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Slancová, Iveta. "Propojení VSM a VSM 4.0." Trendy v podnikání 11, no. 2 (2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/jbt.2021.11.2.50_59.
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The current situation in the market caused by COVID-19 pandemic brings new challenges. Lean management showed its deficiency in the form of low stock (JIT/JIS) already during the tsunami in 2011 in Japan, when the leader in LEAN Toyota withdrew from zero stock in order to be able to respond agilely to serious supply disruptions. The current unfavourable situation is a global problem that brings new requirements to ensure the competitiveness of companies. A possible response to this situation is provided in this article, which shows an example of the implementation of VSM (Value Stream Mapping) in a company operating in the automotive industry. VSM is based on the elimination of waste in the value stream, mainly in the case of material flow, which raises question of whether it is currently beneficial to eliminate stocks to a minimum. A new term VSM 4.0 has emerged, which is more suitable for current situation. It brings the benefits of digitization and industry 4.0 and aims to eliminate waste in information flows. The aim of this article is to elaborate a VSM map of the current and future state (VSD) and point out other possible savings in an optimized process thanks to VSM 4.0 so that the company is able to respond effectively to customer demands and maintain a competitive advantage despite the necessary stock levels in the warehouses.
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Rieg, Denise Luciana, Arthur Marques Permigiani, Julia Prado, and Fernando Cezar Leandro Scramim. "APLICAÇÃO DO MAPEAMENTO DE FLUXO DE VALOR NO PROCESSO PRODUTIVO DE UMA EMPRESA PRODUTORA DE POLIETILENO EXPANDIDO DE BAIXA DENSIDADE." REVISTA FOCO 16, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): e796. http://dx.doi.org/10.54751/revistafoco.v16n1-086.
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O presente artigo tem por objetivo central identificar desperdícios no processo produtivo de uma empresa produtora de polietileno expandido de baixa densidade (PEBD) por meio de mapas de fluxo de valor (VSM - Value Stream Mapping) e, a partir daí, propor ações de melhorias. A empresa estudada – Ferpex - tem convivido com desperdícios em seu processo produtivo, como os de espera e de superprodução que contribuem para aumento do lead time e redução do índice de produtividade. Para a condução desse estudo de caso, foram utilizadas como fontes de evidência entrevistas com funcionários do processo produtivo sob investigação, observação in loco e análise de documentos fornecidos pela empresa. Este trabalho, além de corroborar para o aumento da eficiência dos processos produtivos da Ferpex, contribui no debate acerca da ferramenta VSM, dado sua implementação em um caso real. Apesar de ampla discussão na literatura nos últimos anos acerca do VSM, ainda permanecem questionamentos relacionados à sua implementação prática, sendo necessário verificar e analisar a forma como o VSM vem sendo empregado pelas empresas e quais os benefícios obtidos a partir de sua implementação. Os resultados mostram que o principal benefício da adoção do VSM foi a redução do lead time do processo estudado em 1,6 dias (38,4 horas), e as principais métricas utilizadas na análise da aplicação da ferramenta VSM foram takt time, lead time e tempo de valor agregado.
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Hildbrand, Sandra, and Shamim Bodhanya. "Guidance on applying the viable system model." Kybernetes 44, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2014-0017.
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Purpose – Although many cases where viable system model (VSM) was successfully applied exist, hardly any literature advises the novice VSM user regarding the accomplishment of a VSM diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to show practitioners and researchers how to conduct a VSM diagnosis. The paper further seeks to encourage others to apply VSM and to share their experience with using VSM. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides detailed guidelines on how to conduct a VSM diagnosis in conjunction with qualitative research methods. It outlines the data collection, analysis and presentation of results. Findings – VSM is an outstanding diagnostic tool. Qualitative research methods provide access to the essential information for the VSM diagnosis and should be used in iteration with VSM. They can enhance the VSM diagnosis by focusing on the soft aspects in the investigated system. The VSM language needs to be adapted to the specific context in which VSM is used and VSM can be applied in a participatory manner. Further research needs to explore possibilities to strengthen the handling of detected shortcomings that were revealed during the VSM diagnosis. Research limitations/implications – This paper is based on one experience with the VSM application and other VSM users might provide different insights. Originality/value – There is little practical advice in existing literature regarding the accomplishment of a VSM diagnosis. This paper addresses that gap. In addition, VSM has not been applied to a sugarcane production and supply system before.
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Liu, YongFeng, Li-Yan Sun, Diane V. Singer, Roman Ginnan, Wen Zhao, Frances L. Jourd’heuil, David Jourd’heuil, Xiaochun Long, and Harold A. Singer. "Thymine DNA glycosylase is a key regulator of CaMKIIγ expression and vascular smooth muscle phenotype." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 317, no. 5 (November 1, 2019): H969—H980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00146.2019.
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Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a multigene family with isoform-specific regulation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) functions. In previous studies, we found that vascular injury resulted in VSM dedifferentiation and reduced expression of the CaMKIIγ isoform in medial wall VSM. Smooth muscle knockout of CaMKIIγ enhanced injury-induced VSM neointimal hyperplasia, whereas CaMKIIγ overexpression inhibited VSM proliferation and neointimal formation. In this study, we evaluated DNA cytosine methylation/demethylation as a mechanism for regulating CaMKII isoform expression in VSM. Inhibition of cytosine methylation with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine significantly upregulated CaMKIIγ expression in cultured VSM cells and inhibited CaMKIIγ downregulation in organ-cultured aorta ex vivo. With the use of methylated cytosine immunoprecipitation, the rat Camk2g promoter was found hypomethylated in differentiated VSM, whereas injury- or cell culture-induced VSM dedifferentiation coincided with Camk2g promoter methylation and decreased expression. We report for the first time that VSM cell phenotype switching is accompanied by marked induction of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) protein and mRNA expression in injured arteries in vivo and in cultured VSM synthetic phenotype cells. Silencing Tdg in VSM promoted expression of CaMKIIγ and differentiation markers, including myocardin, and inhibited VSM cell proliferation and injury-induced neointima formation. This study indicates that CaMKIIγ expression in VSM is regulated by cytosine methylation/demethylation and that TDG is an important determinant of this process and, more broadly, VSM phenotype switching and function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Expression of the calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-γ isoform (CaMKIIγ) is associated with differentiated vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and negatively regulates proliferation in VSM synthetic phenotype (VSMSyn) cells. This study demonstrates that thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) plays a key role in regulating CaMKIIγ expression in VSM through promoter cytosine methylation/demethylation. TDG expression is strongly induced in VSMSyn cells and plays key roles in negatively regulating CaMKIIγ expression and more broadly VSM phenotype switching.
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Robinson, David T. "Introducing managers to the VSM using a personal VSM." Kybernetes 42, no. 1 (January 4, 2013): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684921311295529.
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Zulliger, Martin A., Alexander Rachev, and Nikos Stergiopulos. "A constitutive formulation of arterial mechanics including vascular smooth muscle tone." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287, no. 3 (September 2004): H1335—H1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00094.2004.
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A pseudo-strain energy function (pseudo-SEF) describing the biomechanical properties of large conduit arteries under the influence of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tone is proposed. In contrast to previous models that include the effects of smooth muscle contraction through generation of an active stress, in this study we consider the vascular muscle as a structural element whose contribution to load bearing is modulated by the contraction. This novel pseudo-SEF models not only arterial mechanics at maximal VSM contraction but also the myogenic contraction of the VSM in response to local increases in stretch. The proposed pseudo-SEF was verified with experimentally obtained pressure-radius curves and zero-stress state configurations from rat carotid arteries displaying distinct differences in VSM tone: arteries from normotensive rats displaying minimal VSM tone and arteries from hypertensive rats exhibiting significant VSM tone. The pressure-radius curves were measured in three different VSM states: fully relaxed, maximally contracted, and normal VSM tone. The model fitted the experimental data very well ( r2 > 0.99) in both the normo- and hypertensive groups for all three states of VSM activation. The pseudo-SEF was used to illustrate the localized reduction of circumferential stress in the arterial wall due to normal VSM tone, suggesting that the proposed pseudo-SEF can be of general utility for describing stress distribution not only under passive VSM conditions, as most SEFs proposed so far, but also under physiological and pathological conditions with varying levels of VSM tone.
