Relevant bibliographies by topics / Voltage capacity curve

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Voltage capacity curve'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Voltage capacity curve"

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Han, Xuebing, Xuning Feng, Minggao Ouyang, Languang Lu, Jianqiu Li, Yuejiu Zheng, and Zhe Li. "A Comparative Study of Charging Voltage Curve Analysis and State of Health Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicle." Automotive Innovation 2, no. 4 (December 2019): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-019-00080-2.

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AbstractLithium-ion (Li-ion) cells degrade after repeated cycling and the cell capacity fades while its resistance increases. Degradation of Li-ion cells is caused by a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms and it is strongly influenced by factors including the electrode materials used, the working conditions and the battery temperature. At present, charging voltage curve analysis methods are widely used in studies of battery characteristics and the constant current charging voltage curves can be used to analyze battery aging mechanisms and estimate a battery’s state of health (SOH) via methods such as incremental capacity (IC) analysis. In this paper, a method to fit and analyze the charging voltage curve based on a neural network is proposed and is compared to the existing point counting method and the polynomial curve fitting method. The neuron parameters of the trained neural network model are used to analyze the battery capacity relative to the phase change reactions that occur inside the batteries. This method is suitable for different types of batteries and could be used in battery management systems for online battery modeling, analysis and diagnosis.
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Wang, Wen Juan, Guang Xi Zheng, and Wei Dong Lu. "A Design of Charger with Intelligent Charging and Capacity Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.64.

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This is a design of intelligent charger with battery capacity detection based on STC12C5AS2 single chip microcomputer. By connecting PC, users could set cut-off charge-discharge voltage and current directly to get monitor the no-man. It realized to judge limiting voltage and current automatically and has intelligent floating and trickle charge. The users could see voltage curve, current curve, percent of charge, capacity both charge and discharge respects. Here, we introduced partly, including simply circuit design and offered our photo both circuit and real device. We focus to detail program design of PC end in the paper. We used double buffer technique to solve flicker phenomenon. Meanwhile, when we designed and performed repeatedly, we found another good ways to save CPU and reduce volume of calculation. That is that we created another two container to save calculated data so to plot more fast when grid is in unchanged.
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Wu, Shu-Hsien, Yue Kuo, and Chi-Chou Lin. "Light Wavelength Effects on Performance of a-Si:H PIN Photodiodes." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.840.

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ABSTRACTLight effects on the performance of the a-Si:H PIN photodiode has been studied. The leakage current-voltage and capacitance-voltage curves under the red, green and blue light illuminations were measured. The apparent charge storage density in the negative voltage range was quantified from the capacitance-voltage curve; charges in the positive voltage range were estimated from the leakage current-voltage curve. A comparison of charge storage capacities of diodes with different intrinsic layer thicknesses is also presented. The diode under the long wavelength light illumination condition stored more charges than that under the short wavelength light illumination condition because the former could penetrate the intrinsic a-Si:H layer deeper than the latter could. The leakage current and charge storage capacity of the diode are determined by the generation of electron-hole pairs, the depletion of charges in the intrinsic layer, and the supply of charges from the electrodes. The number of incident photons is critical to the process.
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Kulanchikov, Yuriy O., Pavel S. Vergeles, and Eugene B. Yakimov. "Effect of low-energy electron irradiation on voltage-capacity curves of Al/SiO2/Si structure." Modern Electronic Materials 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.5.4.52311.

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Charging of dielectric targets by electron irradiation is a well-known phenomenon which should be taken into account in characterization of dielectric materials and coatings with electron microscopy, in electron beam lithography, in development of dielectric coatings for spacecrafts and other fields of science and engineering. Charging kinetics is strongly affected by spatial distribution of electrons and holes formed by irradiation. At the experimental electron beam energy electron penetration depth is smaller than dielectric thickness and this allows identifying the contribution of excess carrier transport to trap formation at the SiO2/Si interface. Low-energy electron beams have been shown to substantially affect C–V curve slope, i.e., to form traps at the interface. We have studied the effect of bias applied to the test structure before and after electron beam irradiation. The experiment has shown that bias of either polarity applied to the test MOS structure before low-energy electron beam irradiation practically does not affect the C–V curves of the test structure. Positive bias applied to the metallization layer during low-energy electron beam irradiation has a strong effect on the C–V curve pattern while negative bias affects the C–V curves but slightly. Study of the stability of the changes caused by electron beam irradiation has shown that the C–V curves of the test structure restore slowly even at room temperature. Application of negative bias decelerated charge relaxation.
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Liu, Meng, Wei Yong Jiang, Yi Wei Zhang, and Yong Min. "Available Transmission Capacity Analysis for the Receiving-End Grid of UHV-DC Transmission System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.390.

