Relevant bibliographies by topics / Voltage droop

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Voltage droop'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Voltage droop"

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Gorijeevaram Reddy, Prudhvi Kumar, Sattianadan Dasarathan, and Vijayakumar Krishnasamy. "Investigation of Adaptive Droop Control Applied to Low-Voltage DC Microgrid." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175356.

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In a DC microgrid, droop control is the most common and widely used strategy for managing the power flow from sources to loads. Conventional droop control has some limitations such as poor voltage regulation and improper load sharing between converters during unequal source voltages, different cable resistances, and load variations. This paper addressed the limitations of conventional droop control by proposing a simple adaptive droop control technique. The proposed adaptive droop control method was designed based on mathematical calculations, adjusting the droop parameters accordingly. The primary objective of the proposed adaptive droop controller was to improve the performance of the low-voltage DC microgrid by maintaining proper load sharing, reduced circulating current, and better voltage regulation. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was verified by conducting simulation and experimental studies.
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S. Pilehvar, Mohsen, and Behrooz Mirafzal. "Frequency and Voltage Supports by Battery-Fed Smart Inverters in Mixed-Inertia Microgrids." Electronics 9, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111755.

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This paper presents a piecewise linear-elliptic (PLE) droop control scheme to improve the dynamic behavior of islanded microgrids. Islanded microgrids are typically vulnerable to voltage and frequency fluctuations, particularly if a combination of high- and low-inertia power generation units are used in a microgrid. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources can cause sudden power mismatches, and thus, voltage and frequency fluctuations. The proposed PLE droop control scheme can be employed in a battery energy storage system (BESS) to effectively mitigate voltage and frequency fluctuations in an islanded microgrid. Though the PLE shape can be implemented for any droop control scheme, it has been applied for active power-frequency (P-f) and reactive power-voltage (Q-v) droops in this paper. In addition, the dynamic response of a battery-fed smart inverter equipped with the proposed PLE droops has been compared with the results obtained from a linear droop control scheme in an islanded microgrid containing high- and low-inertia power-generation units. In this paper, the results of several case studies are presented to confirm the capability of the PLE droop control in mitigating voltage and frequency fluctuations in islanded microgrids.
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Gadhethariya, Fenil V., and Melvin Z. Thomas. "Analysis of Voltage Droop Control of Dc Micro-Grid." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/69.

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Zhang, Liang, Kang Chen, Shengbin Chi, Ling Lyu, and Guowei Cai. "The Hierarchical Control Algorithm for DC Microgrid Based on the Improved Droop Control of Fuzzy Logic." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152995.

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In the direct current (DC) microgrid composed of multiple distributed generations, due to the different distances between various converters and the DC bus in the system, the difference of the line resistance will reduce the current sharing accuracy of the system. The droop control was widely used in the operation control of the DC microgrid. It was necessary to select a large droop coefficient to improve the current sharing accuracy, but a too large droop coefficient will lead to a serious bus voltage drop and affect the power quality. In view of the contradiction between the voltage regulation and load current sharing in the traditional droop control, a hierarchical control algorithm based on the improved droop control of the fuzzy logic was proposed in this paper. By improving the droop curve, the problems of voltage regulation and current sharing were solved simultaneously. The effectiveness of the algorithm was verified by simulation.
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Le, Phuong Minh, Huy Minh Nguyen, Hoa Thi Xuan Pham, and Tho Quang Tran. "Analysis and design of new droop control scheme for three-phase parallel inverters in standelone Microgrid." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i1.605.

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This paper presents a new load sharing technique for parallel-connected three-phase inverters in Standelone Microgrid. The paper proposed improvements droop controller to accurate load share by ratio with rated power of the inverter. In addition, the proposed scheme ensures reduced load voltage droop due to the load and droop. In the paper, the active power and reactive power are divided by voltage regulation under reference voltage in conditions of stark difference between line impedances, In addition the paper presents the ability to overcome the disadvantages of traditional droop scheme. The proposed model is simulated by Matlab-Simulink for 3 parallel-connected threephase inverters. The simulation results proved the technical soundness and advantages of the proposed in comparision with a tradition scheme even if the output impedance is resistance reactance in power sharing and load voltage drop reduce problems.
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Mohammadi, Fazel, Gholam-Abbas Nazri, and Mehrdad Saif. "An Improved Droop-Based Control Strategy for MT-HVDC Systems." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010087.

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This paper presents an improved droop-based control strategy for the active and reactive power-sharing on the large-scale Multi-Terminal High Voltage Direct Current (MT-HVDC) systems. As droop parameters enforce the stability of the DC grid, and allow the MT-HVDC systems to participate in the AC voltage and frequency regulation of the different AC systems interconnected by the DC grids, a communication-free control method to optimally select the droop parameters, consisting of AC voltage-droop, DC voltage-droop, and frequency-droop parameters, is investigated to balance the power in MT-HVDC systems and minimize AC voltage, DC voltage, and frequency deviations. A five-terminal Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC)-HVDC system is modeled and analyzed in EMTDC/PSCAD and MATLAB software. Different scenarios are investigated to check the performance of the proposed droop-based control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed droop-based control strategy is capable of sharing the active and reactive power, as well as regulating the AC voltage, DC voltage, and frequency of AC/DC grids in case of sudden changes, without the need for communication infrastructure. The simulation results confirm the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed droop-based control strategy.
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Ren, Biying, Xiangdong Sun, Shasha Chen, and Huan Liu. "A Compensation Control Scheme of Voltage Unbalance Using a Combined Three-Phase Inverter in an Islanded Microgrid." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092486.

