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Journal articles on the topic 'Vulcanizatio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Maciejewska, Magdalena, Anna Sowińska, and Judyta Kucharska. "Organic Zinc Salts as Pro-Ecological Activators for Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber." Polymers 11, no. 10 (2019): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101723.

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Organic zinc salts and complexes were applied as activators for sulfur vulcanization of styrene–butadiene elastomer (SBR) in order to reduce the content of zinc ions in rubber compounds as compared with conventionally used zinc oxide. In this article, the effects of different organic zinc activators on the curing characteristics, crosslink densities, and mechanical properties of SBR as well as the aging resistance and thermal behavior of vulcanizates are discussed. Organic zinc salts seem to be good substitutes for zinc oxide as activators for sulfur vulcanization of SBR rubber, without detrim

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2

Koenig, Jack L. "Spectroscopic Characterization of the Molecular Structure of Elastomeric Networks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 3 (2000): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547598.

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Abstract In vulcanization, chemical crosslinks are formed across elastomeric polymer chains improving both the strength and elastic properties of the rubber. An understanding of the formation, structure, and stability of vulcanizates is therefore very important. Solid-state NMR and NMR imaging have been effective methods to study many different aspects of vulcanization. In solid-state NMR, several peaks appear in the C-13 spectrum of vulcanized rubber. Through model studies, NMR analysis, and chemical shift additivity calculations, these peaks were assigned to their respective vulcanizate stru

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3

Menon, A. R. R. "Flame-Retardant Characteristics of Natural Rubber Modified with a Bromo Derivative of Phosphorylated Cashew Nut Shell Liquid." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 1 (1997): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500101.

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Natural rubber (NR) in a typical semi-efficient vulcanization system was modified with flame-retardant additives such as bromo derivative of phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid, antimony trioxide and alumina tri hydrate (ATH). Improvement in the flame retardancy of the vulcanizates was shown by the progressive increase in Limiting Oxygen Index with the concen tration of ATH. Besides, the smoke density and the smoke release rate were reduced substantially in the presence of 100 phr of ATH in the vulcanizate. Thermogravimetric analysis showed higher activation energy for decomposi tion and hi

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4

Wang, Jingyi, and Hongbing Jia. "The Effects of Carbon–Silica Dual-Phase Filler on the Crosslink Structure of Natural Rubber." Polymers 14, no. 18 (2022): 3897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183897.

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Carbon–silica dual-phase filler (CSDPF)/natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate was prepared by mechanical blending, followed by a hot-press vulcanization. The dispersion of CSDPF in the NR matrix and the effects of CSDPF on the filler–rubber interaction and structure of the rubber network were studied. Scanning electron microscope results showed that CSDPF dispersed uniformly; however, there were some aggregates of CSDPF when loading too many fillers. With an increase in CSDPF, the interaction between CSDPF and NR chains increases, which was detected by bound rubber in the CSDPF/NR compound. The spec

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5

Mori, Kunio, Kentaro Kanae, Hidetoshi Hirahara, and Yoshiyuki Oishi. "Formation of Surface Structure in Vulcanizates and Surface Structure Changes in Air." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 1 (1995): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538734.

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Abstract The formation theory of surface structure during vulcanization was developed on the basis of an interfacial concept. The theory showed the chemical compositions of polar and nonpolar components on the vulcanizate surface to be determined as an excess interfacial free energy between rubber compounds and molds decreases. The surface free energies of molds reflected clearly the corresponding surface free energy of vulcanizates prepared from copolymers and polar polymers. Nonpolar polymers were not influenced by the surface free energies of molds. The surface free energies of vulcanizates

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6

Dikland, H. G., T. Ruardy, L. van der Does, and A. Bantjes. "New Coagents in Peroxide Vulcanization of EPM." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 5 (1993): 693–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538338.

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Abstract In a previous study, the mechanism of EPM peroxide vulcanization in the presence of various aromatic bis(allyl)esters was elucidated. It was concluded that the elastomer-coagent blend was phase separated and that during vulcanization chemical crosslinks are formed between the elastomer matrix and coagent domains. In this study the effect of the chemical structure of the coagent on the ultimate properties of the vulcanizate is reported. For this purpose a series of new coagents has been synthesized. It was found that bis(allyl) coagents with relatively flexible interlinking segments pr

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7

Hayeemasae, Nabil, Kamaruddin Waesateh, Siriwat Soontaranon, and Abdulhakim Masa. "EFFECT OF VULCANIZATION SYSTEMS AND CROSSLINK DENSITY ON TENSILE PROPERTIES AND NETWORK STRUCTURES OF NATURAL RUBBER." Jurnal Teknologi 84, no. 6 (2022): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.16467.