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UHV-DC transmission system presents certain adverse reactive characteristics to its receiving-end grid. Based on the approach of P-V curve and V-Q curve, this paper presents a method of voltage stability analysis for the receiving-end grid of UHV-DC transmission system, which gives its available transmission capacity (ATC), voltage limit and reactive power margin, with the consideration of the normal, N-1 and N-2 operation situations and the situation of the commutation failure. Different with traditional ATC analysis, the characteristics of UHV-DC transmission system is included here. With the real UHV-DC project of ±800kV HaZheng in China, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed mothed are verified.
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Oyarbide, Mikel, Mikel Arrinda, Denis Sánchez, Haritz Macicior, Paul McGahan, Erik Hoedemaekers, and Iosu Cendoya. "Capacity and Impedance Estimation by Analysing and Modeling in Real Time Incremental Capacity Curves." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 4855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184855.

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The estimation of lithium ion capacity fade and impedance rise on real application is always a challenging work due to the associated complexity. This work envisages the study of the battery charging profile indicators (CPI) to estimate battery health indicators (capacity and resistance, BHI), for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. Different incremental capacity (IC) parameters of the charging profile will be studied and compared to the battery capacity and resistance, in order to identify the data with the best correlation. In this sense, the constant voltage (CV) step duration, the magnitudes of the IC curve peaks, and the position of these peaks will be studied. Additionally, the behaviour of the IC curve will be modeled to determine if there is any correlation between the IC model parameters and the capacity and resistance. Results show that the developed IC parameter calculation and the correlation strategy are able to evaluate the SOH with less than 1% mean error for capacity and resistance estimation. The algorithm has been implemented on a real battery module and validated on a real platform, emulating heavy duty application conditions. In this preliminary validation, 1% and 3% error has been quantified for capacity and resistance estimation.
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Feng, Xuning, Caihao Weng, Xiangming He, Li Wang, Dongsheng Ren, Languang Lu, Xuebing Han, and Minggao Ouyang. "Incremental Capacity Analysis on Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Support Vector Regression: A Parametric Study." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092323.

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Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) has been used pervasively to characterize the degradation mechanisms of the lithium-ion batteries, and several online state-of-health estimation algorithms are built based on ICA. However, the stairs and the noises in the discrete sampled voltage data obstruct the calculation of the capacity differentiation over voltage (dQ/dV), therefore we need methods to fit the sampled voltage first. In this paper, the support vector regression (SVR) algorithm is used to smooth the sampled voltage curve using Gaussian kernels. A parametric study has been conducted to show how to enhance the performances of the SVR algorithm, including (1) speeding up the algorithm by downsampling; (2) avoiding overfitting and under-fitting using proper standard deviation σ in the Gaussian kernel; (3) making precise capture of the characteristic peaks. A novel method using linear approximation has been proposed to help judge the accuracy of the SVR algorithm in tracking the ICA peaks. And advanced SVR algorithms using double σ and using cost function that directly regulates the differentiation result have been proposed. The advanced SVR algorithm can make accurate curve fitting for ICA with overall error less than 1% (maximum 3%) throughout cycle lives, for four kinds of commercial lithium-ion batteries with LiFePO4 and LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathodes, making it promising to be further applied in online SOH estimation algorithms.
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Jones, C. Birk, Matthew Lave, Matthew J. Reno, Rachid Darbali-Zamora, Adam Summers, and Shamina Hossain-McKenzie. "Volt-Var Curve Reactive Power Control Requirements and Risks for Feeders with Distributed Roof-Top Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174303.

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The benefits and risks associated with Volt-Var Curve (VVC) control for management of voltages in electric feeders with distributed, roof-top photovoltaic (PV) can be defined using a stochastic hosting capacity analysis methodology. Although past work showed that a PV inverter’s reactive power can improve grid voltages for large PV installations, this study adds to the past research by evaluating the control method’s impact (both good and bad) when deployed throughout the feeder within small, distributed PV systems. The stochastic hosting capacity simulation effort iterated through hundreds of load and PV generation scenarios and various control types. The simulations also tested the impact of VVCs with tampered settings to understand the potential risks associated with a cyber-attack on all of the PV inverters scattered throughout a feeder. The simulation effort found that the VVC can have an insignificant role in managing the voltage when deployed in distributed roof-top PV inverters. This type of integration strategy will result in little to no harm when subjected to a successful cyber-attack that alters the VVC settings.
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Zheng, Yuejiu, Languang Lu, Xuebing Han, Jianqiu Li, and Minggao Ouyang. "LiFePO4 battery pack capacity estimation for electric vehicles based on charging cell voltage curve transformation." Journal of Power Sources 226 (March 2013): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.057.

