Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vulgarimy'

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami piktžolių dygimo dinamikos (trumpaamžių, daugiamečių ir vyraujančių rūšių piktžolių) ir burokėlių derlingumo duomenys tiriant įvairių organinių mulčių ir skirtingo storio sluoksnių liekamąjį poveikį. Darbo objektas – raudonojo burokėlio (Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris) agrofitocenozė. Darbo metodai: piktžolių daigų skaičiavimui kiekviename laukelyje buvo pažymėtos keturios pastovios aikštelės 0,2 x 0,5 m. Apskaita atlikta kas 10 dienų, nuo gegužės 20 d. iki rugsėjo 30 d. Kiekvienos rūšies piktžolių daigai suskaičiuoti ir išrauti. Piktžolių kiekis perskaičiuotas vnt. m-2. Pagal piktžolių biologinį grupavimą išskirtos trumpaamžės ir daugiametės piktžolės. Nustatytos vyraujančios piktžolių rūšys. Burokėlių derlingumas nustatytas svėrimo metodu. Gautas derlius iš laukelio perskaičiuotas į t ha-1 absoliučiai švarių burokėlių derlių. Darbo rezultatai. Gausiausiai piktžolės dygo gegužės trečią – 765,6 vnt. m-2 ir birželio pirmą – 270,6 vnt. m-2 dekadas. Vėliau piktžolių dygimas mažėjo visų variantų laukeliuose. Anksčiau įterpti šiaudų, durpių ir žolės mulčiai nežymiai (4,7-6,7 proc.) skatino piktžolių dygimą per visą tyrimų laikotarpį. Nustatytas nevienodas mulčių liekamasis poveikis trumpaamžių piktžolių dygimui. Įterpti durpių ir žolės mulčiai skatino trumpaamžių piktžolių dygimą nuo 5,2 iki 12,6 proc. Paprastosios rietmenės 20 proc. gausiau rasta ankstesniais metais durpių mulčiu mulčiuotuose laukeliuose, smulkiažiedės galinsogos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Master degree final research paper provides weed germination dynamics (annual, perennial and predominant weeds sorts) and red beet productivity data when researching residual effect of various organic mulches and different thickness layers. Object of the work – red beet (Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris) crop. Method of the work – to compute weed sprouts each field was divided into four permanent sites 0.2 x 0.5 m. These were observed every 10 days from May 20 till August 30. Each weed species sprouts were counted and torn out. Number of weeds was translated into units. m-2. According to biological grouping of weeds annual and perennial were distinguished. Predominant weed species were established. Red beet productivity was determined by weighting. Received yield from the field was translated into t ha-1 totally useful red beet yield. The results of work. Most of the weeds germinated in the 3rd decade of May – 765.6 weeds number m-2 and 1st decade of June – 270.6 weeds number m-2. Later germination of the weeds decreased in the plots of all treatments. Straw, peat and grass mulches, previously incorporated, moderately (4.7 to 6.7 percent) stimulated weed germination during the entire study period. The different residual effect of mulches was determined for germination of annual weeds. The incorporated peat and grass mulches promoted germination of the annual weeds from 5.2 to 12.6 percent. Echinochloa crus - galli were found thicker by 20 percent in the plots that in previous... [to full text]

Orientadora : Maria de Fatima D. A. Pereira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A maior parte dos estudos sobre floração, enfoca plantas fotoperiódicas ou vernalizáveis. sendo que pouco se sabe sobre como ocorre este processo em plantas que não respondem a estes fatores ambientais. Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Goiano Precoce, tem crescimento determinado, independendo de fotoperíodo e de vernalização, para que ocorra a floração, já que a iniciação floral ocorre igualmente em plantas crescidas na luz e escuro contínuos. O objetivo deste trabalho, foi verificar as alterações que ocorrem em ápices de plantas desta espécie, durante a transição floral. Verificou-se. por observações em microscópio estereoscópico, a iniciação floral em Phaseolus ocorre muito precocemente (7 dias após a embebição das sementes) , sendo que a indução floral ocorre no 3° dia. Para a verificação do efeito correlativo de órgãos na indução floral, realizaram-se experimentos removendo-se diferentes partes da planta, concluindo-se que os primórdios de folhas trifolioladas parecem estar envolvidos neste processo. A remoção de um ou mais primórdios. provocou um atraso na iniciação floral. Constatou-se que são necessários 4 primórdios para que a iniciação floral ocorra normalmente. Estes fatos sugerem que os primórdios de folhas trifolioladas exercem algum controle sobre a iniciação floral. que pode ser via produção de um ou mais fatores que levam à indução ou à iniciação floral nesta espécie. o efeito de substâncias reguladoras de crescimento foi verificado pela aplicação destas substâncias, em diferentes concentrações, em ápices de plantas com 3 dias
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

