk tonjolan atau terobosan menembus dasar laut. Dari data megnetik kelautan diperoleh bahwa pada lokasi gunungapi bawah laut diketahui nilai anomali intensitas magnet total cukup tinggi yaitu sekitar 124 nT. Umumnya anomali intensitas magnet tinggi terdapat di bagian selatan daerah penelitian yang ditafsirkan juga sebagai penipisan kerak atau adanya Gunungapi bawah laut. Bagian selatan memang banyak didapat Gunungapi seperti gunungapi Sangeang Api yang terdapat diujung timur dan rangkaian Gunungapi lainnya yang terdapat di pulau Sumbawa (Gunungapi Tambora dan lainnya).Kata kunci metode seismik dan geomagnet, gunungapi bawah laut, Perairan Sangiang The study is equipped by using multi-channel seismic reflection and marine geomagnetic method and it indicates a submarine volcano. The seismic reflection profile can be interpreted that the submarine volcano is characterized by the bulge or break shape penetrate the seabed. From the data obtained of marine geomagnetic, the location of submarine volcanoes known value of the total magnetic intensity anomalies is quite high which is about 124 nT. Generally, the intensity of high magnetic anomaly is located in the southern part of the study area. This anomaly is interpreted as a thinning crust or the presence of submarine volcanoes. The southern part is the area where volcanoes are found such as Sangeang Api volcano located at the eastern tip and other volcanoes series on the island of Sumbawa (volcano Tambora and others). Keywords: seismic and geomagnetic methods, submarine volcanoes, Sangiang waters
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Cajz, Vladimír, Petr Schnabl, Zoltan Pécskay, Zuzana Skácelová, Daniela Venhodová, Stanislav Šlechta, and Kristýna Čížková. "Chronological implications of the paleomagnetic record of the Late Cenozoic volcanic activity along the Moravia-Silesia border (NE Bohemian Massif)." Geologica Carpathica 63, no. 5 (November 13, 2012): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-012-0033-3.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of a paleomagnetic study carried out on Plio-Pleistocene Cenozoic basalts from the NE part of the Bohemian Massif. Paleomagnetic data were supplemented by 27 newly obtained K/Ar age determinations. Lavas and volcaniclastics from 6 volcanoes were sampled. The declination and inclination values of paleomagnetic vectors vary in the ranges of 130 to 174 and -85 to -68° for reversed polarity (Pleistocene); or 345 to 350° and around 62° for normal polarity (Pliocene). Volcanological evaluation and compilation of older geophysical data from field survey served as the basis for the interpretation of these results. The Pleistocene volcanic stage consists of two volcanic phases, fairly closely spaced in time. Four volcanoes constitute the Bruntál Volcanic Field; two others are located 20 km to the E and 65 km to the NW, respectively. The volcanoes are defined as monogenetic ones, producing scoria cones and lavas. Exceptionally, the largest volcano shows a possibility of remobilization during the youngest volcanic phase, suggested by paleomagnetic properties. The oldest one (4.3-3.3 Ma), Břidličná Volcano, was simultaneously active with the Lutynia Volcano (Poland) which produced the Zálesí lava relic (normal polarity). Three other volcanoes of the volcanic field are younger and reversely polarized. The Velký Roudný Volcano was active during the Gelasian (2.6-2.1 Ma) and possibly could have been reactivated during the youngest (Calabrian, 1.8-1.1 Ma) phase which gave birth to the Venušina sopka and Uhlířský vrch volcanoes. The reliability of all available K-Ar data was evaluated using a multidisciplinary approach.
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Espinoza, Eveling, José Armando Saballos Peréz, Martha Navarro Collado, Virginia Tenorio Bellanger, Teresita Olivares Loaisiga, Martha Ibarra Carcache, David Chavarría González, Dodanis Matus Sanchez, and Elvis Mendoza Rivera. "Nicaraguan volcanic monitoring program of the Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales." Volcanica 4, S1 (November 1, 2021): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.163181.
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The Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) is the institution responsible for volcano monitoring in Nicaragua. The Volcanology Division of the General Directorate of Geology and Geophysics currently monitors six active volcanoes by means of seismology, gas measurements, optical webcams, and visual and satellite observations. The volcano monitoring network that INETER maintains is in continuous expansion and modernization. Similarly, the number of technical and scientific personnel has been growing in the last few years. 2015 was the busiest year of the last two decades: Momotombo volcano erupted for the first time in 110 years, a lava lake was emplaced at the bottom of Masaya volcano’s Santiago crater, and Telica volcano experienced a phreatic phase from May to November. Although we have increased our monitoring capabilities, we still have many challenges for the near future that we expect to resolve with support from the national and international geoscientific community. El Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) es la institución responsable de la vigilancia volcánica en Nicaragua. Su División de Vulcanología actualmente vigila seis volcanes activos por medio de sismicidad, emisiones de gases, cámaras ópticas, observaciones visuales y teledetección satelital. La red de monitoreo de volcanes que mantiene INETER está en continua expansión y modernización. Del mismo modo, el número de personal técnico y científico ha estado creciendo en los últimos años. El año 2015 fue el año más ocupado que tuvimos en las últimas dos décadas, debido a que el volcán Momotombo entró en erupción por primera vez en los últimos 110 años, se emplazó un lago de lava en el fondo del cráter Santiago (volcán Masaya), y el volcán Telica experimentó una fase freática de mayo a noviembre. A pesar del progreso realizado, todavía tenemos muchos desafíos para el futuro cercano que esperamos lograr con los recursos nacionales y de la comunidad geocientífica internacional.
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Xu, Ru, Zhiyong Xiao, Yichen Wang, and Rui Xu. "Pitted-Ground Volcanoes on Mercury." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174164.