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Lee, Park, and Kim. "Incremental Capacity Curve Peak Points-Based Regression Analysis for the State-of-Health Prediction of a Retired LiNiCoAlO2 Series/Parallel Configured Battery Pack." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101118.

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To recycle retired series/parallel battery packs, it is necessary to know their state-of-health (SOH) correctly. Unfortunately, voltage imbalances between the cells occur repeatedly during discharging/charging. The voltage ranges for the discharge/charge of a retired series/parallel battery pack are reduced owing to the voltage imbalances between the cells. To determine the accurate SOH of a retired series/parallel battery pack, it is necessary to calculate the total discharge capacity using fully discharging/charging tests. However, a fully discharging/charging test is impossible owing to the reduced voltage range. The SOH of a retired series/parallel battery pack with a voltage imbalance should be estimated within the reduced discharging/charging voltage range. This paper presents a regression analysis of the peak point in the incremental capacity (IC) curve from the fresh state to a 100-cycle aging state. Moreover, the SOH of the considered retired series/parallel battery pack was estimated using a regression analysis model. The error in the SOHs of the retired series/parallel battery pack and linear regression analysis model was within 1%, and hence a good accuracy is achieved.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Voltage capacity curve"

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Guedj, Annie. "Oxydation photo-assistee du silicium par laser au co2 continu et contribution a l'etude des couches de silice obtenues." Toulouse, INSA, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ISAT0011.

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Les caracteristiques de "l'oxyde laser" obtenu sont etudiees: 1)grace au controle de temperature par pyrometrie en ce qui concerne la cinetique de croissance. 2) a partir de mesures c(v) et i(v) en ce qui concerne les proprietes electriques. 3) par spectrometrie ir en ce qui concerne les proprietes physiques. Ces caracteristiques sont ensuite comparees a celles de l'oxyde thermique conventionnel. Enfin, par la realisation de transistors m. O. S. A "oxyde laser" (oxyde de grille), nous avons montre que ce mode d'oxydation assistee par laser peut etre utilise dans les technologies m. O. S.
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ADEKOYA, OLUSEYI. "Etude du recuit thermique rapide des defauts d'implantation dans le silicium : epitaxie en phase solide et guerison des imperfections residuelles." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077265.

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Etude de l'activation electrique des dopants (donneur p; accepteur b) et de l'elimination des defauts residuels dans si monocristallin par recristallisation epitaxique des couches, amorphisees par implantation ionique, et par recuit thermique rapide. Controle de la qualite des couches par retrodiffusion de rutherford et microscopie electronique en transmission et de l'elimination des defauts residuels par la methode dlts (niveau profond a 0,55 ev de la bande de valence). Confirmation de cette elimination des defauts par recuit thermique rapide apres fusion laser de si, avant et apres implantation ionique. Analyse du role electrique des defauts (contraintes thermoelastiques, association impurete-defaut primaire) dans si n, non implante, par des mesures dlts, capacite tension et courant-tension; reduction de leur concentration par depot d'une fine couche d'oxyde
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GILLMANN, GILBERT. "Dopage plan silicium dans l'arseniure de gallium." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066256.

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Apres avoir rappele le principe de la technique de croissance d'epitaxie par jets moleculaires, presentation d'un ensemble de caracterisations magneto-electriques (effet hall a bas champ magnetique, magneto-resistance et effet a fort champ magnetique), mais aussi des resultats purement electriques de c(v). Analyses par spectroscopie de masse d'ions secondes et mesures de double diffraction x. Tres bon accord entre ces resultats experimentaux et les investigations theoriques sur ces structures. Application de la technique a l'elaboration de dopages intenses, de contact ohmiques non allies et de transistors a effet de champ dont le canal est constitue par un dopage plan. Les performances presentees montrent les potentialites des dopages plan dans l'application a des structures de plus en plus sophistiquees
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Books on the topic "Voltage capacity curve"

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Epstein, Charles M. Electromagnetism. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0001.

