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Journal articles on the topic 'Voluntary ingestion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Peixoto, A., P. Pereira, and G. Macedo. "Gastrointestinal: Voluntary padlock ingestion." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 32, no. 12 (2017): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13828.

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2

Jacobsen, KR, O. Kalliokoski, J. Hau, and KSP Abelson. "Voluntary ingestion of buprenorphine in mice." Animal Welfare 20, no. 4 (2011): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600003225.

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AbstractBuprenorphine is a widely used analgesic for laboratory rodents. Administration of the drug in a desirable food item for voluntary ingestion is an attractive way to administer the drug non-invasively. However, it is vital that the animals ingest the buprenorphine-food-item mix as desired. The present study investigated how readily female and male mice (Mus musculus) of two different strains consumed buprenorphine mixed in a commercially available nut paste (Nutella®), and whether variation between genders and strains would affect the subsequent serum concentrations of buprenorphine. Buprenorphine at different concentrations mixed in Nutella® was given to male and female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice in a complete cross-over study. Pure Nutella® or buprenorphine (1.0-3.0 mg kg−1 bodyweight [bw]) mixed in 10 g kg−1 bw Nutella® were given to the mice at 1500h. The mice were video recorded until the next morning, when blood was collected by submandibular venipuncture. The concentration of buprenorphine in the Nutella® mix did not affect the duration of ingestion in any of the groups. However, female mice consumed the Nutella® significantly faster than males. Repeated exposure significantly reduced the start time of voluntary ingestion, but not the duration of eating the mixture. These differences did not however affect the serum concentration of buprenorphine measured 17 h post administration.
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3

Rubio García, JJ, M. Marco Gómez, T. Viñas Martínez, et al. "Emergent surgery after voluntary ingestion of caustics." Cirugía Andaluza 35, no. 4 (2024): 455–57. https://doi.org/10.37351/2024354.17.

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Resumen Introducción: Los agentes cáusticos ácidos provocan una necrosis coagulativa sobre la superficie del tracto gastrointestinal tras su ingesta. Se trata de una situación grave con un compromiso vital inmediato. Material y métodos: Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente tras ingesta de ácido clorhídrico con afectación esofágica y gástrica que precisa intervención quirúrgica urgente. Caso clínico:Mujer de 33 años que acude al servicio de urgencias de nuestro centro tras ingesta de cáustico (Salfumán) con fines autolíticos. Acude consciente y orientada, pero con intenso dolor abdominal y retroesternal. Analíticamente presenta GOT 322 U/L, GPT 155 U/L, pH 7.02. Como hallazgos en TC tóraco-abdomino-pélvico se observa abundante líquido intraabdominal de elevada densidad, distensión gástrica con dos soluciones de continuidad en curvatura mayor gástrica y prepilórica. Hay ausencia de repleción de vena esplénica y porta con ausencia de realce parenquimatoso del bazo e hígado con múltiples hipodensidades parcheadas. Ante esta situación clínica y hallazgos en pruebas complementarias se decide intervención quirúrgica urgente. Abordaje mediante laparotomía media evidenciando extensa necrosis de esófago, estómago y segmento de colon transverso secundaria al agente ácido; extensa trombosis de mesocolon transverso; dos perforaciones a nivel de antro gástrico y un foco hemorrágico en borde superior de cabeza pancreática. Mediante abordaje combinado cervical y abdominal realizamos "stripping" esofágico, gastrectomía total y resección segmentaria de colon transverso. Conclusión:La ingesta de cáusticos es una situación de extrema gravedad, su tratamiento quirúrgico urgente es un procedimiento técnicamente demandante que asocia una elevada morbimortalidad.
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SAHU, ANKIT KUMAR, and SONIKA RATHOOR. "Camphor poisoning in an adult: Seizures manifesting as ‘mis-purposed’ drug effect." National Medical Journal of India 37 (August 3, 2024): 26–27. https://doi.org/10.25259/nmji_2_21.

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Camphor, a common aromatic hydrocarbon, is known to be potentially hazardous due to its acute harmful effects primarily on the central nervous system. Contrastingly, camphor is an integral component of various indigenous medicinal potions owing to its medicinal value. Camphor neurotoxicity has been reported in children. However, accidental or voluntary ingestion in adults is rare. We report a patient with voluntary ingestion of camphor, in a relatively large dose for alleviation of a medical condition.
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5

Glodi, Dibwe K., Khaleq Khalid, Kamal Khadija, and Hattabi Khalid. "Atypical Foreign Body Ingestion for Suicide." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 12, no. 10 (2024): 1813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2024.v12i10.049.

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The ingestion of foreign bodies can cause severe health issues such as bleeding, perforations, and obstructions. The majority of gastrointestinal foreign bodies discovered in adults result from intentional ingestion, often found in patients with preexisting psychiatric conditions. In the literature, there are few similar cases of voluntary ingestion of a fork that has passed through the esophagus to the duodenum. We present a case of a 33-year-old man with a psychiatric disorder who presented to the emergency room five months after ingesting a fork, which was discovered incidentally during imaging evaluations. He had complained of epigastric pain lasting for a month, leading to the search for a cause. An abdominopelvic CT scan revealed a linear structure in the D2 and D3 segments, creating a metallic artifact, obstructing wall exploration, and measuring 9x136 mm. The patient underwent surgical extraction via laparotomy under general anesthesia, and the postoperative course was uneventful.
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6

Palmer, Matthew, George Heigenhauser, MyLinh Duong, and Lawrence Spriet. "Ingesting A Sports Drink Enhances Simulated Ice Hockey Performance While Reducing Perceived Effort." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 14 (2017): 1061–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-119874.