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A large number of single-phase loads in an islanded microgrid have a bad influence on the alternating current (AC) bus voltage symmetry, which will further impact the power supply for the other loads. In this paper, the combined three-phase inverter is adopted as the distributed generation (DG) interface circuit for its independent control of each bridge. However, the combined three-phase inverter will generate an asymmetrical voltage with the traditional droop control. Moreover, the system impedance also effects the voltage symmetry. Therefore, the improved droop control method based on the self-adjusting P-f and Q-U droop curves and the system impedance voltage drop compensation are proposed. The system control scheme is also designed in detail. A simulation and an experiment under the conditions of the balanced, unbalanced loads are carried out, and the results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the control strategy.
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Chen, Xiao Qi, and Hong Jie Jia. "A New more Stable Droop Control Strategy in the Islanded Microgrid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2228.

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The droop control is commonly used as the control strategy in microgrid. The traditional droop control only considers the relation between the active power and voltage frequency; and the relation between the reactive power and voltage amplitude.This study proposes the improved droop control ; which considers the active and reactive power are simulatedly related with both the voltage amplitude and the voltage frequency. This improved droop control not only could satisfy the load sharing in according to the capability of the distributed generations; but also represents better stability than the conditional droop control.The simulation in MATLAB/simuliink validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy
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Zhang, Quan-Quan, and Rong-Jong Wai. "Robust Power Sharing and Voltage Stabilization Control Structure via Sliding-Mode Technique in Islanded Micro-Grid." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040883.

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With a focus on the problems of active power sharing and voltage deviation of parallel-connected inverters in an islanded micro-grid (MG), in this study, the power-voltage droop controller and the inner voltage regulator are redesigned based on a total sliding-mode control (TSMC) technique. As for the power-voltage droop control loop, a droop control relation error between the active power and the point-of-common-coupling (PCC) voltage amplitude is defined. Then, the TSMC scheme is adopted to reach the new droop control relation, where the active power sharing and voltage amplitude recovery can be achieved simultaneously. Owing to the faster dynamic response and strong robustness provided by the TSMC framework, high-precision active power sharing during transient state also can be ensured without the influence of line impedances. The power allocation error can be improved by more than 81.2% and 50% than the conventional and proportional-integral (PI)-based droop control methods, respectively, and the voltage deviation rate can be reduced to 0.16%. Moreover, a small-signal model of the TSMC-based droop-controlled system is established, and the influences of control parameters on the system stability and the dynamic response are also investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified by numerical simulations and experimental results.
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Yan, Xiangwu, Hongbin Ma, Jiaoxin Jia, Waseem Aslam, Chenguang Wang, Shizheng Zhang, and Baixue Liang. "Precise Reactive Power-Voltage Droop Control of Parallel Virtual Synchronous Generators That Considers Line Impedance." Electronics 10, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111344.

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Problems such as high power coupling, low distribution accuracy, and insufficient reactive power-voltage droop accuracy occur when distributed generators are operated in parallel due to the influence of line impedance. The precise control of output reactive power and voltage is difficult to achieve using traditional virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control. Taking this into consideration, this study proposes a virtual synchronous generator reactive power-voltage integrated control strategy that considers line parameters to solve this problem. First, the impedance voltage drop of the line is compensated for in accordance with local information control to ensure the consistency of the control voltage in parallel operation of distributed generators and to realize the precise droop control of reactive power and the voltage of the point of common coupling (UPCC). Second, virtual negative impedance control is added to change the equivalent output impedance characteristics of the system and achieve power decoupling. On this basis, the active frequency and reactive voltage decoupling control effect of the improved control strategy is quantified and analyzed using the relative gain matrix. The accuracy of reactive power distribution and droop control is theoretically derived and analyzed by establishing a small-signal model of a two-machine parallel system. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed integrated control strategy are verified via a simulation model and an experimental platform for parallel operation. Results show that the proposed integrated control strategy can effectively solve the problems of power decoupling and accurate distribution, reduce system loop current, and realize accurate reactive power-voltage droop. Compared with the traditional VSG control strategy, the dynamic deviation of UPCC is reduced by at least 40% when a large-scale load disturbance occurs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Voltage droop"

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Ahmed, Faisal Mahmood. "Estimated Droop Control for Parallel Connected Voltage Source Inverters : Stability Enhancement." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för fysik och elektroteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-30794.