Acne is a disorder of the pilosebaceous unit often complicated by scarring. Five studies were performed to test the hypothesis that acne is common among Chinese and that the use of laser and light source is safe and effective for the treatment of acne and acne scars in Asians. The self-reported prevalence of acne in Hong Kong was assessed using a questionnaire among a randomised sample of 522 persons aged 15-25 years. The prevalence was 91.3% with a point prevalence of 52.2%, and acne scars and pigmentation were reported by 52.6%. The existing topical and oral anti-acne medications are limited by their efficacy, adverse effects and patient compliance. Light can target the pilosebaceous unit and reduce the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, for which lasers or light sources have been explored as therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to determine whether lower fluence and shorter cooling of the 1450-nm diode laser would improve acne while minimising post-laser hyperpigmentation in Asians. A total of 26 Chinese subjects received four treatments of three passes with this laser at a fluence of 8 J/cm2 with dynamic cooling of 25 ms. A 40% reduction (p<0.03) in mean lesion count was observed 6 months after treatment with a significant improvement in sebum production and a hyperpigmentation rate of 3.8%. A split-face, controlled study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of intense pulsed light (IPL) alone or in combination with short-contact 16% methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (PDT) in 30 Chinese subjects with acne. Among the PDT-treated group, 25% withdrew due to treatment discomfort. No significant differences in the reduction of inflammatory lesions were observed between the intervention groups and the control group. A delayed effect with reductions in non-inflammatory lesions was observed in the PDT-treated (38%; p=0.05) and IPL-treated (43%; p=0.01) groups 12 weeks after treatment. Liposome was used to deliver 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) into the pilosebaceous unit to lower the concentration of 5-ALA by 40-fold during PDT. The study aimed to investigate the tolerability and efficacy of PDT with IPL using 0.5% liposomal 5-ALA for inflammatory acne. A mean reduction of 65% in the inflammatory lesion count was observed after 6 months (p=0.043) in 12 Chinese subjects. No dropout or significant side effects were observed. The treatment of acne scars has often been complicated by Asian skin phototypes regarding the risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Fractionated radiofrequency induces deep dermal heating with less epidermal disruption. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of combined bipolar radiofrequency and fractional diode 915 nm laser followed by fractional radiofrequency in 24 Chinese subjects with acne scars. The mean grade improved by 29% (p<0.001), and 52% subjects were rated as having at least a moderate global improvement at 3 months. Subjective improvement was moderate to significant in 36.8%. Hyperpigmentation occurred after 6.5% of the treatments. In conclusion, the studies indicated that laser and light source can be used effectively and safely for the treatment of acne and acne scars commonly found in Asians.
published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Doctor of Medicine

In an attempt to identify the genetic determinants of psoriasis a genome wide screen (GWS) with microsatellites was performed on a collection of multiplex families. Ten microsatellites were identified that generated evidence of linkage to psoriasis susceptibility loci. Support of linkage was observed to markers in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and to markers on chromosomes 2, 8 and 20 in an independent collection of families. These data indicated that the primary genetic determinant for psoriasis was located in the MHC, a region historically observed to be associated with psoriasis in case/control studies. Fine mapping of this region has produced strong evidence that the susceptibility locus lies within a 285 kb region defined by HLA-C and the microsatellite TN62. The three non-MHC linkages were screened in a large collection of ASP families, although none received additional support of linkage. The families were partitioned upon the basis of allele sharing at the MHC. Those families that exhibited linkage to the MHC (TN3 families) generated evidence of linkage to chromosome 20, suggesting an interaction between the susceptibility locus in this interval with the major locus in the MHC. A YAC contig was constructed for this region and two candidate genes were excluded from this interval. Two novel microsatellites were cloned from this contig although neither failed to generate evidence of linkage or association to a susceptibility gene. A secondary GWS was performed upon a large collection of families, although this failed to generate evidence of linkage to any novel susceptibility loci or to provide support for previously identified putative loci, except to markers on the MHC. Upon partitioning of this dataset, the TN3 families generated evidence of linkage to markers on chromosome 1. Those families not exhibiting linkage to the MHC (TNX families) generated evidence of linkage to three further novel regions.

