Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Volume volume'

Implementation of automated volume-to-volume registration applications for three separate registration steps desired in enhancing neurosurgical navigation is considered. Prototype implementations for MRI-to-MRI registration, MRI-to-US registration and US-to-US registration have been made using registration methods available in the Insight Toolkit, with variants of the Mutual Information similarity metric. The obtained results indicate that automatic volume-to-volume registration using Normalized Mutual Information should be feasible for the neuronavigational applications considered here, with sufficient accuracy.

This thesis is an investigation into the use of Volume Graphics techniques for the purpose of forensic facial reconstruction. The thesis also examines the rapid creation of a light volume for the accurate rendering of light within a scene. The main achievements of this thesis are: an examination of forensic facial reconstruction techniques, both manual and automatic; identification of weaknesses of these methods and an improved automatic method using a volume graphics approach; a general introduction to the rapidly evolving field of volume graphics; the introduction of a technique for calculating fast, accurate measurements of light intensities inside a volume dataset. This work has demonstrated that it is now feasible to use a computer to reconstruct the face of an unknown person given his/her skull without allowing artistic interpretation. It has also demonstrated that it is computationally feasible to calculate a “light volume” to store light intensities at voxel points within a volume, thus allowing for much faster recreation of shadowing effects e.g. during rendering. Part of this research was presented by the candidate at the 19^th Eurographics UK conference at the University College, London, 2001.

This master-thesis considers implementation of automated multimodal volume-to-volume registration of images, in order to provide neurosurgeons with valuable information for planning and intraoperative guidance. Focus has been on medical images from magnetic resonance (MR) and ultrasound (US) for use in surgical guidance. Prototype implementations for MRI-to-US registration have been proposed, and tested, using registration methods available in the Insight Toolkit (ITK). Mattes' Mutual Information has been the similarty metric, based on unpreprocessed angio-graphic volumes from both modalities. Only rigid transformations has been studied, and both types of Gradient Descent and Evolutionary optimizers has been examinated. The applications have been tested on clinical data from relevant surgical operations. The best results were obtained using an evolutional (1+1) optimizer for translational transformations only. This application was both fast and accurate. The other applications, using types of Gradient Descent optimizers, has proved to be significantly slower, inaccurate and more difficult to parameterize. It has been experienced that registration of angio-graphic volumes are easier to accomplish than registration of volumes of other weightings, due to their more similar characteristics. Angio-graphic images are also readily evaluated using volume renderings, but other methods should be constructed to provide a less subjective measure of success for the registration procedures. The obtained results indicate that automatic volume-to-volume registration of angio-graphic images from MRI and US, using Mattes' Mutual Information and an Evolutionary Optimizer, should be feasible for the neuronavigational system considered here, with sufficient accuracy. Further development include parameter-tuning of the applications, to possibly achieve increased accuracy. Additionally, a non-rigid registration application should be developed, to account for local deformations during surgery. Development of additional tools for performing accurate validation of registration results should be developed as well.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1994, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 119).
by Michael F. Kirsch.
M.S.

Peut-on vendre des cubes d’air ? La division de la propriété foncière en volumes immobiliers est une invention de la pratique notariale. À l’origine, elle fut utilisée pour contourner l’inaliénabilité du domaine public en permettant à l’État de confier la construction de grands ensembles immobiliers complexes à des promoteurs immobiliers. Le Quartier de la défense à Paris en constitue une illustration probante. Cette technique a rencontré un succès croissant au fil des années dans de nombreuses opérations immobilières de petite comme de grande envergure, tant sur le plan national que régional (Océan Indien). À l’île de La Réunion, elle est notamment utile aux opérations photovoltaïques. Or, ce vif succès contraste avec la pauvreté de la recherche sur la question. Malgré des difficultés théoriques et pratiques notables, aucune étude de fond exhaustive n’a encore été menée sur le « volume immobilier » à proprement parler. Est-il un bien ? Même vide, est-il appropriable et commercialisable, ce indépendamment du sol ? Peut-on le vendre, le louer, le posséder, le prescrire, le donner en garantie ? Ce sont autant de questions, parmi bien d’autres, qui méritent d’être abordées afin d’offrir à cette pratique la sécurité juridique qui lui fait encore si cruellement défaut
Is the space above and below our Land Property saleable? The "Volume immobilier", also called "Volume" or "Air Rights", is an invention of notarial practice. De facto, it is known as the division of space above and below Land’s surface in Real Estate/Property Law [using a 3D Cadastral System]. It was first used by developers to construct complex buildings called "Ensembles immobiliers complexes" in cities and towns. This technique has two advantages. Primo, it allows developers to circumvent the rigidity of Condominium Law, and secundo it allows them to bypass the inalienability of Public Land [Public Domain]. A convincing example of "Air Rights" is the "Quartier de La Défense" in Paris. This technique has recently met with growing success in France Metropolitan and France Overseas. In Reunion Island, it is especially used in photovoltaic projects. This striking success contrasts, however, with the paucity of legal research on the subject. Despite significant difficulties [theoretical and practical], no in-depth research has yet been conducted on the "Volume" itself. Is it a good? Can it be appropriated or sold, regardless of the Land's surface and without any buildings? Can it be sold, rented or given as collateral? So many questions, and more, to study to give this Real Estate Technique the legal security it deserves

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 57-61).
We present a novel method for creating high-resolution 3D reconstructions using RGB-D cameras, such as the Microsoft Kinect. We demonstrate how such a technique can be used both for large scale mapping and high-resolution object detection. Our work consists of two core contributions. First, we present an algorithm to generate 3D reconstructions of arbitrary resolution, up to that of the limitations of the camera, with a linear increase in computation time as a function of resolution. We the build upon this method to provide a general infrastructure for scanning regions of variable shape with variable resolution across the scanned regions. We then show quantitative improvements in resolution in a virtual environment, show qualitative improvements in resolution through images, and provide runtime performance details.
by Michael Salvato.
M. Eng.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the CTV-PTV margin required for prostate and head and neck cancer treatments at the radiotherapy departments of Karolinska University Hospital.    Portal image data from patients treated at the radiotherapy departments during the period of 2009-2011 was used to estimate the set-up displacements for each treatment area. By using the acquired images the magnitude of the systematic, i.e. preparatory, and random, i.e. execution, error was determined in the anterior-posterior (AP), superior-inferior (SI) and right-left (RL) direction. The calculated PTV margin is based on the systematic and random errors of the entire patient populations. A total of 40 patients were used for the analysis of prostate treatments and 47 patients for head and neck treatments. The evaluation of the PTV margin was done for three different matching protocols; no matching (skin marker alignment), five day matching and daily matching.      With no image verification in prostate treatments the calculated PTV margin taking both inter- and intrafractional errors into account was 13.6, 9.2 and 7.9 mm in AP, SI, and RL direction respectively. The corresponding PTV margin in head and neck treatments was found to be 6.7, 5.3 and 4.9 mm. Using a five day matching protocol of the bony anatomy showed no considerable reductions in margins for neither prostate nor head and neck treatments. With daily matching of the bony anatomy in prostate treatments the calculated margins was reduced to 8.1, 7.9 and 2.4 mm in the AP, SI and RL direction respectively.  Measurements of the residual deviations of individual cervical vertebrae after daily image verification and correction in head and neck cancer treatments showed that all matching protocols will require larger margins in the lower vertebrae in order to account for the set-up error in the AP direction. The corresponding margins needed using daily matching of the bony anatomy would be 3.9, 5.4 and 6.0 mm for C1, C4 and C5 respectively in the AP direction.    In the absence of daily imaging the currently used PTV margins might be inadequate for covering to movement of the targets. The deviations in the AP direction of the cervical vertebrae in head and neck cancer treatments should be investigated further in order to ensure that the motion of the target is covered and that no risk organs are subjected to harmful dose levels.

