Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vowel shifts

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Vowel shifts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Vowel shifts"

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D'Onofrio, Annette, Teresa Pratt, and Janneke Van Hofwegen. "Compression in the California Vowel Shift: Tracking generational sound change in California's Central Valley." Language Variation and Change 31, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394519000085.

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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the California Vowel Shift, previously characterized as a chain shift, in communities across California's Central Valley. An incremental apparent time analysis of 72 Californians’ vowel spaces provides no clear evidence of a gradual chain shift; that is, changes have not unfolded in an order that reflects an implicational chain in chronological time. Instead, we see contemporaneous movements of vowels that work against the phonological tendency of maximal dispersion typically invoked in describing chain shifts. By analyzing change in the size and dispersion of the entire vowel space, we find that ongoing sound change is instead characterized by a holistic compression of the vowel space. This suggests that, in these California communities, the shift's unfolding was driven by articulatory and social, rather than purely phonological, factors. We propose that the analysis of the size and spread of holistic vowel space can help characterize the nature and motivations for vocalic changes.
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Burgos, Pepi, Roeland van Hout, and Brigitte Planken. "Matching Acoustical Properties and Native Perceptual Assessments of L2 Speech." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 199–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0011.

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AbstractThis article analyses the acoustical properties of Dutch vowels produced by adult Spanish learners and investigates how these vowels are perceived by non-expert native Dutch listeners. Statistical vowel classifications obtained from the acoustical properties of the learner vowel realizations were compared to vowel classifications provided by native Dutch listeners. Both types of classifications were affected by the specific set of vowels included as stimuli, an effect caused by the large variability in Spanish learners’ vowel realizations. While there were matches between the two types of classifications, shifts were noted within and between production and perception, depending on the vowel and vowel features. We considered the variability between Spanish learners further by investigating individual patterns in the production and perception data, and linking these to the learners’ proficiency level and multilingual background. We conclude that integrating production and perception data provides valuable insights into the role of different features in adult L2 learning, and how their properties actively interact in the way L2 speech is perceived. A second conclusion is that adaptive mechanisms, signalled by boundary shifts and useful in coping with variability of non-native vowel stimuli, play a role in both statistical vowel classifications (production) and human vowel recognition (perception).
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Burns, Roslyn. "The Plautdietsch Vowel Shift Across Space and Time." Journal of Linguistic Geography 3, no. 2 (September 2015): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2016.3.

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This paper provides an account of the long vowel shift currently underway in the trans-statal Plautdietsch speech community. Placement of the shift within Labov’s typology of vowel shifts reveals a commonly overlooked development in Plautdietsch vowel movement, namely the centralization of mid-high back vowels which must have occurred before the breakup of the community into New and Old World groups. Shared centralization prompted both groups to have similar developments in the back vowel space after they were no longer geographically contiguous and prompted many groups to undergo centralization in the front vowel space. This case study reveals a pattern of innovation in which separation from parent communities fosters linguistic innovations in daughter communities. These innovations occur irrespective of the traditional Molotschna or Chortitza dialect affiliation of the daughter colonies in question.
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Tse, Holman. "Vowel shifts in Cantonese?" Regional Chinese in Contact 5, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.19001.tse.

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Abstract This paper addresses Labov’s principles of vowel chain shifting in Toronto and Hong Kong Cantonese based on sociolinguistic interviews from the Heritage Language Variation and Change in Toronto Project. The analysis is based on normalized F1 and F2 values of 33,179 vowel tokens from 11 monophthongs produced by 32 speakers (8 from Hong Kong, 24 from Toronto). In Toronto, results show retraction of [y] by generation but fronting of [i] by age. In Hong Kong, age is a significant predictor for the lowering of [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɔ], and for the fronting of [ɔ] and [i]. Overall, there is more vowel shifting in Hong Kong than in Toronto and the shifting is consistent with Labov’s Principles.
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Al Mahmoud, Mahmoud. "ACOUSTIC EFFECTS OF DURATIONAL CUES IN THE PERCEPTION OF NAJDI ARABIC VOWEL CONTINUA." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 5, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v5i1.3591.

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This paper explores how the manipulation of vowel duration as a perceptual cue influences listeners’ perceptual ability. Four native speakers of Najdi Arabic, a well-known variety of Arabic in the Arabian Peninsula, were tested on the perception of /a/ vs. /ɛ/ vowels. Listeners’ identification and discrimination rates along each vowel continuum showed a clear effect of duration on the perception of /a/-/ɛ/ contrast. In each vowel continuum, listeners were more inclined to classify stimuli as belonging to one vowel or the other based on relative proximity to the steady-state vowel duration. Perceptibility naturally improved as duration approximated the normal duration of either vowel. Listeners’ perceptual judgments in the identification and discrimination of the vowels were swayed by their aural sensitivity to perceptual shifts (/a/-/ɛ/ at 185-195ms; /ɛ/-/a/ at 195-205ms). Moreover, findings of the identification task followed predictably from the discrimination task; this could be taken as evidence for the existence of categorical perception. Results aggregately indicate that perception of the two Najdi Arabic vowels proceeded as a function of duration.
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Boberg, Charles. "A Closer Look at the Short Front Vowel Shift in Canada." Journal of English Linguistics 47, no. 2 (March 24, 2019): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219831353.

