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Bertram, Haley. "Chapter Five: The Archaic and Classical Figurines." Mouseion 18, no. 1 (2021): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/mous-18-1-06.
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The terracotta figurines and protomai from Eleon form a compelling corpus of evidence for activity on the acropolis during the Archaic and Classical periods. This chapter provides an overview of the figurines recovered in the first five years of excavation at Eleon. A chronological survey relies on stylistic analysis, as nearly all come from the ramped entryway to the site, either built into the fill of the ramp itself in secondary deposition, or in later pits disrupting these levels. The assemblage is composed of a range of handmade and moldmade female figurines in seated and standing postures; the lingering Archaic type of the early Classical period is prevalent among these. Given their quantity and the nature of the associated material, it can reasonably be assumed that the figurines are linked to votive activity on the hilltop, although specifics elude us beyond association with a female deity. Dedication of the figurines peaked in the mid-fifth century, at least 25 years after the construction of the polygonal wall. This may be indicative of shifts in votive practice over time, as well as developments in local terracotta production before the emergence of a “Boeotian” coroplastic style.
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Spathi, Maria G. "What do terracotta figurines in a sacral context reveal? The case of the Aphaia sanctuary on the island of Aegina." Journal of Greek Archaeology 7 (November 23, 2022): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v7i.1715.
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Figurines are one of the most numerous categories of finds, coming to light in their hundreds in sacral contexts. And while other finds, such as ceramics, fall often into the category of profane, coroplastic finds are clearly always votives. They are offerings to the deity given either singly or, possibly, in groups, along with other offerings, such as edible stuffs. The importance of figurines as votive offerings in shrines has undergone a revision: up to a few decades ago, they were considered cheap, mass-produced products of little interpretive significance to the results of modern research. Their study, when from sacred assemblages, has since progressed greatly. Many independent publications bear witness to this. Their newly-appreciated importance lies not only in their being revealing finds for the practice of worship in a place but also, when there exists, say, a repetition of types for a long time, they offer valuable information about the character, qualities, and sometimes even the very identity of the worshiped deity. And while individual figurines as votive offerings to shrines may be a personal expression of the dedicator, they all reflect a collective and repetitive practice directly related to the deity worshiped. Depending on their place of manufacture, they also provide information on domestic production, influences from other regions and the commercial relations of the sanctuaries and the wider area in which they exist with other such religious centres and other ceramic traditions. But their artistic value is not necessarily negligible. Along with the handmade or mass-produced products, there are similar coroplastic examples on a larger scale, made in multiple moulds; these may far exceed 20 cm in size. Such pieces were certainly not cheap votive offerings but expensive and perhaps made to order.
 In the present study, the information that may be drawn from figurines in sanctuaries is examined. The exercise takes as a case-study all the figurines from the sanctuary of Aphaia on the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf, which are mainly dated due to the Archaic period. This corpus is well-suited to the task in that it gives information not limited only to the typology of the figurines and their relation to the properties of the worshiped deity, but also on their origin, which goes beyond the island itself.
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Pemberton, Elizabeth. "Terracotta Figurines from Drain 1971-1 in the Forum Southwest at Corinth." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 93, no. 3 (2024): 381–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hes.2024.a937554.
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ABSTRACT: Drain 1971-1, between Buildings I and II in the area of the later Roman Forum at Corinth, produced, in addition to pottery, stone, and metal objects, an important group of terracotta figurines, which is published in this article. These figurines show a great variety in style and type: some (for example, kore figures, banqueters, doves, a dog, and a snake stele) are typically votive, but others may have been fashioned for different purposes. The possible functions and primary contexts of these figurines are carefully considered along with the nature of the Drain deposit. A date at the end of the 4th century bce provides an important terminus ante quem for the figurines.
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Cook, Anita G. "The Stone Ancestors: Idioms of Imperial Attire and Rank among Huari Figurines." Latin American Antiquity 3, no. 4 (1992): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971953.
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Two caches were recovered at Pikillacta, the largest Huari state installation (A. D. 550-1000) in the southern Andean highlands; each contained 40 richly garbed votive turquoise figurines. The figurines are analyzed in terms of their production, use, and deposition as well as their overall morphology. To the extent possible, the rank associated with the costumes worn by each figure is also considered. Reference is made to Inca apparel and its potential for interpreting Huari official garments. Because the number 40 also held special importance in Inca state organization as an administrative unit or division, the Inca example provides concepts of administration vital to the interpretation of the figurines. A more unusual source—origin myths associated with the Chimor Kingdom—supports the relation between turquoise figurines and ancestor worship. I argue that the stone figurines embody qualities and convey concepts that are central to Andean political administration, and that they are intimately tied into the web of ancestral cults through which kinship, hierarchy, and inheritance were determined.
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Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M. "Votive figurines from Tell el-Farkha and their counterparts." Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil 22, no. 1 (2012): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arnil.2012.1044.
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Guryanov, Valerii, and Arthur Chubur. "Ceramic Animals of Forest Settlements: Games of Adults with Gods or Children’s Toys?" Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 3 (June 20, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2331526.
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The authors believe that the clay zoomorphic plastic figurines from the Early Iron Age settlements of the forest zone (the areas of the Yukhnovskaya, Milogradskaya, Verkhneokskaya and Dyakovskaya cultures) are not votive elements of agrarian cults but children’s toys. These toys as well as miniature vessels, ceramic models of things, clay loaves could be made by children themselves while learning the process of ceramic production. The use of images of wild animals especially predators and toads in agrarian rituals is doubtful. The dominance of horse images in the Milograd-Yukhnovo area seems to be an Indo-European trait associated with mythology and not with farming. In the area of the Dyakovskaya culture with developed horse breeding, attributed to the Finno-Ugric antiquities, there are clay figurines of animals except horses. Profane toys can carry sacred images since myth and fairy tale are closely connected with each other and a toy for a child has many faces and can situationally play the role of a mythical character, a fairy-tale hero, a usual domestic animal. Some figurines become votive objects at the final stage of existence. Toys were sacrificed during initiation into adulthood as in ancient Greece and Rome. Fragments of figurines in ashtrays formed during the annual ritual and sanitary burning of winter straw bedding from houses and stables are often taken as sacrifices. Household garbage trapped in a “cleansing” bonfire is not a meaningful sacrifice.
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Muskett, Georgina. "VOTIVE OFFERINGS FROM THE SANCTUARY OF ARTEMIS ORTHIA, SPARTA, IN LIVERPOOL COLLECTIONS." Annual of the British School at Athens 109 (September 23, 2014): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245414000057.
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Two museums in the city of Liverpool have material from the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, Sparta: the Garstang Museum of Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, and World Museum, part of National Museums Liverpool.The artefacts from the Artemis Orthia sanctuary which are now in the collections in Liverpool represent all periods of the use of the sanctuary, between the eighth century bc and the third century ad. They comprise lead figurines and miniature vessels, both characteristic of Laconian sites, as well as other types of pottery and terracotta figurines. Large and more extravagant offerings, such as items made from ivory or bronze, are not represented. However, the range of artefacts, particularly lead figurines, is impressive, and complements the material from the sanctuary which has already been published, primarily in the volume edited by Dawkins and published in 1929. In addition, the collections include a few objects of exceptional interest, mentioned in the article with further details in the Appendix. A full listing of votive offerings from the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Liverpool collections complements the article.