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On the planet Mercury, pyroclastic deposits formed by explosive volcanism are developed around rimless volcanic pits that are up to dozens of kilometers in diameters. Some pyroclastic deposits on Mercury, however, host no discernable main eruption centers but feature pitted-ground terrains that each consists of many similar sized and irregularly shaped pits. Individual pits are usually much smaller and shallower than typical volcanoes on Mercury. The origin of these landforms is unknown, but it is indicative of styles of volcanism on Mercury and/or post-volcanic modifications. Here, we investigate the possible origin of these peculiar landforms based on their geological context, morphology, geometry, reflectance spectra, and geophysical background. Reflectance spectra of pyroclastic deposits around such volcanoes are comparable with those erupted from typical volcanic pits on Mercury, suggesting a genetic relation between these pitted-ground terrains with explosive volcanism, and the source magma might have similar compositions. Pitted-ground volcanoes are mainly observed in impact structures, and two cases were formed in high-reflectance smooth plains and channeled lava flows. Most pitted-ground volcanoes are relatively degraded compared with typical volcanoes on Mercury, and some might have been formed in geological recent times judged by both their pristine preservation and crosscutting relationship with impact rays. All pitted-ground volcanoes have unconfined morphology boundaries, and each case is composed by dozens of rimless pits that have similar preservation states and interconnected edges. Such morphological characteristics are unique among volcanic landforms on terrestrial bodies, and they cannot be explained by multiple post-eruption collapses of a main explosive volcano. Pitted-ground volcanoes that are developed in lava flows with the same age have different preservation states, suggesting that the pits were not formed by escape of thermally destabilized volatiles from substrate and subsequent roof collapses. The largest pitted-ground volcano (~3700 km2) is located on the Borealis Planitia, and Bouguer gravity data reveal no larger mass concentration in the subsurface than surrounding terrains, consistent with a paucity of shallow intrusions in the crust of Mercury. Short-term and spatially-clustered explosive eruptions could explain the peculiar morphology and geometry of the pits, suggesting that pits in a given pitted-ground volcano are akin to swarms of monogenetic volcanoes. However, possible magma dynamics for the formation of pitted-ground volcanoes cannot be confirmed until future high-resolution gravity mapping could reveal detailed interior structures beneath these volcanoes. Based on comparative studies with spatially-clustered and similarly aged volcanoes on Earth, we interpret that a combination of pervasive crustal fractures and regional thermal anomaly in the thin mantle of Mercury might have caused such short-term and spatially-clustered explosive eruptions. If this interpretation was true, the heavy degradation state of most pitted-ground volcanoes and the few well-preserved cases are consistent with an overall cooling trend of the mantle, indicating the existence of longstanding heterogeneous thermal structures in the mantle.
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Sitinjak, Eri S., and D. G. Harbowo. "Mud Volcanoes and Adjacent Vegetation Adaptation in the Rembang Zone, Indonesia: An Approach for Mud Volcano Investigation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1373, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1373/1/012029.
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Abstract The Rembang Zone is a physiographic zone located in the northern part of Java, Indonesia. Rembang zone includes the areas from Rembang to Tuban and reaches the island of Madura. Ten mud volcanoes were identified, each with varying levels of eruptive intensity. Locals have reported that newly erupted mud materials can disrupt soil fertility in the surrounding areas, leading to vegetation death. Interestingly, we discovered several types of vegetation at mud volcano sites that have adapted, survived, and supported vegetation succession in the surrounding areas. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the vegetation around mud volcanoes in the Rembang Zone and its mud characteristics. We employed Sankey diagram analysis to explore the adapted plant taxa at mud volcano sites in the Rembang Zone. Additionally, we assessed the substrate using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and conducted geochemical analyses on fluid and non-condensable gas using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of this study reveal that there are at least 10 potential mud volcano sites in the Rembang Zone that could be inhabited by vegetation from the Poaceae family (20%), Asteraceae (18%), Cyperaceae (15%), Fabaceae (13%), Euphorbiaceae (9%), and other plant families (2%). These plants tend to adapt to the mud volcano substrate composed of Fe (0.00-0.35 mg/L), Ca (2.9-0.16%), Na (0.02-23.7%), and Cl (13-74%). This demonstrates that vegetation around mud volcanoes in the Rembang Zone can adapt to high-salinity conditions. SEM observations revealed a high smectite content associated with limestone rock. The mud volcanoes frequently emit gases such as N2 (2.3-73%), CH4 (0-8.8%), and CO2 (17-95%), indicating a tendency to produce substrates with nearly water-boiling temperatures (45-105°C). These findings serve as a reference for further understanding the presence of vegetation around mud volcanoes, particularly for identifying the presence of other mud volcanoes through remote sensing.
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Hendrayana, Heru, Agung Harijoko, Indra Agus Riyanto, Azmin Nuha, and Ruslisan Ruslisan. "Groundwater Chemistry Characterization in the South and Southeast Merapi Volcano, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Geography 55, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.76433.
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Merapi Volcano, which differs from volcanoes in other climates due to its location on the Indonesian Maritime Continent influenced by ENSO, ICTZ, and Moonsons, plays an essential role as a source of groundwater for the surrounding population. Some problems associated with groundwater in Mount Merapi are high utilization compared to other volcanoes worldwide, changes in land use, pollution, and its lowering table. Therefore, this study aims to compare the hydrogeological characteristics and aquifer systems of the southern and southeastern parts of Merapi Volcano. The hydrogeological characteristics were obtained from geological mapping, surface and subsurface, as well as rock XRF tests. Meanwhile, the hydrogeochemical characterization was determined through chemical data using the Trilinear Piper, Kurlov, Fingerprint, Composition, and Harker Diagram methods. The results of the Trilinear Piper, Kurlov, Fingerprint, and Composition Diagram methods show that Mount Merapi has 3, 7, 4, and 2 types of patterns different from other volcanoes in the world. On the other hand, the Harker diagram has the same pattern of Mg-Ca and Mg-Na as several other volcanoes. In conclusion, the hydrostratigraphy in the southern part of the volcano, consists of aquifuge, aquiclude, and aquifer, while in the southeast, there are aquitards of volcanic sandstone and tuff.
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Girina, Olga, Alexander Manevich, Evgeny Loupian, Ivan Uvarov, Sergey Korolev, Aleksei Sorokin, Iraida Romanova, Lubov Kramareva, and Mikhail Burtsev. "Monitoring the Thermal Activity of Kamchatkan Volcanoes during 2015–2022 Using Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 15, no. 19 (September 30, 2023): 4775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15194775.