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This paper examines several aspects of the “Short Front Vowel Shift” (SFVS) in Canadian English, known in most previous research as the “Canadian Vowel Shift.” It is based on acoustic analysis of a list of one hundred words produced by sixty-one Canadian and thirty-one American university students. The analysis focuses on three questions: (1) the relations among the vowels involved in the shift, including relations with vowels not traditionally considered part of the shift; (2) the behavior of individual words in each vowel category, which displays allophonic variation; and (3) the role of regional and national identity (western versus eastern Canadian, and Canadian versus American) and speaker sex in predicting the degree of participation in the shift, which is measured with a unitary quantitative index of the shift that is proposed here for the first time. The analysis finds that the short front vowels (kit, dress, and trap) lower and retract as a set, but that shifts of several back vowels (particularly foot, goat, and strut) are also correlated but not necessarily structurally connected with these; that following voiceless fricatives favor the SFVS while preceding velars disfavor it; that women are more advanced in the shift than men; that there is no regional difference within Canada in the progress of the shift; and, most surprisingly, that, once the American comparison group is restricted to those with a low-back merger, Americans are more shifted than their Canadian peers, calling into question the association of the shift with Canada in most previous research on Canadian English.
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Ohala, John J., Patrice Speeter Beddor, Rena Arens Krakow, and Louis M. Goldstein. "Perceptual constraints and phonological change: a study of nasal vowel height." Phonology Yearbook 3 (May 1986): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000646.

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ABSTRACTTo address the claim that listener misperceptions are a source of phonological shifts in nasal vowel height, the phonological, acoustic and perceptual effects of nasalisation on vowel height were examined. We show that the acoustic consequences of nasal coupling, while consistent with phonological patterns of nasal vowel raising and lowering, do not always influence perceived vowel height. The perceptual data suggest that nasalisation affects perceived vowel height only when nasalisation is phonetically inappropriate (e.g. insufficient or excessive nasal coupling) or phonologically inappropriate (e.g. no conditioning environment in a language without distinctive nasal vowels). It is argued that these conditions, rather than the inherent inability of the listener to distinguish the spectral effects of velic and tongue body gestures, lead to perceptual misinterpretations and potentially to sound change.
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Becker, Michael, and Peter Jurgec. "Positional faithfulness drives laxness alternations in Slovenian." Phonology 37, no. 3 (August 2020): 335–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675720000160.

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We analyse the distribution of vowel laxness and stress alternations in Slovenian nouns (for example in the nominative and genitive forms of the masculine noun [ˈjɛzik ~ jeˈzika] ‘tongue’), showing that stress shifts away from mid lax vowels in initial syllables. A stress shift of this sort is predicted by positional faithfulness (Beckman 1997). We show that this prediction is correct, contra McCarthy (2007, 2010) and Jesney (2011). The productivity of the pattern is confirmed in a large-scale nonce-word task. Stress shift in Slovenian is a result of the markedness of mid lax vowels and, perhaps counterintuitively, faithfulness to laxness in initial stressed position.
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Šimáčková, Šárka, and Václav Jonáš Podlipský. "Production Accuracy of L2 Vowels: Phonological Parsimony and Phonetic Flexibility." Research in Language 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2018-0009.

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Ultimate attainment in foreign-language sound learning is addressed via vowel production accuracy in English spoken by advanced Czech EFL learners. English FLEECE–KIT, DRESS–TRAP, and GOOSE–FOOT contrasts are examined in terms of length, height, and backness. Our data show that, while being constrained by phonemic category assimilation (new vowel height distinctions are not created), the learners’ interlanguage combines phonological parsimony (reusing L1 length feature to contrast L2 vowels) with phonetic flexibility (within-category shifts reflecting L1–L2 phonetic dissimilarity). Although achieving nativelike phonological competence may not be possible learners who acquire L2 in the prevailingly L1 environment, the Czech learners’ implementations of English vowels revealed their ability to adjust for phonetic detail of L2 sounds.
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Fabricius, Anne. "Using angle calculations to demonstrate vowel shifts." Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 40, no. 1 (January 2008): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03740463.2007.10414616.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vowel shifts"

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Morgan, Jessica M. "A Diachronic Analysis of North and South Korean Monophthongs: Vowel Shifts on the Korean Peninsula." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5764.