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AbstractThis study determined whether ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) vs. progressive dehydration affected skeletal muscle glycogen use and performance in ice hockey players during simulated ice hockey exercise comprised of 3 active “periods”. Seven males (21.3±0.3 years, 184.7±1.2 cm, 84.2±3.9 kg, and 49.6±1.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a hockey-specific protocol on two occasions and either dehydrated progressively (NF), or stayed well-hydrated by ingesting a CES. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, before the 3rd period (P3), and after the final sprint in the protocol. Compared to dehydration in the NF trial (−1.8% BM), CES ingestion enhanced voluntary performance (151.0±8.0 vs. 144.1±8.7 kJ) and glycogen use (177.5±31.1 vs. 103.5±16.2 mmol·kg dm−1), and reduced perceived exertion (16±1 vs. 18±1) in P3. Mean core temperature was reduced by CES ingestion throughout the protocol (38.0±0.2 vs. 38.1±0.1°C). These results suggest that compared to progressive dehydration, staying hydrated by ingesting a CES helps preserve performance, while reducing thermal and perceptual strains, in P3 of cycle-based simulation of ice hockey exercise. These benefits are observed despite greater glycogen use in P3 with CES ingestion.
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7

Garat, Anne, Patrick Nisse, Marie Kauv, Monique Mathieu-Nolf, Delphine Allorge, and Daniel Mathieu. "Lactic acidosis due to voluntary e-liquid ingestion." Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 28, no. 4 (2016): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2016.05.001.

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8

Tavolacci, M. P., H. Marini, S. Vanheste, et al. "A voluntary ingestion of alcohol-based hand rub." Journal of Hospital Infection 66, no. 1 (2007): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2007.01.008.

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9

Ávila, José A., Néstor A. Cecconi, Luis A. Ramírez, Matías D. Seidel, María P. Goitea, and Luis S. Avellaneda. "Ingested air rifle pellet associated with acute perforated appendicitis." Revista Argentina de Cirugía 113, no. 3 (2021): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25132/raac.v113.n3.1519.

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We report the case of a 28-year-old male patient with a history of voluntary ingestion of a metallic pellet 20 days before who was transferred to our department with typical symptoms of acute appendicitis. Under that circumstances he underwent conventional appendectomy. The analysis of the preoperative imaging tests and the intraoperative findings help to identify the association between the foreign body and acute appendicitis. Ingestion of foreign bodies, either accidental or voluntary, is an extremely uncommon cause of acute appendicitis; thus, there are few reports in the international literature. This is the first case reported in Argentina.
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10

Morris, David M., Joshua R. Huot, Adam M. Jetton, Scott R. Collier, and Alan C. Utter. "Acute Sodium Ingestion Before Exercise Increases Voluntary Water Consumption Resulting in Preexercise Hyperhydration and Improvement in Exercise Performance in the Heat." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25, no. 5 (2015): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0212.

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Dehydration has been shown to hinder performance of sustained exercise in the heat. Consuming fluids before exercise can result in hyperhydration, delay the onset of dehydration during exercise and improve exercise performance. However, humans normally drink only in response to thirst, which does not result in hyperhydration. Thirst and voluntary fluid consumption have been shown to increase following oral ingestion or infusion of sodium into the bloodstream. We measured the effects of acute sodium ingestion on voluntary water consumption and retention during a 2-hr hydration period before exercise. Subjects then performed a 60-min submaximal dehydration ride (DR) followed immediately by a 200 kJ performance time trial (PTT) in a warm (30 °C) environment. Water consumption and retention during the hydration period was greater following sodium ingestion (1380 ± 580 mL consumed, 821 ± 367 ml retained) compared with placebo (815 ± 483 ml consumed, 244 ± 402 mL retained) and no treatment (782 ± 454 ml consumed, 148 ± 289 mL retained). Dehydration levels following the DR were significantly less after sodium ingestion (0.7 ± 0.6%) compared with placebo (1.3 ± 0.7%) and no treatment (1.6 ± 0.4%). Time to complete the PTT was significantly less following sodium consumption (773 ± 158 s) compared with placebo (851 ± 156 s) and no treatment (872 ± 190 s). These results suggest that voluntary hyperhydration can be induced by acute consumption of sodium and has a favorable effect on hydration status and performance during subsequent exercise in the heat.
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11

Díaz, Juan Daniel Martínez, and M. Ángeles López. "Voluntary ingestion of organophosphate insecticide by a young farmer." Journal of Emergency Nursing 25, no. 4 (1999): 266–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-1767(99)70051-6.

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12

Gutierrez Higueras, T., F. Calera Cortés, B. Hernández Gajate, E. D. Servin López, S. Sainz De La Cuesta Alonso, and S. Vicent Forés. "Ingestion of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer: A case report." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (2022): S841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2177.

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Introduction Alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing ethanol or isopropanol are being used in order to prevent person-to-person transmission during the COVID-19. Early signs and symptoms of this ingestion include nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, blurred vision, loss of coordination, and decreased level of consciousness. After hand sanitizer ingestion we have to suspect about methanol poisoning, monitoring the start of anion-gap metabolic acidosis, seizures, and blindness is essential. Treatment includes supportive care, acidosis correction, and the administration of an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor. In servere cases hemodialysis may be required. Objectives To present a case of an 29-year-old woman who was taken to the emergency department after voluntary ingestion of alcohol-based hand sanitizer in a suicide attempt. To describe the most common side effects of hand sanitizer ingestion and the literature review. Methods Clinical case presentation and literature review of similar cases. Results A 29-year-old woman, with diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and previous suicide attempts was taken to the emergency department after 3 hours of voluntary ingestion of an unknown quantity of alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Initial laboratory findings showed laboratory a blood methanol concentration of 66 mg/dL, with an anion gap of 30 mEq/L, arterial blood pH of 7.2, serum bicarbonate concentration of 12 mEq/L. Patient complained of abdominal pain and nervoussness. Conclusions Most common signs and symptoms of alcohol-based hand sanitizer ingestion include nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, blurred vision, loss of coordination, and decreased level of consciousness. Treatment includes supportive care, acidosis correction, the administration of an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor and sometimes may be required. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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13

Morris, Arthur J. "Long-Term Follow-up of Voluntary Ingestion of Helicobacter pylori." Annals of Internal Medicine 114, no. 8 (1991): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-114-8-662.

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14

DiBattista, David. "Voluntary lactose ingestion in gerbils, rats, mice, and golden hamsters." Physiology & Behavior 52, no. 1 (1992): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(92)90433-3.