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Wacławik, Maciej. "A Few Preliminary Remarks on the Cypriot Sculptures Known as Temple-Boys." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 21 (July 27, 2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.21.2017.21.04.
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Although scholars have pored over them for many years, there are still more questions than answers concerning the temple-boy figurines. Aside from canonical presentations, many figurines are considered as belonging to the temple-boy category, even though they do not possess features compatible with it. Symbolic analysis of the manner of their presentation, as well as animals, fruits and other objects held by the boys, shifts the direction of influence from Phoenicia to Egypt, also raising the age of the presented boys to two to three years old. Finally, they might be interpreted as votive gifts to ensure protection and well-being for Cypriot heirs to the throne.
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Kleibrink, Marianne. "ASPECTS OF BEING A GIRL IN FRANCAVILLA MARITTIMA-<em>LAGARIA</em> (CALABRIA) IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY BC: A RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS." Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 32 (December 26, 2022): 221–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v32i0.24048.
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In this article, terracotta figurines from four burials of little girls of an Italic-Chonian community at Macchiabate, together with terracotta figurines from ritual assemblages of the Athenaion at Timpone della Motta, are studied using concepts of archaeological “agency” and “personhood” theory. These approaches are different from the commonly used in Italian mortuary and sanctuary archaeology, which, by focusing on what may be called symbolic reading, regard grave- and votive-goods as attributes of the buried individuals and thus as straightforward presentations of status. The explanation current in agency and personhood theory, however, by focusing on active reading, prefers to see individuals and objects as producing social order and not merely reflecting it. Terracotta figurines, unearthed in the Macchiabate necropolis near the Calabrian village of Francavilla Marittima, and figurines excavated in the sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta near that same Francavilla Marittima, provide interesting cases of objects functioning as key actors in processes of personal and social change. The figurines from the eighth and the first quarter of the seventh centuries BC were made and used to act as intermediates between the natural and the supernatural worlds on behalf of girls and their parents in transitional situations. In the presented cases the figurines and the girls are, moreover, related to “Middle Ground” situations of social change in operation with indigenous Italic-Chonian inhabitants and new settlers from the Eastern Mediterranean (likely Euboia, Samos and the Cycladic islands) in the pre-urban coastal area of Ionian Calabria.
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Muşkara, Üftade, Sezgin Bakırdere, Numan Tuna, and Osman Yavuz Ataman. "Provenance Study of Votive Figurines from the Sanctuary of Apollon in Emecik." Cedrus, no. 9 (June 30, 2021): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13113/cedrus.202106.
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Khmelevskyi, D. М. "Lead figurines of scythian horsemen from Olbia." Arheologia 1, no. 1 (2024): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.01.093.
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In the article, the author aims to examine a specific category of lead artefacts discovered in Olbia, with a focus on investigating the technological features of their production and Olbia’s connections with its barbarian surroundings. The research employs an interdisciplinary approach utilising methods of analysis, synthesis, and socialisation, particularly emphasising the comparative-historical method. Against the backdrop of extensive studies on metalworking in Olbia, especially in foundries and blacksmithing, the processing of lead and the production of artefacts from it remain relatively under-explored. Therefore, this article delves into one category of items made of this metal. A distinct group of composite figurines and their fragments — statuettes of riders on stationary standing horses is explored in the article. Based on the details of their attire, they can be identified as Scythian horsemen, raising questions about Olbia’s connection with its barbarian environment. According to the classification of K. I. Zaitseva, in addition to riders on stationary standing horses, there is a small number of figurines depicting horsemen on galloping horses. All examined lead figurines are cast in the technique of either single- or double-sided relief, indicating their different usage. If double-sided statuettes could be used autonomously, single-sided ones may have needed to be attached to some surface. The presented depictions of Scythian riders not only provide insights into the production of various lead items in Olbia, but also raise questions about Greek-barbarian contacts, possibly indicating the residence of local inhabitants in Olbia and their status in both the city and barbarian interactions. They also expand our understanding of Scythian attire and horsemen. Lead items originating from Olbia can be categorised into several groups depending on their purpose. Primarily, these are household items (clamps, spindle whorls, fishing weights). During the Hellenistic period, handles (clamps) for wooden coffins (biers) were manufactured. However, the most interesting group comprises votive items, with around 350 known examples to date. These include bucrania, stylised sheep heads, and labryses. A smaller group consists of anthropomorphic figurines of gods, warriors, chariots, plaques with narrative scenes (sacrifices) and riders. Such votive figurines are found in mounds and tombs as burial offerings. Less frequently, they are found directly within burials. Additionally, they may have been used in religious rituals and in decorating household altars. The question of the ownership of such statuettes remains unanswered. However, Herodotus wrote about a barbarian population known as Callipidae or Hellenes-Scythians in the territory of the Olbian state. It is essential to note that in the 4th century BC, coins were minted in Olbia bearing the image of the Scythian king Ateas, and Scythian weaponry was commonly depicted on the Bosporus, indicating traditional Scythian-Hellenic relations that likely solidified after the Scythians defeated Zopyrion’s army under the walls of Olbia. Thus, the presence of residents in the city cannot be denied.
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Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar, Manuel. "Battles beneath the Sea: Phoenician Votive Offerings as a Possible Religious Response to Extreme Marine Events in the Gulf of Cadiz." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 11, no. 2-3 (2023): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.11.2-3.0323.
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ABSTRACT This article reviews the possible cause for the underwater deposition of a series of Phoenician bronze figurines dated between the eighth and seventh centuries BC and discovered on the southwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, around the Islet of Sancti Petri (Cadiz) and on the coast near the city of Huelva. These figurines have been interpreted as votive offerings thrown into the waters near the ports of Cadiz and Huelva by Phoenician seafarers and merchants at the end of their voyages as an expression of gratitude to the god Melqart. Instead, I propose that these objects may have been thrown into the waters as part of religious rituals intended to appease the waters of the ocean following the occurrence of catastrophic marine floods, such as those that apparently affected the seaboard of the Gulf of Cadiz in the middle of the first millennium BC.
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Шауб, И. Ю. "UNKNOWN LEAD VOTIVE FROM OLBIA." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, S1 (December 9, 2022): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2713-2021.2022.30.96.002.