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The powerful explosive eruptions with large volumes of volcanic ash pose a great danger to the population and jet aircraft. Global experience in monitoring volcanoes and observing changes in the parameters of their thermal anomalies is successfully used to analyze the activity of volcanoes and predict their danger to the population. The Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, with its 30 active volcanoes, is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. The article considers the thermal activity in 2015–2022 of the Klyuchevskoy, Sheveluch, Bezymianny, and Karymsky volcanoes, whose rock composition varies from basaltic andesite to dacite. This study is based on the analysis of the Value of Temperature Difference between the thermal Anomaly and the Background (the VTDAB), obtained by manual processing of the AVHRR, MODIS, VIIRS, and MSU-MR satellite data in the VolSatView information system. Based on the VTDAB data, the following “background activity of the volcanoes” was determined: 20 °C for Sheveluch and Bezymianny, 12 °C for Klyuchevskoy, and 13–15 °C for Karymsky. This study showed that the highest temperature of the thermal anomaly corresponds to the juvenile magmatic material that arrived on the earth’s surface. The highest VTDAB is different for each volcano; it depends on the composition of the eruptive products produced by the volcano and on the character of an eruption. A joint analysis of the dynamics of the eruption of each volcano and changes in its thermal activity made it possible to determine the range of the VTDAB for different phases of a volcanic eruption.
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Citra Wahyuningrum, Daninta Handalia, and Muhammad Rizki Ibrahim. "Struktur Geologi Berdasarkan Citra Pada Anak Gunung Krakatau." Jurnal Publikasi Teknik Informatika 2, no. 2 (July 12, 2023): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jupti.v2i2.1799.
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Volcano monitoring is crucial, especially for a country with many volcanoes like Indonesia. One of the challenges faced in monitoring active volcanoes is the relatively large cost and the location of the volcano which is difficult to access. Geological structures can be identified and studied using imagery, including satellite imagery and aerial imagery. Although the images do not provide a direct picture of the lithological details of the rock, they can provide important information about the pattern and structural characteristics. Aerial photo acquisition for photogrammetry was carried out using a drone that was flown over the Anak Krakatau Volcano. The results of this photogrammetry can be used as a basis for assessing the Geological Structure of Anak Krakatau Volcano. The use of satellite imagery in monitoring volcanoes provides important information for public safety, scientific research, and understanding of volcanic processes. With advances in technology and the accessibility of satellite imagery data, we can gain a better understanding of volcanic activity, monitor changes, and provide early warning to people living in affected areas.
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SEGHEDI, A., S. RADAN, and A. BRICEAG. "THE GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN BASIN: ASSESSMENT OF GEOLOGICAL RESERVES WITH MUD VOLCANOES." Geo-Eco-Marina 26 (2020) (December 31, 2020): 169–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4692876.
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Among the 26 nature reserves established in the Transylvanian Basin, 13 have the status of geological reserves, and four of them are represented by mud volcanoes. Active volcanoes currently occur only in the area of Băile Homorod. The other three reserves, Filiaş, Monor and Hăşag, represent mud volcanoes in their late stage of development. Assessment of these four reserves indicate that they show scientific importance, but only those from Homorod present interesting feature of active mud volcanoes as well as a high scientific value. Educational and touristic values of the three reserves with inactive mud volcanoes are rather limited, especially that they are remotely situated and they are more difficult to find, as there are no signs for location or explanatory panels. Also, the risk of degradation of the three inactive mud volcano fields are greater, due to cessation of their activity, possibly caused by exhaustion of gases generating them, or drying of the groundwater level crossed by the gases in their way to the surface.
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Hu, Yiwei, Boxi Li, and Yue Yin. "The Causes of Volcanic Eruptions and How They Affect Our Environment." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (December 30, 2022): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4013.
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Volcanic eruptions often have an impact on the environment. In the context of the environmental problem of global warming, a large amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanic eruptions will aggravate the greenhouse effect, which has aroused widespread concern. This article first explains the volcano's cone-shaped structure with several craters, cones, and vents. Although each volcano is unique, most volcanoes can be separated into three major types, the first type is a cinder cone, the second type is a composite volcano, and the third type is a shield volcano. Furthermore, this article interprets the causes of volcanic eruptions by decompression melting, and crustal movement. In addition to this, the environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions from three different angles are explained in the article. The First is the environmental impact of volcanic eruptions at different latitudes. It not only examines the sea surface temperatures' responses to volcanic forcing but also mentions a phenomenon of wind (El Niño de Navidad) caused by volcanic. The second argument is the impact of volcanic eruption on climate. It explains the effects of volcanic dust, Sulphur dioxide, and greenhouse gases, these three main volcanic substances that contribute to environmental cooling, acid rain, and global warming respectively. The final point is the impact of volcanic eruption on the benefits and disadvantages of plant cultivation, hoping this article could raise awareness of volcanoes and global environmental problems and prevent them.
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Burton, Andrew M. "Puma abundance on the Colima Volcanic Complex." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2006.10.1.147.
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Abstract: Two adult male pumas were captured and monitored via radio-telemetry on the Colima volcanoes, western Mexico. One male occupied the western, north, and eastern slopes of the volcanic complex, whereas the other male was only located on the northeastern and eastern slopes of the volcanoes. Neither of the two males occupied the southern flank of Colima volcano. The two males were never found within close proximity to each other, although occasionally they visited the same localities. Both cats were most frequently located within humid pine-oak forest between 2,300 m and 2,900 m and were never recorded above 3,300 m. An estimated minimum density of 0.9 adult pumas/100 km2 was obtained for the Colima volcanoes. Key words: Puma concolor, Colima volcano, radio-telemetry, movements. Palabras clave: Puma concolor, Volcán de Colima, radio-telemetría, movimientos.
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Tanada, Toshikazu, Hideki Ueda, Masashi Nagai, and Motoo Ukawa. "NIED’s V-net, the Fundamental Volcano Observation Network in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 5 (September 27, 2017): 926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0926.