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15

Vollmer, Regis R., Hou-Ming Cai, Julie A. Miedlar, and Janet A. Amico. "Voluntary Sodium Ingestion in Wild-Type and Oxytocin Knockout Mice." Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 35, no. 3 (2012): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2012.702836.

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16

Darr, Umar, Zubair Khan, Anas Renno, Yousef Abdel-Aziz, and Ali Nawras. "Recurrent Voluntary Ingestion of Alkaline Batteries by a Psychiatric Patient." American Journal of Gastroenterology 112 (October 2017): S1548—S1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201710001-02894.

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17

Castanares-Zapatero, Diego, Valérie Dinant, Ilaria Ruggiano, Harold Willem, Pierre-François Laterre, and Philippe Hantson. "Pattern of Paracetamol Poisoning: Influence on Outcome and Complications." Toxics 6, no. 4 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics6040058.

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Acute paracetamol poisoning due to a single overdose may be effectively treated by the early administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antidote. The prognosis may be different in the case of intoxication due to multiple ingestions or when the antidote is started with delay. The aim of this work was to investigate the outcome of paracetamol poisoning according to the pattern of ingestion and determine the factors associated with the outcome. We performed a retrospective analysis over the period 2007–2017 of the patients who were referred to a tertiary hospital for paracetamol-related hepatotoxicity. Inclusion criteria were: accidental or voluntary ingestion of paracetamol, delay for NAC therapy of 12 h or more, liver enzymes (ALT) >1000 IU/L on admission. Ninety patients were considered. Poisoned patients following multiple ingestion were significantly older (45 ± 12 vs. 33 ± 14) (p = 0.001), with a higher incidence of liver steatosis (p = 0.016) or chronic ethanol abuse (p = 0.04). In comparison with the subgroup of favorable outcome, the patients with poor outcome were older, had higher values for ALT, bilirubin, lactate, and lower values for factor V and arterial pH. In multivariate analysis, the arterial lactate value was associated with a bad prognosis (p < 0.02) (adjusted odds ratio 1.74 and CI 95:1.09–2.77). The risk of poor outcome was greater in the subgroup with staggered overdose (p = 0.02), which had a higher mortality rate (p = 0.01). This retrospective analysis illustrates the different population patterns of patients who were admitted for a single ingestion of a paracetamol overdose versus multiple ingestions. This last subgroup was mainly represented by older patients with additional risk factors for hepatotoxicity; arterial lactate was a good predictor of severity.
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Ferrara, Dante, Adele Figuccia, Alice Stella, Luca Lagalla, Domenico Cipolla, and Giovanni Corsello. "Intossicazioni acute da sostanze stupefacenti e/o psicofarmaci in età pediatrica." Medico e Bambino 44, no. 04 (2025): 241–48. https://doi.org/10.53126/meb44241.

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Paediatric acute exposure to substance abuse is a significant problem. From September 2019 to January 2024, 38 visits for suspected, accidental or voluntary, ingestion of substance abuse were registered at the Paediatric Emergency Room of the Children’s Hospital “G. Di Cristina” in Palermo. Children in the first two years of life, because of their curiosity and natural tendency to explore their surroundings, have an increased risk of accidental intoxication. Clinical presentation is different and depends on the age, the type and amount of substance abuse taken. Children in the first two years of life show a more severe symptomatic corteum than that observed in older children. After analysing the data and the description of clinical conditions, a procedure has been developed to provide diagnostic elements for the better recognition and the proper care of children with voluntary and/or accidental ingestion of substance abuse, through a multidisciplinary approach.
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19

goyal, Sunder. "Stomach Foreign Body: A Retrospective Study with a Review." Journal of Medical Case Studies 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jmcs-16000123.

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Foreign bodies in the stomach may be accidental or voluntary swallowing. Most foreign bodies are due to unintentional ingestion except in insane people or drug peddlers who may be voluntary. Most of the time, coins are accidentally ingested by children. A rare phenomenon is accidental ingestion of a size 16 to 20 cm in length (toothbrush) foreign body in a sane person. Oesophageal foreign bodies are not as risky as airway foreign bodies. These foreign bodies can obstruct and are located at the oesophagus cricopharynx constriction, the crossover of the aortic arch at the mid-oesophagus, and the lower end. After reaching the stomach, most ingested foreign bodies less than 6 cm will pass uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract, as in 10 patients who consumed one/two rupee coins. Nevertheless, long and rigid foreign bodies like toothbrushes can result in gastrointestinal impaction, perforation and bleeding. Moreover, there have been a few case reports of spontaneous passage of a toothbrush, and promptly removing such ingested foreign objects is recommended before complications develop. Treatment option remains controversial considering the waiting policy or intervention, either endoscopic or surgical. This study describes 11 patients, 10 cases of coin ingestion and one case of the swallowed toothbrush. Ten cases of coin ingestion were managed conservatively. Upper midline laparotomy was done to remove the toothbrush as removal via flexible endoscopy failed. A swallowed toothbrush is a special clinical challenge. Early retrieval of the toothbrush is critical for reducing morbidity.
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20

Condrea, Andreia Mihaela, Luiza Elena Dragomirescu, and Alina Corina Grama. "Voluntary self-poisoning in children – a silent call for help." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 73, no. 3 (2024): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2024.3.10.