Skogliga inventeringar utförs för att ge information om skogen som kan användas i olika sammanhang. De ger data om bland annat trädhöjd, ålder, grundyta, trädslagsfördelning och volym. De har historiskt utförts som fältinventeringar. På senare tid har den tekniska utvecklingen öppnat upp för möjligheten att utföra inventeringarna via fjärranalys. En metod för fjärranalys som används inom skogsbruket är flygburen laserskanning. Genom att kombinera flygburen laserskanning med Riksskogstaxeringens fältinventeringar har Skogsstyrelsen skapat produkten Skogliga grunddata. Denna produkt visar bland annat skattad volym för bestånd som ritas upp i program för geografiska informationssystem, GIS. Nätraälven Skog använder Skogliga grunddata och de har märkt att volymen inte alltid stämmer när de jämför mot inmätt volym. Felkällor som kan påverka noggrannheten i Skogliga grunddata är t.ex. fel i kartmodellerna, fel mellan systemen som skannar terrängen, mätfel vid fältinventeringarna eller fel vid beräkningar.Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på varför det finns en stor differens i volymen när Nätraälven skog jämför mellan Skogliga grunddata och inmätt volym på industri. Dessutom är syftet att urskilja parametrar som påverkar volymen och är generaliserbara på samtliga bestånd inom Nätraälvens upptagningsområde. Arbetet har som mål att efter identifiering av parametrar som påverkar noggrannheten bygga en beräkningsmodell som är applicerbar på bestånden inom Nätraälvens upptagningsområde.Arbetet utfördes som en kvantitativ studie där data från slutavverkningar användes. Jämförelser av volymskillnad och parametrar utfördes som regressionsanalyser. Fältinventeringar utfördes som kvantitativa mätningar i fält. Avverkningstrakter letades upp i ett GIS-program och ritades därefter in för att beräkna volymen via Skogliga grunddata. Denna volym jämfördes sedan mot inmätt volym. Regressionsanalyser genomfördes mellan trakternas tillgängliga parametrar och volymskillnaden mellan Skogliga grunddata och inmätt volym.I medel visade Skogliga grunddata 95% av inmätt volym, som lägst visade den 76% och som högst 128%. I 58% av trakterna låg volymskillnaden i ett intervall på 10%.Totalt har tio parametrar använts vid regressionsanalys av volymskillnaden mellan Skogliga grunddata och inmätt volym. Volymskillnaden har varit väl spridd oavsett parametrarnas storlek. Vad som framkommit i studien är att ingen av parametrarna: trädhöjd, areal, höjd över havet, ålder, stamantal, procentuell andel tall, procentuell andel gran, procentuell andel löv, medelstam eller stammar/hektar enskilt påverkar noggrannheten i Skogliga grunddata. Arbetet har också visat stor spridning i volymskillnad mellan Skogliga grunddata och inmätt volym för olika trakter. Medelskillnaden mellan volymen i Skogliga grunddata och inmätt volym var visserligen fullt acceptabel även om skillnaden trakter emellan kunde vara väldigt stor.
Remote analyses can be a good tool to facilitate silvicultural estimates. They can however contain sources of error, which can affect their accuracy. The purpose of this study was to find out why differences in volume occurred between “forest basic data”, obtained from Swedish forest agency, and measured volume in a certain area in mid-northern Sweden. The study was conducted as a quantitative study, using regression analyzes to compare the volume difference to different parameters, such as tree height, altitude, area, age and species mix. Felling areas was drawn in a GIS-program, that calculated the volume from “Forest basic data”. The volume was then compared to the measured volume obtained from sawmill and pulp companies. The average volume from “Forest basic data” was 95% of measured volume, ranging between 76% at the lowest and 128% at the highest. The study showed that the volume difference was well spread regardless of forest parameter, no specific parameter could explain the differences. A model was created to calculate the volume from “Forest basic data”, and that model improved the volume from “Forest basic data” when compared to measured volume.