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In response to the recommendation of the Council for Science and Technology (Subdivision on Geodesy and Geophysics), the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) constructed a network of stations to observe 11 volcanoes: Tokachidake, Usuzan, Tarumaesan, Hokkaido-Komagatake, Iwatesan, Kusatsu-Shiranesan, Asamayama, Asosan, Kirishimayama, Unzendake, and Kuchinoerabujima. At each new station, a borehole seismograph and tiltmeter, a broadband seismograph, and a GNSS (GPS) were installed. Now, NIED has established 55 stations at 16 volcanoes, adding five volcanoes, namely, Izu- Oshima, Miyakejima, Ogasawara Iwoto, Mt. Fuji and Nasu-dake, and has constructed a new volcano observation network linking the 11 original volcanoes. NIED calls the combination of the new and earlier network the fundamental volcano observation network (V-net).Under a fully open policy, data from the borehole seismographs and tiltmeters, broadband seismographs, rain gauges, barometers,and quartz thermometers in the pressure vessels of the borehole seismographs and tiltmeters are distributed to institutes such as the Japan Meteorological Agency and universities in real time over NIED’s conventional seismic observation data distribution system. GNSS (GPS) data are regularly distributed to relevant research institutes, such as the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, using file transfer protocol (FTP). In addition, since everyone can use these data for the promotion of volcano research and volcanic disaster prevention, it is now possible to view seismic waves and download data from NIED’s website.
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AMIR, Ayesha, Syed Haroon ALI, Aasma NAZIR, Noureen SHOUKAT, Yasir BASHIR, Muhammad ABID, Muhammad Iqbal HAJANA, Razzaq Abdul MANAN, and Adnan KHAN. "INNOVATIVE ANALYSIS OF MUD VOLCANO PATTERNS IN WESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN PAKISTAN THROUGH SATELLITE IMAGERY." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 19, no. 2 (July 18, 2024): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2024/019/305.
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Mud volcanoes are geological features formed due to pressurized mud, water, gases accompanied by rocks that are expelled to the surface from underground. In Pakistan, there are more than 80 mud volcanoes. However, there is a lack of extensive, thorough mapping and analysis of Pakistan's mud volcanoes in the West and Southwest utilizing satellite image technologies. The present study aims to locate various clusters in South Western and Western regions of Pakistan, and to make a laboratory scale and conceptual model of mud volcanoes in this region to understand the underlying geological and tectonic processes. Firstly, we have used high-resolution satellite images to demarcate and identify various clusters and individual mud volcanoes. Secondly, mud volcanoes of a lesser-known western segment of Pakistan are the unexplored Pishin Basin (Qila Saifullah, Babu Cheena, Zhob). These mud volcanoes occur in distinct patterns which is the regional trend of Makran subduction zone and Pishin Basin. These mud volcanoes occur in clusters (Hingol National Park), and follow the regional structural trend of lineaments. Tracing these lineaments can help in the identification of more mud volcanoes. These active mud volcanoes release methane and hydrocarbons along with mud and water and can be identified by changes in the tone, and texture (Ormara) of the satellite image. However, few fossil or extinct mud volcanoes still have eroded (Gwadar) craters and are relatively diminished in size (~50m). They exhibit a wide variety of surface structures extruding gas and sometimes with bubbles having viscous hot fluid of mud. It could signify the presence of hydrocarbons beneath the surface. Chandragup mud volcano is an attractive place for Hindus, as they consider it a holy place. They are also important as a geoheritage and tourist sight and can generate significant revenue. Hingol National Park is a captivating site for those all over the world who adore to grasp nature thoroughly. These are significant as similar settings in other countries like Azerbaijan, Romania and New Zealand hold immense petroleum, geoheritage, geotourism and geothermal potential.
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Indriana, Rina Dwi, Mariyanto Mariyanto, Eleonora Agustin, Mimin Iryanti, Cahyo Aji Hapsoro, Sorja Koesuma, and Abdul Latif Ashadi. "Gravity Interpretation of Mud Volcano based on Satellite Data (Study Case Kuwu and Cangkring Mud Volcano)." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 14, no. 1 (May 2, 2024): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v14i1.84933.
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<p class="Abstract">A mud volcano is one type of mountain in the world. Mud volcano has specific characteristics. In Java, several mud volcanoes spread from west to east of Java. Bledug Kuwu and Bledug Cangkring are mud volcanoes in Central Java. Research on the Bledug Kuwu and Cangkring mud volcanoes systems was not done. In this preliminary study, the gravitational field analysis of the Kuwu-Cangkring mud volcano system was done by using GGmPlus satellite data with a 220 m grid and elevation data using ERTM. Free air anomaly data processing obtained a complete Bouguer anomaly value of 23 to 34 mGal. The separation process of anomalies using the upward continuation method produces a local of -0.5 to 0.5 mGal and a regional of 23 mGal to 34 mGal. The local anomaly value of Bledug Kuwu was -0.275 to - 0.05 mGal and Bledug Cangkring-0.125 to 0.1 mGal. The local anomaly around Bledug Cangkring is higher than Bledug Kuwu, indicating a lower density beneath Bledug Kuwu than in Cangkring.</p>
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Freire, Sergio, Aneta Florczyk, Martino Pesaresi, and Richard Sliuzas. "An Improved Global Analysis of Population Distribution in Proximity to Active Volcanoes, 1975–2015." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080341.
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Better and more detailed analyses of global human exposure to hazards and associated disaster risk require improved geoinformation on population distribution and densities. In particular, issues of temporal and spatial resolution are important for determining the capacity for assessing changes in these distributions. We combine the best-available global population grids with latest data on volcanoes, to assess and characterize the worldwide distribution of population from 1975–2015 in relation to recent volcanism. Both Holocene volcanoes and those where there is evidence of significant eruptions are considered. A comparative analysis is conducted for the volcanic hot spots of Southeast Asia and Central America. Results indicate that more than 8% of the world’s 2015 population lived within 100 km of a volcano with at least one significant eruption, and more than 1 billion people (14.3%) lived within 100 km of a Holocene volcano, with human concentrations in this zone increasing since 1975 above the global population growth rate. While overall spatial patterns of population density have been relatively stable in time, their variation with distance is not monotonic, with a higher concentration of people between 10 and 20 km from volcanoes. We find that in last 40 years in Southeast Asia the highest population growth rates have occurred in close proximity to volcanoes (within 10 km), whereas in Central America these are observed farther away (beyond 50 km), especially after 1990 and for Holocene volcanoes.