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Статья посвящена публикации свинцовой композиции, которая была случайно найдена в Ольвии в 80-х годах XX в. и ныне находится в одной частной коллекции. Подобные свинцовые фигурки, которые не без основания считаются вотивами, весьма характерны для Ольвии и её округи. Однако сюжет, представленный на рассматриваемой композиции — крылатая женщина на колеснице — среди ольвийских свинцовых изделий не зафиксирован. В то же время аналогичный сюжет фигурирует на предметах погребального инвентаря боспорян. Близкие аналогии автор находит и среди вещей и сюжетов заупокойного культа фракийцев. Поэтому он предполагает, что в образе крылатой женщины на публикуемом вотиве ольвиополиты видели не богиню победы Нику, но некоего хтонического демона (или хтоническую богиню). Наиболее близкие боспорские и фракийские аналогии говорят о том, что вотив был отлит в конце IV или в III в. до н.э. The article is devoted to the publication of a lead composition, which was accidentally found in Olbia in the 80s of the 20th century CE and is now in a private collection. Similar lead figurines, which are not without reason considered votives, are very characteristic of Olbia and its environs. However, the plot presented in the composition under consideration — a winged woman on a chariot — was not recorded among the Olbian lead items. At the same time, a similar plot appears on the items of the Bosporan funerary inventory. The author finds close analogies among the things and plots of the funeral cult of the Thracians. Therefore, he suggests that in the image of the winged woman on the published votive, the Olbiopolites saw not the goddess of victory, Nike, but some kind of chthonic demon (or chthonic goddess). The closest Bosporan and Thracian analogies indicate that the votive was cast at the end of the 4th or in the 3rd century BCE.
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Roller, Lynn E. "The Great Mother at Gordion: The Hellenization of an Anatolian Cult." Journal of Hellenic Studies 111 (November 1991): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/631891.
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Gordion, the principal city of Phrygia, was an important center for the worship of the major Phrygian divinity, the Great Mother of Anatolia, the Greek and Roman Cybele. Considerable evidence for the goddess's prominence there have come to light through excavations conducted at the site, first by Gustav and Alfred Körte and more recently by the continuing expedition sponsored by the University Museum in Philadelphia. These include sculptural representations of the goddess and numerous votive objects dedicated to her. The material pertinent to the goddess and her cult in Gordion during the most prominent period of Phrygian culture, the eighth and seventh centuries BC, is similar to that from other contemporary Phrygian centers. Even after the loss of Phrygian political independence in the seventh century, the cult of the goddess in Anatolia continued to flourish, and the older traditions of iconography and votive types were maintained. During the Hellenistic period, however, we see a different version of the goddess at Gordion. The earlier Phrygian forms of cult image and votive were gone, and in their stead are figurines and votive objects which are clearly of Greek inspiration. The Mother goddess was still at home in Gordion—several stone and terracotta representations of her from this period attest to that—but her visual image had become thoroughly Hellenized.
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Negro, Marianna, and Jody Joy. "Re-assemblage and Dispersal: Exploring the Agency of Etruscan Votive Bronze Figurines in Museum Collections." Aristonothos. Rivista di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico 20 (December 20, 2024): 155–88. https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-4488/27614.
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The document investigates the evolving role of museum collections, particularly through the lens of ‘re-assemblage’, which involves studying the histories and contexts of artefacts. Focusing on Etruscan votive bronze figurines from the British Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the research reveals how these objects, despite losing their original archaeological settings, continue to possess agency and accrue new meanings as they are collected and dispersed. Ultimately, the paper underlines that museum collections remain fluid and are subject to constant reinterpretation and renewal of value over time.
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Michael Laughy. "Figurines in the Road: A Protoattic Votive Deposit from the Athenian Agora Reexamined." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 87, no. 4 (2018): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.87.4.0633.
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Valente, Tatiana, Fernando Contreras, Ahmed Mahmud, Mansour Boraik Radwan Karim, Mahra Saif Al Mansoori, and Hassan Zein. "FIVE SEASONS OF EXCAVATIONS IN AREAS 2A AND G OF SARUQ AL HADID (DUBAI, UAE): IRON AGE II EVIDENCES OF COPPER PRODUCTION, WORKSHOP AREA AND CEREMONIAL ACTIVITIES." ISIMU 23 (December 23, 2020): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/isimu2020.23.010.
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Within five years of excavations in Area 2A and G of Saruq al-Hadid, several pit-like structures used in combustion activities were found whose purpose is still unclear. Near these, a rich collection of metal objects from the Iron Age II was gathered, along with evidences of their production at the site. Frequent identification of raw materials and working tools, mainly for jewellery production, suggests that the site was also a production centre for these kind of objects, as well as a site with religious connotation as suggested by the votive objects discovered, such as copper anthropomorphic figurines, snakes, miniature weaponry, and soft stone and ceramic vessels with parallels in other places of worship.
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Greener, Aaron. "Archaeology and Religion in Late Bronze Age Canaan." Religions 10, no. 4 (2019): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10040258.
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Dozens of temples were excavated in the Canaanite city-states of the Late Bronze Age. These temples were the focal points for the Canaanites’ cultic activities, mainly sacrifices and ceremonial feasting. Numerous poetic and ritual texts from the contemporary city of Ugarit reveal the rich pantheon of Canaanite gods and goddesses which were worshiped by the Canaanites. Archaeological remains of these rites include burnt animal bones and many other cultic items, such as figurines and votive vessels, which were discovered within the temples and sanctuaries. These demonstrate the diverse and receptive character of the Canaanite religion and ritual practices. It seems that the increased Egyptian presence in Canaan towards the end of the period had an influence on the local belief system and rituals in some areas, a fact which is demonstrated by the syncretic architectural plans of several of the temples, as well as by glyptic and votive items. Late Bronze Age religious and cultic practices have attracted much attention from Biblical scholars and researchers of the religion of Ancient Israel who are searching for the similarities and influences between the Late Bronze Age and the following Iron Age.
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Hermary, Antoine, and Thomas Kiely. "A fragmentary limestone votive vessel of Iron Age date from Enkomi-Ayios Iakovos rediscovered." Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes 54 (2024): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/12ls8.
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Two fragments of a stone vase decorated with palmettes under the handles, discovered during the British Museum excavations at Enkomi-Ayios Iakovos in 1896 and briefly described by Alexander Murray in a report published in 1900, were reidentified in the Museum reserves only in the past few years by Thomas Kiely. They deserve to be studied in detail because this type of object is rather rare in Cyprus, part of a small series dominated by the colossal vase in the Louvre from the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Amathus, and to which an unpublished example from Idalion can now be added. The Enkomi fragments are especially notable because they were found in the ruins of the famous Late Bronze Age site of Enkomi, along with other Cypro-Archaic limestone and terracotta items; these discoveries are complemented by Iron Age figurines from the excavations of Porphyrios Dikaios in the 1940s and 1950s. In this article, T. Kiely presents the history of discovery and the archival record, and describes the two fragments in their present condition, while A. Hermary provides a detailed analysis within their broader cultural and topographical context.
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Taxel, Itamar, Uzi Avner, and Nitzan Amitai-Preiss. "A Unique Assemblage of Late Islamic Magical Artifacts from Netafim 2: A Campsite on the Darb al-Hajj, Southern Israel." Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 3, no. 2 (2023): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26666286-12340036.
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Abstract Many remains of the Muslim pilgrimage road from Cairo to Mecca, the Darb al-Hajj al-Maṣri are preserved in the Eilat region of southern Israel. These include sections of the road, camps, and other associated structures. Most of these remains date to the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. In one camp (Netafim 2), an assemblage of unusual objects was found, including fragmentary clay rattles, votive clay incense burners, anthropomorphic and perhaps zoomorphic clay figurines, a cluster of colored quartz pebbles, and some seashells. The fabric of the clay objects indicates that they originated in Egypt. Based on the nature of the assemblage and a literary survey, this study suggests that the discussed artifacts were related to popular magic. The magical rituals, whose nature is yet unclear, were likely carried out at the site by professional sorcerers, who offered their services to pilgrims making the hajj.