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Introduction. Voluntary self-poisoning represents nowadays a public health issue, being one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients. The psychological burden some children have to carry becomes heavier than their strength, fact that determine them to make their voices heard through self-hurting. Aim. The current study proposed to raise awareness upon the multiple cases of voluntary ingestions between children, to assess the reasons and, consequently, to find solutions to support our future generations. Materials and methods. This is an observational retrospective study performed by analyzing the medical data of the patients admitted to the Department of Pediatrics I, from the Clinical County Emergency Hospital Targu Mures, with the diagnostic of toxic substance ingestion, between 1st of January 2019 and 31st December 2022. The study group comprised of 204 children, who were exposed to harmful chemicals, 68 of them being voluntarily involved. Results. A slight increase in the number of cases have been observed during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Additionally, we identified that teenage girls were more prone to self-poison than pre-school boys, who were more susceptible to unintentionally ingest toxics. Low family income, abandon, scholar difficulties, use of alcohol and pregnancy were only some of the causes of producing emotional instability. Furthermore, the most preferable substances to consume were pharmaceuticals, especially psychotropics. Conclusion. The study is emphasizing the necessity to establish mental support systems for the children who struggle with past traumas. Founding trustful connections between the child and its family, school and health care professionals can help reduce the self-harm cases and even develop a much more emotionally stronger society.
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21

de Behr, V., D. Daron, J. F. Cabaraux, I. Dufrasne, and L. Istasse. "Appetency and preference in horses offered lucerne or chalk as a source of calcium." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200006864.

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Lucerne and chalk are sources of calcium used to supplement horses diets. The voluntary ingestion of lucerne varies with its form (Cuddeford, 1994). The objectives of this study were to compare the appetency for different sources of calcium, measured by kinetic of ingestion and selection behaviour (sorting, refusal) and to evaluate the effect of those different sources of calcium supplements on the preference of diets offered as a simultaneous choice. The sources of calcium studied were chalk and dehydrated lucerne presented in three forms: 6 mm diameter pellets, 18 mm diameter pellets and ground.
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22

Park, Nicole D., Robert D. Maresca, Kimberly I. McKibans, D. Reid Morgan, Timothy S. Allen, and Gordon L. Warren. "Caffeine’s Beneficial Effect on Maximal Voluntary Strength and Activation in Uninjured but Not Injured Muscle." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 18, no. 6 (2008): 639–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.18.6.639.

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The study’s objective was to determine whether orally ingested caffeine could help overcome excitation-contraction-coupling failure, which has been suggested to explain part of the strength loss associated with eccentric-contraction-induced muscle injury. A sample of 13 college students (4 men and 9 women) was used in a double-blind, repeated-measures experimental design. Each participant performed 2 experimental trials, 1 with each leg, with each trial lasting 4 consecutive days. On a given day, each participant was randomly assigned to ingest a capsule containing 6 mg/kg of either caffeine or flour (placebo). On the day of and the first 2 days after a bout of 50 injurious eccentric contractions done by the knee extensors, the interpolated-twitch technique was used to assess electrically evoked strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, and percent muscle activation during MVIC both before and after capsule ingestion. These variables were also measured before and after capsule ingestion the day before the eccentric-contraction bout—when the muscle was uninjured. In injured muscle, caffeine had no effect on any variable. In uninjured muscle, caffeine also had no effect on electrically evoked strength but increased MVIC strength by 10.4% compared with placebo (p = .00002), and this was attributed to an increase in muscle activation (6.2%; p = .01). In conclusion, the data provide no evidence that caffeine ingestion can help overcome excitation-contraction-coupling failure, if it exists, in injured human muscle. The data do indicate that caffeine ingestion can increase MVIC strength and activation in uninjured muscle but not in injured muscle.
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Ruvira, Santiago, Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Silvia Cañas, et al. "Evaluation of Parameters Which Influence Voluntary Ingestion of Supplements in Rats." Animals 13, no. 11 (2023): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13111827.

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Drug safety and efficacy studies frequently use oral gavage, but repetitive usage may cause problems. Administration through voluntary ingestion represents an opportunity for refinement. We aimed to develop a protocol for voluntary ingestion of gelatin-based supplements in rats, assessing the influence of age, sex, fasting (4 h), and additives (vanilla, VF; sucralose, S), and to test it in lactating dams. Three-week-old and 5-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were placed individually in an empty cage containing a gelatin cube and trained daily (5 days/week), recording the day the whole cube was consumed (latency). Rats trained prior to gestation were offered a gelatin containing 250 mg/kg cocoa shell extract (CSE) during lactation. Rats that did not eat the cube after 8 training days were considered non-habituated, with a proportion similar in young males (7.1%), young females (11.1%), and adult females (10.3%), but significantly higher in adult males (39.3%). Excluding non-habituated rats, latency was 2–3 days, without differences between young and adult rats (p = 0.657) or between males and females (p = 0.189). VF or VF + S in the gelatin did not modify latency, while fasting significantly reduced it in females (p = 0.007) but not in males (p = 0.501). During lactation, trained females ate the CSE-gelatin within 1–5 min without litter problems. Conclusions: Acceptance of a gelatin-based supplement is negatively influenced by male sex, facilitated by fasting, and not modified by additives. Training is remembered after 2 months and does not interfere with lactation. Gelatin-based voluntary ingestion is suitable to administer drugs that need to pass through the digestive system, ensuring adequate dosage, and is important to detect non-habituated rats prior to the study. The current protocol may be implemented by training the rats in their own cage.
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Greenhaff, Paul L., Anna Casey, Anthony H. Short, Roger Harris, Karin Soderlund, and Eric Hultman. "Influence of Oral Creatine Supplementation of Muscle Torque during Repeated Bouts of Maximal Voluntary Exercise in Man." Clinical Science 84, no. 5 (1993): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0840565.

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1. The present experiment was undertaken to investigate the influence of oral creatine supplementation, shown previously to increase the total creatine content of human skeletal muscle (Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E. Clin Sci 1992; 83: 367–74), on skeletal muscle isokinetic torque and the accumulation of plasma ammonia and blood lactate during five bouts of maximal exercise. 2. Twelve subjects undertook five bouts of 30 maximal voluntary isokinetic contractions, interspersed with 1 min recovery periods, before and after 5 days of placebo (4 × 6 g of glucose/day, n = 6) or creatine (4 × 5 g of creatine plus 1 g of glucose/day, n = 6) oral supplementation. Muscle torque production and plasma ammonia and blood lactate accumulation were measured during and after exercise on each treatment 3. No difference was seen when comparing muscle peak torque production during exercise before and after placebo ingestion. After creatine ingestion, muscle peak torque production was greater in all subjects during the final 10 contractions of exercise bout 1 (P <0.05), throughout the whole of exercise bouts 2 (P <0.01), 3 (P <0.05) and 4 (P = 0.057) and during contractions 11–20 of the final exercise bout (P <0.05), when compared with the corresponding measurements made before creatine ingestion. Plasma ammonia accumulation was lower during and after exercise after creatine ingestion. No differences were found when comparing blood lactate levels. 4. There is evidence to suggest that the decrease in the degree of muscle torque loss after dietary creatine supplementation may be a consequence of a creatine-induced acceleration of skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. It is postulated that an increased availability of phosphocreatine would maintain better the required rate of ATP demand during contraction. This is supported by the observed lower accumulation of plasma ammonia during exercise after creatine ingestion.
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Curtis, Gemma C., Clare F. Barfoot, Alexandra H. A. Dugdale, Patricia A. Harris, and Caroline McG Argo. "Voluntary ingestion of wood shavings by obese horses under dietary restriction." British Journal of Nutrition 106, S1 (2011): S178—S182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000547.