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Iguchi, Masato. "Special Issue on Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0003.
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Volcanic eruptions induce often widely dispersed, multimodal flows such as volcanic ash, pyroclastics, layers, and lava. Lahars triggered by heavy rain may extend far beyond ash deposits. Indonesia, which has 127 volcanoes along its archipelago, is at high risk for such disasters. The 2010 Merapi volcano eruption, for example, generated pyroclastic flows up to 17 km from the summit along the Gendol River, killing over 300 residents. The February 13, 2014, eruption of the Kelud volcano produced a gigantic ash plume over 17 km high, dispersing tehpra widely over Java Island. Ash falls and dispersion closed 7 airports and caused many flights to be cancelled. Volcanoes in Japan have recently become active, with the 2014 phreatic eruption at the Ontake volcano leaving 63 hikers dead or missing. The eruption of the Kuchinoerabujima volcano on May 29, 2015, forced all island residents to be evacuated. All of these events undeerscore how underedeveloped Japan’s early warning alert levels remain. The Sakurajima volcano, currently Japan’s most active, maintained high activity in the first half of 2015. Ash from Janaury 2015, for example, was moved down the volcano’s slopes by extremely heavy rain in June and July, accumulating as thick sediment near villages. Regarding such situations of volcano countries, we will develop an integrated system to mitigate many kinds of disasters which are generated by volcanic eruptions and extended by rain fall and wind, based on scientific knowledge. We are developing an integrated warning system to be used by local and national governments to mitigate volcanic and sediment disasters. We are also creating measure against volcanic ash for airlines. This special issue summarizes basic scientific knowledge and technology on the present warning system to be used in the integrated system for decision-making.
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Korznikov, Kirill. "Vegetation cover at the Maguntan mud volcano (Sakhalin Island, Russia): species composition and spatial distribution." Phytocoenologia 45, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2015/0013.
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Mud volcano vegetation is not well-studied even in comparison with that of geothermal areas. Mud volcanoes provide opportunities to study the formation of the spatial and species structure of vegetation cover in distinct conditions, showing the trends in vegetation succession. The mud fields of the Maguntan mud volcano (Sakhalin, Russia) are cool, not warm, and their mud fluids have high salinity and alkalinity. In the 20th century some local endemic taxa were found at this place: Artemisia limosa, Gentianella sugawarae, Primula sachalinensis and Deschampsia tzvelevii. I identified nine plant communities and analyzed floristic richness, vegetation cover and endemism rate using data from 185 1 m × 1 m quadrats. The salinity decreases with distance from the volcano's main eruptive center. The total plant cover, number of plant species, and floristic richness increase with the distance from the volcano's center. Endemic taxa including the local endemic grass species Deschampsia tzvelevii are located in young mud substrates. Detrended correspondence analysis showed that the plant communities are arranged along a stress gradient. The spatial distribution of plant communities may be interpreted via succession dynamics.
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Reddin, Eoin, Susanna Ebmeier, Marco Bagnardi, Andrew F. Bell, and Pedro Espín Bedón. "Craters of habit: Patterns of deformation in the western Galápagos." Volcanica 7, no. 1 (April 23, 2024): 181–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.07.01.181227.
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The western Galápagos islands of Fernandina and Isabela comprise six active volcanoes that have deformed since first observed by satellite radar in the early 1990s. We analyse new (2015–2022) displacement time series at Alcedo, Cerro Azul, Darwin, Fernandina, Sierra Negra, and Wolf volcanoes in the context of deformation and unrest since 1992. Previous discussions of volcano deformation have focused on eruptions, major intrusive episodes, and the structure of sub-volcanic systems. We discuss the full geodetic record of deformation and show that the style of eruptions, characteristics of unrest and deformation are distinctive at each volcano. These characteristic differences in deformation and unrest styles between the volcanoes have persisted for at least three decades, since the first satellite radar measurements. These consistent differences in shallow magma storage and eruptive dynamics reflect the influence of “top-down” factors and evolutionary stage, providing a basis to understand volcanic unrest here, and to inform monitoring strategies.
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Mihai, Andrei, Alexandra Gerea, Dragoș Tataru, Eduard Nastase, and Bogdan Grecu. "A Geophysical Investigation of the Pâclele Mici Mud Volcano in Romania Using Deep Geoelectrical Surveys." Applied Sciences 14, no. 6 (March 14, 2024): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14062463.
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This work presents a case study of a geoelectrical exploration of understudied mud volcanoes in Romania, specifically the Pâclele Mici mud volcano from Buzău County. Using a geoelectrical technique facilitated by the distributed network of V-FullWaver equipment, we present, to our knowledge, the first deep 3D case study of a mud volcano in the country. The findings indicate that while geoelectrical surveys in such environments are met with important challenges in terms of soil conductivity, they nonetheless provide a viable approach to uncovering the complex structures and processes of mud volcanoes. We map a part of the mud volcano, showing that the active subsurface part corresponds only partly with what is visible on the surface, and suggest a framework for an in-depth analysis of the extensive mud volcano area.
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Ustyugov, G. V., and V. V. Ershov. "Mud volcanism as a dangerous phenomenon for oil and gas facilities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 946, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/946/1/012030.
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Abstract The research dwells on the danger of mud volcanism for human economic activity, namely, oil and gas production. We performed quantitative assessment of mud volcanoes activities, using Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region as examples. Average annual number of mud volcanoes eruptions is 3–4 for Azerbaijan and 1–2 for Kerch-Taman region. We estimate the catalogues of mud volcanic eruptions for those areas to be 52 % and 39 % complete, respectively. Mud volcanoes eruptions are quite frequent. In both regions, over 50 % of all recorded eruptions occur within ten years of the latest eruption. Analysis of mud volcanic eruptions catalogues shows that the volume of breccia ejected during an eruption is practically not related to how long the mud volcano was quiescent. Analysis of potential impact of seismicity on mud volcanic activity shows that the probability of mud volcanoes responding to an earthquake is 6 % and 10 % for Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region, respectively.