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Almeida, Nelson J., and António Valera. "Faunal Remains Associated with Human Cremations: The Chalcolithic Pits 16 and 40 from the Perdigões Ditched Enclosures (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal)." Open Archaeology 8, no. 1 (2022): 765–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0246.
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Abstract Different funerary behaviors are recorded in the Iberian Peninsula during Late Prehistory. Cremation is not the most common practice and the association between human cremains and fauna is even scarcer. We present two Chalcolithic pits (pits 16 and 40) from the Perdigões ditched enclosures, Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal. Humans were accompanied by animals and other votive materials such as arrowheads, ivory anthropomorphic figurines, and marble idols. Differences between the two contexts are discussed regarding the selection of faunal anatomical parts, the abundance of species, and the manipulation of remains. The results obtained were compared to previously published data from anthropological analysis. Burning damage intensity is different among pits and between humans and fauna. Hence, this suggests that the latter also resulted from diverse practices, including the possible selection of animal body portions for cremation and/or the deposition of selected burned bones or even related to patterns existing in the contexts of the provenance of the cremated materials before the cremation events.
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Jórdeczka, Maciej, Przemysław Bobrowski, and Marek Chłodnicki. "Ritual Deposit at Bir Nurayet: Fertility Cult at the Foot of Gebel Magardi, Sudan." Journal of African Archaeology 22, no. 1-2 (2024): 54–85. https://doi.org/10.1163/21915784-bja10039.
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Abstract Bir Nurayet is a place in the Red Sea Hills at the foot of Jebel Magardi. One of the most significant rock art galleries on the African continent exists near this beautiful isolated mountain. In 2010, a stone chest was discovered in one of the valleys, containing a deposit of several dozen clay figurines, mostly phallic-shaped with a few representations of animals, miniature vessels and their fragments, as well as bronze products. Thanks to the radiocarbon date obtained from charcoal, the chronology of the collection was set in the second half of the 6th century AD. The discovery of votive goods is of great value – it allows us to look into the very obscure sphere of rituals of the Blemmyean community that inhabited these areas at that time. Without a doubt, we are dealing here with one of the manifestations of the fertility cult, which was common in the past in many different versions.
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Hales, Shelley. "Art and archaeology." Greece and Rome 71, no. 1 (2024): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001738352300030x.
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We start this review in the sanctuaries of archaic and classical Greece. The book Between Deity and Dedicator is the PhD thesis of Sanne Hoffmann. Hoffmann's aim is to examine terracotta votive figurines through their entire lifecycle, following their journey from production to dedication to deposition within the sanctuary (fifteen of which are chosen, with a preponderance, never really fully explained, towards those of female deities). Theories of object agency and an emerging interest in object biographies are extremely well-chosen as the frameworks in which to discuss a set of objects that were surely imagined to have some sort of efficacy in prompting a response from the deity to whom they were dedicated. It is so often the case that introductions lay out long explanations of theories that are then never again mentioned in the rest of the book as the author gets stuck in to the ‘content’. Here, though, the theory is evoked effectively and explicitly at key parts throughout the thesis.
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Malykh, Svetlana E. "Many-faced Bes. Ancient Egyptian terracotta figurines from the collection of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080017322-1.
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The article examines four terracotta figurines depicting the ancient Egyptian god Bes and his female counterpart Beset, acquired by Vladimir S. Golenischev in Egypt and kept in the storages of the Department of the Ancient Orient at the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. The analyzed objects are diverse in their topics, form and functional purposes, testifying to the great popularity of this ‘minor’ deity in Graeco-Roman Egypt; all objects are included in the context of domestic worship of the god Bes. They served as a “link” between temple festivals and domestic worship, and could also be placed in a burial place as grave goods or could be brought to a temple as votive offerings. Bes and Beset guarded and helped a person during periods when he faced the forces of chaos – in a time of sleeping, illness, in childbirth, during the war. Bes and Beset were considered the protectors of childhood and motherhood, promoting conception and successful childbirth. Bes was associated with the different borderline states of human health and the period of a person’s transition to another world. The images of Bes do not come from temple theology, but from the context of domestic, private rituals; Bes remains entirely a “popular” god, the part of a daily life cycle of the population of Graeco-Roman Egypt. These multifaced quality is one of the secrets of the incredible popularity of Bes, whose figurines spread along with the Greeks and Romans throughout the oecumene down to the Black Sea region.
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Phialon, Laetitia. "Amulets, Gaming Pieces, Toys or Offerings? Thoughts on Animal Figurines and Funerary Practices in the Late Bronze Age Aegean." Board Game Studies Journal 16, no. 1 (2022): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgs-2022-0002.
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Abstract The assemblage of four cones (ivory, stone) and an astragalus marked with dots from Katsambas in Crete is so far the best evidence of gaming pieces uncovered in an Aegean tomb of the Late Bronze Age. A small faience animal associated with the same burial, that of a child, attracted however little attention, and raises the question whether it may be added as a possible game piece to this set. Although this holed piece was certainly used as a personal ornament or amulet, this paper gives the opportunity to review the functions of small faience, stone and ivory animal figurines in the Aegean, especially the couchant ones. It also introduces the notion of chance and fate linked to playing on the basis of cross-cultural comparisons in the Eastern Mediterranean. Additionally, the hypothesis that small standing terracotta quadrupeds may have initially served as toys before having functioned as votive or funerary offerings in Aegean cult places and tombs is further explored. Special interest is shown on Mycenaean funerary assemblages from Prosymna in the Argolid and Perati in Attica featuring small terracotta animals and cone shells, inasmuch as these objects may be seen as potential toys and gaming pieces.
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Phialon, Laetitia. "Amulets, Gaming Pieces, Toys or Offerings? Thoughts on Animal Figurines and Funerary Practices in the Late Bronze Age Aegean." Board Game Studies Journal 16, no. 1 (2022): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgs-2022-0002.
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Abstract The assemblage of four cones (ivory, stone) and an astragalus marked with dots from Katsambas in Crete is so far the best evidence of gaming pieces uncovered in an Aegean tomb of the Late Bronze Age. A small faience animal associated with the same burial, that of a child, attracted however little attention, and raises the question whether it may be added as a possible game piece to this set. Although this holed piece was certainly used as a personal ornament or amulet, this paper gives the opportunity to review the functions of small faience, stone and ivory animal figurines in the Aegean, especially the couchant ones. It also introduces the notion of chance and fate linked to playing on the basis of cross-cultural comparisons in the Eastern Mediterranean. Additionally, the hypothesis that small standing terracotta quadrupeds may have initially served as toys before having functioned as votive or funerary offerings in Aegean cult places and tombs is further explored. Special interest is shown on Mycenaean funerary assemblages from Prosymna in the Argolid and Perati in Attica featuring small terracotta animals and cone shells, inasmuch as these objects may be seen as potential toys and gaming pieces.