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The mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate depend strongly on several factors, i.e., vulcanization systems and crosslink density. These two parameters are originally from the formulation design of the vulcanizate. To focus more on such details, influences of three different vulcanization systems (sulfur, peroxide, and phenolic resin) with variations in their crosslink densities were studied by focusing on the change of curing properties, crosslink densities, mechanical properties and network structures of the NR vulcanizates. The crosslink density of various vulcanization sys

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8

Joseph, Anu Mary, Benny George, K. N. Madhusoodanan, and Rosamma Alex. "CURE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVULCANIZED RUBBER:THE ISSUE OF LOW SCORCH." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 3 (2017): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.83737.

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ABSTRACT We investigate the reasons behind the observed low scorch during the revulcanization of devulcanized rubber. Mechanically devulcanized carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates originally cured by conventional vulcanization (CV), semiefficient vulcanization (semi EV), efficient vulcanization (EV), and peroxide systems as well as buffing dust obtained from pre-cured tread with known formulation were used. Revulcanization of these devulcanized samples using sulfur/sulfonamide system led to the following observations; irrespective of the type of sulfur cure system used for the init

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9

Hu, Rongyan, Ran Xiao, Xinxin Xia, Yonggang Shangguan, and Qiang Zheng. "Ethylene-Propylene-Methylene/Isoprene Rubber/SiO2 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Mechanical Performances and Deformation Recovery Ability by a Combination of Synchronously Vulcanizing and Nanoparticle Reinforcement." Polymers 16, no. 19 (2024): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16192809.

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It is highly desired yet challenging to develop advanced elastomers with excellent mechanical properties, including high strength and toughness. In this work, strong and tough rubber/rubber compound vulcanizates were facilely prepared by blending ethylene-propylene-methylene (EPM) and isoprene rubber (IR) together with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and subsequent vulcanization, since both EPM and IR can be vulcanized synchronously by DCP and the well-crosslinked structure of EPM/IR vulcanizate presented a stable phase separation state. By tuning their composition, EPM/IR vulcanizates could present re

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10

Mathew, George, P. Viswanathan Pillai, and A. P. Kuriakose. "Studies on a New Binary Accelerator System for the Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene—Butadiene Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 2 (1992): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538611.

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Abstract The chemical reactions involved when a binary accelerator system is used in rubber vulcanization varies with the systems used. The exact mechanism of these reactions is not fully understood even now. Accelerators in which sulfur is combined as S—S, C—S—C, or S—N are generally inactive at low vulcanization temperatures because of the high thermal stability of their sulfur bonds. But sulfur-containing nucleophiles such as thiourea or its derivatives enable accelerators like TMTD or CBS to operate at lower vulcanization temperature, indicating a nucleophilic reaction mechanism in these v

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11

Umunakwe, Reginald, Chioma Ifeyinwa Madueke, Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe, et al. "Effect of Varied Cure Temperature on the Cure Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Heat Build-Up of Solid Tire Tread Compound Containing Different Particles Sizes of Ground Tire Rubber." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 11, no. 1 (2024): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.6501.2024.

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This work investigates the effect of variation in vulcanization temperature on the cure behavior, tensile properties, tear strength, hardness, Akron abrasion loss and heat build-up of vulcanized tire tread compound in which the total rubber was replaced with 10% and 20% ground tire rubber (GTR) of 40, 60 and 80 mesh sizes. The first step was the characterization of the GTR using optical microscopy and a thermogravimetric analyzer. The first step of mixing each rubber compound was carried out using an internal mixer (Brabender) at 60°C and 40 rev/min rotor speed and the second step was done on

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12

Liu, Qingqing, Kai Zhang, Xingshuo Zhang, and Zhaobo Wang. "Strengthening effect of Mullins effect of high- density polyethylene/ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer thermoplastic vulcanizates under compression mode." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 10 (2017): 1310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717738288.

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Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) were prepared via dynamic vulcanization. The mechanical properties and strengthening effect of Mullins effect under compression mode were investigated systematically. Experimental results indicated that the compression strength of TPVs was enhanced greatly compared with that of EPDM vulcanizate. Mullins effect could be observed obviously in the compression stress–strain curves of the TPVs while it was hardly to obverse in that of EPDM vulcanizate during the uniaxial loading–un

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13

Chattaraj, P. P., R. Mukhopadhyay, and D. K. Tripathy. "Effect of trans-Polyoctenylene on Crosslink Structure of NR and SBR Using Solid State 13C NMR Spectroscopy and RPA 2000." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 1 (1997): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538421.