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Galetto, Federico, Edna Dualeh, Francisco Delgado, Matthew Pritchard, Michael Poland, Susanna Ebmeier, Tara Shreve, et al. "The utility of TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and PAZ for studying global volcanic activity: Successes, challenges, and future prospects." Volcanica 7, no. 1 (June 4, 2024): 273–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.07.01.273301.
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TerraSAR-X (TSX), TanDEM-X (TDX), and PAZ Synthetic Aperture Radar data have been used at over 120 volcanoes to assess surface characteristics and change over time. We examine previous work, adding additional examples to understand where and when these data are most useful for volcanology. We focus on volcanoes as part of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Volcano Demonstrator Project. TSX/TDX/PAZ data provide a valuable means of detecting small surface changes from amplitude images and topographic changes from bistatic TSX/TDX data. For short temporal and perpendicular baselines, TDX/TSX/PAZ can also provide useful deformation data, even in presence of vegetation. No global background mission currently acquires TSX/TDX/PAZ data at volcanoes: 70 % high spatial resolution data, limiting their suitability for studying pre-eruptive unrest. Coordinated targeting by SAR constellations of priority volcanoes would provide data and insights valuable for forecasting eruptions and associated hazards.
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Forte, Pablo, Lizzette Rodríguez, Mariana Patricia Jácome Paz, Lizeth Caballero García, Yemerith Alpízar Segura, Emilce Bustos, Constanza Perales Moya, Eveling Espinoza, Silvia Vallejo, and Mariano Agusto. "Volcano monitoring in Latin America: taking a step forward." Volcanica 4, S1 (November 1, 2021): vii—xxxiii. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.viixxxiii.
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Monitoring the state of active volcanoes is the foundational component of volcanic risk reduction strategies. To a large extent, these responsibilities rest with volcano observatories. Based on the 11 Reports that constitute this Special Issue—“Volcano Observatories in Latin America”—we provide a comprehensive overview of the work that has been carried out by the observatories in Latin America, a region in which tens of millions of people are exposed to volcanic activity. Since the first steps taken in the 1980s, volcano observatories of the region have made significant progress in assessing and monitoring volcanic activity. Currently, 17 institutions officially contribute to monitoring 135 volcanoes in 10 countries. Along with the improvements in the instrumental, technical, and operational capabilities, advancements have been made in long-term hazard assessment and hazard communication. But despite all the progress accomplished, several challenges and limiting factors still remain, such as the lack of financial resources and training opportunities. Efforts should be focused on increasing the number and quality of monitoring networks. El monitoreo del estado de los volcanes activos es un componente fundamental de las estrategias para la reducción del riesgo volcánico. En gran medida, estas responsabilidades recaen en los observatorios volcánicos. A partir de los 11 Reportes que constituyen este Número Especial –“Observatorios volcanológicos en América Latina”– brindamos un detallado resumen del trabajo llevado adelante por los observatorios en Latinoamérica, una región con decenas de millones de personas expuestas a la actividad volcánica. Desde sus primeros pasos a principios de 1980, los observatorios volcanológicos de la región han logrado avances significativos en la evaluación y vigilancia de la actividad volcánica. Actualmente, 17 instituciones contribuyen oficialmente al monitoreo de 135 volcanes en 10 países. Junto con las mejoras en sus capacidades instrumentales, técnicas y operativas, se produjeron avances también en la evaluación y comunicación de peligros a largo plazo. A pesar del avance logrado, aún persisten desafíos y factores limitantes, como la falta de recursos económicos y oportunidades de capacitación. Los esfuerzos futuros deben centrarse en aumentar el número y la calidad de las redes de monitoreo.
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Yakymchuk, Mykola, Ignat Korchagin, and Arzu Javadova. "Application of Frequency-Resonance Methods of Satellite Images Processing for Hydrogen and Living Water Accumulations Searching Within Local Areas in Europe." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012080.
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Abstract The results of the application of mobile direct-prospecting technology of frequency-resonance processing and interpretation of satellite images and photo images at the sites hydrogen degassing in various regions are presented. Experimental reconnaissance studies were carried out to study the features of deep structure of the hydrogen degassing areas. The materials of instrumental measurements indicate that in regions of basalt volcano’s location with roots at different depths, signals at hydrogen frequencies are almost always recorded. When scanning the cross-section, responses from hydrogen are recorded from the upper edges of basaltic volcanoes to their roots. It can be assumed that basaltic volcanoes are a kind of channels through which hydrogen migrates to the upper horizons of the cross-section and further into the atmosphere. Within many basaltic volcanoes at a depth of 68 km, deep (living) water is synthesized. Hydrogen-rich water is curative and can be used for wellness purposes. All surveyed zones of longevity on Earth are located within basalt volcanoes, in which water synthesized at a depth of 68 km migrates to the surface and is used for water supply. Hydrogen deposits can be formed by basaltic volcanoes in adjacent sealed reservoirs. Within some survey areas, responses at hydrogen frequencies from limestones, dolomites and marls were recorded at shallow depths. Direct-prospecting technology can be used to study reservoirs in crystalline rocks (basalts including). Detailed studies and wells drilling in promising areas can be planned and carried out for hydrogen and living water at the same time. The result of investigation indicates the advisability of using direct-prospecting methods of frequency-resonance processing of satellite images to detect zones of hydrogen accumulation in areas of basalt volcano’s location, as well as in areas of hydrogen degassing. The use of mobile and low-cost technology will significantly speed up the exploration process for hydrogen, as well as reduce the financial costs for its implementation.
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Seniukov, S., and I. Nuzhdina. "VOLCANOES of KAMCHATKA." Zemletriaseniia Severnoi Evrazii [Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia], no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2019.22.43.