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The linguistic situation on the Korean peninsula is one ripe for research. For the past 70 years the two halves of the peninsula have been isolated from one another, thus creating two very different environments for development and change within the Korean language. It is hypothesized that due to conflict, divide, and social turmoil on the peninsula, the Korean language will have undergone a period of change in the last 70 years. This particular investigation looks at North and South Korean monophthong systems for evidence of a phonological shift. Studies of North Korea's language planning (Yong, 2001; Kumatani, 1990) will be incorporated to provide a background for lexical change in the country, which may also have contributed to phonological change. This study was carried out with the expectation that, due to the turmoil following the Korean War, both standard dialects would display some signs of phonetic shift.In order to track the changes to the monophthong systems over the last 70 years, a total of 7156 samples of the Korean language's eight monophthongs were collected from both North and South Korean films from the 1950s, 1980s, and 2010s. The vowels' F1 and F2 formants were measured using the computer program Praat. The data was then separated by vowel and run through statistical analyses. The results of a mixed methods ANOVA determined which vowels had shown significant variance between decades; the estimated means were then determined for each formant. Based on the statistical analysis, the North Korean vowels /a/, /Λ/, and /u/ have shifted significantly since the 1950s, while the rest of the North Korean monophthong system has not changed significantly. Most of the shifting occurred in the period after the 1980s. In the South, all vowels have shown significant variance for the variable of decade in F1, F2, or both formants. South Korea's results also indicate separate shifts between the 1950s and 1980s, and between the 1980s and 2010s. If the results of this study could be successfully replicated with the languages of other countries thrown into post-WWII turmoil, this study could prove that WWII left a lasting effect on the languages of the world as well. Even if there are not far-reaching implications, the study still demonstrates strong evidence that linguistic change has occurred in both the northern and southern halves of the Korean peninsula since it was split into two separate countries.
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Knight, Whitney Leigh. "The Southern Vowel Shift in the speech of women from Mississippi." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596062.

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Though previous research has documented the Southern Vowel Shift (SVS) in Alabama and Tennessee, none has focused on Mississippi. Also, the majority of research has focused on European-Americans. In this study, data was collected from women from northern and central Mississippi, with central residents evenly recruited from urban and rural areas. Of these, 15 were European-American and 19 were African-American. Participants read a word list including target vowels in the b_d frame. F1, F2, and vector length were analyzed to determine to what extent participants exhibited the SVS and Back Vowel Fronting. For the SVS, there were effects such that central residents shifted more than northern, rural residents shifted more than urban, and African-American residents shifted more than European-American. European-American women fronted /u/ and /o/ more than African-American women. These results suggest that African-American women from Mississippi do participate in the SVS but are not fronting their back vowels.

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Carfoot, Catharine. "A Sociophonological Analysis of the short front vowel shift in New Zealand English." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520037.

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Daniels, Sara. "A Sociophonetic Study of the Northern Cities Shift in Southwest Michigan." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1369.

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This study was designed to measure the perception of Southwest Michigan residents' perception of the Northern Cities Shift, and compare it to the perceptions of Southeast Michigan residents. Participants, recruited from the Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo areas, were asked to complete a dialect boundary map of the United States in order to discern perceptions of American English dialects and accents and determine the dialect or accent that they most associate with the state of Michigan. Participants were also asked to listen to and judge the personality traits of seven different North American speakers. The results of this study indicate that Southwest Michigan residents may subconsciously be able to detect the NCS in speech, though they were mostly unable to correctly identify the NCS as a characteristic of Michigan speech. Further research with a larger pool of participants could provide more accurate measurements as to the perception of Michigan residents towards the Northern Cities Shift.
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Chevalier, Alida. "Globalisation versus internal development: the reverse short front vowel shift in South African English." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20292.

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The South African Chain Shift involved the raising of the short front vowels KIT, DRESS and TRAP when compared to Received Pronunciation (Lass & Wright 1986). This raising wasparticularly evident in the speech of middle class white speakers of South African English, as well as coloured speakers in the Cape. Recent scholarship has suggested that this raising is being reversed in the speech of young white South Africans. In particular, Bekker and Eley(2007) and Bekker (2009) report the lowering and retraction of TRAP. Mesthrie (2012a)reports not only the lowering and retraction of TRAP, but also the lowering of KIT and DRESS. In addition, scholars such as Mesthrie (2010) have found post-segregation deracialisation of middle class South African English. This thesis therefore investigates the extent to which the reversal of the older South African Chain Shift exists in the speech of white and black middle class South Africans from Cape Town. It furthermore explores the potential merger between TRAP~STRUT and KIT~DRESS. In so doing, 53 participants in sociolinguistic interviews are reported on. The Forced Alignment and Vowel Extraction Toolkit was utilised for formant measurement and extraction. Statistical testing via R was performed, including linear mixed-effects modelling, random forest analyses, conditional inference trees, Euclidean Distance measures, Welch's Two Sample t-tests and Pillai Scores. The analysis finds evidence of the reversal of the South African Chain Shift in the speech of participants under the age of 30. In particular, speakers aged between 18 and 25 participate the most in lowering KIT, DRESS and TRAP. Moreover, the short front vowels are retracting in the speech of younger Capetonians, indicating that within the process of vowel lowering, further innovation occurs via vowel retraction. The Reverse Vowel Shift is found to be a combination of push and pull chains: the fronting of FOOT causes the lowering of KIT, and the lowering of TRAP causes the lowering of DRESS. The retraction of TRAP furthermore causes the backing and raising of STRUT, such that an anti-clockwise rotation of the short front vowels (barring LOT) is evidenced in South African English. The Reverse Vowel Shift evident in Cape Town is similar to trends observed in California, Canada, southeast England, Ireland and Australia. This illustrates the effects of globalisation on English in South Africa, though internal motivations are also responsible.
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Bekker, Ian. "The vowels of South African English / Ian Bekker." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2003.