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Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are considered as the replacement of conventionalenergy sources. These RES can use wind energy, solar light, bio waste and can alsobe in the form of small hydro power units. These RES has very poor power qualityand contains voltage uctuations and variable frequency. These factors make RES astability risk for the main utility grid. As a solution, currently inverters with dierentdesign techniques are being used as an interface between RES and main utility grid. Thecurrent study proposed a new technique "estimated droop control" for inverter design.The conventional droop control technique which was already used in inverter design, hasdiculty in synchronizing parallel connected inverters with dierent droop gains and lineimpedances. The proposed "estimated droop control" does not use any predened droopvalues for inverters and all inverters are responsible for the estimation of their own droopvalues with respect to their output power. Therefore, inverters are not bound to usesame and static droop values which are considered as a vital communication link. Theproposed design methodology has made inverters independent from this only virtual linkof communication due to which the reliability of a system has increased. The proposeddesign technique has given very good results in a simulation run. When the Simulinkmodel was run in parallel connected inverter with dierent line impedances, it was asuccess as both inverters started operating with same droop values as they were sharingan equal load. The most important test was with dierent line impedances because inconventional droop control it is dicult for inverters to keep their synchronism withdierent line impedances and an unequal load sharing make inverters to deviate fromtheir nominal values and to generate dierent tracking signals for each set. This problemhas been successfully solved with estimated droop control as in this method each inverterset its droop gains according to its output power, which helps an inverter to operate atnominal values with dierent droop gains and line impedance.
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Aluru, Radha Krishna. "Voltage Droop Analysis and Mitigation in STTRAM-based Last Level Cache." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6455.

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Preferred especially for a Last Level Cache (LLC) due to its high retention and tolerance capabilities, Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STTRAM) is an emerging and a promising Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technology. To switch the magnetization of a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ), the amount of current needed is very high (~100μA per bit). For a full cache line (512-bit) write, this extremely high current results in a voltage droop in the conventional cache architecture. Due to this droop, the write operation fails especially when the farthest bank of the cache is accessed. In this thesis, we perform an analysis of the voltage droop across the STTRAM Last Level cache and then propose a new cache micro-architecture to mitigate the droop problem and make the write operations successful. Instead of continuously writing the entire cache line (512-bit) in a single bank, the proposed architecture writes 64-bits in multiple physically separated locations across the cache. The voltage droop issue for crossbar memories such as Resistive RAM (ReRAM) has been pointed out but however, similar issue for STTRAM has never been investigated. In this study, we perform voltage droop analysis on the conventional STTRAM LLC while performing write/read operation with a simulation circuit model. Our investigation reveals that this problem exists for the write operation in a STTRAM LLC when we try to access the farthest bank in the cache. We propose a droop-mitigation Architecture which reduces the droop significantly. The effectiveness of this proposed architecture on the cache parameters such as latency and energy are compared with the conventional architecture for against various benchmarks. From the simulation results obtained (both circuit and micro-architectural), compared to the conventional architecture, the proposed architecture incurs 1.95% IPC and 5.21% energy for a 8MB last level cache.
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Butcher, Nicholas David. "Active Paralleling of High Power Voltage Source Inverters." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3430.

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Power electronics are becoming established in ever broadening areas of industry. The transition from previous generation technology is driven by the oportunity for improvements in controllability, efficiency, and longevity. A wide variety of power semiconductors are available, however power handling capacity is still a significant limitation for many applications. An increase in the capacity of a single device is usually accompanied by a drop in switching frequency, and hence achievable system bandwidth. Increased capacity can be attained without this loss in bandwidth by using multiple lower power devices in parallel. Products based on parallel device topologies are already present in the marketplace, however there are many associated complications. The nature of these complications depends on the control method and topology used, but no system combines high performance and high power with high reliability and easy maintainability. This research aims to identify and develop a method that would provide a system of voltage source inverters with a total capacity in excess of 10MVA, with effective control bandwidth comparable to a 100kVA system. Additionally, the method should be equally applicable at still higher power levels in the future with the anticipated development of higher capacity power semiconductors. The primary goal when using paralleled devices is to achieve an even distribution of system load between them, as unbalanced load leads to poor system utilisation. Devices can be paralleled either passively, in which devices are controlled in common and characteristics inherent to the device are relied upon to balance load; or actively, in which devices are individually controlled and monitored to improve load balance. A key component of the thesis is the identification and analysis of the inadequacies inherent to passively paralleled systems. It is the limitations of passive paralleling that provide the motivation to develop an active parallel control mechanism. Following the analysis, an active control algorithm is developed and implemented on a paralleled system. The proposed system topology consists of an array of medium power Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) modules operating in parallel. Each module is controlled semi-independently at a local level, with an inter-module communications network to enable active equalisation of module load, and redundant fault management. An innovative load equalisatiion algorithm is developed and proven, the key feature of which is this inclusion of a synthetic differential resistance between modules within the system. The result is a modular expandable structure offering the potential for very high power capacity combined with quality of response usually only found in low power systems. The system as a whole is extremely reliable as any module can be isolated in the event of a fault without significantly affecting the remainder of the network. Performance results from both simulation and experimentation on a two module small scale prototype are given. Using the developed topology and control method extremely accurate load balancing can be achieved without degradation of the response characteristics. The system is tested up to only 2.4kW in the course of this research, but the correlation with simulation is high and gives confidence that the developed mechanism will allow the 10MV A goal to be achieved. Following the developmental stage of this research the technology has been applied to a commercial system comprising parallel structures of up to 8 modules with a total power handling capacity of 1MVA with no deterioration in performance. 2MVA systems are deliverable with the current technology without any changes, and higher power levels are expected to be easily achieved.
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Nord, Thomas. "Voltage Stability in an Electric Propulsion System for Ships." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118932.