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Dietary restriction for the weight-loss management of obese horses limits the natural trickle-feeding behaviour. During feed restriction, wood shavings are often advised as bedding to prevent dietary supplementation from non-feed sources. Data from twelve overweight/obese horses and ponies of mixed breed and sex, bedded on wood shavings during 16 weeks of feed restriction, were retrospectively evaluated. DM intake (DMI) was restricted to 1·25 % of body mass (BM) daily. Animals were randomly assigned to one of two diets (hay/chaff, n 6; hay/balancer meal, n 6). BM was recorded weekly. Feeding behaviour was recorded by continual observation over 24 h during week 15. The apparent digestibility (gross energy (GE), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and DM) of feed was determined for all animals by total faecal collection (72 h, week 16). Rates of weight loss were independent of diet type, DM (R2 0·15), GE (R2 0·20) and ADF digestibilities (R2 0·18). Despite similar DMI, faecal DM ranged between 0·52 and 1·16 % of BM daily and was associated with wide ranges in apparent digestibility (GE − 11·34 to 53·08 %; ADF − 50·37 to 42·83 % and DM 2·14 to 57·32 %), which were improbably low for some animals. Apparent digestibilities were associated with DM output (GE R2 0·96; ADF R2 0·99 and DM R2 0·99) and time spent feeding (GE R2 0·62; DM R2 0·61 and ADF R2 0·59), indicating that feed intake was supplemented with wood shavings in at least five of the twelve animals. Quantities of wood shavings ingested (negligible to >3·0 kg/d) were back-calculated from predicted feed digestibilities. All animals remained healthy. Implications of ‘feed-bulking/energy dilution’ for feed-restricted animals need further consideration.
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Meloy, J. Reid. "Voluntary Intoxication and the Insanity Defense." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 20, no. 4 (1992): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539202000403.

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Voluntary intoxication can be used as a basis for the insanity defense in certain cases. I review the obscure concept of “settled insanity “ in California case law and note its 100–year evolution from a “permanent” state of mind, usually associated with chronic alcoholism, to a current test of temporary insanity wherein the mental disorder must be fixed, stable, of reasonable duration, and not solely dependent upon the ingestion or duration of the drug. I argue that this definition is tautological and arbitrary and propose a new definition of “settled insanity” based only upon a demonstrated predisposition to psychosis. This definition is consistent with current scientific research concerning psychosis-proneness in individuals who become paranoid and delusional through the use of psychostimulants, the class of drugs now most likely to contribute to a voluntary intoxication-insanity defense strategy.
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Sakata, Yasuyuki, Chikako Yoshida, Yuka Fujiki, et al. "Effects of Casein Hydrolysate Ingestion on Thermoregulatory Responses in Healthy Adults during Exercise in Heated Conditions: A Randomized Crossover Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (2020): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030867.

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Food ingestion has been shown to affect thermoregulation during exercise, while the impact of protein degradant consumption remains unclear. We investigated the effects of casein hydrolysate ingestion on thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial, five men and five women consumed either 5 g of casein hydrolysate or placebo. Thirty minutes after ingestion, participants cycled at 60% VO2max until voluntary exhaustion wearing a hot-water (43 °C) circulation suit. Exercise time to exhaustion, body core temperature, forearm sweat rate, and forearm cutaneous vascular conductance did not differ different between the conditions. However, chest sweat rate and mean skin temperature increased upon casein hydrolysate ingestion compared with placebo during exercise. Increased chest sweat rate upon casein hydrolysate ingestion was associated with elevated sudomotor sensitivity to increasing body core temperature, but not the temperature threshold for initiating sweating. A positive correlation was found between chest sweat rate and plasma total amino acid concentration during exercise. These results suggest that casein hydrolysate ingestion enhances sweating heterogeneously by increasing peripheral sensitivity of the chest’s sweating mechanism and elevating skin temperature during exercise in the heat. However, the physiological link between plasma amino acid concentration and sweat rate remains unclear.
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de Behr, V., D. Daron, A. Gabriel, et al. "Ingestion and metabolic profile in horses offered lucerne or chalk as a source of calcium." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200006876.

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When horses are on diets that are predominant in cereals, the combination of low concentrations of calcium in the diet and the binding of calcium by phytates may result in inadequate calcium intake (Rose, 1990). Chalk and dehydrated lucerne are rich in calcium. It has been shown that the voluntary ingestion of lucerne varies with its form (Cuddeford, 1994). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of calcium (chalk vs dehydrated lucerne) and lucerne forms (6 mm diameter pellets, 18 mm diameter pellets and ground lucerne) on the ingestion and on the metabolic profile in horses offered a cereal-based diet.
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29

Graham, T. E., E. Hibbert, and P. Sathasivam. "Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 3 (1998): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.883.