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Abstract The use of petroleum oil as a processing aid is well established in the rubber industry. However, it has certain demerits when used in a critical rubber compound. To overcome this and to get certain other advantages, new non-conventional processing aids (solid in nature) are preferred. trans-Polyoctenylene (TOR) is one of them which is crosslinkable with sulfur and accelerator. The effect of TOR on natural rubber (NR) and styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates has shown that the retention (%) of network properties at high temperatures, after aerobic and anaerobic aging, is better

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14

Ushmarin, Nikolay F., Lyudmila Yu Tsareva, Ksenia A. Konnova, Maria V. Yakimova, and Nikolay I. Koltsov. "The influence of technological additives and peroxides on the properties of rubber mixtures based on ethylene propylene caoutchouc." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 10 (2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-10-81.

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The article investigates the influence of technological additives and peroxides on the properties of two rubber mixtures based on ethylene-propylene caoutchouc of marking SKEPT-40. The main properties were: rheometric (maximum and minimum torques; start, optimum and maximum vulcanization rates; maximum vulcanization rates), physical and mechanical (conditional tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness) and operational (changes in conditional strength at tensile, elongation at break and hardness after aging in air). The resistance of rubbers to the action of high temperatures by methods o

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15

Hasan, Abu, Robert Junaidi, Muhammad Yerizam, and Fatahul Arifin. "Physical Properties Investigations of Natural Rubber Composites Using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) as Modifier of Local Clay Filler." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 23, no. 3 (2023): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.80712.

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Improved absorption of rubber backbone on filler surfaces is necessary to enhance the physical properties of rubber vulcanizate. One of the ways to repair the surface of the filler is through modifying using surfactant. Hence, this study aims to compare the physical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates using clay filler and modified clay with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The processes that were followed to achieve the objectives of this research were the design of rubber formulas, mastication and milling of rubber, and testing of the physical properties of rubber vulcanization.

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16

Udagawa, Y., and M. Ito. "Detection of the Molecular Orientation in Nonvulcanized and Vulcanized Natural Rubber Compounds by the Low-Temperature X-Ray Method." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 2 (1989): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536239.

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Abstract The low-temperature x-ray method can detect the orientation of NR molecules in both vulcanizate samples and nonvulcanizate samples of NR compounds. The presence of carbon black is important for causing the orientation. NR molecules orient in the direction of stretch-relaxation in the case of uniaxially fatigued vulcanizates or in the direction of shear in the case of nonvulcanizates prepared by various processing methods. The orientation of NR molecules in nonvulcanizates usually disappears when vulcanized, but a fairly large extent of molecular orientation remains, even after vulcani

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17

Shadrinov, N. V., A. R. Khaldeeva, A. L. Fedorov, M. N. Kondakov, and M. D. Sokolova. "Effect of Vulcanization System on the Structure and Properties of Polymer-Elastomer Composite Materials." Высокомолекулярные соединения А 65, no. 5 (2023): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2308112023600096.

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The effect of vulcanization system on the properties of polymer-elastomer composite materials based on nitrile-butadiene rubber and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is studied. An analysis of the rheometric and vulcanization characteristics of rubber compounds shows that, in the case of combined sulfur-peroxide vulcanization system, the crosslinking density of vulcanizates increases considerably. The study of the elastic and strength behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of the vulcanizates demonstrates that the sulfur-peroxide vulcanization system provides the best parameters, in

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18

S., N. Chakravarty. "Electron microscopy study and vulcanization characteristics of insoluble sulfur." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 82, Jun 2005 (2005): 538–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5830641.

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Polym Consultants, 812, Devika Tower, 6 Nehru Place, New Delhi-110 019, India <em>E-mail</em> : polym@touchtelindia.net <em>Manuscript received 22 November 2004, accepted 10 February 2005</em> Usage of insoluble sulfur in rubber industry, particularly in pneumatic automotive tyre, is an well established fact. It's advantages e.g. avoiding blooming on surface and retention of tack etc. are well known and recognized. In case of a powdered material particle size and shape are the two basic parameters to be considered for incorporation, distribution and dispersion in rubber compound. Dispersio

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19

Oboh, J. O., K. K. Ajekwene, O. Salako, and U. K. Ugo. "Agricultural Residues as Potential Diluents in Natural Rubber Formulation." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 5 (2023): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i5.6.