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This Master of Science thesis was written based on the shipbuilder Kockums AB feasibility study regarding the development of an All- Electric Ship for the Swedish Navy. The thesis was aiming at addressing voltage stability issues in a dc system fed by PWM rectifiers operating in parallel when supplying constant power loads. A basic computer model was developed for investigating the influence from various parameters on the system. It was shown that the voltage stability is dependent upon the ability to store energy in large capacitors. It was also shown that a voltage droop must be implemented maintaining load sharing within acceptable limits. Different cases of operation were modelled, faults were discussed, and the principal behaviour of the system during a short-circuit was investigated. It was shown that the short-circuit current is much more limited in this type of system in comparison to an ac system. It was concluded that more research and development regarding the components of the system must be performed.
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Chen, Fang. "Control of DC Power Distribution Systems and Low-Voltage Grid-Interface Converter Design." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77532.

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DC power distribution has gained popularity in sustainable buildings, renewable energy utilization, transportation electrification and high-efficiency data centers. This dissertation focuses on two aspects of facilitating the application of dc systems: (a) system-level control to improve load sharing, voltage regulation and efficiency; (b) design of a high-efficiency interface converter to connect dc microgrids with the existing low-voltage ac distributions, with a special focus on common-mode (CM) voltage attenuation. Droop control has been used in dc microgrids to share loads among multiple sources. However, line resistance and sensor discrepancy deteriorate the performance. The quantitative relation between the droop voltage range and the load sharing accuracy is derived to help create droop design guidelines. DC system designers can use the guidelines to choose the minimum droop voltage range and guarantee that the sharing error is within a defined range even under the worst cases. A nonlinear droop method is proposed to improve the performance of droop control. The droop resistance is a function of the output current and increases when the output current increases. Experiments demonstrate that the nonlinear droop achieves better load sharing under heavy load and tighter bus voltage regulation. The control needs only local information, so the advantages of droop control are preserved. The output impedances of the droop-controlled power converters are also modeled and measured for the system stability analysis. Communication-based control is developed to further improve the performance of dc microgrids. A generic dc microgrid is modeled and the static power flow is solved. A secondary control system is presented to achieve the benefits of restored bus voltage, enhanced load sharing and high system efficiency. The considered method only needs the information from its adjacent node; hence system expendability is guaranteed. A high-efficiency two-stage single-phase ac-dc converter is designed to connect a 380 V bipolar dc microgrid with a 240 V split-phase single-phase ac system. The converter efficiencies using different two-level and three-level topologies with state-of-the-art semiconductor devices are compared, based on which a two-level interleaved topology using silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs is chosen. The volt-second applied on each inductive component is analyzed and the interleaving angles are optimized. A 10 kW converter prototype is built and achieves an efficiency higher than 97% for the first time. An active CM duty cycle injection method is proposed to control the dc and low-frequency CM voltage for grounded systems interconnected with power converters. Experiments with resistive and constant power loads in rectification and regeneration modes validate the performance and stability of the control method. The dc bus voltages are rendered symmetric with respect to ground, and the leakage current is reduced. The control method is generalized to three-phase ac-dc converters for larger power systems.
Ph. D.
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Tomaszewski, Michal. "Reactive power management capabilities of Swedish sub-transmission and medium voltage level grid." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240411.