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Caffeine (Caf) ingestion increases plasma epinephrine (Epi) and exercise endurance; these results are frequently transferred to coffee (Cof) consumption. We examined the impact of ingestion of the same dose of Caf in Cof or in water. Nine healthy, fit, young adults performed five trials after ingesting (double blind) either a capsule (Caf or placebo) with water or Cof (decaffeinated Cof, decaffeinated with Caf added, or regular Cof). In all three Caf trials, the Caf dose was 4.45 mg/kg body wt and the volume of liquid was 7.15 ml/kg. After 1 h of rest, the subject ran at 85% of maximal O2consumption until voluntary exhaustion (∼32 min in the placebo and decaffeinated Cof tests). In the three Caf trials, the plasma Caf and paraxanthine concentrations were very similar. After 1 h of rest, the plasma Epi was increased ( P < 0.05) by Caf ingestion, but the increase was greater ( P < 0.05) with Caf capsules than with Cof. During the exercise there were no differences in Epi among the three Caf trials, and the Epi values were all greater ( P < 0.05) than in the other tests. Endurance was only increased ( P < 0.05) in the Caf capsule trial; there were no differences among the other four tests. One cannot extrapolate the effects of Caf to Cof; there must be a component(s) of Cof that moderates the actions of Caf.
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30

Tordoff, Michael G., and Stuart A. McCaughey. "Influence of oral and gastric NaCl preloads on NaCl intake and gastric emptying of sodium-deficient rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 4 (2001): R1152—R1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.4.r1152.

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Evidence is mixed as to whether oral metering contributes to the satiation of NaCl intake. To examine this in detail, we measured NaCl intake of sodium-deficient rats given preloads of NaCl that were sham ingested, normally ingested, or intubated into the stomach. Intake of 500 mM NaCl was reduced by prior ingestion, but not by sham ingestion, of an NaCl preload. NaCl intubation reduced NaCl intake if the test began 15 min, but not 60 min, after the preload. Gastric emptying of NaCl was initially more rapid after intubated than after ingested NaCl. Plasma aldosterone concentrations dropped more rapidly after ingested than after intubated NaCl and also dropped after sham ingestion of NaCl, raising the possibility of a cephalic-phase influence on aldosterone levels. These findings suggest that oral factors do not directly control the amount of NaCl consumed by sodium-deprived rats. Differences between the physiological effects of voluntary ingestion and intubation may be responsible for the results of several early studies purported as evidence for oral metering of sodium consumption.
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31

Chen, Hou-Yu, Yung-Chih Chen, Kang Tung, Hsiao-Han Chao, and Ho-Seng Wang. "Effects of caffeine and sex on muscle performance and delayed-onset muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage: a double-blind randomized trial." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 3 (2019): 798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01108.2018.

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The present study aims to investigate effects of caffeine ingestion and sex difference on muscle performance, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and various biomarkers under exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Twenty (10 male and 10 female) healthy elite college athletes were recruited. Participants ingested either caffeine (6 mg/kg) or a placebo in a randomized, double-blind, and counterbalanced fashion at 24 and 48 h following EIMD. Muscle performance, DOMS, and blood samples were taken an hour before and an hour after supplementation. Caffeine ingestion restored impaired maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC: 10.2%; MVICpost: 7.2%, both P < 0.05) during EIMD across both sexes. Following caffeine ingestion during MVIC, while affected by EIMD, an interaction was found in DOMS and serum K+ (both P < 0.05), with males showing greater attenuation (21.5 and 16.9%, respectively) compared with females (4.6 and 1.3%, respectively). DOMS demonstrated an inverse correlation with MVIC after caffeine ingestion both overall and among male athletes ( r = −0.34 and −0.54, respectively; P < 0.05) but not among female athletes ( r = −0.11; P > 0.05) under EIMD. In addition, caffeine ingestion increased postexercise serum glucose and lactate concentrations across both sexes (both P < 0.05). This is the first study to show that male athletes, compared with female athletes, experience a greater reduction in DOMS during enhanced MVIC when caffeine was consumed, suggesting men might receive greater ergogenic effects from caffeine when affected by EIMD. Furthermore, caffeine ingestion was able to restore impaired muscle power among elite collegiate athletes across both sexes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) reduces anaerobic/aerobic performance and increases delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) during exercise. We show that acute caffeine supplementation at a dosage of 6 mg/kg seems to facilitate recovery of anaerobic muscle power and attenuate DOMS after EIMD across both sexes. Furthermore, male athletes, compared with female athletes, when caffeine was prescribed, experience a greater reduction in DOMS with better restoration of impaired maximal voluntary isometric contractions. This suggests that male athletes might benefit from the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine supplementation after the onset of EIMD.
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32

Calviño, Jesus, Rafael Romero, Elena Pintos, et al. "Voluntary Ingestion of Cortinarius Mushrooms Leading to Chronic Interstitial Nephritis." American Journal of Nephrology 18, no. 6 (1998): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000013410.

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33

Scaglioni, P., and L. F. Arag??n-Vargas. "VOLUNTARY FLUID INGESTION DURING CYCLING WITH SIMULTANEOUS PRESENCE OF TWO DIFFERENT BEVERAGES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (2001): S257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01447.

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34

Ward, Leigh C., and Luke C. Jones. "Chronic ingestion of ethanol increases stimulation-induced voluntary activity in the rat." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 23, no. 2 (1989): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(89)90023-9.

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35

Bell, Bhatnagar, Liang, Soriano, Nagy, and Dallman. "Voluntary Sucrose Ingestion, Like Corticosterone Replacement, Prevents the Metabolic Deficits of Adrenalectomy." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 12, no. 5 (2001): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00488.x.

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36

LIM, ZI XIANG, ANISH SINGH, ZAC ZI XIANG LEOW, PETER G. ARTHUR, and PAUL A. FOURNIER. "The Effect of Acute Taurine Ingestion on Human Maximal Voluntary Muscle Contraction." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 2 (2018): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001432.

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37

Noviello, Maria de Lourdes Meirelles, Nathália Vieira Batista, Luana Pereira Antunes Dourado, and Denise Carmona Cara. "Prolonged Antigen Ingestion by Sensitized Mice Ameliorates Airway Inflammation." ISRN Allergy 2011 (December 1, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/818239.