Portuguese translation of Anthologie Spiritaine, the selected works of Claude-François Poullart des Places and François-Marie-Paul Libermann. -- ÍNDICE -- VERSÃO PORTUGUESA -- (pg. 3) -- PREFÁCIO -- (pg. 5) -- INTRODUÇÃO À ANTOLOGIA -- (pg. 11) -- Primeira Parte -- ANTOLOGIA DE TEXTOS -- REFERENTES AO P. CLÁUDIO FRANCISCO POULLART DES PLACES -- CRONOLOGIA DA VIDA DE CLÁUDIO FRANCISCO POULLART DES PLACES -- (pg. 17) -- ANTOLOGIA DE TEXTOS SOBRE O P. CLÁUDIO FRANCISCO POULLART DES PLACES -- (pg. 19) -- 1 - PEDRO TOMÁS: Primeira Testemunha -- (pg. 19) -- 2 - CARLOS BESNARD – VIDA DE LUÍS GRIGNION DE MONTFORT -- (pg. 22) -- 3 - “REFLEXÕES SOBRE AS VERDADES DA RELIGIÃO ELABORADAS NUM RETIRO POR UMA ALMA DECIDIDA A CONVERTER- SE” -- (pg. 24) -- 4 - “ESCOLHA DUM ESTADO DE VIDA” -- (pg. 27) -- 5 - CARLOS BESNARD (continuação) -- (pg. 31) -- 6 - FRAGMENTOS DE UM REGULAMENTO PARTICULAR -- (pg. 31) -- 7 - CARLOS BESNARD (continuação) -- (pg. 32) -- 8 - “REFLEXÕES SOBRE O PASSADO” (1704-1705) -- (pg. 34) -- 9 - CARLOS BESNARD (continuação) -- (pg. 38) -- 10 - CARLOS BESNARD (continuação) -- (pg. 38) -- Segunda Parte -- ANTOLOGIA DE TEXTOS REFERENTES AO P. FRANCISCO MARIA PAULO LIBERMANN -- I - LIBERMANN E A SUA HISTÓRIA -- (pg. 43-135) -- CRONOLOGIA DA VIDA DE FRANCISCO MARIA PAULO LIBERMANN -- (pg. 45) -- 1 - CETICISMO DE JACOB EM RELAÇÃO À BÍBLIA -- Ao Dr. Sansão Libermann -- (pg. 47) -- 2 - NARRAÇÃO DA CONVERSÃO DE LIBERMANN -- Pelo P. Gamon -- (pg. 51) -- 3 - CONFIANÇA E ABANDONO A DEUS NA DOENÇA -- A Sansão Libermann -- (pg. 59) -- 4 - GRAÇAS MÍSTICAS DE LIBERMANN DEPOIS DE SEU BATISMO -- Ao P. Jerónimo Schwindenhammer -- (pg. 61) -- 5 - SOBRE O SOFRIMENTO NA DOENÇA -- Ao P. Cahier -- (pg. 64) -- 6 - NA NOITE DA FÉ -- A Paulo Carron do seminário de São Sulpício -- (pg. 67) -- 7 - A GRANDE PROVAÇÃO DO P. LIBERMANN EM RENNES -- Ao P. Carbon, sulpiciano -- (pg. 69) -- 8 - EXTRATOS DAS MEMÓRIAS DO P. TISSERANT: -- A OBRA DOS NEGROS -- (pg. 72) -- Origem da Obra -- (pg. 73) -- Viagem a Roma -- (pg. 78) -- A Redação da Regra -- (pg. 80) -- 9 - EXTRATOS DAS MEMÓRIAS DO P. TISSERANT (continuação) -- A Vocação Missionária de Francisco Libermann -- (pg. 88) -- 10 - A CAMINHO DE ROMA NA ANGÚSTIA DO DESCONHECIDO -- A Sansão Libermann -- (pg. 95) -- 11 - COMENTÁRIO DO EVANGELHO SEGUNDO SÃO JOÃO (CSJ) -- (pg. 98) -- 12 - COMENTÁRIO DO EVANGELHO DE S. JOÃO -- Orações de Libermann -- (pg. 113) -- 13 - VIDA DE RECOLHIMENTO EM ROMA -- A Dom Sallier -- (pg. 116) -- 14 - NA TARDE DE SUA ORDENAÇÃO -- A seu irmão Sansão e cunhada -- (pg. 121) -- 15 - O PREÇO DA OBRA MISSIONÁRIA -- A Sansão Libermann -- (pg. 124) -- 16 - NAS CONTRARIEDADES E NAS PERTURBAÇÕES NERVOSAS -- À Menina Barbier -- (pg. 126) -- 17 - PERTURBAÇÕES SOCIAIS E JUSTIÇA DE DEUS -- Ao P. Gamon -- (pg. 129) -- 18 - ÚLTIMAS PALAVRAS DO P. LIBERMANN AGONIZANTE -- (pg. 135) -- II - LIBERMANN, GUIA DE VIDA ESPIRITUAL -- 1 - CONSELHOS SIMPLES E IMPORTANTES PARA A VIDA ESPIRITUAL -- A um Seminarista -- (pg. 139) -- 2 - PARA UM VERDADEIRO ESPÍRITO DE ORAÇÃO -- Ao Sr. Grillard -- (pg. 141) -- 3 - SÁBIO ACOMPANHAMENTO VOCACIONAL -- Ao P. Ferret -- (pg. 144) -- 4 - UM VERDADEIRO ACOMPANHAMENTO ESPIRITUAL -- Ao P. Poupart -- (pg. 151) -- 5 - UMA ANIMAÇÃO ESPIRITUAL RESPEITADORA DOS DONS DE CADA UM -- Ao Sr. Luquet -- (pg. 155) -- 6 - O TEXTO MAIS LONGO DO P. LIBERMANN SOBRE A DEVOÇÃO À VIRGEM MARIA -- Ao Sr. Dupont -- (pg. 159) -- 7 - DISCERNIR A AÇÃO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO -- Ao Sr. Douai, seminarista -- (pg. 163) -- 8 - VIDA APOSTÓLICA, CARÁTER, ORAÇÃO -- (pg. 166) -- Ao P. Marcelino Collin -- 9 - DEIXAR-SE CONDUZIR PELO ESPÍRITO -- Ao P. Blanpin -- (pg. 173) -- 10 - MÁ INTERPRETAÇÃO DA MATURIDADE -- Ao P. Blanpin -- (pg. 173) -- 11 - ÚLTIMAS CONFERÊNCIAS ESPIRITUAIS DO VENERÁVEL PADRE NO NOVICIADO DO GARD -- Em Março e Abril de 1851 -- (pg. 181) -- 12 - ORAÇÃO CONFIANTE EM DOCILIDADE AO ESPÍRITO -- A Francisco Xavier Libermann -- (pg. 188) -- III - LIBERMANN, ANIMADOR DO ESPÍRITO MISSIONÁRIO -- (pg. 191-275) -- 1 - PARA UMA OBRA DIFÍCIL E MOROSA, IMPÕE-SE A VIDA COMUNITÁRIA -- A Le Vavasseur -- (pg. 193) -- 2 - “SE NA IGREJA HOUVESSE DE SE EMPREENDER SÓ COISAS FÁCEIS, O QUE SERIA DA IGREJA?” -- Ao Sr. Dupont -- (pg. 197) -- 3 - À COMUNIDADE DO CABO DAS PALMAS “Tendes e tereis muito que sofrer” -- (pg. 201) -- 4 - REFLETINDO SOBRE O “DESASTRE DA GUINÉ” -- Ao P. Le Vavasseur, missionário do Imaculado Coração de Maria, São Dinis, ilha de Bourbon. -- (pg. 207) -- 5 - OUSAR IR EM FRENTE PARA RESPONDER AOS APELOS DA MISSÃO -- À comunidade de Bourbon -- (pg. 211) -- 6 - SOMOS MESMO UNS POBREZINHOS -- A Briot, aluno do seminário de Issy -- (pg. 217) -- 7 - SÁBIOS CONSELHOS PARA EMPREENDER UM TRABALHO MISSIONÁRIO -- Ao P. Briot: “Deixem amadurecer as coisas...” -- (pg. 220) -- 8 - O SAGRADO CORAÇÃO DE MARIA, MODELO APOSTÓLICO REGRA PROVISÓRIA DOS MISSIONÁRIOS DO SAGRADO CORAÇÃO DE MARIA -- (pg. 225) -- 9 - UMA ATITUDE AUTENTICAMENTE MISSIONÁRIA -- Conselhos à Madre Maria Emília de Villeneuve Fundadora das Irmãs da Imaculada Conceição de Castres (1836) -- (pg. 228) -- 10 - UMA MAGNA CARTA MISSIONÁRIA -- à comunidade de África -- (pg. 233) -- 11 - PRINCÍPIOS QUE DEVEM REGER AS RELAÇÕES DOS MISSIONÁRIOS COM AS AUTORIDADES COLONIAIS -- Ao P. Briot -- (pg. 239) -- 12 - MISSÃO E AUTORIDADE COLONIAL -- Ao P. Le Berre Missionário apostólico – Gabão -- (pg. 244) -- 13 - TRIPLA FIDELIDADE MISSIONÁRIA A DEUS, AOS CONFRADES, ÀS ALMAS -- À comunidade de Dakar -- (pg. 247) -- 14 - A ELIMAN, REI DE DAKAR -- “O meu coração é dos Africanos” – (pg. 250) -- 15 - DISCERNIR A MISSÃO A NÓS CONFIADA E PERSEVERAR NELA -- Ao P. Le Vavasseur – (pg. 253) -- 16 - INSTRUÇÕES AOS MISSIONÁRIOS -- (pg. 259) -- 17 - SEDE SANTOS COMO JESUS ERA SANTO -- Ao P. Lairé -- (pg. 264) -- 18 - MAIS SANTIDADE QUE ZELO -- A D. Kobès -- (pg. 268) -- 19 - A LIGAÇÃO À COMUNIDADE É PRIORITÁRIA -- Ao P. Collin -- (pg. 273) -- IV - LIBERMANN, ARQUITETO DA MISSÃO -- (pg. 277-341) -- 1 - MEMORANDO DO P. LE VAVASSEUR SOBRE O PROJETO DA OBRA DOS NEGROS -- Apresentada ao P. Gallais, sulpiciano (1 de Julho de 1839) -- (pg. 279) -- 2 - MEMORANDO APRESENTADO POR FRANCISCO LIBERMANN -- A D. Cadolini Secretário da Sagrada Congregação da Propagação da Fé -- (pg. 284) -- 3 - PROJETO PARA A SALVAÇÃO DOS POVOS DAS COSTAS DE ÁFRICA -- Apresentado pelo P. Libermann à Sagrada Congregação da Propagação da Fé. (3 de Novembro de 1844) -- (pg. 292) -- 4 - CONSTRUIR A MISSÃO PELO DIÁLOGO -- Ao P. Bessieux -- (pg. 298) -- 5 - DIGNIDADE DA IGREJA NO HAITI, OBJETIVO DA MISSÃO -- Ao P. Percin -- (pg. 302) -- 6 - APRESENTAÇÃO DO MEMORANDO SOBRE AS MISSÕES DOS NEGROS EM GERAL E AS DA GUINÉ EM PARTICULAR -- Aos Eminentíssimos Cardeais da Sagrada Congregação da Propagação da Fé -- (pg. 310) -- 7 - MEMORANDO SOBRE AS MISSÕES DOS NEGROS EM GERAL E AS DA GUINÉ EM PARTICULAR -- Apresentado à Sagrada Congregação da Propagação da Fé pelo P. Libermann, superior dos Missionários do Sagrado Coração de Maria. -- (pg. 313) -- 8 - PROTOCOLO ENTRE D. TRUFFET, VIGÁRIO APOSTÓLICO DAS DUAS-GUINÉS E O P. LIBERMANN, SUPERIOR GERAL DOS MISSIONÁRIOS DO SAGRADO CORAÇÃO DE MARIA -- (pg. 320) -- 9 - BISPOS NA MISSÃO DA CONGREGAÇÃO -- À comunidade de Dakar -- (pg. 326) -- 10 - MEMORANDO DO P. LIBERMANN -- Para os Bispos de Guadalupe, Martinica e Reunião -- (pg. 332) -- 11 - OBRAS DA CONGREGAÇÃO NA EUROPA -- A Dom Salier -- (pg. 338) -- V - LIBERMANN, CONDUTOR DE HOMENS -- (pg. 343-393) -- 1 - LEVAR AS PESSOAS A BEM, COM HUMANIDADE E DELICADEZA -- Ao P. Gaudaire -- (pg. 345) -- 2 - MODERAÇÃO NAS OPINIÕES E DECISÕES -- Ao P. Le Vavasseur -- (pg. 347) -- 3 - MODERAR OS EXCESSOS DOS FEITIOS IMPETUOSOS -- Ao P. Arragon -- (pg. 355) -- 4 - ARTE DE CONDUZIR UMA COMUNIDADE -- Ao P. Lossedat -- (pg. 361) -- 5 - EDUCAR BEM JOVENS NEGROS -- Ao P. Chevalier, Diretor Escolar em Dakar -- (pg. 366) -- 6 - FORMAR UM FUTURO PADRE COM CARÁTER FORTE -- A Adolfo Godefroy -- (pg. 369) -- 7 - MODERAR O ZELO DE BISPOS NOVOS -- aos Bispos Bessieux e Kobès – (pg. 372) -- 8 - CONSELHOS DE PRUDÊNCIA SOBRE GESTÃO FINANCEIRA -- A D. Bessieux -- (pg. 376) -- 9 - QUANDO O MISSIONÁRIO É ATINGIDO PELA DOENÇA -- Ao P. Pierre Logier -- (pg. 384) -- 10 - PALAVRAS DE FÉ PARA UM MORIBUNDO -- Ao Irmão Augusto Pagnier -- (pg. 386) -- 11 - APOIAR UM SUPERIOR QUE TEM UM CONFRADE DIFÍCIL -- Ao P. Gravière -- (pg. 389) -- VI - LIBERMANN, INSPIRADOR DE COMUNIDADES APOSTÓLICAS -- (pg. 395-458) -- 1 - AUTORIDADE ECLESIAL E CARISMAS RELIGIOSOS -- A Le Vavasseur -- (pg. 397) -- 2 - UMA COMUNIDADE ENVIADA POR JESUS CRISTO -- Regra Provisória dos Missionários do Sagrado Coração de Maria 1840-1845 -- (pg. 400) -- 3 - BISPOS E CONGREGAÇÕES MISSIONÁRIAS -- A I. Schwindenhammer -- (pg. 403) -- 4 - O SUPERIOR GERAL E OS MISSIONÁRIOS QUE ESTÃO LONGE -- À Comunidade de Dakar e Goreia -- (pg. 410) -- 5 - LIBERMANN E LE VAVASSEUR, FIÉIS CO-FUNDADORES -- Ao P. Le Vavasseur -- (pg. 420) -- 6 - A SOCIEDADE DO SAGRADO CORAÇÃO DE MARIA INTEGRA-SE NA DO ESPÍRITO SANTO PARA MELHOR SERVIR A MISSÃO -- Às comunidades da Maurícia, Bourbon e Dakar sobre a fusão. -- (pg. 427) -- 7 - LIBERMANN PARTILHA AS SUAS PREOCUPAÇÕES SOBRE A MISSÃO E SOBRE A CONGREGAÇÃO -- A D. Bessieux -- (pg. 433) -- 8 - ZELO MISSIONÁRIO E VIDA RELIGIOSA COMUNITÁRIA -- Ao P. Boulanger, Pároco de Santa Maria da Gâmbia -- (pg. 446) -- 9 - VIDA APOSTÓLICA E OBSERVÂNCIA DA REGRA -- Ao P. Laval -- (pg. 452) -- 10 - REGRA DOS IRMÃOS DA CONGREGAÇÃO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO E DO IMACULADO CORAÇÃO DE MARIA -- (pg. 455) -- VII - LIBERMANN ADMINISTRADOR DA SUA CONGREGAÇÃO -- (pg. 461-510) -- 1 - MARIA VELA PELA SUA FAMÍLIA MISSIONÁRIA -- Ao P. Desgenettes -- (pg. 463) -- 2 - LIBERMANN DÁ A CONHECER OS NOVOS APELOS FEITOS À CONGREGAÇÃO -- Ao P. Le Vavasseur que partilha com ele “a graça da Fundação” -- (pg. 473) --3 - LIBERMANN PARTILHA AS NOTÍCIAS DE FAMÍLIA -- Ao P. Laval -- (pg. 484) -- 4 - LIBERMANN APRESENTA A VIDA DA CONGREGAÇÃO -- Ao seu companheiro, P. Le Vavasseur – (pg. 491) -- 5 - RESUMO SOBRE A CONGREGAÇÃO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO E DO IMACULADO CORAÇÃO DE MARIA E SUAS OBRAS -- (pg. 498) -- 6 - LIBERMANN NAS SUAS RESPONSABILIDADES DE 11º SUPERIOR GERAL DA CONGREGAÇÃO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO -- Ao P. Collin -- (pg. 507) -- ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO DOS CORRESPONDENTES DO P. LIBERMANN E DAS PESSOAS POR ELE CITADAS -- (pg. 513)