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Rising penetration of renewable energy sources in electric power grids isboth a challenge and an opportunity to optimally utilize the potential of eitherwind or PV energy sources, to stabilize operation of future power systems.Bi-directional ows between distribution and transmission system operatorscause signicant problems with keeping the voltages in the grid within admissiblelimits. This paper contains description of Oland's island mediumandlow-voltage electric power grid, ranging from 0.4 kV to 130 kV in thepurpose of quasi-static analysis of active and reactive power ows in the system.Goal of the analysis is to optimize reactive power exchange at the pointof connection with the mainland grid. In the analyzed grid system, thereis an enormous, 190 % penetration of wind sources. Capacity of the windparks connected to dedicated buses totals to 136.1 MW, that supply up to90.5 MW of load. With industry-wise reactive power capability limits, totalcontribution of wind parks reaches almost 66 MVAr, enabling to compensatedecits and extra surpluses of the reactive power in the grid. Presentedsystem is connected to the mainland's grid through one point of connection,which is simulated as Thevenin equivalent circuit. Main objective of thethesis is to test and analyze viable solutions to minimize reactive power exchangeat the point of connection at Stavlo substation connecting Oland'sand Sweden's electric grid keeping valid all necessary contingencies enforcedby current grid codes applied in Sweden as well as thermal limits of the linesand voltage limits of the system. Furthermore, state of the art of currentreactive power compensation methodologies and most promising techniquesto eciently and eectively control reactive power ow are outlined. Droopcontrol methodologies, with focus on global and local objectives, and smartgrid solutions opportunities are being tested and modeled by the authors andare comprehensively presented in this paper. Moreover, economic costs ofcontrol methods are compared. Analysis of active power losses in the systemas well as cost of implementation of alternative solutions is presented, wheremost nancially viable solutions are outlined, giving brief outlook into futureperspectives and challenges of electric power systems. It is shown that controllabilityof reactive power support by wind turbine generators can enhanceoperation of electric power grids, by keeping the reactive power ow minimizedat the boundary between grids of distribution and transmission systemoperators. Furthermore, results indicate that extra reactive power supportby wind turbine generators can lead to diminishment of active power losses inthe system. Presented system is being modeled in the PSS/E software dedicatedfor power system engineers with use of Python programming languages.Analysis of data was done either in Python or R related environments. Thesiswas written with cooperation between KTH and E.On Energidistribution AB.
Hogre genomslagskraft av förnyelsebara energikällor i elnäteten är bådeen utmaning och möjlighet för att optimalt kunna utnyttja potentialen av vindkraft och PV källor, med avseende på att stabilisera driften av framtida elkraftsystem. Tvåvägsflöden mellan distributionoch transmissionsoperatörer orsakar betydande problem att hålla spänningen i nätet inom tillåtna gränsvärden.Denna uppsats innehåller en beskrivning av Ö lands mellanoch lågspänningsnät,på 0.4 kV till 130 kV i syftet att utföra en kvasistatisk analys av aktiva och reaktiva effektflöden i systemet. Målet med analysen är att optimera det reaktiva effektutbytet i kopplingspunkten med fastlandets nät. I det analyserade systemet, finns det en enorm potential på 190% genomslagskraft av vindkraft. Kapaciteten på vindkraftsparker kopplade till medtagna samlingsskenor i systemet uppgår till 136,1 MW, som tillgodoser upp till 90.5 MW last. Med industrimässigt begränsad reaktiv effektkapabilitet, uppgår vindkraftsparkernas bidrag till nästan 66 MVAr, vilken möjliggör kompensation för underskott och överskott av reaktiv effekt i nätet. Det presenterade systemet är kopplat till fastlandet genom en kopplingspunkt, där fastlandet är simulerat som en Thevenin ekvivalent. Huvudsakliga målet med denna uppsats är att testa och analysera gångbara lösningar för att minimera det reaktiva effektutbytet vid kopplingspunkten i Stävlö, som kopplar ihop Ö land med resterande nät i Sverige, samtidigt som alla nödvändiga villkor enligt nuvarande nätkoder i Sverige bibehålls, liksom termiska gränser för ledningarna och spanningsgränser för systemet. Ytterligare beskrivs den bästa tillgängliga tekniken som finns idag för reaktiv effektkompensation, och de mest lovande teknikerna för att effektivt och verkningsfullt kontrollera reaktiva effektflöden. Droop-kontroll-metodologier, med fokus på globala och lokala tillämpningar, och smarta nät-möjligheter testas och modelleras av författarna och presenterar djupgående i detta arbete. Dessutom jämförs ekonomiska kostnader för olika kontrollmetoder. Analyser av aktiva effektförluster i systemet samt kostnader för implementation av alternativa lösningar presenteras, där de flesta gångbara losningar behandlas, och ger en överskådlig bild av framtida perspektiv och utmaningar i elkraftsystemet. Det visas att vindturbiners kontroll av reaktiv effekt, kan förbättra driften av elnäten, genom att minimera det reaktiva effektflödesutbytet i gränsen mellan distributionoch transmissionsoperatörers nät. Ytterligare pekar resultat på att extra understöd av reaktiv effekt från vindturbiner kan leda till förminskning av aktiva förluster i systemet. Det presenterade systemet modelleras i mjukvaruprogrammet PSS/E dedikerat för elkraftsingenjörer med hjälp av Python. Analys av data gjordes antingen i Pythoneller R-relaterade miljöer. Detta arbete har gjorts tillsam-mans med KTH och E.ON Energidistribution AB.
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Samadi, Afshin. "Large Scale Solar Power Integration in Distribution Grids : PV Modelling, Voltage Support and Aggregation Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154602.