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Ormerod, R. "To VSM or Not to VSM: That is the Question." Journal of the Operational Research Society 46, no. 8 (August 1995): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3009920.
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Ormerod, R. "To VSM or Not to VSM: That is the Question." Journal of the Operational Research Society 46, no. 8 (August 1995): 1039–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1995.147.
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Han, Dongmei, Wen Wang, Suyuan Luo, Weiguo Fan, and Songxin Wang. "The uncertainty mapping of ontologies based on three-dimensional combination weight vector space model." Information Discovery and Delivery 46, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/idd-02-2017-0008.
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Purpose This paper aims to apply vector space model (VSM)-PCR model to compute the similarity of Fault zone ontology semantics, which verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of VSM-PCR method in uncertainty mapping of ontologies. Design/methodology/approach The authors first define the concept of uncertainty ontology and then propose the method of ontology mapping. The proposed method fully considers the properties of ontology in measuring the similarity of concept. It expands the single VSM of concept meaning or instance set to the “meaning, properties, instance” three-dimensional VSM and uses membership degree or correlation to express the level of uncertainty. Findings It provides a relatively better accuracy which verified the feasibility and effectiveness of VSM-PCR method in treating the uncertainty mapping of ontology. Research limitations/implications The future work will focus on exploring the similarity measure and combinational methods in every dimension. Originality/value This paper presents an uncertain mapping method of ontology concept based on three-dimensional combination weighted VSM, namely, VSM-PCR. It expands the single VSM of concept meaning or instance set to the “meaning, properties, instance” three-dimensional VSM. The model uses membership degree or correlation which is used to express the degree of uncertainty; as a result, a three-dimensional VSM is obtained. The authors finally provide an example to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of VSM-PCR method in treating the uncertainty mapping of ontology.
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Lins, Rodrigo Schrage, Asdrubal Falavigna, Marcelo Carneiro, Viviane Maria de Carvalho Hessel Dias, Leandro Luis Corso, Fernanda Marçolla Weber, Vinícius Victorazzi Lain, and Lessandra Michelin. "Value Stream Mapping applied to information management in infection control." Research, Society and Development 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): e8712139491. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i1.39491.
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Infection control teams collect and produce information on epidemiologic surveillance for prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs). Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a Lean method for developing process through flow efficiency. The aim of the study was to use VSM to identify opportunities for improvement in the infection control department. Flow of information and infection control activities were reviewed using VSM and a questionnaire, where time required for each task was measured. The actual VSM went through multidisciplinary analysis and an ideal VSM was created without considering resource limits. The ideal VSM was reviewed to identify the improvements easily implemented and the ones that would require more time or resources. The actual VSM analysis addressed work overload for Key Performance Indicators (KPI) production, data management (fragmentation, access and redundant work, storage, time between tasks, time typing) and tasks performed retrospectively, when less information is available and with no opportunity to correct protocol deviation. The implementation of the ideal VSM provided a faster and more efficient HAIs analysis, London protocol for HAI cases and surgical prophylaxis evaluation became real time tasks, and all surgical surveillance was improved. A mobile app was proposed as an intervention and became a long-term project. If completely implemented, the ideal VSM would result in 15.7 less work hours/month, having the working time optimized for patient care. VSM is an important tool for epidemiologic surveillance in infection control allowing better data management, continuous workflow, and new information production with potentially fewer work hours.
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Indra Setiawan, Ojakma Sihar Panaili Tumanggor, and Humiras Hardi Purba. "Value Stream Mapping: Literature Review and Implications for Service Industry." Jurnal Sistem Teknik Industri 23, no. 2 (July 28, 2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jsti.v23i2.6038.
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Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is a technique used in the lean principle that helps analyze the flow of materials and information needed to bring a product or service to the customer. VSM has received a lot of attention in the industrial sector from both the manufacturing industry and the service industry. The development of VSM tools has grown rapidly. Much of the research using VSM tools is carried out in industry and universities. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the implementation of Value Stream Mapping in the service industry and to find out its implications. This paper involves a review study of 45 papers related to a case study of VSM implementation in the service industry. The study was conducted using the Google Scholar database, Researchgate, ProQuest, Elsevier. This paper provides an advantage for the service industry to find problems related to waiting times. This paper extends the knowledge and study of the application of VSM as an unexplored tool in several branches of industry. VSM can also serve as a complementary approach, capable of increasing outcomes in many areas other than services. This paper also provides benefits for future researchers to add insights and references for studies related to VSM in the service industry sector.
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Zhang, Sibo, Jean-Christophe Calvet, José Darrozes, Nicolas Roussel, Frédéric Frappart, and Gilles Bouhours. "Deriving surface soil moisture from reflected GNSS signal observations from a grassland site in southwestern France." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 20, 2018): 1931–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1931-2018.
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Abstract. This work assesses the estimation of surface volumetric soil moisture (VSM) using the global navigation satellite system interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique. Year-round observations were acquired from a grassland site in southwestern France using an antenna consecutively placed at two contrasting heights above the ground surface (3.3 and 29.4 m). The VSM retrievals are compared with two independent reference datasets: in situ observations of soil moisture, and numerical simulations of soil moisture and vegetation biomass from the ISBA (Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere) land surface model. Scaled VSM estimates can be retrieved throughout the year removing vegetation effects by the separation of growth and senescence periods and by the filtering of the GNSS-IR observations that are most affected by vegetation. Antenna height has no significant impact on the quality of VSM estimates. Comparisons between the VSM GNSS-IR retrievals and the in situ VSM observations at a depth of 5 cm show good agreement (R2= 0.86 and RMSE = 0.04 m3 m−3). It is shown that the signal is sensitive to the grass litter water content and that this effect triggers differences between VSM retrievals and in situ VSM observations at depths of 1 and 5 cm, especially during light rainfall events.
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Smith, Peter A. C. "Strengthening and Enriching Audit Practice." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jskd.2011040102.
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The audit profession has been facing reassessment and repositioning for the past decade. Enquiry has been an integral part of an audit; however, its reliability as a source of audit evidence is questioned. To legitimize enquiry in the face of audit complexity and ensure sufficiency, relevance, and reliability, the introduction of Stafford Beer’s Viable System Model (VSM) into theory and practice has been recommended by a number of authors. In this paper, a variant on previous VSM-based audit work is introduced to perfect auditing assessment of accountability and compliance. This variant is termed the “VSM/NVA variant” and is applicable when the VSM model is in use for an audit. This variant is based on application of Network Visualization Analysis (NVA) to a VSM-modeled organization. Using NVA, “decision leaders” can be identified and their socio-technical relevance to VSM systems explored. This paper shows how the concepts of decision leaders and their networks can enrich and clarify practical applications of audit theory and practice. The approach provides an enhanced real-world understanding of how various VSM systems and network layers of an organization coalesce, and how they relate to the aims of the VSM model at micro and macro levels.
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Kurnia, Jonatan, and I. Gede Agus Widyadana. "IDENTIFIKASI DAN ELIMINASI PEMBOROSAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI METODE VALUE STREAM MAPPING (VSM) DAN COST TIME PROFILE (CTP): STUDI KASUS DI PT SABE INDONESIA." Dimensi Utama Teknik Sipil 9, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/duts.9.2.168-183.
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Tantangan yang dihadapi perusahaan di industri manufaktur saat ini adalah efektivitas biaya, lead time yang singkat, dan kualitas produk yang baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan di perusahaan manufaktur atap metal yang memiliki banyak variasi bahan baku dan barang jadi. Perusahaan ini memproduksi atap metal sesuai pesanan dan kebutuhan pelanggan (job order). Penggunaan Metode Value Stream Mapping (VSM) dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi Value Stream, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan Current State VSM, identifikasi pemborosan, penentuan kuadran pemborosan, penentuan alternatif perbaikan, dan diakhiri dengan pembuatan Future State VSM. Fokus VSM lebih ke segi waktu. Setelah itu, metode Cost Time Profile (CTP) digunakan untuk menganalisa dari segi biaya terhadap Current State VSM dan Future State VSM tersebut. Kesimpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah adanya potensi perbaikan yang dapat dicapai yaitu waktu proses bisa lebih cepat 83.78% dan Direct Cost bisa berkurang sebesar 38.72%.