A massive amount has been written about forecasting but few articles are written about the development of time series models of call volumes for emergency services. In this study, we use different techniques for forecasting and make the comparison of the techniques for the call volume of the emergency service Rescue 1122 Lahore, Pakistan. For the purpose of this study data is taken from emergency calls of Rescue 1122 from 1st January 2008 to 31 December 2009 and 731 observations are used. Our goal is to develop a simple model that could be used for forecasting the daily call volume. Two different approaches are used for forecasting the daily call volume Box and Jenkins (ARIMA) methodology and Smoothing methodology. We generate the models for forecasting of call volume and present a comparison of the two different techniques.

The trackball metaphor is exploited in many applications where volumetric data needs to be explored. Although it provides an intuitive way to inspect the overall structure of objects of interest, an in-detail inspection can be tedious - or when cavities occur even impossible. Therefore we propose a context-aware navigation technique for the exploration of volumetric data. While navigation techniques for polygonal data require information about the rendered geometry, this strategy is not sufficient in the area of volume rendering. Since rendering parameters, e.g., the transfer function, have a strong influence on the visualized structures, they also affect the features to be explored. To compensate this effect we propose a novel image-based navigation approach for volumetric data. While being intuitive to use, the proposed technique allows the user to perform complex navigation tasks, in particular to get an overview as well as to perform an in-detail inspection without any navigation mode switches. The technique can be easily integrated into raycasting based volume renderers, needs no extra data structures and is independent of the data set as well as the rendering parameters. We will discuss the underlying concepts, explain how to enable the navigation at interactive frame rates using OpenCL, and evaluate its usability as well as its performance.