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Long term supporting schemes for photovoltaic (PV) system installation have led to accommodating large numbers of PV systems within load pockets in distribution grids. High penetrations of PV systems can cause new technical challenges, such as voltage rise due to reverse power flow during light load and high PV generation conditions. Therefore, new strategies are required to address the associated challenges. Moreover, due to these changes in distribution grids, a different response behavior of the distribution grid on the transmission side can be expected. Hence, a new equivalent model of distribution grids with high penetration of PV systems is needed to be addressed for future power system studies. The thesis contributions lie in three parts. The first part of the thesis copes with the PV modelling. A non-proprietary PV model of a three-phase, single stage PV system is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC and PowerFactory. Three different reactive power regulation strategies are incorporated into the models and their behavior are investigated in both simulation platforms using a distribution system with PV systems. In the second part of the thesis, the voltage rise problem is remedied by use of reactive power. On the other hand, considering large numbers of PV systems in grids, unnecessary reactive power consumption by PV systems first increases total line losses, and second it may also jeopardize the stability of the network in the case of contingencies in conventional power plants, which supply reactive power. Thus, this thesis investigates and develops the novel schemes to reduce reactive power flows while still keeping voltage within designated limits via three different approaches: decentralized voltage control to the pre-defined set-points developing a coordinated active power dependent (APD) voltage regulation Q(P)using local signals developing a multi-objective coordinated droop-based voltage (DBV) regulation Q(V) using local signals   In the third part of the thesis, furthermore, a gray-box load modeling is used to develop a new static equivalent model of a complex distribution grid with large numbers of PV systems embedded with voltage support schemes. In the proposed model, variations of voltage at the connection point simulate variations of the model’s active and reactive power. This model can simply be integrated intoload-flow programs and replace the complex distribution grid, while still keepingthe overall accuracy high. The thesis results, in conclusion, demonstrate: i) using rms-based simulations in PowerFactory can provide us with quite similar results using the time domain instantaneous values in PSCAD platform; ii) decentralized voltage control to specific set-points through the PV systems in the distribution grid is fundamentally impossible dueto the high level voltage control interaction and directionality among the PV systems; iii) the proposed APD method can regulate the voltage under the steady-state voltagelimit and consume less total reactive power in contrast to the standard characteristicCosφ(P)proposed by German Grid Codes; iv) the proposed optimized DBV method can directly address voltage and successfully regulate it to the upper steady-state voltage limit by causing minimum reactive power consumption as well as line losses; v) it is beneficial to address PV systems as a separate entity in the equivalencing of distribution grids with high density of PV systems.

The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. QC 20141028

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Mohd, Daut Mohamad Hazwan. "Pico-grid : multiple multitype energy harvesting system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289426.

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This thesis focuses on the development of a low power energy harvesting system specifically targeted for wireless sensor nodes (WSN) and wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The idea for the system is derived from the operation of a micro-grid and therefore is termed as a pico-grid and it is capable of simultaneously delivering power from multiple and multitype energy harvesters to the load at the same time, through the proposed parallel load sharing mechanism achieved by a voltage droop control method. Solar panels and thermoelectric generator (TEG) are demonstrated as the main energy harvesters for the system. Since the magnitude of the output power of the harvesters is time-varying, the droop gain in the droop feedback circuitry should be designed to be dynamic and self-adjusted according to this variation. This ensures that the maximum power is capable to be delivered to the load at all times. To achieve this, the droop gain is integrated with a light dependent resistor (LDR) and thermistor whose resistance varies with the magnitude of the source of energy for the solar panel and TEG, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate a successful variation droop mechanism and all connected sources are able to share equal load demands between them, with a maximum load sharing error of 5 %. The same mechanism is also demonstrated to work for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functionality. This concept can potentially be extended to any other types of energy harvester. The integration of energy storage elements becomes a necessity in the pico-grid, in order to support the intermittent and sporadic nature of the output power for the harvesters. A rechargeable battery and supercapacitor are integrated in the system, and each is accurately designed to be charged when the loading in the system is low and discharged when the loading in the system is high. The dc bus voltage which indicates the magnitude of the loading in the system is utilised as the signal for the desired mode of operation. The constructed system demonstrates a successful operation of charging and discharging at specific levels of loading in the system. The system is then integrated and the first wearable prototype of the pico-grid is built and tested. A successful operation of the prototype is demonstrated and the load demand is shared equally between the source converters and energy storage. Furthermore, the pico-grid is shown to possess an inherent plug-and-play capability for the source and load converters. Few recommendations are presented in order to further improve the feasibility and reliability of the prototype for real world applications. Next, due to the opportunity of working with a new semiconductor compound and accessibility to the fabrication facilities, a ZnON thin film diode is fabricated and intended to be implemented as a flexible rectifier circuit. The fabrication process can be done at low temperature, hence opening up the possibility of depositing the device on a flexible substrate. From the temperature dependent I-V measurements, a novel method of extracting important parameters such as ideality factor, barrier height, and series resistance of the diode based on a curve fitting method is proposed. It is determined that the ideality factor of the fabricated diode is high (> 2 at RT), due to the existence of other transport mechanism apart from thermionic emission that dominates the conduction process at lower temperature. It is concluded that the high series resistance of the fabricated diode (3.8 kΩ at RT) would mainly hinder the performance of the diode in a rectifier circuit.
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Ferreira, Rodrigo Arruda Felício. "Controle de microrredes CC baseado em droop adaptativo de tensão – simulação em tempo real com control-hardware-in-loop." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4173.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre alguns dos aspectos relacionados às microrredes em corrente contínua, uma alternativa para utilização de fontes renováveis de energia em sistemas de geração distribuída. Considerando que a manutenção da tensão no barramento principal das microrredes, no qual as fontes e as cargas são conectadas, é uma das questões mais importantes para a operação de modo satisfatório destes sistemas, um sistema de controle descentralizado de tensão integrando técnicas de controle por droop de tensão e de controle por modos deslizantes é proposto. Uma microrrede CC de 10 kW conectada à rede CA e composta por arranjos fotovoltaicos e bancos de baterias, dimensionada para atender uma parcela das cargas eletrônicas e de iluminação do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia – Campus Juiz de Fora, é modelada e simulada em tempo real utilizando o conceito de simulação CHIL. Resultados experimentais utilizando controladores externos como dispositivos em teste são utilizados para analisar o comportamento do sistema em diferentes condições e para validação da metodologia proposta. Além disso, é apresentado um estudo das técnicas de análise de estabilidade de tensão para sistemas em corrente contínua. Por fim, é apresentada uma metodologia baseada em síntese de elementos reativos utilizando conversores estáticos para estabilização ativa de sistemas CC simplificados, contendo uma fonte e uma carga do tipo potência constante.
This work presents aspects related to DC microgrids, an alternative way of using renewable energy sources in a decentralized fashion. Whereas the maintenance of the microgrid main bus voltage, in which the sources and loads are connected, is one of the most important issues for the satisfactory operation of these systems, a novel methodology for regulating DC bus voltage integrating voltage droop control and sliding mode control techniques is proposed. A grid-connected 10 kW DC microgrid containing photovoltaic arrays and a battery bank, sized to meet a portion of electronic and lighting loads of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology - Campus Juiz de Fora, is modeled and simulated in real time using the concept of CHIL simulation. Experimental results using external controllers as hardware under test are used to analyze system behavior under different conditions and to validate the proposed methodology. Furthermore, a study regarding voltage stability analysis techniques applied to DC systems is presented. Finally, a methodology based on synthesis of reactive elements using static converters for active stabilization of simplified CC systems, containing one source and one constant power load, is presented.
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10