Plantas de feijão sob deficiência hídrica sofrem alterações morfológicas, fisiológicas e hormonais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e caracterizar variáveis fisiológicas e hormonais de plantas de feijão, de duas variedades, \'IAC Imperador\' e \'IAC Milênio\', condicionadas a diferentes intervalos de irrigação a partir de seu estádio fenológico de pré-florescimento (R5). As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos e submetidas a quatro, oito, doze e dezesseis dias sem irrigação na fase reprodutiva da cultura. Ao final dos períodos de intervalos de irrigação, foram avaliados o teor de água no substrato, conteúdo relativo de água da folha, potencial hídrico da folha, condutância estomática, transpiração, fotossíntese, produção de etileno e produção de prolina. Ao final do ciclo da cultura, avaliou-se a massa de matéria seca de folhas, haste e raiz, e componentes de produção. As plantas dos dois cultivares apresentaram reduções significativas no teor de umidade do substrato, condutância estomática, transpiração e fotossíntese com apenas quatro dias sem irrigação, seguindo em queda até seu décimo sexto dia. A variável produção de etileno apresentou diferença significativa entre os fatores cultivar e intervalos de irrigação, com produções superiores para \'IAC Imperador\'. Não houve diferença estatística entre os cultivares para as variáveis: potencial hídrico da folha, massa de matéria seca de folha e de raiz, número de vagens por planta e produtividade por planta. Os dois cultivares apresentaram diferença para as variáveis etileno, prolina e número de grãos por planta quando submetidos à deficiência hídrica, e portanto, demonstraram desempenho diferentes nesta situação.
Common bean plants under water deficit suffer morphological, physiological and hormonal changes. The objective of this study was to assess and characterize physiological and hormonal variables of common bean plants of two varieties (\'IAC Imperador\' and \'IAC Milênio\'), grown under different irrigation intervals starting at the pre-flowering phenological stage (R5).The plants were grown in pots and were submitted to four, eight, twelve and sixteen days without irrigation in the reproductive phase. By the end of each irrigation interval, it was assessed the substrate water content, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, ethylene production and proline production. At the end of the crop cycle, it was measured the leaf, stem and root dry weight, and the production components. The plants of both cultivars showed significant decrease in the substrate water content, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis rates with just four days without irrigation, decreasing more and more until sixteen days without irrigation. The variable ethylene production showed significant difference between the factors cultivars and irrigation intervals, with higher values for IAC Imperador. There was no statistical difference between the cultivars for leaf water content, leaf water potential, leaf and root dry weight, number of pods per plant and yield per plant. Both cultivars presented differences for the variables ethylene, proline and number of grains per plant when under water deficit, and therefore, sowed different results in this situations.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum est un champignon phytopathogène, responsable de l'anthracnose du haricot commun, Phaseolus vulgaris, et qui différencie une structure spécialisée pour pénétrer les tissus végétaux : l'appressorium. L'analyse morphologique, biochimique, biophysique et microscopique de trois mutants de pénétration de C. Lindemuthianum, a permis de montrer que la mise en place de l'appressorium chez ce champignon se décompose en trois étapes fonctionnelles: la différenciation, la maturation et l'acquisition de la fonctionnalité. De façon surprenante, l'analyse des réponses de défense élicitées chez le haricot par ces trois mutants montre que la maturation de l'appressorium, mais pas sa fonctionnalité, est nécessaire et suffisante pour provoquer la production d'ions