In this study, we have proposed several methods for sampling field-based representations of refraction attributes, and analysed these methods in terms of the quality and accuracy of the results produced. We have identified two types of anomalies that affect the correctness of some methods, and found that the best of these methods is capable of producing images of equal quality to surface-graphics techniques. Our approach produces good results with functionally defined models, and discrete volumetric data, in the absence of noise. We have also established that this approach allows the modelling and rendering of types of objects that cannot be represented in surface graphics (e.g. objects with a continuous, non-uniform refractive index). Where noise is present in volumetric data, it significantly affects the correctness of rendering refraction, usually resulting in images of poor quality. A number of methods for smoothing have been examined, including low-pass filtering and various types of nonlinear diffusion. We have shown that regularised anisotropic nonlinear diffusion is a powerful and effective method for processing noisy volumetric data sets in order to improve the quality of images featuring refraction. High quality images featuring refraction often take a long time to render. We have presented the design and implementation of a parallel, open source volume graphics rendered which supports refraction and multi-volume scenes. A large number of issues related to a efficient operation of a parallel renderer have been examined, and a high-performance, scaleable parallel renderer has been developed, which performs efficiently on both networked clusters, and shared memory multi-processor machines.

Producing a model explaining the trading volume can be attractive for companies who’s main revenue resides on it. Previous studies have shown that factors such as stock returns, volatility and uncertainty affects the trading volume. The purpose of this work is to clarify the consensus that prevails and determine the factors that impact Avanza’s customers trading volume. Factors such as daily stock returns and economic, political and financial uncertainty are analyzed through a multiple linear regression analysis with a daily time period between 2000-2019. The work is thus designed within the framework of mathematical statistics and industrial economics. To be able to draw a conclusion, further investigation is required in the form of a time series analysis in combination with a deeper understanding of the applied area and the mathematical methods that have been used.
Att ta fram en modell som förklarar handelsvolymen kan vara eftertraktat hos företag vars huvudintäkter beror av den. Tidigare forskning visar att faktorer som prisförändringar på aktiemarknaden, volatilitet och osäkerhet påverkar handelsvolymen. Syftet med arbetet är att klargöra den konsensus som råder och fastställa de faktorer som har störst påverkan gällande handelsvolymen för Avanza’s kunders. Faktorer som dagliga förändringar inom börsmarknaden och ekonomisk, politisk och finansiell osäkerhet har genom en multipel linjär regressionsanalys analyserats med en daglig tidsperiod mellan 2000-2019. Arbetet är således utformat inom ramen för matematisk statistik och industriell ekonomi. För att kunna dra en slutsats krävs vidare undersökning i form av en tidsserieanalys och en djupare förståelse av det tillämpade området och metoderna som har an- vänds.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-196).
Volume holograms can be thought of as self-aligned 3D stacks of diffractive elements that operate coherently on incident fields as they propagate through the structure. In this thesis, we propose, design and implement imaging systems that incorporate a volume hologram as one of the elements that operate on the optical field incident on the imaging system. We show that a volume hologram acts like a "smart" lens that can perform several useful functions in an imaging system and demonstrate the same experimentally. To this end, we first develop the theory of volume holographic imaging and calculate the imaging properties of the field diffracted by a volume hologram for the special cases of coherent and incoherent monochromatic illumination. We concentrate on two simple imaging system configurations, viz. volume holograms recorded using a planar signal and either a spherical or a planar reference beam. We pay particular attention to the depth resolution of each system and discuss how appropriately designed objective optics placed before the volume hologram can enhance the depth resolution. We also derive the imaging properties of the volume holographic "smart" lens under conditions of incoherent broadband illumination. We show that multiple volume holographic sensors can be configured to acquire different perspectives of an object with enhanced resolution. We experimentally verify the developed theories and implement several volume holographic imaging systems for a wide range of imaging applications. We compare volume holographic imaging with some commonly used 3D imaging systems and discuss the merits of each system. We find that volume holograms with low diffraction efficiencies result in lower photon counts
(cont.) and information loss and hence poorer imaging performance. We present an optical method to solve this problem by resonating the volume hologram inside an optical cavity. Finally, we conclude with some directions for future work in this emerging field.
by Arnab Sinha.
Ph.D.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
In this work we try to make an approach of some classical theorems of Plana Euclidean geometry more deeply than is usually done in high school, because although they have a big role in solving many geometric problems are somehow forgotten both in basic education as in undergraduate education. In order to redeem such theorems, developing skills in geometry, logic and mathematics as a whole; From the postulates of Euclid and its main theorems we explore the more usual area and volume formulas studied in high school, as well as their properties. For demonstrations of these theorems, fi zemos using some results of plane geometry and spatial geometry. We believe that both the focus of the realization of this work, as the classical theorems, can serve to improve the teaching and learning of geometry Euclidean Plane and Space, and possibly serve as a motivator for students and teachers that seek to improve their knowledge in geometry in their several developments.
Neste trabalho procuramos fazer uma abordagem de alguns teoremas clássicos da Geometria Euclidiana Plana de maneira mais profunda do que usualmente é feita no ensino médio, pois embora tenham um grande papel na resolução de muitos problemas geométricos, estão de certa forma esquecidos tanto no ensino básico quanto no ensino de graduação. No intuito de resgatar tais teoremas, desenvolvendo assim habilidades em Geometria, Lógica e na matemática como um todo; A partir dos postulados de Euclides e seus principais teoremas exploramos as mais usuais fórmulas de área e volume estudadas no ensino médio, bem como suas propriedades. Para as demonstrações destes teoremas, fizemos o uso de alguns resultados da Geometria Plana e da Geometria Espacial. Acreditamos que tanto o enfoque da realização desse trabalho, como os teoremas clássicos, podem servir para a melhoria do ensino-aprendizagem de Geometria Euclidiana Plana e Espacial, e possivelmente servir de elemento motivador para alunos e professores que busquem aprimorar seus conhecimentos em Geometria nos seus diversos desdobramentos.

Surface-based representations of objects, and consequently their rendering algorithms, currently dominate the field of computer graphics. It could be argued that this is not just due to the efficiency of representation (representing merely surfaces, and not internal information), but is mostly due to the fact that surface-based graphics as a sub-field has seen many years of prioritised research and development. Volume graphics as a sub-field of computer graphics has however seen a rapid rise in research concentration in recent years. Its popularity can be attributed mainly to its ever-important role in medical applications such as surgery simulations and medical illustration; however, its rapid growth in the past five years or so is unquestionably due to the real-time volume rendering techniques implemented on the Graphics Processing Units of commodity graphics hardware. The deformation of graphical objects is an important part of animation; particularly in CGI-based movies where characters must bend and stretch comically according to their actions. Deformation also plays an important role in surgical simulations, where real-time physically-based solutions are required to give the surgeon or student a realistic simulation of a surgical operation. The deformation of volumetric data (as in volume graphics) is a challenge due to the sheer amount of data that must be transformed, and the lack of topographical/semantic information that is embedded with freshly-aquired data. Such semantics must usually be inferred by the user using manual processes such as segmentation. The work presented in this thesis provides a robust set of methods and techniques for the real-time manipulation of volumetric data, utilising high-performance graphics hardware to ensure that the field of volume graphics can continue to be a highly-attractive alternative to surface-based graphics. The main contributions of this work are: • A comprehensive review of volume graphics and volume deformation; • An introduction to important GPU-acclererated volume graphics methods; • A framework for the non-reconstructive deformation of volume data; • A GPU-accelerated forward-projection system for interactive volume deformation; • A real-time backwardbackward-mapping raycasting Tenderer for interactive, character-based volume deformation.