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Arbeloa Borbón, Paula. "Una nueva figurilla mágica (galo-romana) conservada en el Musée Dobrée (Nantes)." Panta Rei. 18 (November 18, 2024): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/pantarei.604431.
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This paper contextualizes, analyses and explores a Gallo-Roman anthropomorphic female effigy made of lead held at the Musée Dobrée in Nantes (France), by taking into consideration the ritual manipulations of varying intensity which presents throughout its physiognomy. The documentation of coercive strategies such as cranial aggression, double eye transfixion, mutilation of part of the upper and lower limbs, and incision of the genitals, which have been attested on a large number of Greco-Roman magical figurines, enable us to propose a new interpretation of the functionality of this effigy, which instead of being a votive item it embodied the victim of a magic ritual of erotic attraction (agogai), who, by virtue of this execration, would experience an irrepressible desire and passion for the defigens. En la presente contribución se contextualiza, analiza e interpreta una efigie femenina antropomorfa galo-romana de plomo conservada en el Musée Dobrée de Nantes (Francia), atendiendo a las manipulaciones rituales de intensidad variada que presenta a lo largo de su fisonomía. La documentación de estrategias coercitivas tales como la agresión craneal, la doble transfixión ocular, la mutilación de parte de las extremidades superiores e inferiores, y una incisión en los genitales, que han sido constatadas en un amplio número de figurillas mágicas greco-romanas, permiten proponer una nueva interpretación sobre la funcionalidad de esta efigie, que no sería una pieza votiva sino que representaría a la víctima de un ritual mágico de atracción erótica (agogai), quien, en virtud de dicha execración, experimentaría un deseo y pasión irrefrenable por el defigens.
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Sakellarakis, Y. "Minoan religious influence in the Aegean: the case of Kythera." Annual of the British School at Athens 91 (November 1996): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016403.
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This article presents conclusions drawn from the results of surface survey and excavation at Agios Georgios, Vouno (Kythera), the peak sanctuary of the nearby Minoan colony at Kastri. Small finds included a black steatite ladle inscribed in Linear A with a name reminiscent of ‘Demeter’, libation tables, some clay and numerous bronze figurines (both anthropomorphic and animal), jewellery, bronze votive offerings in the shape of human limbs, miniature clay horns of consecration, and a small bronze double axe. The pottery includes some MM I B–MM II but is richest in MM III–LM I/I B, particularly fine wares. The finds suggest that the importance of Kastri was greater than hitherto supposed, but they exhibit significant contrasts with assemblages at Cretan peak sanctuaries. The site's proximity to the metallurgical resources of Laconia, and its strategic location overlooking sea passages, are considered. It is suggested that cult activity here was dependent not on West Crete but on Knossos. Parallels are drawn with the sites of Troullos (Kea), Trianta (Ialysos, Rhodes), and Mikri Vigla (Naxos), and possible Minoan elements in later Laconian cult are noted.
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Roldán García, Clodoaldo, and Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez. "A compositional analysis by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence of Iberian copper-alloy votive figurines from southern Spain (fourth-third centuries BC)." X-Ray Spectrometry 47, no. 6 (2018): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2972.
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Fulminante, Francesca, and Mukund Unavane. "“Community practices” and “communities of practice” in smelting technology by XRF analysis of Archaic bronze votive figurines in central Italy (6th – 5th centuries BC)." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 31 (June 2020): 102266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102266.
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A., Subbotin. "NOTES ON CULT OBJECTS IN THE BEREZOVSKY BURIAL SITE OF THE TAGAR CULTURE (THE SHARYPOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE KRASNOYARSK AREA)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 36, no. 3 (2024): 50–61. https://doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2024)36(3).-03.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of cult objects which is a significant part of the funeral accompanying inventory of the Tagarsky Berezovsky burial ground. At the turn of the Podgornov and Saragash periods of Tagar Culture a new paradigm of burial structure, ritual, and accompanying grave goods emerged. The change in model is radical. The inventory of graved goods expands with broader range of artifacts, including items previously unseen in burial inventories — such as deer plaques, objects of unknown purpose also known as “pangs”, so-called standards with figures of mountain goats. In the fine arts (figurines of deer and goats), there is evidence of the influence of “Altai motifs”. The frequent occurrence of these cult objects indicates a high degree of sacralization of Tagar society in the Saragash phase of its existence. In the course of the work, the deer plaques and objects of unknown purpose were linked to the existing chronological table of the Berezovsky burial ground complexes, obtained by the author of this article in his dissertation. There are no significantly interrelated metrics for grouping of the examined material and identifying various types (such as categories, groups, etc.) within these collections, both for deer plaques and for objects of unknown purpose. By the end of the Tagar Culture, in the process of involution, these artifacts steadily became more schematic, votive, and reduced in size. Disc mirrors and standards ceased to exist. Deer plaques and objects of unknown purpose (“pangs”) were also modified and reduced in form.
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Kazarov, S. S. "Gods in Dodona." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 11, no. 2 (2024): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2024.2.6.
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Introduction. The history of the Dodon Oracle has always attracted the attention of foreign researchers. It is reasoned with the inaccessibility of the sanctuary for pilgrims, its antiquity and mystery, as well as the bizarre landscape of the area attracted the attention of both ancient authors and modern researchers to it. The country of Epirus itself, where the sanctuary was located, was the most remote point where the Greek world came into contact with the world of barbarians. Materials and Methods. The study is based both on narrative sources, which are presented by ancient authors, and on monuments of material culture, which are terracotta and votive tablets. Their comparison and comprehensive study allows us to reach the necessary conclusions. Analysis. The main deity of the Dodona sanctuary, one of the oldest in Ancient Greece and the oracle that existed with it, was the supreme god of the Greeks Zeus, which is confirmed by various sources. However, already in the time of Homer, the goddess Dione became Zeus’s mate, who can be recognized as the second most important deity not only in Dodona, but also throughout Epirus. Evidence of this is the presence of a temple located on the sacred territory, as well as numerous votive tablets mentioning the name of the goddess. Confirming the presence of cults of other gods on the territory of Dodona is very problematic due to the extreme scarcity of sources. On the territory of the sacred territory, temenos, figurines and other images of Hercules, Aphrodite, Apollo and Themis were discovered. The most likely is the presence of the cult of Aphrodite, who, according to mythology, was not only the daughter of Dione, but also shared the same temple with her. The presence of the cult of Apollo could be explained by the connection of the deity with prophetic activity in general, and the appearance of the cult of Hercules in the sanctuary could be associated with the creation of the heroic genealogy of the Molossian ruling dynasty. Results. The emergence of new cults in Dodona was associated with an increase in the authority of the sanctuary, which over time acquired first regional and then interregional significance. Another reason for the emergence of new cults in the sanctuary could be the increase in the number of pilgrims in this difficult-to-visit region.
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Smith, Tyler Jo. "BETWEEN DEITY AND DEDICATOR: THE LIFE AND AGENCY OF GREEK VOTIVE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES. By SanneHoffmann. Image & Context 23. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2023. Pp. xi +347; figures. Hardcover, $137.99." Religious Studies Review 50, no. 2 (2024): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rsr.17094.