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Food allergy frequently precedes or coexists with respiratory allergy, and although restriction of contacts with the allergen is the elected clinical procedure, oral immunotherapy (OIT) has proven to be surprisingly efficient in clinical trials. We investigated whether prolonged restriction and voluntary exposure of previously sensitized (immunized) mice to ovalbumin (OVA) in the drinking water would alter subsequent responses to bronchial (aerosol) challenge with OVA. We found a significant suppression of bronchial inflammation, with marked reduction of eosinophils. IL-4, CCL-2, and CCL-11 are not associated with elevation in IL-10 production or Foxp3 expression, with only minor digestive symptoms.
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38

Hockings, Kimberley J., Nicola Bryson-Morrison, Susana Carvalho, et al. "Tools to tipple: ethanol ingestion by wild chimpanzees using leaf-sponges." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 6 (2015): 150150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150150.

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African apes and humans share a genetic mutation that enables them to effectively metabolize ethanol. However, voluntary ethanol consumption in this evolutionary radiation is documented only in modern humans. Here, we report evidence of the long-term and recurrent ingestion of ethanol from the raffia palm ( Raphia hookeri, Arecaceae) by wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus ) at Bossou in Guinea, West Africa, from 1995 to 2012. Chimpanzees at Bossou ingest this alcoholic beverage, often in large quantities, despite an average presence of ethanol of 3.1% alcohol by volume (ABV) and up to 6.9% ABV. Local people tap raffia palms and the sap collects in plastic containers, and chimpanzees use elementary technology—a leafy tool—to obtain this fermenting sap. These data show that ethanol does not act as a deterrent to feeding in this community of wild apes, supporting the idea that the last common ancestor of living African apes and modern humans was not averse to ingesting foods containing ethanol.
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Georgescu, Bogdan, Gheorghe Sălăjan, Daniel Mierliţă, Doina Iozon, and Antonia Odagiu. "Comparison of Voluntary Feed Intake and Venom Production of Wild and Laboratory Bred Sand Vipers." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (December 4, 2001): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3604.

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The study was performed on vipers of the Vipera ammodytes ammodytes species and aimed to establish the differences in voluntary feed intake and venom production between a group of wild, recently captured vipers and a group of born and bred captive vipers. In addition, the influence of sex on both parameters was established. The research brought evidence of important differences concerning voluntary food ingestion and venom production between the two groups of animals. However, sex appeared not to significantly influence these parameters, both in wild, recently captured vipers and in born and bred captive vipers. Wild animals rapidly accommodated to the microclimate conditions in captivity and readily accepted food.
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40

D’Auria, Francesca, Vincenzo Consalvo, Antonio Canero, Maria Russo, Carmela Rescigno, and Domenico Lombardi. "Management of Small Bowel Perforation by a Bizarre Foreign Body in a 55-Year-Old Woman." Case Reports in Surgery 2018 (September 12, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2781353.

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Introduction. Ingestion of foreign bodies including dentures, fishbone, screw, and/or surgical devices can be a cause of morbidity, and it rarely could be fatal. Presentation of Case. We present the first hitherto reported case of mussel shell ingestion, which caused acute abdominal pain in a 55-year-old woman. The shell pierced ileal loops, and it was found in the abdominal cavity. Discussion. The accidental or voluntary ingestion of a foreign body is an uncommon event compared to the other causes of bowel perforation. It is fundamental to immediately remove the intestinal fluid, repair the tear, and prevent sepsis, because each delay in diagnosis can lead to a worst outcome. Conclusion. In case of bowel perforation, it important for surgeons, who are dealing with these acute care patients, to be aware of different designs and constructions of possible foreign bodies, in order to be prepared to deal with different possible scenarios and be able to manage them properly.
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41

Rodriguez-Sanchez, Raquel, Elyssa Barnaby, Lucia Améndola, et al. "Voluntary Oral Ingestion of a Sedative Prior to Euthanasia with CO2: Behavioural Responses of Mice." Animals 11, no. 10 (2021): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102879.

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Laboratory mice are commonly euthanised with carbon dioxide (CO2); however, there is ample evidence that this gas is aversive. Previous work suggests that sedation achieved via injection with benzodiazepines prior to CO2 administration could reduce aversive behaviours during euthanasia. We explored the potential of using a voluntarily ingested sedative (tiletamine-zolazepam, Zoletil®) prior to euthanasia. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were allocated into one of the five experimental groups, which differed in the dose of Zoletil: 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 or 100 mg/kg. A dose of 20 mg/kg was found to achieve mild sedation prior to euthanasia; mice which received this dose numerically reared and walked on the cage lid less, and showed ataxia, immobility and recumbency for longer than mice that received a lower dose. During euthanasia, mice that received 20 mg/kg showed fewer aversive responses to CO2. Doses of 40 to 100 mg/kg were associated with signs of moderate to severe sedation, but resulted in an incomplete intake of the sedative, which made the interpretation of the aversiveness to CO2 difficult. Voluntary oral administration of a sedative is an effective, affordable, and easy way to minimize the stress of mice to euthanasia with CO2.
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42

Boui, Meriem, Zakaria Zouaki, Nabil Hammoune, et al. "Hairpin Ingestion, an Unusual Cause of Epigastralgia." EAS Journal of Radiology and Imaging Technology 5, no. 02 (2023): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjrit.2023.v05i02.001.

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The ingestion of foreign bodies is relatively frequent. It can be voluntary, but it is most often accidental. Ingested objects can be dangerous due to their sharp nature and their location in the digestive tract. The scarf pin is a particular foreign body that is increasingly common among women who wear the veil. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis, particularly chest x-rays or an abdomen without preparation, which can locate the area of projection of radio-opaque objects. More rarely, CT is used in the event of complications. We report two cases of two patients wearing the veil who accidentally ingested pins that they were holding between their lips while arranging the veil. In the first case, endoscopic extraction of the pin was successfully performed, and in the second case, the pin migrated along the digestive tract with close radiological monitoring until it was expelled in the stool. Considering the complications of needle ingestion, it is advisable to avoid holding needles between the lips when securing the veil with pins.
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43

Dadá, Mahomed Sidique Abdul Cadar, Abdul Habib Mahomed Dadá, and Zulaikhah Mahomed Sidique Dadá. "Unusual case of intentional ingestion of foreign body in patient with mental retardation." Brazilian Journal of Health Review 5, no. 4 (2022): 17069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv5n4-258.