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Agricultural residues such as Maize Husk, Groundnut Shell, Coconut Shell and Sugarcane Bagasse were collected, sorted, dried and ground to particulate fillers. The various fillers were characterized in terms of density, moisture content and pH value. Single ordinates of 150 µm particle size and 30 parts per hundred of rubber (pphr) loading were respectively adopted for all filler types. They were used alongside with conventional Sulphur vulcanization system (high Sulphur to low organo-accelerator level) in the formulations of natural rubber compounds. Tests such as tensile strength at 400% elo

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20

Kruželák, Ján, Richard Sýkora, and Ivan Hudec. "Peroxide vulcanization of natural rubber. Part I: effect of temperature and peroxide concentration." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 7 (2014): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0034.

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Abstract Four different peroxides as curing agents were used to prepare vulcanizates based on natural rubber (NR). The effects of temperature and peroxide concentration on the vulcanization characteristics of rubber compounds, cross-link density (ν) and physical-mechanical properties of equivalent vulcanizates were investigated. The results revealed that the vulcanization temperature and also the relative amount of peroxide decomposition products are of significant importance in the properties of vulcanizates. Lower vulcanization temperature and lower concentration of peroxides were found to b

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21

Grima, M. M. Alvarez, A. G. Talma, R. N. Datta, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "New Concept of Co-Agents for Scorch Delay and Property Improvement in Peroxide Vulcanization." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 4 (2006): 694–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547961.

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Abstract Peroxide cure is an important and widely used cure system for rubber. Several properties obtained via peroxide vulcanization are superior and not achievable with sulfur vulcanization, e.g.: aging resistance, no reversion and low compression set. However, other properties such as tensile strength and dynamic properties, are inferior to those of sulfur vulcanizates. The use of co-agents in peroxide cure leads to a certain extent to improvement in mechanical properties such as tensile strength. Nevertheless the properties are still inferior with respect to mechanical/dynamical properties

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22

Rajan, Rejitha, Siby Varghese, and K. E. George. "ROLE OF COAGENTS IN PEROXIDE VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 3 (2013): 488–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87984.

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ABSTRACT The drawbacks of peroxide vulcanization can largely be overcome by introducing suitable co-curing agents (coagents) in the formulation. The role of various coagents, such as zinc diacrylate (ZDA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), and triallyl cyanurate (TAC) in the peroxide vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cross-link density was measured by the equilibrium–swelling technique. Cross-linking mechanism of peroxide in NR was interpreted by comparing the spectra of cured and uncured vulcanizates. The predominance of hy

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23

van Hoek, Hans, Jacques Noordermeer, Geert Heideman, Anke Blume, and Wilma Dierkes. "Best Practice for De-Vulcanization of Waste Passenger Car Tire Rubber Granulate Using 2-2′-dibenzamidodiphenyldisulfide as De-Vulcanization Agent in a Twin-Screw Extruder." Polymers 13, no. 7 (2021): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071139.

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De-vulcanization of rubber has been shown to be a viable process to reuse this valuable material. The purpose of the de-vulcanization is to release the crosslinked nature of the highly elastic tire rubber granulate. For present day passenger car tires containing the synthetic rubbers Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Butadiene Rubber (BR) and a high amount of silica as reinforcing filler, producing high quality devulcanizate is a major challenge. In previous research a thermo-chemical mechanical approach was developed, using a twin-screw extruder and diphenyldisulfide (DPDS) as de-vulcanizati

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Rajan, Rejitha, Siby Varghese, Meera Balachandran, and K. E. George. "RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY: A TOOL FOR ASSESSING THE ROLE OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS IN PEROXIDE VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 2 (2016): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.84864.

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ABSTRACT Response surface methodology was used for assessing the role of various compounding ingredients, including zinc oxide, antioxidant, coagent, oil, and filler, in peroxide vulcanization of natural rubber. A face-centered central composite design with four factors at three different levels was used to obtain the relationship between vulcanizate properties and the level of ingredients. The four factors selected were filler and oil ratio and the contents of zinc oxide, antioxidant, and coagent. The filler and oil ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. The vulcanizates were eval

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Maciejewska, Magdalena, and Anna Sowińska-Baranowska. "The Synergistic Effect of Dibenzyldithiocarbamate Based Accelerator on the Vulcanization and Performance of the Silica-Filled Styrene–Butadiene Elastomer." Materials 15, no. 4 (2022): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041450.

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This work focused on studying the effect of dibenzyldithocarbamate vulcanization accelerator on the curing characteristics and performance of styrene–butadiene elastomer (SBR) filled with nanosized silica. A dibenzyldithocarbamate derivative was applied as an additional accelerator to enhance the efficiency and the rate of sulfur vulcanization in the presence of two other accelerators, i.e., N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS) and/or 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG). Furthermore, the possibility of reducing the amount of zinc oxide (ZnO) and the elimination of CBS and DPG from elastomer

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26

Munirah, N. R., N. Z. Noriman, M. Z. Salihin, et al. "The Effects of Trans-Polyoctylene Rubber (TOR) on the Cure Characteristics and Swelling Behaviour of Activated Carbon Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Vulcanizates." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.164.