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Kokita, Naohiro, Thomas A. Stekiel, Mitsuaki Yamazaki, Zeljko J. Bosnjak, John P. Kampine, and William J. Stekiel. "Potassium Channel-mediated Hyperpolarization of Mesenteric Vascular Smooth Muscle by Isoflurane." Anesthesiology 90, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199903000-00021.
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Background A primary source of calcium (Ca2+) necessary for excitation contraction in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) is influx via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Thus, force generation in VSM is coupled closely to resting transmembrane potential, which itself is primarily a function of potassium conductance. Previously, the authors reported that volatile anesthetics hyperpolarize VSM of small mesenteric resistance arteries and capacitance veins. The current study was designed to determine whether isoflurane-mediated hyperpolarization is the result of specific effects on one or more of four types of potassium channels known to exist in VSM. Methods Transmembrane potentials (Em) were recorded from in situ mesenteric capacitance and resistance vessels in Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g. In separate experiments, selective inhibitors of each of four types of potassium channels known to exist in VSM were administered in the superfusate of the vessel preparations to assess their effects on isoflurane-mediated hyperpolarization. Results Resting VSM Em ranged from -38 to -43 mV after local sympathetic denervation. Isoflurane produced a significant hyperpolarization (2.7-4.3 mV), whereas each potassium channel inhibitor significantly depolarized (2.8-8.5 mV) the VSM. Both 100 nM iberiotoxin (inhibitor of high conductance calcium-activated potassium channels) and 1 microM glybenclamide (inhibitor of adenosine triphosphatase-sensitive potassium channels) significantly inhibited VSM hyperpolarization induced by 1 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) levels of inhaled isoflurane (0.1-0.9 mV Em change, which was not significant). In contrast, isoflurane hyperpolarized the VSM significantly despite the presence of 3 mM 4 aminopyridine (inhibitor of voltage-dependent potassium channels) or 10 microM barium chloride (an inhibitor of inward rectifier potassium channels) (3.7-8.2 mV change in VSM Em). Conclusions These results suggest that isoflurane-mediated hyperpolarization (and associated relaxation) of VSM can be attributed in part to an enhanced (or maintained) opening of calcium-activated and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels but not voltage-dependent or inward rectifier potassium channels.
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Sharma, Ram V., Milind V. Gurjar, and Ramesh C. Bhalla. "Selected Contribution: Estrogen receptor-α gene transfer inhibits proliferation and NF-κB activation in VSM cells from female rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2400–2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2400.
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Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that hormone replacement therapy with estrogen (E2) or E2plus progesterone in postmenopausal women decreases the age-associated risk of cardiovascular disease by 30–50%. Treatment of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells with physiological concentrations of E2 has been shown to inhibit growth factor-stimulated cell proliferation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that E2 inhibits the age-associated increase in VSM cell proliferation by inhibiting nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. We investigated the effects of E2 treatment and adenovirus-mediated estrogen receptor (ER)-α gene transfer on cell proliferation and NF-κB activation using VSM cells cultured from 3-mo-old and 24-mo-old Fischer 344 female rats. Our results demonstrate that VSM cell proliferation was significantly increased ( P < 0.05) in aged compared with young adult female rats. Treatment of VSM cells with physiological concentrations of E2 inhibited VSM cell proliferation, and this inhibition was significantly greater ( P < 0.05) in cells from aged female rats compared with young adults. The inhibitory effects of E2 on cell proliferation in aged female rats were significantly potentiated by overexpression of the human ER-α gene into VSM cells. Constitutive and interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated NF-κB activation was significantly greater ( P < 0.05) in VSM cells from aged compared with young female rats. E2 treatment of VSM cells from aged female rats inhibited both constitutive and IL-1β-stimulated NF-κB activation. ER-α gene transfer into VSM cells from aged female rats further augmented the inhibitory effects of E2. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that constitutive and IL-1β-stimulated NF-κB activation is increased in VSM cells from aged female rats due to loss of E2 and this can be restored back to normal levels by ER-α gene transfer and E2 treatment. In addition, increased NF-κB signaling may be responsible for increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal females.
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Jernigan, Nikki L., Michael L. Paffett, Benjimen R. Walker, and Thomas C. Resta. "ASIC1 contributes to pulmonary vascular smooth muscle store-operated Ca2+ entry." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 297, no. 2 (August 2009): L271—L285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00020.2009.
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Acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) are voltage-insensitive, cationic channels that have recently been identified in vascular smooth muscle (VSM). It is possible that ASIC contribute to vascular reactivity via Na+ and Ca2+ conductance; however, their function in VSM is largely unknown. In pulmonary VSM, store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) plays a significant role in vasoregulatory mechanisms such as hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and receptor-mediated arterial constriction. Therefore, we hypothesized that ASIC contribute to SOCE in pulmonary VSM. We examined SOCE resulting from depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores with cyclopiazonic acid in isolated small pulmonary arteries and primary cultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells by measuring 1) changes in VSM [Ca2+]i using fura-2 indicator dye, 2) Mn2+ quenching of fura-2 fluorescence, and 3) store-operated Ca2+ and Na+ currents using conventional whole cell patch-clamp configuration in voltage-clamp mode. The role of ASIC was assessed by the use of the ASIC inhibitors, amiloride, benzamil, and psalmotoxin 1, or siRNA directed towards ASIC1, ASIC2, or ASIC3 isoforms. We found that store-operated VSM [Ca2+]i responses, Mn2+ influx, and inward cationic currents were attenuated by either pharmacological ASIC inhibition or treatment with ASIC1 siRNA. These data establish a unique role for ASIC1 in mediating SOCE in pulmonary VSM and provide new insight into mechanisms of VSM Ca2+ entry and pulmonary vasoregulation.
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Earley, Scott, Andrzej Pastuszyn, and Benjimen R. Walker. "Cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase products contribute to attenuated vasoconstriction after chronic hypoxia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 1 (July 2003): H127—H136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01052.2002.
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The systemic vasculature exhibits attenuated vasoconstriction following chronic hypoxia (CH) that is associated with endothelium-dependent vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell hyperpolarization. We hypothesized that increased production of arachidonic acid metabolites such as the cyclooxygenase product prostacyclin or cytochrome P-450 (CYP) epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) contributes to VSM cell hyperpolarization following CH. VSM cell resting membrane potential ( Em) was measured in superior mesenteric artery strips isolated from rats with control barometric pressure (Pb, ≅630 Torr) and CH (Pb, 380 Torr for 48 h). VSM cell Em was normalized between groups following administration of the CYP inhibitors 17-octadecynoic acid and SKF-525A. VSM cell hyperpolarization after CH was not altered by cyclooxygenase inhibition, whereas the selective CYP2C9 inhibitor sulfaphenazole normalized VSM cell Em between groups. Iberiotoxin also normalized VSM cell Em, which suggests that large-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel activity is increased after CH. Sulfaphenazole administration restored phenylephrine-induced and myogenic vasoconstriction and Ca2+ responses of mesenteric resistance arteries isolated from CH rats to control levels. Western blot experiments demonstrated that CYP2C9 protein levels were greater in mesenteric arteries from CH rats. In addition, 11,12-EET levels were elevated in endothelial cells from CH rats compared with controls. We conclude that enhanced CYP2C9 expression and 11,12-EET production following CH contributes to BKCa channel-dependent VSM cell hyperpolarization and attenuated vasoreactivity.
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Thulasi, M., A. A. Faieza, A. S. Azfanizam, and Z. Leman. "State of the Art of Dynamic Value Stream Mapping in the Manufacturing Industry." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v6i1.7376.
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Value stream mapping (VSM) is considered as an important tool in lean manufacturing that allows analysts to visualize the actual situation that happens in the production value stream. However, in high-variety and low-volume factories, conventional VSM which is more static in nature, unable to give real vision of the variability problems concerning production process. As such, the purpose of this paper is to review the role of VSM in a dynamic context which is more efficient in today`s complex and dynamic manufacturing system.This paper discusses the conventional VSM, its applications and limitations as well as how conventional VSM integrates with computer simulation to display more dynamic behavior. Both these conventional and dynamic VSM have their own benefits and drawbacks according to their applications in the manufacturing industry. As a conclusion, this paper shows that simulation applications can help to support VSM for companies that intend to transform to lean. This work is very useful for both scholars and companies to know how much an output can be produced within the predicted lead time before making physical changes to the system in order to save both money and time.