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Parikh, Tulsi. "Sanne Hoffmann. Between Deity and Dedicator: The Life and Agency of Greek Votive Terracotta Figurines (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2023, 347pp, 85 illustr., hbk, ISBN 978-3-11-076887-9)." European Journal of Archaeology 27, no. 2 (2024): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2024.16.
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Kozlenko, Roman, and Olha Puklina. "Roman Terracottas From the Lower City of Olbia from the collection of the National Museum of the History of Ukraine." Archaeology, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2021.01.108.
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The article introduces clay figurines of eagles and terracotta of a Roman soldier, which were found during excavations at the Lower City of Olbia in the 1930—1940-ies, and are kept in the National Museum of the History of Ukraine. The iconography of the eagles is similar to the terracotta statuette of an eagle found in the praetorium building in the Upper City of Olbia. The series of rooms, in which the eagle figurines were found, belong to the Roman garrison structures, which were located in the port area of the city. Terracotta eagle figurines could be used in military sanctuaries, and imitate Roman military standards, or be associated with the worship of Jupiter. Analogies to these products are known from the Roman fortresses on the Danube and in Dacia province. The fragment of terracotta with a shield was a part of a Roman soldier figurine with hanging limbs. The warrior was depicted wearing a Roman military cloak (sagum). This indicates his higher rank, in contrast to the soldiers dressed in tunics. In his left hand he holds a shield (clipeus), which depicts a deity in armor, with rays above his head. The terracotta depicts warriors armed with gladius, and belted with a Roman military belt (cingulum militare). They depict the servicemen of the auxiliary troops of the Roman army — auxilia, or, given the non-standard shape of their shields, the sailors of the Moesian fleet (milites classiarii), whose units were stationed in Olbia, as is known from the epigraphic finds. The places of their finds mark the points of deployment of the Roman troops in the Northern Black Sea region. These terracottas could serve as votives in ritual rites associated with the cult of Mithras, which appears in Olbia as a result of the Roman garrison deployment in the city during the second half of the 2nd — first half of the 3rd c. AD.
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Gill, David, and Michael Vickers. "Laconian lead figurines: mineral extraction and exchange in the Archaic Mediterranean." Annual of the British School at Athens 96 (November 2001): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540000527x.
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More than 100,000 lead figurines are reported to have been found in the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta. It has been suggested that these mass-produced votives were obtained from locally mined lead. Lead votives in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, were selected as representative of each ‘layer’ from the British excavations of the early twentieth century. Lead isotope analysis of the votives was conducted in the Oxford Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art and demonstrated that the lead was apparently derived from Lavrion as a by-product of silver extraction. There is a possibility that Attic silver, as well as lead, could have been used in Archaic Laconia.
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Smits, Jozef, and Inge Thomas. "Het gebruik van de meervoudige voorkeurstem bij de parlementsverkiezingen van 21 mei 1995." Res Publica 40, no. 1 (1998): 127–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v40i1.18571.
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In Belgium the multiple preferential voting system was for the first time applied to parliamentary elections in 1995. Since then the electorate has the possibility to cast a vote for several candidates figuring on the same party list.As a result of this voting system change, more voters used the possibilities offered by the preferential voting system than during the 1991 elections: almost 57% of the electorate of 1995 cast a multiple vote on candidates for the House of Representatives - this was an increase of 8,6% compared to the 1991 results. For the Senate, the trend is even clearer: 59% of the electorate expressed their preference for one or more candidates of the Senate, resulting in an increase of 18,3% compared to 1991. Though one has to add that the above mentioned increases are only partly due to the election system change. Part of the increase is actually also due to a more accurate handling by the Ministery of Internal Affairs of the multiple preferential voting data figuring on the ballot-papers.Compared to previous elections the use of preferential voting was for the first time higher for the Senate than for the House of Representatives. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the use of the multiple preferential vote is varying from one constituency to another, from Flemings to Walloons and from one political party to another.
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Smits, Jozef, and Bram Wauters. "Het gebruik van de voorkeurstem bij de parlementsverkiezingen van 13 juni 1999." Res Publica 42, no. 2-3 (2000): 265–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v42i2-3.19244.
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At 13 June 1999, elections for the regional Parliaments, the federal Parliament (both House of Representatives and Senate) and the European Parliament were held in Belgium.The percentage of voters casting a preferential vote at these elections increased again, reaching the highest score ever in Belgian history. On average, 60,9 % of the electorate expressed their preference for one or more candidates. Although voters have the possibility to cast a multiple preferential vote (i.e. a vote for several candidates figuring on the same party list) , this possibility is not used very much. A voter who cast a preferential vote, only vote on average for 1,73 candidates.The further increase in preferential votes was a little surprise since strong limitations were imposed upon campaign expenditures and on commercial affichage. Political and social evolutions, such as individualism, anti-party feelings and mediatisation seem to have had a stronger impact upon preferential voting than these material limitations.The use of the preferential vote varies from one constituency to another, from Flemings to Walloons, and from one party to another. There were some notable evolutions. The voters of the extreme-right Vlaams Blok and of the green parties Agalev and Ecolo, who traditionally cast less preferential votes than voters of other parties, have dimished the gap between them and the other parties. Another important evolution is the decrease of pref erential voting in some constituencies in Wallonia. As for the Senate and the European Parliament, more Flemings now cast a preferential vote than Walloons do. The large constituencies used for these elections seem to attract very well-known politicians and as a consequence also very much preferential votes in Flanders.Despite the increase in preferential voting, the order of the list, composed by the party remained in most cases decisive whether or nota candidate was elected.
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Wauters, Bram, Karolien Weekers, and Jean-Benoît Pilet. "Het gebruik van de voorkeurstem bij de regionale en Europese parlementsverkiezingen van 13 juni 2004." Res Publica 46, no. 2-3 (2004): 377–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v46i2-3.18473.
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On 13 June 2003, elections for both the regional parliaments and the European Parliament were held in Belgium.The percentage of voters casting a preferential vote increased when compared with the previous regional and European elections of 1999, reaching scores clearly higher than 60%. The new electoral laws are one explanation for this increase, together with societal evolutions, such as individualism, anti-party feelings, personalization of polities and the appearance of cartels. In comparison with the federal elections of 2003 however, there was a decrease in prererential voting, due to lower campaign expenditures and to the success of parties that traditionally do not attract many preferential votes. Voters can also cast a vote for several candidates figuring on the same party list, which is contrary to the past done quite frequently now. Finally, more candidates than ever succeeded in becoming elected out oî the order of the party list.
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Lahiri, Somdeb, and Prasanta K. Pattanaik. "A Note on A. D. Taylor’s Property of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives for Voting Rules." Studies in Microeconomics 5, no. 2 (2017): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321022217711028.