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Compatibilizer is one of the processing aids used for rubber compounding which helps the incorporation of filler in rubber. In this study, the effect of trans-polyoctylene rubber (TOR) as compatibilizer on the cure characteristics and swelling behaviour of activated carbon filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates were studied as a function of TOR loading. Both uncompatibilized and compatibilized SBR vulcanizates with different TOR loading (2, 4, 6 and 8 phr) were prepared using two-rolls mill at room temperature. It was observed that the cure time (tc90) of compatibilized SBR vulcani

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27

Mori, Kunio, Satoshi Kaneda, Kentaro Kanae, Hidetoshi Hirahara, Yoshiyuki Oishi, and Akira Iwabuchi. "Influence on Friction Force of Adhesion Force between Vulcanizates and Sliders." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 5 (1994): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538711.

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Abstract The effects of vulcanizate and slider surface free energy—as well as the adhesion force (P) between them—on friction the force (F) and the coefficient of friction (μ) has been investigated. SBR and NBR vulcanizates were prepared using three molds differing in surface free energy. The mold with a high surface free energy gave a vulcanizate surface possessing polar groups. The mold with low surface energy gave a vulcanizate surface with many nonpolar groups. The coefficient of friction increased with the surface free energy of SBR and NBR vulcanizates. With SBR vulcanizate (surface free

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28

Verbruggen, M. A. L., L. van der Does, W. K. Dierkes, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF THE CHARLESBY AND HORIKX MODELS APPLIED TO DE-VULCANIZATION OF SULFUR AND PEROXIDE VULCANIZATES OF NR AND EPDM." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 4 (2016): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.83776.

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ABSTRACT The theoretical model developed by Charlesby to quantify the balance between cross-links creation of polymers and chain scission during radiation cross-linking and further modifications by Horikx to describe network breakdown from aging were merged to characterize the balance of both types of scission on the development of the sol content during de-vulcanization of rubber networks. There are, however, disturbing factors in these theoretical considerations vis-à-vis practical reality. Sulfur- and peroxide-cured NR and EPDM vulcanizates were de-vulcanized under conditions of selective c

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29

Thomas, Shaji P., Saliney Thomas, C. V. Marykutty, and E. J. Mathew. "Evaluation of Effect of Various Nanofillers on Technological Properties of NBR/NR Blend Vulcanized Using BIAT-CBS System." Journal of Polymers 2013 (September 17, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/798232.

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Owing to processing ease and resistance to oils and chemicals, NBR is widely used in many industries. But since neat NBR has only poor tensile properties, it is better to use suitable blends of NR and NBR after incorporating appropriate nanoingredients before vulcanization. It is well established that nanoparticles can be easily dispersed in a more uniform pattern in polymer matrix, thereby enhancing the technological properties of the elastomer vulcanizate. Since there are no systematic comparative studies on technological properties of NBR/NR blend containing different nanoingredients, effor

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Joseph, Anu Mary, Benny George, Madhusoodanan K. N., and Rosamma Alex. "EFFECT OF DEVULCANIZATION ON CROSSLINK DENSITY AND CROSSLINK DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 4 (2016): 653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.84819.

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ABSTRACTCarbon black filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were devulcanized at ambient temperature in a two roll mill. The effect of cure system, that is, conventional vulcanization (CV), semiefficient vulcanization (semi EV), and efficient vulcanization (EV) systems, used for vulcanization of the original sample, on the efficiency of devulcanization was studied. The efficiency of devulcanization expressed as percentage devulcanization of the samples calculated from residual crosslink density measurements was correlated with the sol fraction of the devulcanized samples based on Horikx analy

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Dziemidkiewicz, Anna, Magdalena Maciejewska, and Martyna Pingot. "Thermal analysis of halogenated rubber cured with a new cross-linking system." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 138, no. 6 (2019): 4395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08881-7.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to examine the influence of new curing agents proposed for brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) on the cross-linking process of rubber compounds and the thermal behavior of the vulcanizates. Rubber blends that were filled with carbon black and contained acetylacetonates of different transition metals in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA) as new cross-linking agents were prepared. The performed studies showed that metal acetylacetonates (Me(acac)) are effective cross-linking agents for BIIR, which was confirmed by high values of the torque increment (∆M) and sign

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Mori, Kunio, Yoshiyuki Oishi, Hidetoshi Hirahara, Naoaki Kumagai, and Kazuo Tanno. "Electropolymerization of Aniline on Conductive Vulcanizates and Charge-Discharge Properties." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 5 (1993): 806–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538345.