The emergence of volume graphics, a sub field in computer graphics, has been evident for the last 15 years. Growing from scientific visualization problems, volume graphics has established itself as an important field in general computer graphics. However, the general graphics fraternity still favour the established surface graphics techniques. This is due to well founded and established techniques and a complete pipeline through software onto display hardware. This enables real-time applications to be constructed with ease and used by a wide range of end users due to the readily available graphics hardware adopted by many computer manufacturers. Volume graphics has traditionally been restricted to high-end systems due to the complexity involved with rendering volume datasets. Either specialised graphics hardware or powerful computers were required to generate images, many of these not in real-time. Although there have been specialised hardware solutions to the volume rendering problem, the adoption of the volume dataset as a primitive relies on end-users with commodity hardware being able to display images at interactive rates. The recent emergence of programmable consumer level graphics hardware is now allowing these platforms to compute volume rendering at interactive rates. Most of the work in this field is directed towards scientific visualisation. The work in this thesis addresses the issues in providing real-time volume graphics techniques to the general graphics community using commodity graphics hardware. Real-time texturing of volumetric data is explored as an important set of techniques in delivering volume datasets as a general graphics primitive. The main contributions of this work are; The introduction of efficient acceleration techniques; Interactive display of amorphous phenomena modelled outside an object defined in a volume dataset; Interactive procedural texture synthesis for volume data; 2D texturing techniques and extensions for volume data in real-time; A flexible surface detail mapping algorithm that removes many previous restrictions Parts of this work have been presented at the 4th International Workshop on Volume Graphics and also published in Volume Graphics 2005.

The evaluation of stereoscopic displays for surface-based renderings is well established in terms of accurate depth perception and tasks that require an understanding of the spatial layout of the scene. In comparison direct volume rendering (DVR) that typically produces images with a high number of low opacity, overlapping features is only beginning to be critically studied on stereoscopic displays. The properties of the specific images and the choice of parameters for DVR algorithms make assessing the effectiveness of stereoscopic displays for DVR particularly challenging and as a result existing literature is sparse with inconclusive results. In this thesis stereoscopic volume rendering is analysed for tasks that require depth perception including: stereo-acuity tasks, spatial search tasks and observer preference ratings. The evaluations focus on aspects of the DVR rendering pipeline and assess how the parameters of volume resolution, reconstruction filter and transfer function may alter task performance and the perceived quality of the produced images. The results of the evaluations suggest that the transfer function and choice of recon- struction filter can have an effect on the performance on tasks with stereoscopic displays when all other parameters are kept consistent. Further, these were found to affect the sensitivity and bias response of the participants. The studies also show that properties of the reconstruction filters such as post-aliasing and smoothing do not correlate well with either task performance or quality ratings. Included in the contributions are guidelines and recommendations on the choice of pa- rameters for increased task performance and quality scores as well as image based methods of analysing stereoscopic DVR images.

The finite volume method is widely used for the numerical simulation of fluid flow because of its rigorous local conservation properties and its compatibility with arbitrary unstructured meshes for meshing complex domains. Interpolation plays an integral role in the finite volume method. Variables are located at cell centres but are also required at other positions such as cell faces. Variable values at these positions must be interpolated from cell values. In this thesis volume weighted interpolation is introduced as an alternative method of interpolation for the finite volume method. The main advantage of volume weighted interpolation is that variables can be interpolated conservatively between overlapping meshes. The accurate evaluation of convective fluxes on complex meshes remains a central issue in the finite volume method. While existing convection schemes perform well on structured orthogonal meshes, the use of orthogonal meshes is limited to simple domains. The application of volume weighted interpolation for convection modelling is investigated in this thesis in order to improve solutions on skew and non-orthogonal meshes. The method involves the construction of three-point interpolation stencils orthogonal to cell faces. A conservative interpolation is performed between the original mesh and the orthogonal stencil cells. The stencil is then used for the interpolation of face values of variables. Test cases are presented to test the interpolation stencil by using high-resolution convection schemes. Promising results are obtained with the stencil on unstructured meshes. Volume weighted interpolation also finds application as a pre- and post-processing tool for the finite volume method. Examples are presented to demonstrate how volume fraction fields can be initialised for two-phase flow simulations. Volume weighted interpolation can be used as a post-processing tool to map results from one mesh onto another as well as to calculate mass flows through surfaces. The applications described and examples presented in this thesis establish the potential of volume weighted interpolation as a valuable tool for the finite volume method.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-83).
The rapid growth of the digital communications market has prompted several large semiconductor manufacturers, including Intel Corporation, to begin the design and manufacture of communication ICs. The communications ICs are currently produced in much lower volumes than products such as microprocessors and memory. These low-volume products have been reported to cause operational problems, such as excessive cost, slow throughput time, and low yield when manufactured in semiconductor fabs designed for high volume manufacturing. This thesis examines the operational problems caused by the manufacture of low-volume semiconductor products and explores potential improvements. A financial model was developed to compare the cost of manufacturing low-volume products using several different strategies in existing high-volume fabs. The model results demonstrated that mask set cost, a fixed cost, becomes a very large component of total production cost as the product volume is reduced. Further, this model identified multi-product wafers, a scheme of fabricating several products on a single wafer, as a strategy with potential for savings up to approximately 75% of the manufacturing cost of low-volume products. A second financial model was developed to consider more detailed aspects of fabricating products on multi-product wafers. This model considered the sensitivity of the potential cost savings to changes in demand and changes to the design of multi-product wafers. This model also demonstrated that significant savings are possible with the multi-product wafer strategy, especially if the products are carefully matched (by die size and demand) with other products on the multi-product wafer. Finally, a brief organizational study was conducted to analyze the implementation of a multi-product wafer manufacturing process for the production of low-volume CMOS ICs at Intel Corporation.
by Robert L. Scholtz, III.
S.M.
M.B.A.

Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumour (cMCT)’s Patnaik and Kiupel grading schemes rely on qualitative and semi-quantitative features susceptible to bias and inter-observer variability. The stereological estimation of volume-weighted mean nuclear volume (VV), on the other hand, provides information about both nuclear size and its variability, proven to have prognostic value in many solid tumours. VV of 55 cMCTs was estimated using the point-sampled intercept method in 10 microscopic fields (800 X). These tumours were graded by three pathologists and the final grade was compared with VV and clinical history of dogs with a follow-up period of one year. A cut-off value of VV>168 μm³ was shown to differentiate aggressive cMCTs with 78.3% specificity and 87.5% sensitivity. The present study suggests that the estimation of VV on routine histological sections may objectively improve the detection of more aggressive cMCTs; Resumo: Valor Prognóstico do Volume Nuclear Médio em Mastocitomas Caninos A gradação de Mastocitomas Cutâneos Caninos (cMCTs) pelo sistema de Patnaik e Kiupel é baseado em critérios qualitativos e semi-quantitativos, que estão sujeitos a viés e variabilidade inter-observador. O recurso ao princípio estereológico do ‘volume médio nuclear’ (VV), por outro lado, fornece simultaneamente informação sobre o tamanho nuclear e a sua variação, o que está associado a um valor de prognóstico em diversos tumores. O VV de 55 cMCTs foi estimado através do método ‘point-sampled intercept’ em 10 campos microscópicos (800 X). Estes tumores foram classificados por três patologistas e a classificação final foi comparada com o VV e o follow-up clínico de um ano. Um cut-off de VV>168 μm³ revelou diferenciar cMCTs de comportamento mais aggressivo com uma especificidade de 78.3% e uma sensibilidade de 87.5%. Este estudo sugere que o VV poderá objectivamente auxiliar a detecção de cMCTs com um comportamento mais agressivo.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2008.
CD-ROM entitled "The motion graphics scores of Severin Behnen" includes the animated scores. Includes bibliographical references (v. 1, leaves 138-142).