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Damon, Deborah H. "VSM growth is stimulated in sympathetic neuron/VSM cocultures: role of TGF-β2 and endothelin." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 278, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): H404—H411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.2.h404.
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Sympathetic nerves are purported to stimulate blood vessel growth. The mechanism(s) underlying this stimulation has not been determined. With use of an in vitro coculture model, the present study tests the hypothesis that sympathetic neurons stimulate the growth of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and evaluates potential mechanisms mediating this stimulation. Sympathetic neurons isolated from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) stimulated the growth of VSM. Growth of VSM in the presence of SCG (856 ± 81%) was significantly greater than that in the absence of SCG (626 ± 66%, P < 0.05). SCG did not stimulate VSM growth in transwell cocultures. An antibody that neutralized the activity of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) inhibited SCG stimulation of VSM growth in coculture. SCG stimulation of VSM growth was also inhibited by an endothelin A receptor antagonist. These data suggest novel mechanisms for sympathetic modulation of vascular growth that may play a role in the physiological and/or pathological growth of the vasculature.
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CIEZA MONTALVO, J. E., and P. P. DE QUEIROZ FILHO. "PAIR OF HEAVY-EXOTIC-QUARKS AT LHC." International Journal of Modern Physics A 17, no. 28 (November 10, 2002): 4133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x02010686.
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We study the production and signatures of heavy exotic quarks pairs at LHC in the framework of the vector singlet model (VSM), vector doublet model (VDM) and fermion-mirror-fermion (FMF) model. The pair production cross-sections for the electroweak and strong sector are computed.
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Orengo, Markus. "Theoretical notes regarding the practical application of Stafford Beer’s viable system model." Kybernetes 47, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-02-2017-0069.
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Purpose This paper aims to capture current difficulties with the practical application of the viable system model (VSM). On this basis, a set of suggestions toward a more effective application of the model is made. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on observations from practical applications of the VSM, systematically collected by the author. Findings The paper suggests that the VSM is currently stuck in the typical chasm of a bell-shaped diffusion curve. The paper makes six propositions to smoother pass from the early adopters to the early majority. Research limitations/implications The six findings imply various research efforts. Practical implications In contrast to frequent claims that VSM should be made accessible easily to a larger number of people, the paper suggests that a smaller number of better trained VSM experts support a larger number of managers with a more generic know how. Social implications A more focused but broader application of the VSM may lead to better societal organizations and therefore to a more efficient effective solution of societal problems. Originality/value The paper suggests to tighten the focus of the VSM to the very abstract topic of judging variety balances and at the same time to better connect the model with the suite of established methods and tools in management. This is a contrast to other attempts, which either simplify the VSM or extend it into a comprehensive methodology.
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Christopher, William F. "A new management for enduring company success." Kybernetes 40, no. 3/4 (May 3, 2011): 369–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684921111133638.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain how the system science and cybernetics in Stafford Beer's viable system model (VSM) will help management structure and manage their company to achieve on‐going success in a fast‐changing world.Design/methodology/approachThe author worked with Stafford Beer in the 1970s, applying his VSM in the corporation he then worked for and has used the VSM ideas in work with companies in 16 countries, always with success. The VSM instructs in how to structure and how to manage. For what to manage the author used Peter Drucker's key performance areas, and has more than 50 years of experience working in these areas.FindingsThe author has found, during his long career in industry and in consulting, that the VSM is the best available guide for structuring and managing a business enterprise for success in turbulent times.Practical implicationsIn the 1950s, Ralph Cordiner “decentralized” General Electric into 120 businesses, pioneering a new, better way to structure and manage a corporation. After 50 years, we have the next revolutionary advance in management, the system science and cybernetics in Stafford's VSM. The VSM includes information and environments in structure, enabling companies to change as appropriate for achieving on‐going success in a world of huge and fast‐growing variety.Originality/valueThe paper shows how a simple form of the VSM includes all the system science company management needs to structure and manage their company for enduring success in fast‐changing times.
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Sutton, D. C. "Viable Systems Model (VSM)." Journal of the Operational Research Society 46, no. 8 (August 1995): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3009919.
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Sutton, D. C. "Viable Systems Model (VSM)." Journal of the Operational Research Society 46, no. 8 (August 1995): 1038–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1995.146.
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Liu, Qingqi, and Hualong Yang. "Incorporating Variability in Lean Manufacturing: A Fuzzy Value Stream Mapping Approach." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (December 14, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1347054.
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In this paper, value stream mapping (VSM) is integrated with fuzzy set theory to incorporate variability and uncertainty in the lean production system. VSM is one of the primary analytical tools for identifying waste and optimizing a production line. However, the standard VSM fails to consider the variability in manufacturing environments, which is, in fact, one of the root causes of waste. Therefore, this article proposes fuzzy VSM to overcome this weakness. Two alternative forms of fuzzy numbers, triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) and normal fuzzy numbers (NFNs), are applied, respectively, to depict time intervals, inventories, and other operating variables in VSM. An industrial case for assessing the validity of the proposed approaches is presented. Both approaches make it possible to incorporate and analyze variability in VSM and can be easily applied to industrial cases, as they only require basic algebraic operations. The obtained results are compared and the choice between TFNs and NFNs is discussed accordingly. A triangular fuzzy VSM tends to overestimate the variability of the process in complex production environment with complicated operational processes. However, it permits a more accurate description of variation in the environment where the optimistic and pessimistic values have very different variations from the core.
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Gurjar, Milind V., Jason DeLeon, Ram V. Sharma, and Ramesh C. Bhalla. "Mechanism of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 induction by NO in vascular smooth muscle cells." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 1380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1380.
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Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell migration is a critical step in the development of a neointima after angioplasty. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, facilitating VSM cell migration. Recently, we demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated MMP-9 induction in rat aortic VSM cells. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that NO inhibits MMP-9 induction by attenuating superoxide generation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Stimulation of VSM cells with IL-1β significantly ( P < 0.05) increased superoxide production, ERK activation, and MMP-9 induction. Pretreatment of VSM cells with the NO donor DETA NONOate significantly ( P< 0.05) decreased IL-1β-stimulated superoxide generation. In addition, pretreatment of VSM cells with a specific ERK pathway inhibitor, PD-98059, or DETA NONOate inhibited IL-1β-stimulated ERK activation and MMP-9 induction. Direct exposure of VSM cells to increased superoxide levels by treatment with xanthine/xanthine oxidase increased ERK activation and MMP-9 induction, whereas pretreatment of cells with PD-98059 significantly ( P < 0.05) inhibited xanthine/xanthine oxidase-stimulated ERK activation and MMP-9 induction. We conclude that NO inhibits IL-1β-stimulated MMP-9 induction by inhibiting superoxide generation and subsequent ERK activation.
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Hupfeld, Christopher J., and Robert H. Weiss. "TZDs inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell growth independently of the cyclin kinase inhibitors p21 and p27." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 281, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): E207—E216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.2.e207.
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The thiazolidenediones (TZDs) are commonly used to treat hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is associated with macrovascular disease, leading to accelerated atherosclerosis caused by aberrant vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell proliferation. Although VSM cell proliferation is inhibited by the TZDs, the mechanism of this effect has not been established. Because of reports that the cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p21Waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1 can exhibit both growth-inhibitory and growth-permissive effects in VSM cells, we asked whether alterations in these cell cycle regulatory proteins are the mechanism by which the TZDs inhibit VSM cell growth. We show that platelet-derived growth factor-BB increases p21 and p27 and that this increase is attenuated by TZDs. Surprisingly, when VSM cells were transfected with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to p21 and p27, inhibition of DNA synthesis by TZDs occurred to the same degree as in control cells. Furthermore, the TZDs have inhibitory effects on cyclin D1 and cyclin E levels, suggesting another mechanism by which these drugs decrease VSM cell growth. These data suggest that the TZD-mediated reduction in CKI levels is not the sole mechanism for their antiproliferative effects. The observed decrease in levels of the G1 cyclins by the TZDs suggests a possible mechanism of VSM cell growth inhibition.