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Abstract To obtain electrode materials with good charge-discharge properties, the electrochemical polymerization of aniline on conductive vulcanizates containing Ketjin black was investigated along with the charge-discharge properties of these materials. When EPDM vulcanizates containing Ketjin black greater than 20 phr were used as working electrodes, the polymerization of aniline occurred easily and conductive laminates of vulcanizate and polyaniline were obtained. This required an EPDM vulcanizate conductivity of more than 0.1 S/cm. The selection of elastomers and solvents for the electroch

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NOVOPOLTSEVA, O. M., D. A. KRYUKOVA, V. M. ORLYANSKY, D. A. PITUSHKIN, and V. V. NOVIKOV. "SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF ALKYL XANTHOGENATES AS ACCELERATORS OF ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITIONS." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 5 (300) (May 2025): 98–104. https://doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2025-5-300-98-104.

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The possibility of using synthesized xanthan acid salts as ingredients of a rubber compound, namely as accelerators of sulfur vulcanization, is investigated. The dependence of vulcanization and elastic-strength properties of vulcanizates on the chemical structure of xanthogenates has been established.

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Chanpon, Kannika, Anoma Thitithammawong, Charoen Nakason, and Azizon Kaesaman. "Effect of Unmodified and Modified Epoxidized Soyabean Oils on Properties of Black-NBR Compounds and Black-NBR Vulcanizates." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.49.

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In this study, feasibility of using epoxidized soyabean oil (ESO) and n-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine modified ESO (pA-m-ESO) as rubber processing oil in a formulation of carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compound was investigated. It is seen that properties of the NBR compounds (i.e., total mixing energy, dump temperature, Mooney viscosity and curing characteristic) with using the DOP and the ESO were comparable, unlike the compound with using the pA-m-ESO. However, after vulcanization the NBR vulcanizate with using the DOP showed superior modulus, tensile strength and hard

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Sowińska, Anna, Magdalena Maciejewska, and Anna Grajewska. "Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Ionic Liquids Applied for Fine-Tuning the Cure Characteristics and Performance of Natural Rubber Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (2021): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073678.

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The goal of this work was to apply ionic liquids (ILs) with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion (TFSI) for fine-tuning the cure characteristics and physico-chemical properties of elastomer composites based on a biodegradable natural rubber (NR) matrix. ILs with TFSI anion and different cations, such as alkylpyrrolidinium, alkylammonium, and alkylsulfonium cations, were applied to increase the efficiency of sulfur vulcanization and to improve the performance of NR composites. Thus, the influence of ILs on the vulcanization of NR compounds, as well as crosslink density and physical propertie

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Munirah, N. R., N. Z. Noriman, M. Z. Salihin, et al. "The Effects on the Cure Characteristics and Physical Properties of Bamboo Activated Carbon Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Compounds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.24.

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The role of activated carbon (AC) in rubber compounds was investigated to better understand the reinforcing mechanism. The activated carbon filled styrene butadiene rubber vulcanizates (SBR-AC) using bamboo activated carbon as filler were prepared by using two-roll mill and cured at 160 °C. AC filler loading from 10 to 50 phr (part per hundred rubber) were used in this study. Study into the influences of filler loading on the cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and physical properties (hardness and resilience) of SBR-AC vulcanizates were carried out. It was observed that SBR-AC vulcanizat

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Maciejewska, Magdalena, and Monika Siwek. "The Influence of Curing Systems on the Cure Characteristics and Physical Properties of Styrene–Butadiene Elastomer." Materials 13, no. 23 (2020): 5329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235329.

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The goal of this work is to study the influence of different curing systems on the cure characteristics and performance of styrene–butadiene elastomer (SBR) filled with carbon black or nanosized silica. A multifunctional additive for rubber compounds, namely Activ8, was applied as an additional activator and accelerator to increase the efficiency of sulfur vulcanization and to reduce the content of zinc oxide elastomers cured in the presence of 2-mercaptobenzothizole or 1,3-diphenylguanidine as a primary accelerator. The influence of the curing system composition on the crosslink density and p

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Nasruddin, Nasruddin, and Tri Susanto. "Study of the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites with Synthetic Rubber Using Used Cooking Oil as a Softener." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 5 (2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.42343.