superoxides, l'expression de gènes de défense (PAL3, CHS et PvPR2) et la sécrétion dans l'apoplasme de protéines PR. En revanche, la fonctionnalité de l'appressorium (e. G. La pénétration perse du tissu végétal) est nécessaire pour l'obtention d'une réaction hypersensible dans an moins trois relations gène à gène indépendantes. Deux approches de type "transcriptome" (hybridation de filtres moyenne densité a l'aide de sondes différentielles, hybridation soustractive) ont été conduites afin d'identifier des gènes potentiellement impliqués dans la mise en place de l'appressorium, et des gènes potentiellement sous le contrôle de la voie de signalisation à laquelle appartient la Serine/Threonine kinase CLK1, impliquée dans l'acquisition de la fonctionnalité de l'appressorium. Nos résultats suggèrent que la mise en place de l'appressorium chez C. Lindemuthianum nécessite la régulation i) du métabolisme des réserves carbonées, ii) de la synthèse des acides amines, iii) de l'endocytose, et iv) du contrôle du cycle cellulaire. Par ailleurs, la voie de signalisation incluant la kinase CLK1 serait impliquée dans i) le choix de la voie de dégradation des protéines (autophagie versus proteasome), ii) la régulation de l'activité mitochondriale, et iii) la réorganisation du cytosquelette via l'actine. Enfin, une approche gène candidat orthologue a été menée sur le gène MgPLS1 de Magnaporthe grisea, champignon phytopathogène qui produit un appressorium, qui code pour une tetraspanine putative impliquée dans la fonctionnalité de I'appressorium. Clpls1, le gène orthologue de C. Lindemuthianum est un homologue fonctionnel de MgPLS1 chez M. Grisea,; est également nécessaire à la fonctionnalité de l'appressorium chez C. Lindemuthianum, et plus précisément an niveau de la formation du pore appressorial
The fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the causal agent of anthracnose on common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, that differentiates an appressorium, a specialised structure for penetration of plant tissue. Morphological, biochemical, biophysical and microscopical examination of three C. Lindemuthianum penetration mutants allowed to demonstrate that appressorium development by this fungus can be divided in three functional substeps: differentiation; maturation and functionality. Surprisingly, analyses of plant defence responses showed that appressorium maturation but not functionality is necessary for superoxyde ions production, defence genes induction (PAL3, CHS and PvPR2), and accumulation of PR-proteins in the apoplasm. However, appressorium functionality (e. G. Genuine penetration within plant tissue) is compulsory for hypersensitive response within at least three independent gene-for-gene relationships. Two transcriptomic-based approaches (hybridisation of macroarrays with differential probes and subtractive hybridisation) have been performed in order to identify genes potentially involved in the appressorium setup and genes putatively under the control of the signal transduction pathway CLK1, a Ser/Thr kinase involved in appressorium functionality, is part of. Results Suggest that appressorium setup in C. Lindemuthianum requires regulation of i) metabolism of carbon sources, ii) synthesis of aminoacids, iii) endocytosis, and iv) control of cell cycle. Besides, the signal transduction pathway including CLK1 appears to be involved in i) balance between two protein degradation pathways (autophagy versus proteasome), ii) the regulation of mitochondrial activity, and iii) cytoskeleton reorganisation via actin. A candidate othologue gene approach was done with PLS1, a tetraspanin-encoding gene from the appressorium-producing plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea where it is involved in appressorium functionality. Clpls1, the orthologue in C. Lindemuthianum, is a functional homologue of PLS1 in M. Grisea; it is also involved in appressorium functionality in C. Lindemuthianum where it is compulsory for the appressorial pore development

Orientador: Telma Teixeira Franco
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química.