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This article elucidates on the concept of electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction with a view to explaining the theory of magnetic stimulation, used to cure diseases in human beings. Magnetic stimulation follows the principles of electromagnetism. A changing primary current induces secondary currents, which are called eddy currents, in the nearby conductors (human tissue in this case). The strength of the electric field is measured by its electromotive force (emf), which in turn, is measured in volts. The changing primary current also gives rise to an induced voltage in the primary loop itself. The essential circuitry of a magnetic stimulator is composed of three elements, the capacitor, inductance of the stimulation coil, and a switch to connect them. This article also explains the process of the energy flow system through the inductor-capacitor system, applying this principle to the biphasic TMS pulse.
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Conference papers on the topic "Voltage capacity curve"

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Hidayat, Arnita, Cahayahati, Mirza Zoni, and Saiful Jamaan. "Determination of optimal power capacity for run of river hydro power plant based on flow duration curve using newton's interpolation method." In 2017 International Conference on High-Voltage Engineering and Power Systems (ICHVEPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichveps.2017.8225875.

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Meijaard, J. P., B. Krijnen, and D. M. Brouwer. "Deflection of an Eccentric Tooth of a Comb Drive in an Electrostatic Field." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12956.

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The elastic deflection of a comb drive tooth in an electrostatic field is considered. The tooth can be symmetrically located between two rigid teeth of the matching comb, in which case the problem reduces to a pure bifurcation problem for which the critical voltage can be determined. Alternatively, due to an approximate straight-line mechanism, the tooth can have a uniform initial lateral displacement and a smooth curve of equilibria is found which has a limit point, after which pull-in occurs. An assumed deflection shape and a series expansion of the electrostatic capacity yield the deflection curves for the case with a uniform initial lateral displacement. This shows that pull-in occurs at a voltage that is reduced by a factor that is about proportional to the two-third power of the relative lateral initial displacement. The theoretical results have been experimentally tested. The results show a qualitative agreement, but the experimental deflections are larger and the pull-in voltages are lower. These differences can be explained from neglected fringe fields and deviations from the nominal shape.
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Lee, Suhak, Jason B. Siegel, Anna G. Stefanopoulou, Jang-Woo Lee, and Tae-Kyung Lee. "Comparison of Individual-Electrode State of Health Estimation Methods for Lithium Ion Battery." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9014.

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It is essential to understand the state-of-health (SOH) of the individual electrode to avoid accelerating degradation of Li-ion battery. Electrode SOH can be quantified based on estimating the capacity and the utilization range of each electrode. Here, we introduce two methods: i) voltage fitting (VF) and ii) peak alignment (PA), and compare their ability to estimate the electrode SOH parameters. Both methods assume the half-cell open-circuit potentials (OCPs) are invariant functions of the stoichio-metric states with the cell aging, which can make the accuracy of the electrode parameter estimation vulnerable to degradation that would cause changes in the half-cell OCP curves. This hypothesis is verified experimentally by applying the two methods to aged cells cycled at high temperature. A discernible misalignment of the peaks is observed in the differential voltage curve from the VF method indicating the estimation result is incorrect, even though it reconstructs the OCV with the small error and estimates the cell capacity accurately. Therefore, it is seen that the lower voltage error and the accurate cell capacity estimate do not necessarily promise a better estimation accuracy for the electrode SOH parameters.
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Hu, Chao, Mingyi Hong, Yifei Li, and Ha-Lim Jeong. "On-Board Analysis of Degradation Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Battery Using Differential Voltage Analysis." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59389.

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Reliability of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries has been recognized as of high importance from a broad range of stakeholders, including manufacturers of battery-powered devices, regulatory agencies, researchers and the general public. Failures of Li-ion batteries could result in enormous economic losses and catastrophic events. To enable early identification and resolution of reliability issues and proactive prevention of failures, it is important to be able to diagnose, in a quantitative manner, degradation mechanisms of individual battery cells while the cells are in operation. This paper proposes a methodological framework for on-board quantitative analysis of degradation mechanisms of Li-ion battery using differential voltage analysis. In the framework, the task of on-board degradation analysis is decomposed into two phases: 1) offline high precision characterization of half-cell differential voltage (dV/dQ) behavior, which collects high precision voltage (V) and capacity (Q) data from positive and negative electrode half-cells; and 2) online (on-board) quantitative analysis of degradation mechanisms, which adopts recursive Bayesian filtering to online estimate degradation parameters based on measurement of full-cell dV/dQ curve. These degradation parameters quantify the degrees of degradation from the mechanisms. Simulation results obtained from LiCoO2/graphite Li-ion cells verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework in online estimation of the degradation parameters.
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Shavezipur, Mohammad, Amir Khajepour, and Seyed Mohammad Hashemi. "Design and Modelling of Novel Linearly Tunable Capacitors." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14765.