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Hedlund, Christer, Petter Stenmark, Erik Noaksson, and Johan Lilja. "More value from fewer resources: how to expand value stream mapping with ideas from circular economy." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 12, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-05-2019-0070.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent trends in the circular economy and investigate how value stream mapping (VSM) can be extended to more fully include some of the critical aspects of circular economy. Design/methodology/approach The findings are based on previous research that has explored the usage of VSM to include aspects of the environment and sustainability aspects. These ideas are then expanded to new ways to use VSM by mapping value of a product as it is; used, maintained, re-used, remanufactured, recycled, incinerated or used for landfill. The authors test out this approach through application in the waste management sector to identify possibilities for improvement and new business opportunities in what now is considered waste. Findings This paper introduces an expanded version of VSM that refines the existing Lean toolbox for exploring value and mapping value in a circular economy. Practical implications The aim of this paper is to expand the relevance and practical value of VSM as the world economy increasingly moves toward a circular one. Originality/value Today, VSM is a widespread method within Lean manufacturing that scrutinizes value creation within an organization or within a value chain. This paper describes how VSM can be refined to explore value streams in the afterlife of a product and explore waste as a resource utilization opportunity.
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Mercure, Melissa Z., Roman Ginnan, and Harold A. Singer. "CaM kinase IIδ2-dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell polarization and migration." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 294, no. 6 (June 2008): C1465—C1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.90638.2007.
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Previous studies indicate involvement of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell migration. In the present study, molecular loss-of-function studies were used specifically to assess the role of the predominant CaMKIIδ2 isoform on VSM cell migration using a scratch wound healing assay. Targeted CaMKIIδ2 knockdown using siRNA or inhibition of activity by overexpressing a kinase-negative mutant resulted in attenuation of VSM cell migration. Temporal and spatial assessments of kinase autophosphorylation indicated rapid and transient activation in response to wounding, in addition to a sustained activation in the leading edge of migrating and spreading cells. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated suppression of CaMKIIδ2 resulted in the inhibition of wound-induced Rac activation and Golgi reorganization, and disruption of leading edge morphology, indicating an important function for CaMKIIδ2 in regulating VSM cell polarization. Numerous previous reports link activation of CaMKII to ERK1/2 signaling in VSM. Wound-induced ERK1/2 activation was also found to be dependent on CaMKII; however, ERK activity did not account for effects of CaMKII in regulating Golgi polarization, indicating alternative mechanisms by which CaMKII affects the complex events involved in cell migration. Wounding a VSM cell monolayer results in CaMKIIδ2 activation, which positively regulates VSM cell polarization and downstream signaling, including Rac and ERK1/2 activation, leading to cell migration.
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Arens, Yvonne, Rene A. Chapados, Blair E. Cox, Kristine E. Kamm, and Charles R. Rosenfeld. "Differential development of umbilical and systemic arteries. II. Contractile proteins." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): R1815—R1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.6.r1815.
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In fetal sheep, umbilical responsiveness to ANG II exceeds systemic vascular responsiveness. Fetal systemic vascular smooth muscle (VSM) exhibits an immature phenotype with decreased contractile protein contents, low 200-kDa myosin heavy chain (MHC) SM2, and significant nonmuscle MHC-B expression, whereas umbilical VSM phenotype is incompletely described. We tested the hypothesis that differences in vascular responsiveness could reflect dissimilarities in VSM phenotype. Actin, MHC, MHC isoforms, and active stresses were compared in strips of femoral arteries and aorta from near-term fetal ( n = 12) and adult ( n = 12) sheep to those in external and intra-abdominal umbilical arteries. Actin contents in fetal femoral artery and aorta were less ( P ≤ 0.006) than in external umbilical artery (7.37 ± 1.4 and 7.53 ± 0.7 vs. 21.6 ± 2.2 μg/mg wet wt, respectively) as were MHC contents (3.17 ± 0.4 and 2.84 ± 0.3 vs. 7.16 ± 0.7, respectively). Whereas 204- and 200-kDa MHC were expressed equally in fetal systemic arteries, umbilical and adult arteries predominantly expressed the 204-kDa isoform (SM1); only fetal systemic VSM expressed MHC-B. Fetal systemic artery stresses and myosin light chain phosphorylation were less than those in umbilical and adult arteries ( P < 0.001). Compared with umbilical and adult arteries, fetal systemic VSM is biochemically and functionally immature and thus umbilical VSM demonstrates precocious maturation resembling adult VSM in protein expression and function.
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Kahn, Andrew M., Annat Husid, Timothy Odebunmi, Julius C. Allen, Charles L. Seidel, and Tom Song. "Insulin inhibits vascular smooth muscle contraction at a site distal to intracellular Ca2+concentration." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 274, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): E885—E892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.5.e885.
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Several hypertensive states are associated with resistance to insulin-induced glucose disposal and insulin-induced vasodilation. Insulin can inhibit vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contraction at the level of the VSM cell, and resistance to insulin’s inhibition of VSM cell contraction may be of pathophysiological importance. To understand the VSM cellular mechanisms by which insulin resistance leads to increased VSM contraction, we sought to determine how insulin inhibits contraction of normal VSM. It has been shown that insulin lowers the contractile agonist-stimulated intracellular Ca2+([Formula: see text]) transient in VSM cells. In this study, our goal was to see whether insulin inhibits VSM cell contraction at steps distal to [Formula: see text] and, if so, to determine whether the mechanism is dependent on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cGMP. Primary cultured VSM cells from canine femoral artery were bathed in a physiological concentration of extracellular Ca2+ and permeabilized to Ca2+ with a Ca2+ ionophore, either ionomycin or A-23187. The resultant increase in[Formula: see text] contracted individual cells, as measured by photomicroscopy. Preincubating cells with 1 nM insulin for 30 min did not affect basal [Formula: see text] or the ionomycin-induced increase in [Formula: see text], as determined by fura 2 fluorescence measurements, but it did inhibit ionomycin- and A-23187-induced contractions by 47 and 51%, respectively (both P < 0.05). In the presence of 1.0 μM ionized Ca2+, ionomycin-induced contractions were inhibited by insulin in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of ionomycin, insulin increased cGMP production by 43% ( P < 0.05). 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (10 μM), a selective inhibitor of guanylate cyclase that blocked cGMP production in these cells, completely blocked the inhibition by insulin of ionomycin-induced contraction. It was found that the cells expressed the inducible isoform of NOS. N G-monomethyl-l-arginine or N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (0.1 mM), inhibitors of NOS, did not affect ionomycin-induced contraction but prevented insulin from inhibiting contraction. We conclude that insulin stimulates cGMP production and inhibits VSM contraction in the presence of elevated[Formula: see text]. This inhibition by insulin of VSM contraction at sites where [Formula: see text] could not be rate limiting is dependent on NOS and cGMP.
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Štrukelj, Tjaša, Dejana Zlatanović, Jelena Nikolić, and Simona Sternad Zabukovšek. "The viable system model’s support to social responsibility." Kybernetes 50, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 812–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-12-2019-0860.
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Purpose The consequences of human social irresponsibility urge socially responsible reactions. The authors expose the consequences of socially irresponsible behaviour and state possible requisitely holistic tools to eliminate organisations’ dangerous and socially irresponsible behaviour. This paper aims to examine how the viable system model (the VSM) used as a diagnostic tool can help organisations support socially responsible behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Given the variety of systems methodologies, the authors selected the VSM as a key methodological tool of Organizational Cybernetics. A case-study approach is used to demonstrate the power of the VSM as a diagnostic tool. Findings Humans need to replace recklessness and selfishness by faster re-orientation towards a socially responsible society. By following the cybernetic circle of the preparation and implementation of the management process and practising social responsibility via the VSM, organisations can conduct socially responsible business operations for a socially responsible society. Respecting the pluralist nature of social responsibility and a limited framework of the VSM, the VSM analysis needs to be supported by interpretive systems approaches, such as Strategic Assumptions Surfacing and Testing (SAST). Research limitations/implications The presented study’s limitation is the case study of a selected organisation from Europe. The discussion could be relevant to each organisation, which is observed as a viable system. The insights gained with this case study can be broadened by empirical research involving diverse organisations from various countries. Practical implications Research results indicate socially irresponsible behaviours of the researched organisation and possible ways of overcoming them. The cybernetic circle of the preparation and implementation of socially responsible management processes through the VSM offers a possible path towards more social responsibility in organisations. Moreover, the VSM should be used in combination with interpretive systems approaches, such as SAST. Social implications The generality of the VSM indicates that decision-makers could use the VSM for diagnosing socially irresponsible behaviour in organisations and for redesigning organisations to help develop a more socially responsible society. Originality/value The paper contributes to a cybernetic framework and methodological support to social responsibility. This study could serve as an essential starting point for organisations wishing to take further steps towards social responsibility.