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In a widely used textbook on mathematics and politics, Taylor introduced an interesting property of social choice procedures, which we call ‘Taylor’s Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (TIIA)’. Taylor proved a result showing that every voting procedure belonging to a certain class of voting procedures violates TIIA. The purpose of this note is to supplement Taylor’s result by showing that a large number of voting rules, which do not belong to the class of voting procedures figuring in Taylor’s result, also violate TIIA.
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Ieremias, Stelios, and Robin Rönnlund. "A preliminary report on sculptures and figurative terracottas found at the site of Vlochos, region of Karditsa, Thessaly." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 16 (November 15, 2023): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-16-04.
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The existence of an ancient city at Thessalian Vlochos was first established by the discovery in 1964 of several inscribed stelai at a quarry at the site, which in turn prompted its declaration as a protected archaeological zone. A large spoil-heap with mixed soils and quarry debris had been left after the closure of the quarry, and this was examined and removed as part of the ongoing Greek-Swedish archaeological collaboration at the site. Apart from quarry debris and rubbish, the soils of the heap yielded considerable amounts of pottery and tile, and also architectural members, terracotta figurines, stelai, marble statuettes, and votives. The mixed nature of the soils made all finds ex situ, but the composition of the material provides a transect of the chronology of the site at Vlochos, as well as strong indications of cult, including evidence for the cult of the Thessalian goddess Ennodia.
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Sutton, Jane S., and Nkanyiso Mpofu. "Figuring Reconciliation: Dancing With the Enemy." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 25, no. 2 (2007): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v25i2.4616.
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This essay is about fi guring “argument as dance” and one way of conceiving how to live or embody argument as such. Concretely, it displays “argument as war” alongside a road in Mississippi after a white man shoots down James Meredith as he asserts his legal right to vote. And it tells “how to” perceive the shooting as dance by turning fi rstly to the performance of dance fi gured in the beginnings of rhetoric and then secondly, setting forth demystifi ed methods and strategies of body-speech fi guring argument as dance, rather than as war, through performances of Nelson Mandela. More generally, it explores a new meaning or experience of rhetoric by explicitly conjoining two historical times, two geographies, two speakers, enemies and dancers, that are inextricably interconnected. Using a combination of description and analysis, the fi rst is a full display of three photographs picturing argument as war. The whole picture serves as a descriptive compass or guide for making our way analytically through argument as war and into dance language and behavior and their interconnections to argument. The second is a retrospective discussion of the background, dancing/argumentative practices, what is called “blinking on the behalf of the enemy,” of Nelson Mandela. Overall, the strategy of reticulating political times, chronology and political spaces, geography on the one hand, and argument as war and argument as dance on the other hand is to reconcile confl icting measures and to produce a performance practice (of rhetoric) of which there is no canon.Cet article représente «l’argumentation comme danse» et présente une façon de concevoir comment éprouver et discerner ainsi l’argumentation. Concrètement, il fait voir «l’argumentation comme guerre» le long d’une route au Mississippi après qu’un homme blanc ait tiré James Meredith alors que ce dernier affi rmait son droit légal de vote. Et il relate «comment» percevoir la fusillade comme danse en se penchant d’abord sur l’exécution de danse représentée aux débuts de la rhétorique puis, en deuxième lieu, en présentant des méthodes démystifi ées et des stratégies de langage du corps qui représentent l’argumentation comme danse, plutôt que comme guerre, par le biais de prestations de Nelson Mandela. De façon plus générale, il explore un nouveau sens ou une nouvelle expérience de rhétorique en réunissant explicitement deux époques historiques, deux géographies, deux interlocuteurs, ennemis et danseurs, qui sont liés inextricablement. En utilisant une combinaison de description et d’analyse, la première est une exposition complète de trois photos qui représentent l’argumentation comme guerre. Le portrait entier sert de compas ou de guide descriptif pour frayer analytiquement un chemin à travers l’argumentation comme guerre vers le langage et le comportement de la danse et leurs liens à l’argumentation. La deuxième est une discussion rétrospective de la toile de fond, les pratiques de danse/argumentation, ce qu’on appelle «fl ancher pour l’ennemi», de Nelson Mandela. En somme, la stratégie d’agencer les ères politiques, la chronologie et les espaces politiques, la géographie d’une part, et l’argumentation comme guerre et l’argumentation comme danse d’autre part, est de réconcilier des mesures confl ictuelles et développer une pratique d’exécution (de rhétorique) pour laquelle il n’y a pas de règle.
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Estlund, David. "Introduction: Epistemic Approaches to Democracy." Episteme 5, no. 1 (2008): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1742360008000191.
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The papers published in this special issue can fairly be unified under the heading “Epistemic Democracy,” but there is more variety among them than this might indicate. They exhibit the broad range of ways in which epistemological considerations are figuring in contemporary philosophical discussions of democracy. The authors range from young and promising to established and distinguished. I'd like to introduce a few of the issues that run through the papers, sprinkling references to the actual papers along the way.From the beginning, democratic forms of government have included discussion and debate. In real life the value of democracy can hardly be separated from the value of free public discussion, prior to voting, about the issues and candidates. This is not to say that either the discussion or the vote have always been inspiring, but whatever value democracy is thought to have, it seems inseparable from public political discussion. One way of accounting for the value of the discussion is to suppose that voters exchange reasons (not always cooperatively) about what to do. Even a quick look at the content of political debate seems to confirm that it is mostly about which decision would be best for the country or city whose laws or leaders are in question.
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Zimmermann Kuoni, Simone. "The Obstetric Connection: Midwives and Weasels within and beyond Minoan Crete." Religions 12, no. 12 (2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12121056.
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The Minoan peak sanctuaries call for systematic comparative research as an island-bound phenomenon whose significance to the (pre)history of medicine far transcends the Cretan context: they yield clay anatomical offerings attesting to the earliest known healing cult in the Aegean. The peak sanctuary of Petsophas produced figurines of weasels, which are usually interpreted as pests, ignoring their association with votives that express concerns about childbirth, traditionally the first single cause of death for women. The paper draws from primary sources to examine the weasel’s puzzling bond with birth and midwives, concluding that it stems from the animal’s pharmacological role in ancient obstetrics. This novel interpretation then steers the analysis of archaeological evidence for rituals involving mustelids beyond and within Bronze Age Crete, revealing the existence of a midwifery koine across the Near East and the Mediterranean; a net of interconnections relevant to female therapeutics which brings to light a package of animals and plants bespeaking of a Minoan healing tradition likely linked to the cult of the midwife goddess Eileithyia. Challenging mainstream accounts of the beginnings of Western medicine as a male accomplishment, this overlooked midwifery tradition characterises Minoan Crete as a unique crucible of healing knowledge, ideas, and practices.
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Hirata, Elaine Farias Veloso. "Tarentine terracottas and the heoric cult in a colonial area." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, no. 8 (December 2, 1998): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.1998.109533.