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This thesis provides a comparative analysis of vowel quality in South African English (SAE) using the following data: firstly, the existing impressionistic literature on SAE and other relevant accents of English, the former of which is subject to a critical review; secondly, acoustic data from a similar range of accents, including new SAE data, collected and instrumentally analyzed specifically for the purposes of this research. These various data are used to position, on both a descriptive and theoretical level, the SAE vowel system. In addition, and in the service of providing a careful reconstruction of the linguistic history of this variety, it offers a three-stage koin´eization model which helps, in many respects, to illuminate the respective roles played by endogenous and exogenous factors in SAE’s development. More generally, the analysis is focussed on rendering explicit the extent to which the synchronic status and diachronic development of SAE more generally, and SAE vowel quality more particularly, provides support for a number of descriptive and theoretical frameworks, including those provided in Labov (1994), Torgersen and Kerswill (2004), Trudgill (2004) and Schneider (2003; 2007). With respect to these frameworks, and based on the results of the analysis, it proposes an extension to Schneider’s (2007) Dynamic Model, shows Trudgill’s (2004) model of new-dialect formation to be inadequate in accounting for some of the SAE data, provides evidence that SAE is a possibly imminent but ‘conservative’ member of Torgersen and Kerswill’s (2004) SECS-Shift and uses SAE data to question the applicability of the SECS-Shift to FOOT-Fronting. Furthermore, this thesis provides evidence that SAE has undergone an indexicallydriven arrestment of the Diphthong and Southern Shifts and a subsequent and related diffusion of GenSAE values at the expense of BrSAE ones. Similarly, it shows that SAE’s possible participation in the SECS-Shift constitutes an effective chain-shift reversal ‘from above’. It stresses that, in order to understand such phenomena, recourse needs to be made to a theory of indexicality that takes into account the unique sociohistorical development of SAE and its speakers. Lastly, the adoption of the three-stage koin´eization model mentioned above highlights the merits of considering both endogenous and exogenous factors in the historical reconstruction of new-dialect formation and, for research into SAE in particular, strengthens the case for further investigation into the possible effects of 19th-century Afrikaans/Dutch, Yiddish and north-of-English dialects on the formation of modern SAE.
Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. "Language Contact and Linguistic Shift in Central-Southern Andes: Puquina, Aimara and Quechua." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113457.

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In this paper an attempt will be made to offer a partial history of the three major languages of ancient Peru: Puquina, Aimara and Quechua, postulating their initial settlement from which they started spreading, until their encounter in the Central-Southern Andes during the Late Intermediate Period. It is proposed that the Incas passed through two stages of language substitution: the first from Puquina to Aimara and then from Aimara to Quechua. Linguistic, historical and archaeological evidence will be advanced to support the hypothesis.
En la presente contribución intentaremos bosquejar una parte de la historia de las tres lenguas mayores del antiguo Perú: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua, proponiendo los emplazamientos iniciales a partir de los cuales se expandieron hasta confluir en los Andes centro-sureños durante el Periodo Intermedio Tardío. Proponemos que los incas, a lo largo de su dominación, pasaron por dos etapas de mudanza idiomática: primeramente del puquina al aimara y, luego, del aimara al quechua. En apoyo de las hipótesis planteadas echamos mano de las evidencias de carácter lingüístico, histórico y arqueológico disponibles.
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Holt, Yolanda Feimster. "A Cross Generational Dialect Study in Western North Carolina." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299037925.

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Ruiz, García María Isabel. "Word Stress Patterns in the English of Spanish Speakers: A Perceptual Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/114906.

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Esta tesis analiza la producción de palabras inglesas utilizadas en contexto por parte de estudiantes españoles del inglés. Un total de 76 grabaciones de dos textos diferentes se han analizado, transcribiendo en AFI las 125 palabras elegidas para el análisis de los patrones de acentuación. El propósito principal de este trabajo es analizar, describir y clasificar los esquemas de pronunciación más característicos del inglés de los estudiantes españoles, con referencia específica a las alteraciones relacionadas con los diferentes esquemas de acentuación y de reducción vocálica. Para ello, se ahonda en el estudio de los patrones de acentuación utilizados según el número de sílabas, según la acentuación original de las palabras y según la clase léxica. También se examinan las tendencias de uso de reducción vocálica en las sílabas átonas y el uso de la acentuación secundaria.
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Habasque, Pierre. "Oh my God, like, totally, you know? Le stéréotype Valley Girl, catalyseur de misogynie linguistique ?" Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BOR30004.