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MEMS-based tunable capacitors with electrostatic actuation are well-known for their wide tuning ranges, high Q-factors, fast responses, and small sizes. However, tunable capacitors exhibit very high sensitivity near pull-in voltage which counters the concept of tunability. In this research, two novel designs are presented that improve the high sensitivity in capacitance-voltage (C-V) curve. In the first design, the nonlinear deformation of supporting beams is studied to develop a new nonlinear spring. The variable stiffness coefficients of such springs improve the linearity of the C-V curve, and by delaying the pull-in, the maximum tunability is also increased without using complex geometries. In the second design, an asymmetric non-parallel-plate capacitor is introduced, in which the C-V response has lower sensitivity at high voltages. The design concept can be applied to highly tunable capacitors to improve the sensitivity and maintain high tunability. The numerical results demonstrate low sensitivity and high linearity and tunability for the new designs.
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Shavezipur, Mohammad, Amir Khajepour, and Seyed Mohammad Hashemi. "Design and Optimization of a New Highly Linear Tunable MEMS Capacitor." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42506.

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In this paper, a novel linearly tunable MEMS capacitor with high tunability is introduced. The characteristic air gap-voltage curve for an ideally linear tunable capacitor is studied. This curve is considered as a target for new designs. A three-structural layer process is used to develop the capacitor. The actuation and sense gaps in the three-plate capacitor are selected in such a way that for a voltage interval (between zero and pull-in), the gap-voltage response for sense electrodes becomes similar to the ideal curve. The resulting capacitance-voltage response of the new design demonstrates a combination of high linearity and tunability up to 250%. For processes which have fixed layer thickness and the sense and actuation gaps cannot be optimized, the design is modified by adding nonlinear springs and asymmetric geometry. The results of numerical simulation for a capacitor designed for PolyMUMPs process verify the improvement of linearity and tunability.
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Liu, Yiqun, Y. Gene Liao, and Ming-Chia Lai. "Ambient Temperature Effect on Performance of a Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery Cell for 12-Voltage Applications." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10369.

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Abstract Operating temperature has a significant impact on the performance, safety, and cycle lifetime of the lithium-ion batteries. The operating temperature of a battery is the result of the ambient temperature augmented by the heat generated by the battery. This paper presents the empirical investigation of the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of a Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide based cell with 3.6V nominal voltage and 20Ah capacity. The experiments are carried out in an environment chamber using five controlled temperatures at −20°C, −10°C, 0°C, 20°C, and 50°C, as the ambient temperatures. In each controlled temperature test, a constant current (10A, 20A, and 40A) continuously discharge the cell to a cut-off 2.5V. The cell discharging voltages and usable capacities are the battery performance indicators. The experimental tests show that discharging voltage at 50% DOD and the total discharging time to reach 2.5V (usable capacity) increase as the ambient temperature increases. The modeling and simulation of a battery cell temperature model is built in the Simulink platform. The correlations show that simulated and experimental discharging curves match well in the 0–80% DOD range and the discrepancy is under 7%. The developed simulation model could provide thermal management guidelines for lithium-ion polymer battery applications in 12 voltage SLI, start-stop, and 48 voltage mild hybrid electric vehicles.
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Wang, Dajia, Jun Yao, Qing Rao, Li Zhang, Chuankai Qiu, and Tianquan Fan. "Modeling and Analysis of Digital Tunable RF MEMS Capacitors." In 2008 Second International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/micronano2008-70226.