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This research aims to study the mechanical properties of natural rubber composites with nitrile butadiene rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. Composite fillers consisted of kaolin, and softener using used cooking oil. The study was carried out by the method of mastication, vulcanization, and maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates. The vulcanization and mastication process is carried out in the open mill. The maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates from the results of mastication and vulcanization was carried out using semi-automatic heat press and press

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Maciejewska, Magdalena, and Anna Sowińska-Baranowska. "Bromide and Chloride Ionic Liquids Applied to Enhance the Vulcanization and Performance of Natural Rubber Biocomposites Filled with Nanosized Silica." Nanomaterials 12, no. 7 (2022): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12071209.

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In this study, the possibility of using ionic liquids (ILs) as auxiliary substances improving the vulcanization and physicochemical properties of natural rubber (NR) biocomposites filled with nanosized silica was investigated. Hence, the influence of ILs with bromide and chloride anions and various cations, i.e., alkylimidazolium, alkylpyrrolidinium and alkylpiperidinium cation, on the curing characteristics and crosslink density of NR compounds was determined. Furthermore, the effect of nanosized silica and ILs on the functional properties of the obtained vulcanizates, including mechanical pr

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Bieliński, Dariusz M., Katarzyna Klajn, Tomasz Gozdek, Rafał Kruszyński, and Marcin Świątkowski. "Influence of n-ZnO Morphology on Sulfur Crosslinking and Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates." Polymers 13, no. 7 (2021): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071040.

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This paper examines the influence of the morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles (n-ZnO) on the activation energy, vulcanization parameters, crosslink density, crosslink structure, and mechanical properties in the extension of the sulfur vulcanizates of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the particle size distribution and morphology, whereas the specific surface area (SSA) and squalene wettability of the n-ZnO nanoparticles were adequately evaluated using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) equation and tensiometry. The n-ZnO were then added to the SB

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Anjum, Hirra, Syed Waqas Ahmad, Rabia Sharif, and Muhammad Tausif. "Effect of filler type and composition on the mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of PS/SBR vulcanizate." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 6 (2016): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0066.

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Abstract Dynamic vulcanization is an eminent industrial process to enhance the physical, thermal, and rheological properties of polymer composites. The present experimental study comprised the formation of polystyrene (PS) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites using three different types of fillers, namely, kaolin, talc, and rice husk powder (RHP), whereas dicumylperoxide was added as a cross-linking agent. Further, the filler loading was varied from 0 to 20 parts per hundred of resin (phr) for all types (i.e. RHP). The mechanical (i.e. tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact

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Pajtášová, Mariana, Zuzana Mičicová, Darina Ondrušová, et al. "Use of waste materials in rubber matrix." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815707009.

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The presented paper deals with the use of waste materials as ecological fillers into rubber matrix. Waste materials were used as partial replacement of the commercial filler – carbon black, designated as N339. These prepared rubber compounds were characterized on the basis of the rheology and vulcanization characteristics – minimum torque (ML), maximum torque (MH), optimum time of vulcanization (t(c90)), processing safety of compound (ts), rate coefficient of vulcanization (Rv). In the case of the prepared vulcanizates, physical-mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensibility and hardness

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43

Munirah, N. R., N. Z. Noriman, M. Z. Salihin, et al. "The Effects on Cure Characteristics, Physico-Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Bamboo Activated Carbon Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Vulcanizates." Key Engineering Materials 673 (January 2016): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.673.131.

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The role of activated carbon (AC) in rubber compounds was investigated to better understand the reinforcing mechanism. The activated carbon filled styrene butadiene rubber vulcanizates (SBR-AC) using bamboo activated carbon as filler were prepared by using two-roll mill and cured at 160 °C. AC filler loading from 10 to 50 phr (part per hundred rubber) were used in this study. Study into the influences of filler loading on the cure characteristics, swelling behavior, physical properties (hardness and resilience), mechanical properties (tensile properties) and morphology of SBR-AC vulcanizates w

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Ushmarin, Nikolay F., Evgeny N. Egorov, and Nikolay I. Kol'tsov. "The study of the possibility of using domestic burnt magnesia in oil and petrol resistant rubber." Butlerov Communications 59, no. 7 (2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-59-7-63.

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The article examines the oil-and-petrol resistant rubber mixture of type 7NO-68-1SK based on the combination of BNKS-18AMN grade butadiene-caoutchouc with polychloroprene caoutchouc of brand neoprene W. The effect of replacing imported burnt magnesia brand Remag AC on domestic burnt magnesia technical grade B on the properties of the rubber compound and vulcanizate was studied. The rubber mixture was prepared on a laboratory roll mill LB 320 160/160, and then its standard samples were vulcanized at 150 °C for 30 minutes in a two-story electrically heated press of the VP 400-2E brand. To establ

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Maciejewska, Magdalena, Anna Sowińska, and Agata Grocholewicz. "Zinc Complexes with 1,3-Diketones as Activators for Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene-Butadiene Elastomer Filled with Carbon Black." Materials 14, no. 14 (2021): 3804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143804.