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Cette thèse se propose d’étudier de quelle façon la misogynie peut prendre pour cible des pratiques linguistiques pouvant être perçues comme féminines et prend l’exemple du stéréotype sexiste de la « Valley Girl. » Ce terme, popularisé dans les années 1980 par le titre éponyme de Frank Zappa, a d’abord fait référence à des adolescentes, prétendument futiles et décérébrées, appartenant à la classe moyenne californienne. Bien que ces dernières aient été ridiculisées dans la chanson, cette exposition médiatique a paradoxalement eu pour effet de lancer un effet mode dont l’une des manifestations était linguistique : le Valspeak. Ce dialecte comprend entre autres des marqueurs phonétiques (le California Vowel Shift), prosodiques (l’utilisation d’un contour intonatif montant), lexicaux (fer sure, gag me with a spoon) ou de discours (LIKE). Bien que certains de ces marqueurs n’aient pas été (uniquement) popularisés par les Valley Girls, ils peuvent néanmoins être perçus comme tels, et y avoir recours peut exposer un locuteur à une perception négative de sa personne. Ce travail cherche à interroger les liens pouvant exister entre la stigmatisation des marqueurs du Valspeak et la misogynie, phénomène que nous appelons la « misogynie linguistique » du Valspeak. Dans quelle mesure la potentielle stigmatisation de ces marqueurs peut-elle être due au genre féminin des locutrices prototypiques de ce dialecte ? Trois éléments de réponse à cette question sont proposés. Tout d’abord, une étude de perception dialectale quantitative portant sur trois marqueurs du Valspeak (le California Vowel Shift, le contour intonatif montant et LIKE) est menée auprès de locuteurs de l’anglais américain. Deuxièmement, des entretiens qualitatifs ont pour but d’évaluer quelles idéologies sont associées aux marqueurs linguistiques du Valspeak et à la persona Valley Girl. Enfin, l’analyse porte sur trois représentations télévisuelles humoristiques de personnages féminins dans Parks and Recreation, Les Griffin et Ew! (un sketch dans The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon). Il est montré que des marqueurs du Valspeak sont utilisés afin d’orchestrer la stigmatisation de personnages féminins sans faire explicitement appel au stéréotype Valley Girl
This dissertation explores how misogyny may target language uses which may be perceived as feminine and centers on the "Valley Girl" stereotype. This term was popularized in the 1980s by Frank Zappa’s eponymous single and originally referred to supposedly vain and unintelligent female teenagers who belonged to the Californian middle class. Though Valley Girls were ridiculed in the song, the impact it had launched a craze that manifested linguistically in Valspeak. This dialect comprises markers which are mainly phonetic (the California Vowel Shift), prosodic (the High Rising Terminal contour), lexical ("fer sure," "gag me with a spoon"), or that can be found at the discourse level (LIKE). Though some of these markers were not (solely) popularized by Valley Girls, they may nevertheless be perceived as such, and a speaker using them may trigger negative social evaluations. This research explores how the potential stigmatizing perception of Valspeak may be linked to misogyny, which is a phenomenon we refer to as the "linguistic misogyny" of Valspeak. To what extent may linguistic stigma be induced by the gender of the prototypical speakers of this dialect? Three main analyses are provided. First, a quantitative perceptual dialectology study of three Valspeak markers (the California Vowel Shift, the High Rising Terminal contour, and LIKE) is conducted with native American English speakers. Then, qualitative interviews are carried out in order to determine what ideologies are associated with Valspeak markers and the Valley Girl persona. The third part of the analysis focuses on three humorous representations of female characters in television programs: Parks and Recreation, Family Guy, and Ew! (a segment on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon). It is suggested that Valspeak markers may be recruited in order to portray intellectually-challenged female characters without explicitly referring to the Valley Girl stereotype
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Books on the topic "Vowel shifts"

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Bertacca, Antonio. Il great vowel shift: Dalla fenomenologia dei dati ai modelli di interpretazione. Roma: Calamo, 1995.

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Small-town values and big-city vowels: A study of the northern cities shift in Michigan. [Durham]: Published by Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society, 2001.

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Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, C. 1050-1700: Evidence from Spelling. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2016.

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Stenbrenden, Gjertrud. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1050-1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge University Press, 2019.

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Wolfe, Patricia M. Linguistic Change and the Great Vowel Shift in English. University of California Press, 2021.

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Wolfe, Patricia M. Linguistic Change and the Great Vowel Shift in English. University of California Press, 2021.

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van Rooy, Bertus. English in South Africa. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.017.