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The results of near real-time monitoring of the active Kamchatka volcanoes are described. Continuous monitoring was carried out using three remote methods: 1) seismic monitoring according to automatic telemetric seismic stations; 2) visual and video observation; 3) satellite observation of the thermal anomalies and ash clouds. Daily information about the volcanic activity is published on the Internet (http://www.emsd.ru/~ssl/monitoring/main.htm) since February 2000. Annual results of the seismic activity of the Northern (Shiveluch, Kluchevskoy, Bezymianny, Krestovsky, and Ushkovsky), Avacha (Avachinsky and Koryaksky), Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, and Kizimen volcano are presented. 4390 earthquakes with КS=3.0–8.5 were located for the Northern volcano group, 213 earthquakes with КS=1.8–5.7 – for Avacha volcano group, 110 earthquakes with КS=2.7–7.2 – Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, 199 earthquakes with КS=3.0–8.5 for Kizimen volcano, and 22 earthquakes with КS=3.7–6.7 for the Zhupanovsky volcano in 2013. Maps of epicenters, quantities of seismic energy, and earthquake distribution according to class are given. All periods of activity were fixed and investigated by remote methods in 2013: intensive volcanic activity of Sheveluch volcano associated with new cone, subplinian summit eruption of Kluchevskoy volcano, seismic and volcanic activity of Zhupanovsky volcano after a 56-year quite period, and the ending of the long-time eruptions: Tolbachik fissure eruption and Kizimen volcano eruption.
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Ratih Nurdiyani Sari, Dwi Setyasih, and Octarina Budi Lestari. "IMPLEMENTASI DATA MINING UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI BENCANA ALAM DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS: GUNUNG AKTIF)." Jurnal Teknik dan Science 3, no. 3 (November 3, 2024): 22–31. https://doi.org/10.56127/jts.v3i3.1819.
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This research build to predict one of the natural disasters in Indonesia, that is Active Volcano which could erupt at any time. This natural disaster occurs quite often in Indonesia and results in losses for residents who live around active volcanoes. Based on this, the researcher wants to create a decision tree that can help predict the situation before a volcano erupts, which can later be applied so that residents around active volcanoes and ordinary people can know the signs before a volcanic eruption occurs. This research will use the application of data mining with the c4.5 algorithm method as a tool in creating decision trees.
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Seniukov, S., and I. Nuzhdina. "VOLCANOES OF KAMCHATKA." Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia, no. 23 (December 15, 2020): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2020.23.38.
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The results of near real-time monitoring of the active Kamchatka volcanoes are described. Continuous monitoring was carried out using three remote methods: 1) seismic monitoring according to automatic telemetric seismic stations; 2) visual and video observation; 3) satellite observation of the thermal anomalies and the ash clouds. Daily information about volcanic activity is published in the Internet (http://www.emsd.ru/~ssl/ monitoring/main.htm) since February 2000. Annual results of seismic activity of the Northern (Shiveluch, Klu-chevskoy, Bezymianny, Krestovsky and Ushkovsky), Avacha (Avachinsky and Koryaksky), Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group and Kizimen volcano are presented. 4983 earthquakes with КS=2.1–8.7 were located for Northern volcano group, 469 earthquakes with КS=1.6–6.1 – for Avacha volcano group, 459 earthquakes with КS=1.9–6.1 – Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, 220 earthquakes with КS=2.4–8.5 for Kizimen volcano and 238 earthquakes with КS=2.5–8.4 for Zhupanovsky volcano in 2014. Maps of epicenters, quantities of seismic energy and earth-quake distribution according to class are given. All periods of activity were fixed and investigated by remote me-thods in 2014: intensive volcanic activity of Shiveluch volcano associated with new cone, a con-tinuation of the seismic and volcanic activity of Zhupanovsky volcano after 56-year quite period and the ending of the summit explosive-effusive eruption of Kluchevskoy volcano in January-February.
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Bayraktutan, Mehmet Salih, and Shura A. Ganbarova. "Analysis of geochemical properties of eruption products of mud volcanoes in the Lower Kura depression." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2024): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112422.
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Due to its location, the Lower Kura depression is included in the north-west part of the South Caspian basin. It stretches from northwest to southeast and enters the South Caspian basin. It is a deep-seated (buried) depression. Its crystalline base is located at a depth of 20-22 km. Two main anticlinal linear zones are separated on the border of the depression: Kalamaddin-Bandovan and Padar-Neftchala. In addition, the Kursangi and Southern Kursangi uplifts, freely located between them, were discovered. One of the main features of this oil and gas region is the extensive development of mud volcanoes in its territory. Within it 33 mud volcanoes were discovered characterized by intensive oil-gas eruptions. In this article, based on the detailed analysis of the existing geological-geophysical material, the distribution area of the mud volcanoes developed in the depression, and the geo- chemical characteristics of their eruption products were reviewed. The goal is to determine the gases contained in the products thrown by volcanoes to the earth’s surface and to study their distribution over the area. For this purpose, the content of methane gas, heavy hydrocarbons, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in eruption materials was studied. According to the results obtained from the analysis, the composition of the gases in the mud volcanoes present in the depression consists mostly of methane. The amount of methane in the eruptive products of Agzibir volcano varies from 86.3% to 98.88% (Kalamaddin mud volcano). The average mark of methane gas ranges from 86.6% (Akhtarmaardi) to 91.3% (Harami). At the same time, maps were drawn up to determine the distribution of gases in the eruptive materials in the study area. At the same time, a map of the location of the Galmaz mud volcano, a geological profile passing through the mud volcano was created. The amount of gases released into the atmosphere was determined based on the analysis of mud volcano eruption products in the south-west and north-east parts of the Galmaz area. As a result of geological and geophysical studies it was determined that the chemical composition of the eruption products of the Galmaz mud volcano is different. The analysis show that most of the gases released from the volcano into the atmosphere consist of methane gas. It is 9 gas - 97.42%. The amount of other gases is relatively small: heavy hydrocarbons – 0.04%, nitrogen- 0.48%, CO2- 2.06%. The deposits related to mud volcano are mainly massive, structural and tectonically screened types. However, hydrocarbons accumulated within traps are formed oil-gas and gas individual deposits.
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Stoffle, Richard, and Kathleen Van Vlack. "Talking with a Volcano: Native American Perspectives on the Eruption of Sunset Crater, Arizona." Land 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020196.