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Bhalla, R. C., K. F. Toth, R. A. Bhatty, L. P. Thompson, and R. V. Sharma. "Estrogen reduces proliferation and agonist-induced calcium increase in coronary artery smooth muscle cells." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 272, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): H1996—H2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.4.h1996.
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Epidemiological evidence and estrogen replacement studies suggest that estrogen has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system against coronary artery disease. Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell replication has been shown to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of chronic treatment of cultured guinea pig coronary artery VSM cells with physiological concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on thymidine incorporation, cell proliferation, and bradykinin-stimulated cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Bradykinin at physiological concentrations causes contraction of endothelium-denuded guinea pig coronary artery rings in a concentration-dependent manner. VSM cells were first treated with low doses of E2 (10 pg/ml) for 1-2 days followed by treatment for 4-6 days with 50 pg/ml of E2, a concentration similar to that found in pregnancy. Using these protocols, we consistently observed the presence of E2-receptor mRNA in VSM cells by a ribonuclease protection assay. Fetal calf serum-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in E2-treated cells compared with untreated control cells. Similarly, E2 treatment significantly inhibited fetal calf serum-stimulated VSM cell proliferation compared with untreated control cells (P < 0.05). We also tested the hypothesis that E2 treatment attenuates agonist-stimulated [Ca2+]i in VSM cells because acute E2 treatment has been shown to produce relaxation of precontracted isolated coronary artery preparations. E2 treatment of VSM cells resulted in a significant decrease in bradykinin-stimulated [Ca2+]i compared with untreated cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that estrogen at physiological concentrations directly regulates coronary VSM cell function.
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Naik, Jay S., Scott Earley, Thomas C. Resta, and Benjimen R. Walker. "Pressure-induced smooth muscle cell depolarization in pulmonary arteries from control and chronically hypoxic rats does not cause myogenic vasoconstriction." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 3 (March 2005): 1119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00819.2004.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, as well as prolonged residence at high altitude, can result in generalized airway hypoxia, eliciting an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. We hypothesized that a portion of the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance following chronic hypoxia (CH) is due to the development of myogenic tone. Isolated, pressurized small pulmonary arteries from control (barometric pressure ≅ 630 Torr) and CH (4 wk, barometric pressure = 380 Torr) rats were loaded with fura 2-AM and perfused with warm (37°C), aerated (21% O2-6% CO2-balance N2) physiological saline solution. Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and diameter responses to increasing intraluminal pressure were determined. Diameter and VSM cell [Ca2+]i responses to KCl were also determined. In a separate set of experiments, VSM cell membrane potential responses to increasing luminal pressure were determined in arteries from control and CH rats. VSM cell membrane potential in arteries from CH animals was depolarized relative to control at each pressure step. VSM cells from both groups exhibited a further depolarization in response to step increases in intraluminal pressure. However, arteries from both control and CH rats distended passively to increasing intraluminal pressure, and VSM cell [Ca2+]i was not affected. KCl elicited a dose-dependent vasoconstriction that was nearly identical between control and CH groups. Whereas KCl administration resulted in a dose-dependent increase in VSM cell [Ca2+]i in arteries taken from control animals, this stimulus elicited only a slight increase in VSM cell [Ca2+]i in arteries from CH animals. We conclude that the pulmonary circulation of the rat does not demonstrate pressure-induced vasoconstriction.
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House, Suzanne J., Roman G. Ginnan, Shayn E. Armstrong, and Harold A. Singer. "Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-δ isoform regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 292, no. 6 (June 2007): C2276—C2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00606.2006.
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There is accumulating evidence that Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways regulate proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells, contributing to the intimal accumulation of VSM that is a hallmark of many vascular diseases. In this study we investigated the role of the multifunctional serine/threonine kinase, calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), as a mediator of Ca2+ signals regulating VSM cell proliferation. Differentiated VSM cells acutely isolated from rat aortic media express primarily CaMKIIγ gene products, whereas passaged primary cultures of de-differentiated VSM cells express primarily CaMKIIδ2, a splice variant of the δ gene. Experiments examining the time course of CaMKII isoform modulation revealed the process was rapid in onset following initial dispersion and primary culture of aortic VSM with a significant increase in CaMKIIδ2 protein and a significant decrease in CaMKIIγ protein within 30 h, coinciding with the onset of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Attenuating the initial upregulation of CaMKIIδ2 in primary cultured cells using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in decreased serum-stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in primary culture. In passaged VSM cells, suppression of CaMKIIδ2 activity by overexpression of a kinase-negative mutant, or suppression of endogenous CaMKII content using multiple siRNAs, significantly attenuated serum-stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Cell cycle analysis following either inhibitory approach indicated decreased proportion of cells in G1, an increase in proportion of cells in G2/M, and an increase in polyploidy, corresponding with accumulation of multinucleated cells. These results indicate that CaMKIIδ2 is specifically induced during modulation of VSM cells to the synthetic phenotypic and is a positive regulator of serum-stimulated proliferation.
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Zhou, Jie, Chengjun Liu, Jie Xu, Zhenguang Zhang, and Zeyao Li. "Deformation Mechanism and Control of In-Situ Assembling Caisson Technology in Soft Soil Area under Field Measurement and Numerical Simulation." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031125.
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With urban space becoming much more crowded, the construction of underground spaces continues to expand to deeper, and the requirements for the large depth and minor deformation in urban engineering construction are getting more urgent. A new kind of in-situ assembling caisson technology (called VSM) is a vertical shaft method (VSM), which excavates the stratum under water with a mechanical arm and assembles the prefabricated caisson segments at the same time. This paper takes the Shanghai Zhuyuan Bailonggang Sewage Connecting Pipe Project as an example, which is the first construction project in the soft soil area, such as Shanghai, and makes a technical analysis of the VSM by comparing the field measurement and numerical simulation. Ground settlements and layered deep displacements were monitored in the field measurement during the VSM construction. It shows that the maximum ground settlement caused by the VSM is 15.2 mm and the maximum horizontal displacement is 3.74 mm. The influence range of the shaft excavation on the ground settlement is about 30 m away from the shaft center. The results demonstrate that the VSM construction has great applicability in the soft soil area. A finite element simulation model of the VSM shaft is established and verified by field measurement. There is a certain error between the traditional theoretical calculation by analogy to the common retaining walls of the deep foundation pit and the measured results, while the simulation results are relatively consistent with field measurements. The reasons for the difference are well-analyzed. Finally, the effects of the VSM construction method on the engineering environment are analyzed, and the suggestions for deformation control in the future are put forward.
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Marin-Garcia, Juan A., Pilar I. Vidal-Carreras, and Julio J. Garcia-Sabater. "The Role of Value Stream Mapping in Healthcare Services: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030951.
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Lean healthcare aims to manage and improve the processes in the healthcare sector by eliminating everything that adds no value by improving quality of services, ensuring patient safety and facilitating health professionals’ work to achieve a flexible and reliable organization. Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is considered the starting point of any lean implementation. Some papers report applications of VSM in healthcare services, but there has been less attention paid to their contribution on sustainability indicators. The purpose of this work is to analyze the role of VSM in this context. To do so, a scoping review of works from recent years (2015 to 2019) was done. The results show that most applications of VSM reported are in the tertiary level of care, and the United States of America (USA) is the country which leads most of the applications published. In relation with the development of VSM, a heterogeneity in the maps and the sustainability indicators is remarkable. Moreover, only operational and social sustainability indicators are commonly included. We can conclude that more standardization is required in the development of the VSM in the healthcare sector, also including the environmental indicators.
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Earley, Scott, Jay S. Naik, and Benjimen R. Walker. "48-h Hypoxic exposure results in endothelium-dependent systemic vascular smooth muscle cell hyperpolarization." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): R79—R85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00104.2002.