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South African English (SAfE) traces its roots to the 1820 British settlers. From here, it spread to the descendants of Indian indentured labourers, who later shifted to English as home language. English diffused as second language to the indigenous African population and speakers of Afrikaans, and today occupies an important position as language of government, education, business, and the media. SAfE has borrowed vocabulary from Afrikaans, ancestral Indian languages, and in recent years also from other South African languages. Phonetically, SAfE has raised front vowels, the short front /i/ has allophones that range from high front in KIN to centralized in PIN, and a back vowel realization of START. Non-native varieties display various degrees of vowel contrast reduction. The modal must is used more extensively than in other varieties of English, while Black SAfE also uses the progressive aspect for a wider timespan than just temporariness.
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Machan, Tim William. When English Became Latin. Edited by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212484.013.0014.

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The English language, at all grammatical levels, underwent a profound, albeit gradual, change between 1377 and 1642. These phonological changes include the Great Vowel Shift and the change in inflectional morphology. This article examines the transition from Middle English to Modern English and how English became Latin. It considers the retention of what might be called England’s sociolinguistic infrastructure, alongside a wide-ranging reconfiguration of English’s grammar and social uses. It discusses three unfamiliar constancies that characterize the decisive shift in the English language between the medieval and early modern epochs: the first involved the object of grammatical inquiry in early modern England, the second concerned the character of England’s linguistic repertoire of which diglossia was the notable organizing principle, and the third relates to the cultural significance that English was understood to project as an emerging High Language.
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Lerer, Seth. The History of the English Language and the Medievalist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611040.003.0007.

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The History of the English Language (HEL) is a largely ideological enterprise keyed to fitting literary evidence into expected categories, and yet recent work has suggested that we can no longer simply assume that phenomena such as the Great Vowel Shift were “real,” historical, systematic changes. Contemporary debates on language change and use have historical precedent; social arguments about language are part of a very long tradition; languages in contact have generated linguistic change and adaptation, and language and national identity, as well as personal self-consciousness, have long gone together. This chapter will explore the ways in which the historical and institutional associations of HEL and the “medievalist” are contingently driven, and then to suggest some ways in which the redefinition of the “medievalist” in the twenty-first century can productively include a newer, critical sensibility about the place of HEL in the teachings of social vernacular literacy.
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Bond, Patrick. Neoliberalism and Its Critics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.269.

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Neoliberalism refers to a set of market-based ideas and policies ranging from government budget cuts and privatization of state enterprises to liberalization of currency controls, higher interest rates and deregulation of local finance, removal of import barriers (trade tariffs and quotas), and an emphasis on promotion of exports. While the effects of these policies have been quite consistent, they have sparked sharp criticism from the left. Critics pointed out the elites’ consistent failure in areas such as development aid, international financial regulation, Bretton Woods reform, the World Trade Organization’s Doha Agenda, and United Nations Security Council democratization. In the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the G20 held a summit in 2009 to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability. G20 leaders vowed to, among other promises, strengthen the longer term relevance, effectiveness and legitimacy of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and to seek agreement on a post–2012 climate change regime. However, many intellectual critics of neoliberalism insisted that the G20 represented nothing new. Instead, they emphasize several urgent political priorities, such as: immediately recall and reorganize campaigning associated with defense against financial degradation; reconsider national state powers including exchange controls, defaults on unrepayble debts, financial nationalization and environmental reregulation, and the deglobalization/decommodification strategy for basic needs goods; and address the climate crisis by rejecting neoliberal strategies in favor of both consumption shifts and supply-side solutions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Vowel shifts"

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Minkova, Donka, and Robert Stockwell. "English Vowel Shifts and ‘Optimal’ Diphthongs." In Optimality Theory and Language Change, 169–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0195-3_7.

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Guzman, Trinidad. "The Great Vowel Shift Revisited." In English Historical Linguistics 1992, 81. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.113.10guz.

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Léonard, Jean Leó, and Cecilio Tuyuc Sucuc. "7. A sociolinguistic sketch of vowel shifts in Kaqchikel: ATR-RTR parameters and redundancy markedness of syllabic nuclei in an Eastern Mayan language." In Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages, 173–210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/impact.25.09leo.

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Lindsey, Geoff. "Chapter 4 The Anti-clockwise Vowel Shift." In English After RP, 17–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04357-5_5.

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Lakkaraju, Kiran, Samarth Swarup, and Les Gasser. "Consensus under Constraints: Modeling the Great English Vowel Shift." In Social Computing, Behavioral - Cultural Modeling and Prediction, 1–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29047-3_1.

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Prichard, Hilary. "The Great Vowel Shift in the North of England." In Researching Northern English, 51–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g55.03pri.

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Stockwell, Robert. "How much shifting actually occurred in the historical English vowel shift?" In Studies in the History of the English Language, 267–82. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197143.2.267.

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Gussenhoven, Carlos. "A unifying explanation of the Great Vowel Shift, Canadian Raising and Southern Monophthonging." In Language Faculty and Beyond, 64–72. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lfab.14.c4.