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A new volcano erupted in the eleventh century AD in the San Francisco volcanic field, which has as many as 80 old volcanoes and 600 eruption cones all centered around Flagstaff, Arizona. This volcanic landscape has been a cultural center for Native American spiritual activities for up to 23,000 years. During that time, they have come to perceive volcanoes as earth navels and thus places where the earth is reborn. For this reason, the emergence of an active volcano, called Sunset Crater, drew pilgrims and resulted in the construction of ceremonial and support communities surrounding a place called Wupatki. This paper is partially based on a 2004 study funded by the U.S. National Park Service, which produced 80 ethnographic interviews with representatives of six Native American ethnic groups composed of 12 tribes and pueblos. The analysis is informed by a total of 23 ethnographic studies of volcanoes conducted with Native Americans by the authors. In all studies, Native American participants conveyed that they have cultural connections with volcanoes that derive from their Creation-based knowledge of the Earth as being alive and volcanoes being its rebirth. Traditional cultural information is critical to park management and compliance with various laws, regulations, executive orders, and policies so that park managers can better address tribal requests for continued access, use, and interpretation of park natural resources. Native Americans involved in our NPS ethnographic studies agreed that it is not necessary for the NPS to accept as true what Native Americans believe, but it is essential to tell in park interpretative settings both stories side by side with equal accuracy.
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Алтанболд, Э., Х. Уламбадрах, Г. Бямбабаяр та Д. Санчир. "Дарьгангын лаавын тавцан дахь Шилийн Богд галт уулын геоморфологийн хэлбэр". Geographical Issues 19, № 2 (5 вересня 2019): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/.v19i2.881.
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The Cenozoic volcanism, which has been active in the territory of Mongolia since the beginning of the last century, has attracted the attention of Central Asian researchers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the geological research materials of the previous study and to determine the morphological origin and morphology of Shiliin Bogd volcano as the key representative of Cenozoic volcanism. In general, due to the lava flow of basic composition, several types of geomorphological forms have been identified, and the identification of the type of dominant distribution is associated with a relation with origin problem that has not been encountered in our country before, and because of the current importance, the selection of the Shiliin Bogd volcano in Dariganga Plateau becomes important. The morphometric analyses were performed in-field measurements and previous studies, also highlighted the faults in satellite and other images using the morpho-structure method in order to depict the geomorphology of the Shiliin Bogd volcano. By comparing the results of the morphometric analysis, the Shiliin Bogd volcano morphological type was determined and a schematic diagram of the volcano's origin was developed. A large lava flow of fundamental composition flowed along to the large faults that stretched from the northeast to the southwest of the Shiliin Bogd volcano, which resulted in the current morphological forms of Shiliin Bogd and other volcanoes. The lava flow had a flow rate of less than 50% SiO2, which led to the creation of a Lava Plato. The morphological formations of lava cones, which are semicircular and basal in composition, with the average slope of the Shiliin Bogd volcano crater in 410, depth 63 meters and crater average diameter 302 meters, have been compared with morphology of other volcanoes by morphometric analysis. Based on the researchers' research data, the age of the trap of Shiliin Bogd volcano can be traced to the late Quaternary age, possibly to the Holocene age. Further details of the age of the basalt rock need to be precise.
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Tanaka, Hiroyuki K. M. "Japanese volcanoes visualized with muography." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (December 10, 2018): 20180142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0142.
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High-energy muons that are generated via the reaction between primary cosmic rays and the Earth's atmosphere can be used to map out the density distribution in shallow parts of a volcano's interior. This new subterranean imaging technique called muography has been applied to three different kinds of volcano dynamics in Japan: lava dome formation, vulcanian explosions and magma convection. Taking all of the observational data together, it appears that muography can serve as a new and alternative volcano observation technique, providing a fresh approach to understanding eruption mechanism. This review describes observational studies in which muography has been used to explore the volcano's interior. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
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Fazlutdinova, Alfiya, Yunir Gabidullin, Rezeda Allaguvatova, and Lira Gaysina. "Diatoms in Volcanic Soils of Mutnovsky and Gorely Volcanoes (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia)." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091851.
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Volcanic activity has a great impact on terrestrial ecosystems, including soil algae in general and diatoms in particular. To understand the influence of volcanoes on the biodiversity of diatoms, it is necessary to explore the flora of these microorganisms in regions with high volcanic activity, which includes the Kamchatka peninsula. During the study on diatoms in the soils of Mutnovsky and Gorely volcanoes of Kamchatka, 38 taxa were found. The Mutnovsky volcano diatom flora was more diverse and accounted for 35 taxa. Eunotia curtagrunowii, Humidophila contenta, and Pinnularia borealis were the dominant species. In the Gorely volcano, only 9 species were identified, with Caloneis bacillum and Pinnularia borealis prevailing in the samples. Overall, the genera Pinnularia and Eunotia were the most diverse in the studied area. The diatom flora of the studied volcanoes comprises mostly cosmopolitan small-sized taxa with a wide range of ecological plasticity. Our data confirm the high adaptive potential of diatom algae and add new knowledge about the ecology and biogeography of this group of microorganisms.
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Nakamichi, Haruhisa, Masato Iguchi, Hetty Triastuty, Hery Kuswandarto, Iyan Mulyana, Umar Rosadi, Hendra Gunawan, et al. "A Newly Installed Seismic and Geodetic Observational System at Five Indonesian Volcanoes as Part of the SATREPS Project." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0006.
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“Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products” Project was launched in March 2014 for the Galunggung, Guntur, Kelud, Merapi, and Semeru volcanoes. The objectives of the project include the development of an observational system for the prediction and real-time estimations of the discharge rate of volcanic products. Under the project, a team from the Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) and the Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) initiated the installation of a digital seismic and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observational network for the volcanoes in December 2014, and finished the installation in September 2015. The seismic and GNSS data are transmitted by wireless local area networks (WLANs) from the stations to an observatory at each target volcano. We introduced three Windows PC software for data analysis: the first for estimating the equivalent rate of ejected ash from a volcano, the second for continuous smoothing of tilt data and detecting inflation and deflation in the volcanic sources, and the third for continuously evaluating eruption urgency to predict the eruption time. The seismic and GNSS data were routinely transmitted to the Support Systems of Decision Making (SSDM) at CVGHM or BPPTKG. Data completeness varied from volcano to volcano; for example, the data acquired for Kelud volcano were relatively stable, while those for Merapi volcano were problematic, owing to a communication disruption in the WLAN. We obtained the seismic and GNSS data at the target volcanoes in the observation period since 2015 when they have been relatively quiet.