Tazay, Ahmad F. "Smart Inverter Control and Operation for Distributed Energy Resources." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7097.

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The motivation of this research is to carry out the control and operation of smart inverters and voltage source converters (VSC) for distributed energy resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic (PV), battery, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The main contribution of the research includes solving a couple of issues for smart grids by controlling and implementing multifunctions of VSC and smart inverter as well as improving the operational scheme of the microgrid. The work is mainly focused on controlling and operating of smart inverter since it promises a new technology for the future microgrid. Two major applications of the smart inverter will be investigated in this work based on the connection modes: microgrid at grid-tied mode and autonomous mode. \indent In grid-tied connection, the smart inverter and VSC are used to integrate DER such as Photovoltaic (PV) and battery to provide suitable power to the system by controlling the supplied real and reactive power. The role of a smart inverter at autonomous mode includes supplying a sufficient voltage and frequency, mitigate abnormal condition of the load as well as equally sharing the total load's power. However, the operational control of the microgrid still has a major issue on the operation of the microgrid. The dissertation is divided into two main sections which are: 1- Low-level control of a single smart Inverter. 2- High-level control of the microgrid. The first part investigates a comprehensive research for a smart inverter and VSC technology at the two major connections of the microgrid. This involves controlling and modeling single smart inverter and VSC to solve specific issues of microgrid as well as improve the operation of the system. The research provides developed features for smart inverter comparing with a conventional voltage sourced converter (VSC). The two main connections for a microgrid have been deeply investigated to analyze a better way to develop and improve the operational procedure of the microgrid as well as solve specific issues of connecting the microgrid to the system. A detailed procedure for controlling VSC and designing an optimal operation of the controller is also covered in the first part of the dissertation. This section provides an optimal operation for controlling motor drive and demonstrates issues when motor load exists at an autonomous microgrid. It also provides a solution for specific issues at operating a microgrid at autonomous mode as well as improving the structural design for the grid-tied microgrid. The solution for autonomous microgrid includes changing the operational state of the switching pattern of the smart inverter to solve the issue of a common mode voltage (CMV) that appears across the motor load. It also solves the issue of power supplying to large loads, such as induction motors. The last section of the low-level section involves an improvement of the performance and operation of the PV charging station for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) at grid-tied mode. This section provides a novel structure and smart controller for PV charging station using three-phase hybrid boost converter topology. It also provides a form of applications of a multifunction smart inverter using PV charging station. The second part of the research is focusing on improving the performance of the microgrid by integrating several smart inverters to form a microgrid. It investigates the issue of connecting DER units with the microgrid at real applications. One of the common issues of the microgrid is the circulating current which is caused by poor reactive power sharing accuracy. When more than two DER units are connected in parallel, a microgrid is forming be generating required power for the load. When the microgrid is operated at autonomous mode, all DER units participate in generating voltage and frequency as well as share the load's power. This section provides a smart and novel controlling technique to solve the issue of unequal power sharing. The feature of the smart inverter is realized by the communication link between smart inverters and the main operator. The analysis and derivation of the problem are presented in this section. The dissertation has led to two accepted conference papers, one accepted transaction IEEE manuscript, and one submitted IET transaction manuscript. The future work aims to improve the current work by investigating the performance of the smart inverter at real applications.
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Books on the topic "Voltage droop"

1

Ohm's law, electrical math and voltage drop calculations. [U.S.?]: Henry Publications, 2002.

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Practical calculations for electricians: Step-by-step calculations & formulas for : branch circuits, conductors, boxes & raceways, voltage drop, AC motors, dwelling loads, commercial loads : based on the 2005 National Electrical Code. Carson City, Nev: Nevada Tech Publishers, 2006.