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The recent development of radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology has demonstrated great potential at the communication applications. The capacitors with tunable characteristics are now greatly required. Various structure designs of tunable capacitors have been reported, such as two or three parallel plates with a vertical electrostatic actuator showing a restricted tuning range due to the pull-in effect [1], comb-driven variable capacitors which can achieve a large tuning ratio but are poor at high insertion loss and controlling voltages and low Q-factor [2], and thermal-driven capacitors [3] having a disadvantage that their response speed is generally slower than that of electrostatic actuators. In this paper, we present two designs of MEMS electrostatically tunable capacitor; only one structural layer and one sacrificial layer are required. In Fig. 1, seven cantilever beams with constant length of 240μm, width of 60μm, thickness of 2μm are constructed as top electrodes on a coplanar waveguide transmission line. The separation between adjacent cantilevers is 600μm. The separated bottom electrodes, which are insulated by Si3N4 of 150nm, are 100μm length and 60μm width. The bottom electrodes and CPW transmission line are isolated by Si3N4 of 50nm, and the air gap is 2μm. The top electrodes can be driven individually by the separated bottom electrodes. Fig. 2 illustrates the second design has the varied cantilever width that changes from 60μm to 120μm. The length of bottom electrode that is directly treated as CPW transmission line is 4230μm and the width is 100μm; other structural parameters are the same as those of the first design. When an electrical potential is applied between the top and bottom electrodes of both designs, an attractive force is generated to pull the top cantilevers down, thus a variable capacitor is formed. The capacitor C is related to the overlap area A, the spacing d0-d between the top and bottom electrodes. d0 is the initial gap and d is the displacement of the top electrode. C=εAd0−d(1) The mechanical and RF performances of these two designs have been analyzed by FEA method. For the first design, when all beams are applied equal controlling voltages, the relationship between the capacitance in total and voltages is shown in Fig. 3 (a). When the voltage is 48V, the capacitance is 239.2fF but the tuning ratio is just about 1.2. Fig. 3 (b) shows the RF characteristic obtained by using HFSS when one, two, four or none of top electrodes are applied controlling voltage for a displacement of 0.6μm. The S-parameters vs. Frequency curves demonstrate that such design has a wide tunable frequency range from 0.1GHz to 70GHz, and the return loss can reach as large as −35dB at the self-resonating frequency of 15GHz and more than −20dB under 40GHz. In practical, it can be used as a distributed phase shifter. For the second design, the capacitor vs. voltage curve is shown in Fig. 4 (a). When a voltage of 48V is applied, the tuning ratio is very close to that of the first design. The main reason is that, when applied the same voltage, the displacements of cantilever beams with varied width are independent of the width and approximately have the same magnitudes. In Fig. 4 (b), S-parameter analyses have shown a wide narrow frequency range and large return loss compared to the first design when no voltage is applied.
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Richardson, Robert R., Christoph R. Birkl, Michael A. Osborne, and David A. Howey. "Battery Capacity Estimation From Partial-Charging Data Using Gaussian Process Regression." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5365.

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Accurate on-board capacity estimation is of critical importance in lithium-ion battery applications. Battery charging/discharging often occurs under a constant current load, and hence voltage vs. time measurements under this condition may be accessible in practice. This paper presents a novel diagnostic technique, Gaussian Process regression for In-situ Capacity Estimation (GP-ICE), which is capable of estimating the battery capacity using voltage vs. time measurements over short periods of galvanostatic operation. The approach uses Gaussian process regression to map from voltage values at a selection of uniformly distributed times, to cell capacity. Unlike previous works, GP-ICE does not rely on interpreting the voltage-time data through the lens of Incremental Capacity (IC) or Differential Voltage (DV) analysis. This overcomes both the need to differentiate the voltage-time data (a process which amplifies measurement noise), and the requirement that the range of voltage measurements encompasses the peaks in the IC/DV curves. Rather, GP-ICE gives insight into which portions of the voltage range are most informative about the capacity for a particular cell. We apply GP-ICE to a dataset of 8 cells, which were aged by repeated application of an ARTEMIS urban drive cycle. Within certain voltage ranges, as little as 10 seconds of charge data is sufficient to enable capacity estimates with ∼ 2% RMSE.
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ChiuHuang, Cheng-Kai, Chuanzhen Zhou, and Hsiao-Ying Shadow Huang. "Exploring Lithium-Ion Intensity and Distribution via a Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63013.

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Abstract:
For high rate-capability and low cost lithium-ion batteries, the prevention of capacity loss is one of major challenges facing by lithium-ion batteries today. During electrochemical processes, lithium ions diffuse from and insert into battery electrodes accompanied with the phase transformation, where ionic diffusivity and concentration are keys to the resultant battery capacity. In the current study, we first compare voltage vs. capacity curves at different C-rates (1C, 2C, 6C, 10C). Second, lithium-ion distributions and intensity are quantified via the Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The result shows that voltage vs. capacity relations are C-rate dependent and larger hystereses are observed in the higher C-rate samples. Detailed quantification of lithium-ion intensity for the 1C sample is conducted. It is observed that lithium-ions are distributed uniformly inside the electrode. Therefore, the current study provides a qualitative and quantitative data to better understand C-rate dependent phenomenon of LiFePO4 battery cells.
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