La historia de la Psicología refleja el interés por las formas y estructura del ser humano, siendo cráneo y rostro las más estudiadas para discernir aspectos de la personalidad. Por su relevancia en numerosos trastornos psiquiátricos una conducta que ha sido objeto de numerosas investigaciones es la impulsiva, de la que han surgido distintas conceptualizaciones con cierta controversia etiológica. En este sentido, nada se ha investigado sobre la relación entre este constructo y la estructura craneofacial. No obstante, el psiquiatra francés Louis Corman (1901-1995) en sus observaciones sobre la estructura craneofacial, afirmaba que una mayor inclinación de la frente hacia atrás se relacionaba con rasgos impulsivos, observación que no ha recibido atención hasta la fecha. Por otro lado, las técnicas de neuroimagen están ayudando a clarificar que tipo de variaciones se producen en las regiones cerebrales implicadas en la impulsividad. Y aunque la investigación se ha centrado mayoritariamente en población clínica, los estudios con población sana parecen estar recibiendo mayor atención en la última década. Así, está investigación se constituyó sobre tres objetivos y cuatro hipótesis. En el primer objetivo se investigó la asociación entre la impulsividad y el grado de inclinación de la frente hacia atrás (GIF), bajo la primera hipótesis que a mayor GIF mayor impulsividad. El segundo objetivo estudió la asociación entre la impulsividad y el volumen de la materia gris (VMG) de toda la corteza cerebral. Se formuló una segunda hipótesis que a menor VMG en regiones fronto-temporales mayor impulsividad. El tercer objetivo investigó la asociación entre GIF y VMG de toda la corteza cerebral y se planteó la tercera hipótesis que a mayor GIF menor VMG en regiones fronto-temporales. Asimismo, sobre la hipótesis anterior, surgió una cuarta hipótesis para observar si un hipotético mayor GIF y menor VMG en regiones fronto-temporales, se asociaría a mayor impulsividad. Los resultados confirman ampliamente la primera hipótesis, al obtener una alta asociación positiva entre 16 de 17 factores de impulsividad analizados y GIF. La segunda hipótesis confirma disminuciones en el VMG de regiones de los lóbulos fronto-temporales, aunque también se han hallado incrementos en estos lóbulos y en regiones del lóbulo occipital. En la tercera hipótesis, mayor GIF se asoció con tres regiones cerebrales. Se halló una disminución del VMG en el lóbulo frontal (giro caudal medio frontal derecho) y en el temporal (corteza transversal temporal derecha). También hallamos disminuciones de VMG en una región parietal (giro post-central derecho). Ello confirma nuestra hipótesis aunque se esperaba un mayor número de asociaciones negativas en regiones frontales. Finalmente, en la cuarta hipótesis y en el factor de impulsividad no planeada, se confirma una asociación positiva con GIF a la vez que disminuciones de VMG en la región de la corteza transversal derecha (lóbulo temporal). En conclusión, a mayor GIF mayor impulsividad autoinformada en sujetos sanos. También deducimos que numerosas regiones cerebrales parecen estar implicadas en este constructo. Asimismo, en regiones posteriores del encéfalo, como el lóbulo occipital, no se han hallado correlaciones entre GIF y VMG, lo que parece indicar que GIF puede relacionarse con el tejido cerebral subyacente de regiones anteriores del encéfalo. En esta línea, confirmamos que GIF se asocia a un menor VMG en regiones temporales que influyen en la impulsividad no planeada, y aunque este factor también se ha relacionado con áreas frontales, en esta región no se ha encontrado una asociación conjunta con GIF. Finalmente, aunque se trata de unos resultados iniciales, abren una incipiente línea de investigación sobre la relación conjunta entre la estructura craneofacial, el tejido cerebral subyacente y aspectos de la personalidad.
The history of Psychology reflects the interest in the forms and structure of the human being, being skull and face the most studied to discern aspects of personality. Due to its relevance in numerous psychiatric disorders, a behavior that has been the objective of numerous investigations is impulsiveness, from which different conceptualizations with a certain etiological controversy have emerged. In this sense, nothing has been investigated on the relationship between this construct and the craniofacial structure. However, the French psychiatrist Louis Corman (1901-1995), in his observations on the craniofacial structure, stated that a greater slant of the forehead backwards was related to impulsive features, an observation that has not received attention to date. On the other hand, neuroimaging techniques are helping to clarify what type of variations occur in the brain regions involved in impulsiveness. And while research has focused largely on the clinical population, studies of healthy populations appear to be receiving more attention in the last decade. Thus, this research was based on three objectives and four hypotheses. In the first objective, the association between impulsivity and the degree of backward slanted forehead (GIF) was investigated, under the first hypothesis that the greater the GIF the greater the impulsiveness. The second objective studied the association between impulsiveness and gray matter volume (GMV) of the entire cerebral cortex. A second hypothesis was formulated: the lower the GMV in front-temporal regions, the greater the impulsiveness. The third objective investigated the association between GIF and GMV of the entire cerebral cortex and the third hypothesis was that the higher the GIF the lower the GMV in front-temporal regions. Also, on the previous hypothesis, a fourth hypothesis emerged to observe whether a hypothetical higher GIF and lower GMV in front-temporal regions would be associated with higher impulsiveness. The results broadly confirm the first hypothesis, by obtaining a high positive association between 16 of the 17 impulsivity factors analyzed and GIF. The second hypothesis confirmed decreases in GMV in fronto-temporal lobe regions, although increases have also been found in these lobes and in occipital lobe regions. In the third hypothesis, increased GIF was associated with three brain regions. A decrease in GMV was found in the frontal lobe (right middle frontal caudal rotation) and in the temporal lobe (right temporal cortex). We also found decreases in GMV in a parietal region (right post-central rotation). This supports our hypothesis, although more negative associations were expected in frontal regions. Finally, in the fourth hypothesis and the non-planning impulsiveness factor, a positive association with GIF is confirmed as well as decreases in GMV in the region of the right lateral cortex (temporal lobe). In conclusion, the greater the GIF, the greater the self-reported impulsiveness in healthy subjects. We also infer that numerous brain regions appear to be involved in this construct. Also, in posterior regions of the brain, such as the occipital lobe, no correlations have been found between GIF and GMV, suggesting that GIF may be related to the underlying brain tissue of anterior regions of the brain. In this line, we confirm that GIF is associated with a lower GMV in temporal regions that influence non-planning impulsiveness, and although this factor has also been related to frontal areas, no common association with GIF has been found in this region. Finally, although these are initial results, they open an incipient line of research on the joint relationship between the craniofacial structure, the underlying brain tissue and personality aspects.

Although direct volume rendering is established as a powerful tool for the visualization of volumetric data, efficient and reliable feature detection is still an open topic. Usually, a tradeoff between fast but imprecise classification schemes and accurate but time-consuming segmentation techniques has to be made. Furthermore, the issue of uncertainty introduced with the feature detection process is completely neglected by the majority of existing approaches. In this paper we propose a guided probabilistic volume segmentation approach that focuses on the minimization of uncertainty. In an iterative process, our system continuously assesses uncertainty of a random walker-based segmentation in order to detect regions with high ambiguity, to which the user's attention is directed to support the correction of potential misclassifications. This reduces the risk of critical segmentation errors and ensures that information about the segmentation's reliability is conveyed to the user in a dependable way. In order to improve the efficiency of the segmentation process, our technique does not only take into account the volume data to be segmented, but also enables the user to incorporate classification information. An interactive workflow has been achieved by implementing the presented system on the GPU using the OpenCL API. Our results obtained for several medical data sets of different modalities, including brain MRI and abdominal CT, demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of our approach.

This master thesis describes the underlying theory and implementation of a fused GPU volume rendering pipeline. The open source framework of XIP, largely developed at Siemens Corporate Research, is extended with fusion capabilities through a Binary Space Partitioning approach. Regions in the intersection pattern of multiple volumes are identified and subsequently rendered using either Texture Slicing or Raycasting in a cell based fashion. Results demonstrate interactive frame rates for reasonable scenes and are encouraging as the implementation can be extended by several key acceleration methods.