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A colônia espartana de Tarento produziu uma série de estatuetas de terracota representando uma figura masculina reclinada em leito de banquete e acompanhada, por vezes, de uma figura feminina e uma criança. Estas figurinhas - manufaturadas por mais de três séculos - foram encontradas em quantidades fabulosas: milhares em um só depósito votivo. A interpretação dos personagens vem sendo debatida desde os fins do século passado, quando ocorreram os primeiros achados. Não há, no entanto, estudos sistemáticos a respeito. Consideramos que há indícios arqueológicos e textuais suficientes para que se possa associar tais representações aos cultos heróicos que, na área colonial voltam-se para a figura do fundador (oikistés), configurando um interessante paralelo com o que ocorre na Grécia, quando da emergência das póleis. Nesta perspectiva, o culto heróico, em suas diferentes formas, atua como um complexo conceito que articula versões do passado que legitimam formas emergentes de poder político.
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SU, YUANQI, and YUEHU LIU. "A VOTING SCHEME FOR PARTIAL OBJECT EXTRACTION UNDER CLUTTERED ENVIRONMENT." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 02 (2013): 1355002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001413550021.
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Shape extraction aims to detect and localize objects via the shape information. The paper presents a novel voting scheme that can extract partially occluded objects under cluttered environments using a single shape. It works by jointly figuring out the boundaries and resolving the geometric configurations. To model the missing part lead by occlusion, we discretize the shape template into a set of its subpart, named portions. Our representation of shape template is through a set of portion together with their interconnections. Instead of forming a fully connected network, our interconnections make the portions consistent with the chain along the boundary of shape template. Based on the representation, we formulate an auto-locked objective function that contains both the unary and pairwise terms and balances the effects of missing parts. Min-sum voting scheme with strategy driven by bottom–up information is then proposed to minimize the objective function. Conducted experiments show that proposed algorithm is promising for shape extraction with occlusion and noisy backgrounds and allows the non-rigid deformations.
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Wauters, Bram. "Het gebruik van voorkeurstemmen bij de federale parlementsverkiezingen van 18 mei 2003." Res Publica 45, no. 2-3 (2003): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v45i2-3.18484.
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At 18 May 2003, elections for both the Belgian House of Representatives and Senate were held within a new institutional framework: among others the constituencies were enlarged.The percentage of voters casting a preferential vote increased again, reaching the highest score ever with 66,5 %for the House and 68,0 %for the Senate. Voters can also cast a vote for several candidates figuring on the same party list, which was not done very frequently in the past. The number of preference votes on one ballot increased enormously, with naw on average 2,23 for the House and 2,37 for the Senate. More candidates than ever succeeded in becoming elected out of the order of the party list, which was mostly decisive in the past.Thenew electoral laws are one reason for these changes, togethers with some political and social evolutions, such as individualism, anti-party feelings and mediatisation.
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Torotwa, Ezer. "Media framing of presidential candidates in Kenya's 2022 general election: Analysing coverage patterns in the Daily Nation and the Standard Newspapers." Editon Consortium Journal of Media and Communication Studies 6, no. 1 (2025): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.51317/ecjmcs.v6i1.550.
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This research investigates the media framing of presidential candidates in Kenya during the 2022 General Election, paying attention to both The Daily Nation and The Standard as representatives of the Kenyan media. Given the centrality of policy debates to political coverage, coverage of policy issues was in the minority according to the quantitative elements of the media monitoring exercises, with horse race reporting dominant at 68 per cent of the sample with policy issues figuring at 32 per cent. More precisely, The Standard posted 400 horse race articles and 200 policy-related ones, while The Daily Nation provided 350 and 150, respectively. This skewed the voting outcome towards two horse race candidates, leaving little space for others such as George Wajackoyah and David Waihiga Mwaure and analysing the narrative approach of framing theory depicting William Ruto and Raila Odinga as polarisation and side-lining of policies. These observations bear implications for the phenomenon of electoral debate and voter decision-making, in particular, its depth. They also recommend that media houses increase reports on all the candidates and provide training to enlighten the journalists on framing the situation so that there is as much competition focus as there is policy discussion emphasis. This approach would lead to increased and qualitatively higher levels of electoral debate and democratic participation by voters as they can make informed decisions.
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Shubhashish, Goswami, and Kumar Diwedi Himanshu. "Security Validation Model in Cloud Computing Environment." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 3 (2020): 1509–13. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.B4233.029320.
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Private, Public cloud or a unified cloud system, client’s absence of a successful secure computable assessment techniques for handling the security circumstance of its own data foundation overall. This paper gives a quantifiable security assessment framework for various mists that can be gotten to by reliable API. The assessment framework incorporates security checking motor, security recuperation motor, secure computable assessment system, graphical presentation segment & so on. Secure assessment system makes out of many assessment components comparing various fields, for example, figuring, stockpiling, organize, support, application security and so forth. Every component is doled out 3 tuples on the liabilities, score & fix strategy. Framework receives "1 vote" system for a field to check its point & includes synopsis as overall score, & to make high security. We implement the computable assessment for various cloud environment clients dependent on the G Cloud phase. It displays active security examining for one or different clouds with pictorial diagrams & clients to adjust arrangement, expand activity & fix liabilities, in order to increase secureness of cloud assets.
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Birley, A. R. "R. G. Collingwood and R. P. Wright, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Volume II. Instrumentum Domesticum (Personal Belongings and the Like). Fascicle 1–4. The Military Diplomata; Metal Ingots; Tesserae; Dies; Labels; And Lead Sealings (RIB 2401–2411). Edited by S. S. Frere, Margaret Roxan and R. S. O. Tomlin. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1990. Pp. xiv + 126, 8 pls, over 600 figs, ISBN 0-86299-775-5. £35.00. - Fascicle 2. Weights, Gold Vessel, Silver Vessels, Bronze Vessels, Lead Vessels, Pewter Vessels, Shale Vessels, Glass Vessels, Spoons (RIB 2412–2420). Edited by S. S. Frere and R. S. O. Tomlin. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1991. Pp. xiii + 146, 8 pls, over 500 figs, ISBN 0-86299-820-4. £35.00. - Fascicle 3. Brooches, Rings, Gems, Bracelets, Helmets, Shields, Weapons, Iron Tools, Baldric Fittings, Votives in gold, Silver and Bronze, Lead Pipes, Roundels, Sheets and Other Lead Objects, Stone Roundels, Pottery and Bone Roundels, Other Objects Of Bone. (RIB 2421–2441). Edited by S. S. Frere and R. S. O. Tomlin. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1991. Pp. xiii + 176, 16 pls, over 800 figs, ISBN 0-86299-935-9. £35.00. - Fascicle 4. Wooden Barrels, Stilus-Tablets, Miscellaneous Objects Of Wood, Leather Objects, Oculists'Stamps, Wallplaster, Mosaics, Handmills, Stone Tablets, Stone Balls Stone Pebbles, Small Stone Votives, Miscellaneous Objects of Stone, Jet Figurine, Clay Figurines, Miscellaneous Clay Objects, Antefixes, Tile-Stamps of Legion Il Augusta of Legion VI victrix, of Legion IX Hispana, of Legion XX Valeria Victrix, Tile-Stamps of the Auxiliaries (RIB 2442–2480). Edited by S. S. Frere and R. S. O. Tomlin. Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1992. Pp. xiii + 210, 8 pls, over 600 figs, ISBN 0-7509-0086-5. £35.00." Journal of Roman Studies 83 (November 1993): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/301025.
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