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Henry, Tom. Ohm's Law, Electrical Math, & Low Voltage Drop Calculations. Tom Henry's Code Electrical Classes & Booksto, 1988.

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Henry, Tom. Ohm's Law, Electrical Math and Voltage Drop Calculations. Tom Henry's Code Electrical Classes & Booksto, 1992.

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Ohm's Law, Electrical Math, and Low Voltage Drop Calculations. Tom Henrys Code Electrical, 1988.

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Candide: Or Optimism (Penguin Drop Caps). Penguin Books, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Voltage droop"

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Wu, Yongling, Xiaodong Zhao, Kang Li, and Shaoyuan Li. "Parameter Optimization of Voltage Droop Controller for Voltage Source Converters." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 87–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45286-8_10.

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Canacsinh, H., José Fernando Silva, Sónia F. Pinto, and Luis M. Redondo. "Solid-State Bipolar Marx Generator with Voltage Droop Compensation." In Technological Innovation for Value Creation, 411–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28255-3_45.

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Grilo, António, and Mário Nunes. "Voltage Control in Low Voltage Grids with Distributed Energy Resources: A Droop-Based Approach." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 184–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27753-0_10.

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Andrade, Iván, Rubén Peña, Ramón Blasco-Gimenez, Javier Riedemann, and Cristian Pesce. "Droop Control Strategy for Voltage Source Converters Containing Renewable Power Sources." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 299–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37161-6_22.

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Zammit, Daniel, Cyril Spiteri Staines, Maurice Apap, and Alexander Micallef. "Paralleling Converters in DC Microgrids with Modified Lag I-V Droop Control and Voltage Restoration." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 161–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56970-9_13.

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Karkar, Hitesh M., and Indrajit N. Trivedi. "Primary and Secondary Droop Control Method for Islanded Microgrid with Voltage Regulation and Current Sharing." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 75–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0226-2_6.

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Han, Yang. "Consensus-Based Enhanced Droop Control Scheme for Accurate Power Sharing and Voltage Restoration in Islanded Microgrids." In Modeling and Control of Power Electronic Converters for Microgrid Applications, 239–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74513-4_7.

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Sukhadiaa, Rakesh, and Saurabh Pandya. "Modified Droop Control Strategy for Load Sharing and Circulating Current Minimization in Low-Voltage Standalone DC Microgrid." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 57–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0226-2_5.

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Weik, Martin H. "voltage drop." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1904. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_20935.

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Yue, Dong, Huifeng Zhang, and Chunxia Dou. "A Virtual Complex Impedance Based $$P-\dot{V}$$ Droop Method for Parallel-Connected Inverters in Low-Voltage AC Microgrids." In Cooperative Optimal Control of Hybrid Energy Systems, 355–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6722-7_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Voltage droop"

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Xie, Bo, Hailiang Hou, and Yun Cheng. "Droop Control of Low-voltage Microgrids With Voltage Compensation." In 2019 6th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icisce48695.2019.00150.

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Richardson, Bob, and Tudor Pike. "Pulse Droop Compensation using a PWM Technique." In 2008 IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference (IPMC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipmc.2008.4743620.

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Wu, Guihong, Zhengchun Du, Yudi Zhao, and Yangyang Zhao. "A Weighted Voltage Droop Control for Reducing DC Voltage Deviation." In 2020 5th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpre51194.2020.9233215.

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Allison, Brandon, Diana Wallison, Thomas Overbye, and Jamie Weber. "Voltage Droop Controls in Power Flow Simulation." In 2019 IEEE Texas Power and Energy conference (TPEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpec.2019.8662197.

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Majumder, Ritwik, Arindam Ghosh, Gerard Ledwich, and Firuz Zare. "Angle droop versus frequency droop in a voltage source converter based autonomous microgrid." In Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275987.

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Li, Chengcheng, Jianguo Wu, Kun Zhang, Xiang Dai, and Sheng Xu. "Improved droop control based voltage compensation and variable droop coefficient in DC microgrids." In 2016 UKACC 11th International Conference on Control (CONTROL). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/control.2016.7737608.

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Cassel, R. L. "Pulsed Voltage Droop Compensation for Solid State Marx Modulator." In 2008 IEEE International Power Modulators and High Voltage Conference. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipmc.2008.4743593.

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Torres, Fernando, Sebastian Martinez, Claudio Roa, and Enrique Lopez. "Comparison Between Voltage Droop and Voltage Margin Controllers for MTDC Systems." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Automation/XXIII Congress of the Chilean Association of Automatic Control (ICA-ACCA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ica-acca.2018.8609748.

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Zhang, Xing, Jilei Wang, Zixuan Guo, Feng Han, Xinxin Fu, and Shaolong Chen. "Low Voltage Ride Through of Voltage Source Converters With Droop Control." In 2021 IEEE 16th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea51954.2021.9516036.

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Holtz, Matthew Seetharam A., Seetharam Narasimhan, and Swarup Bhunia. "On-die CMOS voltage droop detection and dynamiccompensation." In the 18th ACM Great Lakes symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1366110.1366122.

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