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Chronic hypoxia (CH) results in reduced sensitivity to vasoconstrictors in conscious rats that persists upon restoration of normoxia. We hypothesized that this effect is due to endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells after CH. VSM cell resting membrane potential was determined for superior mesenteric artery strips isolated from CH rats (Pb = 380 Torr for 48 h) and normoxic controls. VSM cells from CH rats studied under normoxia were hyperpolarized compared with controls. Resting vessel wall intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and pressure-induced vasoconstriction were reduced in vessels isolated from CH rats compared with controls. Vasoconstriction and increases in vessel wall [Ca2+]i in response to the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) were also blunted in resistance arteries from CH rats. Removal of the endothelium normalized resting membrane potential, resting vessel wall [Ca2+]i, pressure-induced vasoconstrictor responses, and PE-induced constrictor and Ca2+ responses between groups. Whereas VSM cell hyperpolarization persisted in the presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibition, heme oxygenase inhibition restored VSM cell resting membrane potential in vessels from CH rats to control levels. We conclude that endothelial derived CO accounts for persistent VSM cell hyperpolarization and vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity after CH.
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Davis, Benjamin B., Yao Dong, and Robert H. Weiss. "Overexpression of p73 causes apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 284, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): C16—C23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00211.2002.
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Abnormal vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell proliferation contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and its associated disorders, including angioplasty restenosis. The tumor-suppressor protein p53 has been linked to the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and its homolog, p73, is proving to have contrasting functions in a variety of tissues. As an outgrowth of our previous finding that p73 is increased in serum-stimulated VSM cells and human atherosclerotic tissue, we examined p73 overexpression in VSM cells to elucidate causality of p73 expression with growth response. Overexpression of p73 results in decreased cell cycle transit and is accompanied by apoptosis. The apoptotic changes in p73 overexpressing VSM cells are independent of p53 and are associated with a decrease in levels of p21waf1/cip1. In conjunction with our previous data finding that p73 is increased in serum-stimulated VSM cells, this work suggests a role for p73 in vascular proliferative diseases.
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Buggey, Tom, S. Caroline Crawford, and Chelsea L. Rogers. "Self-Modeling to Promote Social Initiations With Young Children With Developmental Disabilities." Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 33, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088357616667591.
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Video self-modeling (VSM) uses a method called feedforward to provide children the opportunity to view themselves as they perform in a more advanced or appropriate manner than they do presently. Typically, this is accomplished through the careful editing of videos. Studies on VSM and social skills with children on the autism spectrum ages 3 to 4 years have produced mixed results. In this study, a single-subject multiple-baseline design across four children (three on the autism spectrum and one with Down syndrome) with a mean age of 4 years 2 months was used to determine whether VSM would facilitate social initiations. This study was meant to be a replication of a study published in 2012. Positive changes were seen for all four children. The relationship between age and VSM efficacy is discussed along with other factors that may influence VSM outcomes with young children.
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Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri, Kosasih Kosasih, and Nico Alexander Vizano. "VALUE STREAM MAPPING (VSM) BASIC TRAINING TO INCREASE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY." ICCD 2, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol2.iss1.248.
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Value stream mapping (VSM) is one of the tools in Iean manufacturing that can be used to improve the efficiency of a company. VSM can describe material flow and information flow from upstream to downstream, from suppliers to consumers. VSM can be used to identify waste through sorting each activity into value-added or non-value-added activities. VSM training that begins with providing understanding of the concept of lean manufacturing is expected to increase the ability of workers to improve and enhance the performance of their companies. This training gives good results, seen from the results of discussions and presentations of each group in a given case study
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Cardoso Castro, Pedro Pablo, and Angela Espinosa. "Identification of organisational pathologies." Kybernetes 49, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2018-0557.
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Purpose The purpose of this is to explore the potential of the combined use of the viable system model (VSM) and social network analysis (SNA) to identify organizational pathologies. Design/methodology/approach Using a well-documented case study based on an academic consultancy intervention and Action Research Project, participative methods for the diagnostic of the VSM and questionnaires for the collection of connectivity data for the SNA were used to develop a heuristic to integrate these two tools and identify organizational pathologies. Findings This study provides empirical evidence of the benefits of the combined use of SNA to enhance the identification of organizational pathologies in VSM interventions, by providing an additional qualitative and quantitative framework for the interpretation of findings coming from VSM organizational diagnostics. Research limitations/implications This work explores some analytic routines of SNA frequently used in management. The validation is constrained to the nature of the data set from a case study. The document invites to a discussion of further and more advanced applications on the integration of the VSM and SNA. Practical implications The enhanced identification of organizational pathologies can contribute to the emerging new interest in applications of the VSM in management, providing robustness to the structural analysis of organizations. Originality/value This paper proposes a guideline to exploit the potential of the combined use of SNA and VSM. It opens new avenues for the study of organizational pathologies.
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Harris, David M., Heather I. Cohn, Stéphanie Pesant, Rui-Hai Zhou, and Andrea D. Eckhart. "Vascular smooth muscle Gq signaling is involved in high blood pressure in both induced renal and genetic vascular smooth muscle-derived models of hypertension." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 5 (November 2007): H3072—H3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00880.2007.
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More than 30% of the US population has high blood pressure (BP), and less than a third of people treated for hypertension have it controlled. In addition, the etiology of most high BP is not known. Having a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying hypertension could potentially increase the effectiveness of treatment. Because Gq signaling mediates vasoconstriction and vascular function can cause BP abnormalities, we were interested in determining the role of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) Gq signaling in two divergent models of hypertension: a renovascular model of hypertension through renal artery stenosis and a genetic model of hypertension using mice with VSM-derived high BP. Inhibition of VSM Gq signaling attenuated BP increases induced by renal artery stenosis to a similar extent as losartan, an ANG II receptor blocker and current antihypertensive therapy. Inhibition of Gq signaling also attenuated high BP in our genetic VSM-derived hypertensive model. In contrast, BP remained elevated 25% following treatment with losartan, and prazosin, an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, only decreased BP by 35%. Inhibition of Gq signaling attenuated VSM reactivity to ANG II and resulted in a 2.4-fold rightward shift in EC50. We also determined that inhibition of Gq signaling was able to reverse VSM hypertrophy in the genetic VSM-derived hypertensive model. These results suggest that Gq signaling is an important signaling pathway in two divergent models of hypertension and, perhaps, optimization of antihypertensive therapy could occur with the identification of particular Gq-coupled receptors involved.
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Wilkerson, M. Keith, Thomas J. Heppner, Adrian D. Bonev, and Mark T. Nelson. "Inositol trisphosphate receptor calcium release is required for cerebral artery smooth muscle cell proliferation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290, no. 1 (January 2006): H240—H247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01191.2004.
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Vascular damage signals smooth muscle cells to proliferate, often exacerbating existing pathologies. Although the role of changes in “global” Ca2+ in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell dedifferentiation has been studied, the role of specific Ca2+ signals in determining VSM phenotype remains relatively unexplored. Earlier work with cultured VSM cells suggests that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) expression and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release may be linked to VSM cell proliferation in native tissue. Thus we hypothesized that SR Ca2+ release through IP3Rs in the form of discrete transient signals is necessary for VSM cell proliferation. To investigate this hypothesis, we used mouse cerebral arteries to design an organ culture system that permitted examination of Ca2+ dynamics in native tissue. Explanted arteries were cultured in normal medium with 10% FBS, and appearance of individual VSM cells migrating from explanted arteries (outgrowth cells) was tracked daily. Initial exposure to 10% FBS increased Ca2+ waves in myocytes in the arteries that were blocked by the IP3R antagonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2-APB). Inhibition of IP3R opening (via 100 μM 2-APB, 10 μM xestospongin C, or 25 μM U-73122) dramatically reduced outgrowth cell number compared with untreated or ryanodine-treated (10 μM) arteries. Consistent with this finding, 2-APB inhibited cell proliferation, as measured by reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining within 48 h of culture but did not inhibit cell migration. These results indicate that activation of IP3R Ca2+ release is required for VSM cell proliferation in these arteries.