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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (N-ZnO) and zinc complexes with 1,3-diketones of different structures were applied instead of microsized zinc oxide (M-ZnO) to activate the sulfur vulcanization of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The influence of vulcanization activators on the cure characteristics of rubber compounds, as well as crosslink density and functional properties of SBR vulcanizates, such as tensile properties, hardness, damping behavior, thermal stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging was explored. Applying N-ZnO allowed to reduce the content of zinc by 40% compared to M-ZnO witho

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Mandal, Swapan Kumar, Md Najib Alam, Kumarjyoti Roy, and Subhas Chandra Debnath. "RECLAIMING OF GROUND RUBBER TIRE BY SAFE MULTIFUNCTIONAL RUBBER ADDITIVES: II VIRGIN NATURAL RUBBER/RECLAIMED GROUND RUBBER TIRE VULCANIZATES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 1 (2014): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87899.

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ABSTRACT Mechanochemically reclaimed ground rubber tire (GRT) was revulcanized in combination with virgin natural rubber (NR). The NR/GRT vulcanizates with GRT content 20–50 wt% were prepared and studied. Reclaiming of GRT was successfully carried out by tetra benzyl thiuram disulfide (TBzTD) in the presence of spindle oil at around ambient temperature. The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the virgin NR/reclaimed GRT blend were studied. Increasing the reclaimed rubber (RR) content in the blend decreases the optimum cure time without altering the scorch time. The effect of carb

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Krejsa, M. R., and J. L. Koenig. "Solid State Carbon-13 NMR Studies of Elastomers. XL N-t-Butyl Benzothiazole Sulfenimide Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization of cis-Polyisoprene at 75 MHz." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 1 (1993): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538300.

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Abstract The network structure of TBSI-accelerated vulcanization of cis-polyisoprene was studied using C-13 solid-state NMR. The initial crosslink products consisted of A1c (cis) and A2c (cis) polysulfides. As the percent cure is increased, the A1c and A2c structures reduce in rank to monosulfides, and polysulfidic B1c (cis) and B1t (trans) structures are formed. During the maturation period C1c (cis) polysulfidic structures are also formed. The percent of sulfurization was shown to vary directly with sulfur concentration, while the efficiency of sulfurization (crosslink/cyclic-structure ratio

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Włoch, Marcin, Maksymilian Toruńczak, and Janusz Datta. "Polyurethane Glycerolysate as a Modifier of the Properties of Natural Rubber Mixtures and Vulcanizates." Materials 17, no. 1 (2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010062.

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Chemical recycling of polyurethanes can be realized in several different ways, but the most important methods are glycolysis and glycerolysis. Both methods permit recovery of polyols (when the process is realized with the mass excess of depolymerizing agent) or substitutes of polyols, which contain urethane moieties in the main chains and terminate mainly in hydroxyl groups (when the process is realized with the mass excess of depolymerized polyurethane). Oligomeric products with urethane groups in the chemical structure can also be used as modifiers of rubber mixtures and vulcanizates. The ma

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Volfson, Svetoslav Isaakovich, N. A. Okhotina та Alina Ildusovna Nigmatullina. "Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Filled with а Layered Silicate". Key Engineering Materials 816 (серпень 2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.119.

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Oil-resistant and thermoformed thermoplastic vulcanizates based on butadiene-nitrile rubber and polypropylene were obtained, containing a layered silicate montmorillonite as a filler. The structural characteristics of composites based on thermoplastic vulcanizates were studied using the methods of fractal analysis. It has been established that the value of the static flexibility of the polymer chain of a thermoplastic vulcanizate containing montmorillonite exceeds the static flexibility of the polymer chain of an unfilled thermoplastic vulcanizate. It is shown that the introduction of montmori

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Kruželák, Ján, Mária Mikolajová, Andrea Kvasničáková, et al. "Combined Sulfur and Peroxide Vulcanization of Filled and Unfilled EPDM-Based Rubber Compounds." Materials 16, no. 16 (2023): 5596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16165596.

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The sulfur curing system, peroxide curing system and their combinations were applied for the cross-linking of unfilled and carbon black-filled rubber formulations based on ethylene-propylenediene-monomer rubber. The results demonstrated that the type of curing system influenced the course and shape of curing isotherms. This resulted in the change of curing kinetics of rubber compounds. The cross-link density of materials cured with combined vulcanization systems was lower than that for vulcanizates cured with the peroxide or sulfur system. Good correlation between the cross-link density as wel

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