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Introduction: In developing countries the problem of foreign bodies in Otorhinolaryngology Services (ENT) is poorly studied. The foreign body is common in children but may occur in adults with mental disorders or in prisoners. Objective: To describe the case of a patient with psychiatric problems who ingested a metallic object. Psychiatric observation was requested that diagnosed an "anxiety crisis" after family conflict. Results: Esophagoscopy was performed for uncomplicated extraction. Discussion: Voluntary (intentional) ingestion of objects occurs in patients with psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, mental retardation or in the inmate population. However, the ingestion of a large foreign body is related to parasuicidal behaviour. Conclusions: Always suspect the presence of a foreign body in patients with psychiatric disorders with odynophagia in the absence of pharyngotonsillitis.
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HIRAMATSU, Rikako, Akira TAKESHITA, Manabu TAGUCHI, and Yasuhiro TAKEUCHI. "Symptomatic Hyponatremia after Voluntary Excessive Water Ingestion in a Patient without Psychiatric Problems." Endocrine Journal 54, no. 4 (2007): 643–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.k07-025.

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45

Armstrong, J. D., A. D. F. Johnstone, and M. C. Lucas. "Retention of intragastric transmitters after voluntary ingestion by captive cod, Gadus morhua L." Journal of Fish Biology 40, no. 1 (1992): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb02560.x.

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46

Barrus, Daniel G., Timothy W. Lefever та Jenny L. Wiley. "Evaluation of reinforcing and aversive effects of voluntary Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol ingestion in rats". Neuropharmacology 137 (липень 2018): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.018.

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47

Abelson, Klas S. P., Kirsten R. Jacobsen, Renée Sundbom, Otto Kalliokoski, and Jann Hau. "Voluntary ingestion of nut paste for administration of buprenorphine in rats and mice." Laboratory Animals 46, no. 4 (2012): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2012.012028.

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48

Corney, Robert A., Caroline Sunderland, and Lewis J. James. "Immediate pre-meal water ingestion decreases voluntary food intake in lean young males." European Journal of Nutrition 55, no. 2 (2015): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0903-4.

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49

Van Soeren, M. H., P. Sathasivam, L. L. Spriet, and T. E. Graham. "Caffeine metabolism and epinephrine responses during exercise in users and nonusers." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 2 (1993): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.805.

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This study compared the caffeine (CAF) metabolism and the catecholamine and metabolic responses of users and nonusers of caffeine after acute ingestion of caffeine (5 mg/kg) during 1 h of steady-state exercise (50% maximal oxygen consumption). Nonusers (n = 7) completed two exercise trials after ingesting either CAF (5 mg/kg) or placebo (PL). Users (n = 7) underwent three trials designed to control caffeine use and abstained from voluntary CAF intake for 18 days. After 4 days they had a PL trial and in the following 14 days they were given random 6 days of CAF (2 x 2.5 mg.kg-1 x day-1) or PL ingestion followed in each case on the 7th day by a CAF exercise trial identical to that of the nonusers. In nonusers CAF increased (P < 0.05) plasma epinephrine (EPI) concentration above PL values during exercise. Users did not exhibit any increased EPI with CAF, but the EPI response to exercise in all three trials was twofold greater than that of the nonusers' PL trial (P < 0.05). In all trials both groups had identical norepinephrine responses. The groups had similar plasma and urinary caffeine concentration, but plasma dimethylxanthines varied; the users had greater (P < 0.05) theophylline concentration, and the nonusers had a greater (P < 0.05) rise in paraxanthine (PX) concentration. The users and nonusers' plasma free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and respiratory exchange ratio were similar after ingestion of CAF. Although PX may increase FFA in resting subjects, in this study PX concentrations in nonusers varied from that of the users, yet FFA data were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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50

Mears, Stephen A., and Susan M. Shirreffs. "The Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Compared With Continuous Exercise on Voluntary Water Ingestion." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 5 (2013): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.488.

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Water intake occurs following a period of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) due to sensations of thirst yet this does not always appear to be caused by body water losses. Thus, the aim was to assess voluntary water intake following HIIE. Ten healthy males (22 ± 2 y, 75.6 ± 6.9 kg, VO2peak 57.3 ± 11.4 m·kg−1·min−1; mean± SD) completed two trials (7–14 d apart). Subjects sat for 30 min then completed an exercise period involving 2 min of rest followed by 1 min at 100% VO2peak repeated for 60 min (HIIE) or 60 min continuously at 33% VO2peak (LO). Subjects then sat for 60 min and were allowed ad libitum water intake. Body mass was measured at start and end of trials. Serum osmolality, blood lactate, and sodium concentrations, sensations of thirst and mouth dryness were measured at baseline, postexercise and after 5, 15, 30, and 60 min of recovery. Vasopressin concentration was measured at baseline, postexercise, 5 min, and 30 min. Body mass loss over the whole trial was similar (HIIE: 0.77 ± 0.50; LO: 0.85 ± 0.55%; p = .124). Sweat lost during exercise (0.78 ± 0.22 vs. 0.66 ± 0.26 L) and voluntary water intake during recovery (0.416 ± 0.299 vs. 0.294 ± 0.295 L; p < .05) were greater in HIIE. Serum osmolality (297 ± 3 vs. 288 ± 4mOsmol·kg−1), blood lactate (8.5 ± 2.7 vs. 0.7 ± 0.4 mmol·L−1), serum sodium (146 ± 1 vs. 143 ± 1 mmol·L−1) and vasopressin (9.91 ± 3.36 vs. 4.43 ± 0.86 pg·ml−1) concentrations were higher after HIIE (p < .05) and thirst (84 ± 7 vs. 60 ± 21) and mouth dryness (87 ± 7 vs. 64 ± 23) also tended to be higher (p = .060). Greater voluntary water intake after HIIE was mainly caused by increased sweat loss and the consequences of increased serum osmolality mainly resulting from higher blood lactate concentrations.
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