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Oberhausen, Christof, and Peter Plapper. "Cross-enterprise value stream assessment." Journal of Advances in Management Research 14, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jamr-05-2016-0038.
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Purpose In most cases, the conventional assessment of value streams is based on key performance indicators (KPIs) like the share of added value, the degree of flow or a comprehensive lead time analysis. To evaluate cross-enterprise value streams of manufacturing, business or service processes in detail, a holistic methodology is needed. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach In this research paper, the assessment of value streams within complex cross-company networks is described. After a presentation of relevant KPIs in the fields of value stream management (VSM) and supply chain management (SCM), an approach for a cross-enterprise evaluation of value streams on different levels of detail is shown. In addition, the use of an absolute VSM evaluation, in contrast to a relative VSM assessment, is examined. Findings Based on a uniform and well-balanced set of KPIs and other VSM and SCM parameters, a performance assessment on different levels of value stream detail is enabled. Further investigations reveal the advantages of a relative compared with an absolute VSM assessment. Research limitations/implications In addition to a comprehensive overview of existing KPIs for a value stream assessment beyond company borders, a holistic and multi-level VSM approach is presented in this paper. In contrast to existing VSM approaches, the described method allows an evaluation and subsequent improvement of value streams within supply chain networks. Up to now, the presented approach for the assessment of cross-enterprise value streams has only been tested in specific industrial environments. In future, the proposed methodology shall also be validated for other process types like business, service or further manufacturing processes. Practical implications The described cross-company performance measurement approach shows a high practical relevance for organizations operating in supply chain networks. Due to the integrated use of different VSM parameters, the evaluation of highly interconnected value streams across corporate boundaries is facilitated. By means of a case study, the proposed methodology is validated under real industry conditions and proves its practical applicability. Originality/value One of the novel features of this research is the extension of the traditional VSM method with respect to a relative evaluation of value streams based on a set of significant KPIs. In addition, the allocation of these KPIs to different value stream layers and categories leads to an innovative approach for a multi-level assessment according to the needs of the specific VSM application, e.g. a more standardized use of VSM in complex supply chain networks.
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Lugert, Andreas, Aglaya Batz, and Herwig Winkler. "Empirical assessment of the future adequacy of value stream mapping in manufacturing industries." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 29, no. 5 (August 13, 2018): 886–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-11-2017-0236.
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Purpose Value stream mapping (VSM) is very common in the manufacturing industry to enhance transparency and support improvements within the production process. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the current status of the method from the user’s point of view and addresses its future sustainability in the context of the ongoing digitalization. Design/methodology/approach An empirical survey with 170 participants from different branches was conducted. The web-based questionnaire covers the topics Lean Management, respectively, VSM, Industry 4.0, the integration of both approaches as well as a possible need for action to modify the VSM. Results are analyzed in a quantitative way. Findings Benefits and shortcomings of VSM are already confirmed by previous publications. The serious challenge is the lack of flexibility of the method. In general users appreciate a combination of Lean methods and solutions of Industry 4.0. Moreover 92 percent of the participating experts request further development of the VSM using digitalization to compensate weaknesses. Research limitations/implications The findings are based only on Lean expert’s opinion. Over 95 percent of the participants are from Europe however most of them are from Germany. Although the results are adequate an international expansion of the survey would be advisable in order to distinguish local differences and similarities. In future work researchers need to further develop VSM to overcome the identified gaps. Practical implications Results of the study indicate the viewpoint of experts within different branches. This enables users to undertake a self-assessment regarding their own VSM-estimation. Originality/value This paper provides a current evaluation of the VSM from an exploratory perspective. The impact of global trends and new opportunities facilitated by digitalization are considered. Shortcomings and fields of actions become clear. Based on that necessity further research activities can be designed.
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Altmeyer, P., M. Stücker, and S. Reich-Schupke. "Therapie der Stammvarikose der Vena saphena magna mittels kathetergestützter Mikroschaum-Sklerosierung ohne Heparinprophylaxe." Phlebologie 37, no. 04 (2008): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622231.
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ZusammenfassungDie kathetergestützte Sklerosierungstherapie der V. saphena magna (VSM) ist bei entsprechender Indikation eine gute Alternative zur operativen Intervention. Umstritten ist die Notwendigkeit einer postinterventionellen Heparingabe. Ziel unserer Untersuchung war die Bestimmung von Effektivität und Sicherheit der kathetergestützten Sklerosierungstherapie der VSM mit 8 ml Mikroschaum ohne Heparintherapie. Patientinnen, Methoden: Bei 7 Patientinnen mit Insuffizienz der VSM Grad III-IV nach Hach wurde in einer offenen prospektiven Untersuchung eine kathetergestützte Sklerosierungstherapie durchgeführt. Befundkontrollen folgten nach 24 h, 1 Woche und 3 Monaten. Ergebnisse: Bei allen Patientinnen war nach komplikationsloser kathetergestützter Sklerosierungstherapie ein suffizienter VSM-Verschluss festzustellen. Die Nebenwirkungen waren harmlos, passager und selbstlimitierend. Thromboembolische Ereignisse traten nicht auf. Schlussfolgerung: Die kathetergestützte Sklerosierungstherapie stellt in Zusammenschau der Literatur und unseres kleinen Kollektivs ein sicheres und effektives therapeutisches Verfahren der VSM-Stammvarikose dar. Im Gegensatz zur endovenösen Laser- oder Radiowellentherapie ist sie mit geringerem technischen und zeitlichen Aufwand verbunden. Unter Berücksichtigung der Literatur sowie eigener Erfahrungen ist die kathetergestützte Sklerosierungstherapie ohne eine postinterventionelle Heparintherapie möglich, falls keine thromboembolischen Risikofaktoren vorliegen.
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Li, Hui, Weiwei Li, Arun K. Gupta, Peter J. Mohler, Mark E. Anderson, and Isabella M. Grumbach. "Calmodulin kinase II is required for angiotensin II-mediated vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 298, no. 2 (February 2010): H688—H698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01014.2009.
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Despite our understanding that medial smooth muscle hypertrophy is a central feature of vascular remodeling, the molecular pathways underlying this pathology are still not well understood. Work over the past decade has illustrated a potential role for the multifunctional calmodulin-dependent kinase CaMKII in smooth muscle cell contraction, growth, and migration. Here we demonstrate that CaMKII is enriched in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and that CaMKII inhibition blocks ANG II-dependent VSM cell hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, systemic CaMKII inhibition with KN-93 prevented ANG II-mediated hypertension and medial hypertrophy in vivo. Adenoviral transduction with the CaMKII peptide inhibitor CaMKIIN abrogated ANG II-induced VSM hypertrophy in vitro, which was augmented by overexpression of CaMKII-δ2. Finally, we identify the downstream signaling components critical for ANG II- and CaMKII-mediated VSM hypertrophy. Specifically, we demonstrate that CaMKII induces VSM hypertrophy by regulating histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) activity, thereby stimulating activity of the hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2. MEF2 transcription is activated by ANG II in vivo and abrogated by the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93. Together, our studies identify a complete pathway for ANG II-triggered arterial VSM hypertrophy and identify new potential therapeutic targets for chronic human hypertension.
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Rezk, Sahar Saeed, and Shahinaz Gamal. "The viable system model and its applications in higher education: an overview." Kybernetes 48, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2018-0185.
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Purpose Viable system model (VSM) is a powerful tool mainly used to describe, solve and control systems’ complex problems autonomously. It enables systems to be flexible so that they can survive by rapidly responding and adapting their behaviors to any expected or even unexpected changes in the surrounding environment. This study aims to provide a literature review of the VSM as a conceptual framework for designing viable systems, and its applications in the field of higher education (HE). Design/methodology/approach The review is based on explaining “What is organizational cybernetics?”, clarifying the principles of the VSM as a rational model for designing viable organizations, discussing its drawbacks and the extended VSM, and then presenting a literature review of VSM applications in HE based on papers mainly published from 1993 to 2017. Findings Although there are many contributions provided by applying the VSM in HE, the previous developed models used Beer’s framework with its drawbacks without referring to some important factors neglected within it which are discussed in this review. Originality/value The study presents a summary of previous research on this topic and clarifies the essential issues needed to be addressed to design viable systems. Based on the gaps identified in the literature, some issues have been emphasized to be addressed in future research.