Modern GPUs possess enormous computational capabilities, power that has just become available for general purpose programming via the development of highly programmable shaders. This thesis investigates ways to use this power for the purpose of medical visualization. The project was carried out in collaboration with Sectra Imtec, a Linköpingbased medical imaging company. The problem to be solved was how best to render high quality images at interactive frame rates for the purpose of previewing a medical data set. Two different GPU-accelerated volume rendering approaches were investigated and implemented. One approach based on textured slices of proxy geometry, and one based on ray casting. It is shown that the ray casting implementation presented far superior image quality. Because of this, most of the work during the project concerned improving the method enough to make the visualization interactive. In particular, an empty space skipping method via a complex bounding geometry was implemented and is described in detail. This report also presents important background facts regarding volume rendering and modern graphics cards, so that it is accessible for any reader with basic computer graphics knowledge.

The amount of foam volume generated in relation to the gas flowrate has long been used to define the foaminess of a solution and to characterize surfactants. The vessel geometry and gas flowrate range can affect the foam volume results. A fixed area column was tested alongside a variable area conical vessel with three surfactants (commercial frothers). It was found that the fixed area vessel would cause foam volume to expand or contract, which masks the effect of the surfactant. The conical vessel showed two regimes of foam volume production dependant on gas flowrate. The low gas flowrate regime was tentatively associated with a quiescent bubbly zone while the high gas flowrate regime associated to a turbulent bubbly zone. Foaming properties of a surfactant are best determined with a variable area vessel at low gas flowrate.
L'étude du volume de mousse généré en corrélation avec le flux de gaz est utilisée depuis longtemps afin de déterminer la moussabilité d'une solution et d'en caractériser les agents de surface. La géométrie de la cuve ainsi que l'amplitude du flux de gaz sont connus pour avoir un effet sur les résultats de volume de mousse généré. Une colonne avec une aire de surface prédéfinie a été testée en parallèle avec une cuve conique de surface variable ; trois agents de surface (des moussants commerciaux) ont servi de base d'étude. Les résultats ont montré que la cuve possédant une aire de surface fixe causerait l'expansion ou la contraction de la mousse, masquant l'effet de l'agent de surface. Avec la cuve conique, deux régimes de production du volume de mousse, chacun dépendants du flux de gaz, ont été déterminés. Le régime correspondant à un flux de gaz faible est le produit d'une zone quiescente d'évolution des bulles alors que le régime correspondant à un flux de gaz élevé montre des propriétés typiquement cinématiques dues à une zone turbulente d'évolution des bulles. Les propriétés de moussage d'un agent de surface donné sont déterminées avec une meilleure exactitude en utilisant une cuve de surface variable avec un flux de gaz faible.

Due to the nature of scientic data sets, the generation of convenient visualizations may be a difficult task, but crucial to correctly convey the relevant information of the data. When working with complex volume models, such as the anatomical ones, it is important to provide accurate representations, since a misinterpretation can lead to serious mistakes while diagnosing a disease or planning surgery. In these cases, enhancing the perception of the features of interest usually helps to properly understand the data. Throughout years, researchers have focused on different methods to improve the visualization of volume data sets. For instance, the definition of good transfer functions is a key issue in Volume Visualization, since transfer functions determine how materials are classified. Other approaches are based on simulating realistic illumination models to enhance the spatial perception, or using illustrative effects to provide the level of abstraction needed to correctly interpret the data. This thesis contributes with new approaches to enhance the visual and spatial perception in Volume Visualization. Thanks to the new computing capabilities of modern graphics hardware, the proposed algorithms are capable of modifying the illumination model and simulating illustrative motifs in real time. In order to enhance local details, which are useful to better perceive the shape and the surfaces of the volume, our first contribution is an algorithm that employs a common sharpening operator to modify the lighting applied. As a result, the overall contrast of the visualization is enhanced by brightening the salient features and darkening the deeper regions of the volume model. The enhancement of depth perception in Direct Volume Rendering is also covered in the thesis. To do this, we propose two algorithms to simulate ambient occlusion: a screen-space technique based on using depth information to estimate the amount of light occluded, and a view-independent method that uses the density values of the data set to estimate the occlusion. Additionally, depth perception is also enhanced by adding halos around the structures of interest. Maximum Intensity Projection images provide a good understanding of the high intensity features of the data, but lack any contextual information. In order to enhance the depth perception in such a case, we present a novel technique based on changing how intensity is accumulated. Furthermore, the perception of the spatial arrangement of the displayed structures is also enhanced by adding certain colour cues. The last contribution is a new manipulation tool designed for adding contextual information when cutting the volume. Based on traditional illustrative effects, this method allows the user to directly extrude structures from the cross-section of the cut. As a result, the clipped structures are displayed at different heights, preserving the information needed to correctly perceive them.
Debido a la naturaleza de los datos científicos, visualizarlos correctamente puede ser una tarea complicada, pero crucial para interpretarlos de forma adecuada. Cuando se trabaja con modelos de volumen complejos, como es el caso de los modelos anatómicos, es importante generar imágenes precisas, ya que una mala interpretación de las mismas puede producir errores graves en el diagnóstico de enfermedades o en la planificación de operaciones quirúrgicas. En estos casos, mejorar la percepción de las zonas de interés, facilita la comprensión de la información inherente a los datos. Durante décadas, los investigadores se han centrado en el desarrollo de técnicas para mejorar la visualización de datos volumétricos. Por ejemplo, los métodos que permiten definir buenas funciones de transferencia son clave, ya que éstas determinan cómo se clasifican los materiales. Otros ejemplos son las técnicas que simulan modelos de iluminación realista, que permiten percibir mejor la distribución espacial de los elementos del volumen, o bien los que imitan efectos ilustrativos, que proporcionan el nivel de abstracción necesario para interpretar correctamente los datos. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se centra en mejorar la percepción de los elementos del volumen, ya sea modificando el modelo de iluminación aplicado en la visualización, o simulando efectos ilustrativos. Aprovechando la capacidad de cálculo de los nuevos procesadores gráficos, se describen un conjunto de algoritmos que permiten obtener los resultados en tiempo real. Para mejorar la percepción de detalles locales, proponemos modificar el modelo de iluminación utilizando una conocida herramienta de procesado de imágenes (unsharp masking). Iluminando aquellos detalles que sobresalen de las superficies y oscureciendo las zonas profundas, se mejora el contraste local de la imagen, con lo que se consigue realzar los detalles de superficie. También se presentan diferentes técnicas para mejorar la percepción de la profundidad en Direct Volume Rendering. Concretamente, se propone modificar la iluminación teniendo en cuenta la oclusión ambiente de dos maneras diferentes: la primera utiliza los valores de profundidad en espacio imagen para calcular el factor de oclusión del entorno de cada pixel, mientras que la segunda utiliza los valores de densidad del volumen para aproximar dicha oclusión en cada vóxel. Además de estas dos técnicas, también se propone mejorar la percepción espacial y de la profundidad de ciertas estructuras mediante la generación de halos. La técnica conocida como Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) permite visualizar los elementos de mayor intensidad del volumen, pero no aporta ningún tipo de información contextual. Para mejorar la percepción de la profundidad, proponemos una nueva técnica basada en cambiar la forma en la que se acumula la intensidad en MIP. También se describe un esquema de color para mejorar la percepción espacial de los elementos visualizados. La última contribución de la tesis es una herramienta de manipulación directa de los datos, que permite preservar la información contextual cuando se realizan cortes en el modelo de volumen. Basada en técnicas ilustrativas tradicionales, esta técnica permite al usuario estirar las estructuras visibles en las secciones de los cortes. Como resultado, las estructuras de interés se visualizan a diferentes alturas sobre la sección, lo que permite al observador percibirlas correctamente.