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Frankis, John. "The Great Vowel-Shift and Other Vowel-Shifts." In An Historic Tongue, 133–37. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003074687-11.

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McGuire, Beth. "Back Vowel Shifts." In African Accents, 104–5. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315850207-42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vowel shifts"

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Swarup, Samarth, and Corrine McCarthy. "Representational Momentum May Explain Aspects of Vowel Shifts." In International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems. MIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-31050-5-ch036.

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Fridland, Valerie, Tyler Kendall, and Charlie Farrington. "The role of duration in regional U.S. vowel shifts." In ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4799047.

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Nirgianaki, Elina, and Maria Bitzanaki. "Production of Greek vowels by hearing-impaired children." In 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0036/000451.

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The present study investigates the acoustic characteristics of Greek vowels produced by hearing-impaired children with profound prelingual hearing loss and cochlear implants. The results revealed a significant difference between vowels produced by hearingimpaired children and those produced by normal-hearing ones in terms of duration. Stressed vowels were significantly longer than non-stressed for both groups, while F0, F1 and F2 did not differ significantly between the two groups for any vowel, with the exception of /a/, which had significantly higher F1 when produced by hearingimpaired children. Acoustic vowel spaces were similar for the two groups but shifted towards higher frequencies in the low-high dimension and somehow reduced in the front-back dimension for the hearing-impaired group.
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Knight, Whitney L., and Wendy J. Herd. "The southern vowel shift in women from Mississippi." In 169th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0000174.

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Kettig, Thomas, and Bodo Winter. "Production and perception asymmetries in the Canadian vowel shift." In 6th Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2015/06/0008/000245.

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Shome, Nirupam, Saharul Alom Barlaskar, and R. H. Laskar. "Significance of frame size and frame shift on vowel on set point detection." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rteict.2016.7808036.

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Felker, E., Mirjam Ernestus, and Mirjam Broersma. "Lexically Guided Perceptual Learning of a Vowel Shift in an Interactive L2 Listening Context." In Interspeech 2019. ISCA: ISCA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2019-1414.

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Bucklen, B., M. Wettergreen, M. Heinkenschloss, and M. A. K. Liebschner. "Surface-Based Scaffold Design: A Mechanobiological Approach." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81985.

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Despite recent need-based advances in orthopedic scaffold design, current implants are unsuitable as “total” scaffold replacements. Both mechanical requirements of stiffness/strength and biological stipulations dictating cellular behavior (attachment, differentiation) should be included. The amount of mechanical stimulation in the form of stresses, strains, and energies most suitable toward implant design is presently unknown. Additionally unknown is if whole-bone optimization goals such as uniform and non-uniform driving forces are applicable to a scaffold-bone interface. At the very least, scaffolds ready for implantation should exhibit mechanical distributions (dependent on loading type) on the surface within the typical mechanical usage window. Scaffold micro-architectures can be strategically shifted into that window. The overall goal of this study was to produce microarchitectures tailored to a more uniform mechanical distribution, while maintaining the morphological properties necessary to sustain its mechanical integrity. The mechanical adjustment stimuli investigated were von Mises stress, strain energy density, maximum principle strain, and volumetric strain. Scaffold models of a similar volume fraction were generated of three initial architectures (Rhombitruncated Cuboctahedron, hollow sphere, and trabecular-like bone cube) using high resolution voxel mapping. The resulting voxels were translated into finite element meshes and solved, with a specially written iterative solver created in Fortran90, under confined displacement boundary conditions. The result was verified against a commercial software. Once the mechanical distributions were identified one of two methods was chosen to alter the configuration of material in Cartesian space. The success of the alteration was judged through a diagnostic based on the histogram of mechanical values present on the surface of the micro-architecture. The first method used a compliant approach and, for the case of stress, reinforced locations on the surface with large stresses with extra material (strategically taken from the least stressed portions). The second method used a simulated annealing approach to randomly mutate the initial state in a “temperature” dependent manner. Results indicate that the mechanical distributions of the initial scaffold designs vary significantly. Additionally, the end state of the adjustment demonstrated anisotropy shifts toward the direction of loading. Moreover, the adjustment methods were found to be sensitive both to the mechanical parameter used for adjustment and the portion of the surface adjusted at each increment. In conclusion, scaffolds may be adjusted using a mechanical surface-based objective, as the surface of the scaffold is crucial toward its in vivo acceptance. This technique provides some mathematical specificity toward the whole of computer-aided tissue engineering.
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Selem, Ahmed M., Nicolas Agenet, Martin J. Blunt, and Branko Bijeljic. "Pore-Scale Imaging of Tertiary Low Salinity Waterflooding in a Heterogeneous Carbonate Rock at Reservoir Conditions." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206357-ms.

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Abstract We investigated pore-scale oil displacement and rock wettability in tertiary low salinity waterflooding (LSW) in a heterogeneous carbonate sample using high-resolution three-dimensional imaging. This enabled the underlying mechanisms of the low salinity effect (LSE) to be observed and quantified in terms of changes in wettability and pore-scale fluid configuration, while also measuring the overall effect on recovery. The results were compared to the behavior under high salinity waterflooding (HSW). To achieve the wetting state found in oil reservoirs, an Estaillades limestone core sample was aged at 11 MPa and 80°C for threeweeks. The moderately oil-wet sample was then injected with high salinity brine (HSB) at a range of increasing flow rates, namely at 1, 2,4, 11, 22 and 42 µL/min with 10 pore volumes injected at each rate.Subsequently, low salinity brine (LSB) was injected following the same procedure. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was usedto visualize the fluid configuration in the pore space.A total of eight micro-CT images, with a resolution of 2.3 µm/voxel, wereacquired after both low salinity and high salinity floods.These high-resolution images were used to monitor fluid configuration in the porespace and obtain fluid saturations and occupancy maps. Wettabilitywascharacterized by measurements of in situ contactanglesand curvatures. The results show that the pore-scale mechanisms of improved recovery in LSW are consistent with the development of water micro-dropletswithin the oil and the expansion of thin water films between the oil and rock surface. Before waterflooding and during HSW, the measured contact angles were constant and above 110°, while the meancurvature and the capillary pressure values remained negative, suggesting that the HSB did not change the wettability state of the rock. However, with LSW the capillary pressure increased towards positive values as the wettability shifted towards a mixed-wet state. The fluidoccupancy analysis reveals a salinity-induced change in fluid configuration in the pore space. HSB invaded mainly the larger pores and throats, but with LSW brine invaded small-size pores and throats.Overall,our analysis shows that a change from a weakly oil-wet towards a mixed-wet state was observed mainly after LSW, leading to an incremental increase in oil recovery. This work established a combined coreflooding and imaging methodology to investigate pore-scale mechanisms and wettability alteration for tertiary LSW in carbonates.It improves our understanding of LSW asan enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method for potential field-scale applications. The data provides a valuable benchmark for pore-scale modelling as well as an insight into how even modest wettability changes can lead to additional oil recovery.
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Ishino, Yojiro, Naoki Hayashi, Yuta Ishiko, Ahmad Zaid Nazari, Kimihiro Nagase, Kazuma Kakimoto, and Yu Saiki. "Schlieren 3D-CT Reconstruction of Instantaneous Density Distributions of Spark-Ignited Flame Kernels of Fuel-Rich Propane-Air Premixture." In ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2016-7423.

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For 3D observation of high speed flames, non-scanning 3D-CT technique using a multi-directional quantitative schlieren system with flash light source, is proposed for instantaneous density distribution of unsteady premixed flames. This “Schlieren 3D-CT” is based on (i) simultaneous acquisition of flash-light schlieren images taken from numerous directions, and (ii) 3D-CT reconstruction of the images by an appropriate CT algorithm. In this technique, for simultaneous schlieren photography, the custom-made 20-directional schlieren camera has been constructed and used. This camera consists of 20 optical systems of single-directional quantitative schlieren system. Each system is composed of two convex achromatic lenses of 50 mm in diameter and 300 mm in focal length, a light source unit, a schlieren stop of a vertical knife edge and a digital camera. The light unit has a flash (9 micro-sec duration) light source of a uniform luminance rectangular area of 1 mm × 1 mm. Both of the uniformity of the luminosity and the definite shape are essential for a quantitative schlieren observation. Sensitivity of the digital cameras are calibrated with a stepped neutral density filter. Target flames are located at the center of the camera. The image set of 20 directional schlieren images are processed as follows. First the schlieren picture brightness is shifted by no-flame-schlieren picture brightness in order to obtain the real schlieren brightness images. Second, brightness of these images is scaled by Gladstone-Dale constant of air. Finally, the scaled brightness is horizontally integrated to form “density thickness images”, which can be used for CT reconstruction of density distribution. The density thickness images are used for CT reconstruction by MLEM (maximum likelihood-expectation maximization) CT-algorithm to obtain the 3D reconstruction of instantaneous density distribution. In this investigation, the “density thickness” projection images of 400(H) × 500(V) pixel (32.0 mm × 40.0 mm) are used for 3D-CT reconstruction to produce 3D data of 400(x) × 400(y) × 500(z) pixel (32.0 mm × 32.0 mm × 40.0 mm). The voxel size is 0.08 mm each direction. In this investigation, the target flame is spark-ignited flame kernels. The flame kernels are made by spark ignition for a fuel-rich propane-air premixed gas. First, laminar flow is selected as the premixed gas flow to establish the spherically expanding laminar flame. The CT reconstruction result show the spherical shape of flame kernel with a pair of deep wrinkles. The wrinkle is considered to be caused by spark electrodes. Next turbulent flows behind turbulence promoting grid is selected. The corrugated shape flame kernel is obtained. The schlieren 3D-CT measurements are made for the complicated kernels. CT results expresses the instantaneous 3D turbulent flame kernel shapes.
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