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Resumo: Rotas heterotróficas a partir de microalgas apresentam ganhos significativos de produtividade em biomassa quando comparadas aos sistemas fotossintéticos convencionais, estando a glicose e o acetato entre as fontes de carbono mais comuns desse tipo de cultivo. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver cultivos heterotróficos axênicos para a microalga Chlorella vulgaris, utilizando a glicose e o acetato de sódio como fontes de carbono exógeno, avaliando o efeito de inibição por substrato, bem como a modelagem dos perfis de crescimento de biomassa e consumo de substrato. A influência da concentração inicial de substrato na produção de biomassa pela C. vulgaris foi investigada, sendo obtidas cinéticas de crescimento do microrganismo submetido a concentrações iniciais de glicose entre 2 e 100 g.L-1, e de acetato de sódio, entre 2 e 20 g.L-1. Foi verificado que a concentração inicial de substrato influenciou significativamente o rendimento celular final, e que apesar dos dois substratos avaliados terem se mostrado fontes de carbono adequadas, a utilização de maiores concentrações iniciais, 100 g.L-1 e 20 g.L-1 de glicose e acetato de sódio, respectivamente, acarretaram na inibição do crescimento da C. vulgaris. Os modelos matemáticos testados representaram adequadamente a cinética de inibição, sendo que os resultados indicaram que a concentração ótima de glicose para o cultivo heterotrófico da C. vulgaris foi 5,8 ± 0,3 g.L-1 e de acetato de sódio foi 3,5 ± 0,2 g.L-1. Os resultados evidenciaram ainda que os procedimentos adotados no controle da contaminação foram efetivos para a manutenção da axenia dos cultivos. Pela comparação do desempenho cinético, foi constatada uma superioridade (maior que 50%) da glicose como substrato em comparação com o acetato de sódio. E no estudo de aumento de produtividade de biomassa para cultivos com acetato, foi obtido um aumento de 70% neste parâmetro com a batelada alimentada, e uma concentração final de biomassa 2,5 vezes maior do que a melhor concentração celular alcançada em shaker
Abstract: Heterotrophic microalgal routes show significant productivity gains in biomass when compared with the conventional photosynthetic systems, being glucose and acetate among the most common carbon sources such in this kind of cultivation. In this context the objective of this study was to develop axenic cultures for heterotrophic microalgae Chlorella vulgaris using glucose and sodium acetate as exogenous carbon sources, evaluating the effect of substrate inhibition, as well as the modeling of the biomass growth profiles and substrate consumption. The influence of the initial substrate concentration in the biomass production by C. vulgaris was investigated, being obtained kinetics growth of the microorganism subjected to initial glucose concentrations between 2 and 100 g/L-1, and sodium acetate between 2 and 20 g/L-1. It was found that the initial substrate concentration significantly affected the final cell yield and that although the two have been shown to be tested substrates carbon sources suitable, the use of larger initial concentrations of 100 and 20 g.L-1 of glucose and sodium acetate, respectively, resulted in inhibiting the growth of C. vulgaris. The mathematical models tested represented adequately the kinetics of inhibition, and the results indicated that the optimum concentration of glucose to heterotrophic cultivation of C. vulgaris is 5,8 ± 0,3 g.L-1 and for the sodium acetate this value is 3,5 ± 0,2 g.L-1. The results showed also that the procedures used in contamination control have been effective for the maintenance of the axenic of crops. By comparing the performance, kinetic superiority was observed (more than 50%) for the systems using glucose as substrate in comparison with the systems using sodium acetate. Finally, in the study of increasing of productivity of biomass for crops with acetate, was obtained a 70% increase in this parameter with the fed batch operation, and a final biomass concentration 2.5 times greater than the best cell concentration achieved in shake flasks
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestra em Engenharia Química

Interference among neighbouring plants, often due to competition for limited resources, is central to subjects such as yield-density relationships, intercropping, self-thinning in dense plant stands and low reproductive yield in certain crops. An experiment was conducted to investigate plant interference in associated populations of beans {Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and beets [Beta vulgaris L.). Plants of the two species were grown at different total densities and at different mixture proportions in a randomized complete block design. Several analytical procedures were used to interpret and define treatment effects. The analysis of variance indicated that yield was significantly reduced with either increasing total population density or increasing bean proportions in mixtures. The interactions of total population density and mixture proportions were only occasionally significant. Parameters of non-linear models used to define yield-density relationships indicated that beans were the superior competitor, both against themselves and against beets. The model parameters were also used to determine differential yield responses on total dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf number and leaf area in the bean-beet mixtures. Yield advantage was observed in leaf dry weight and leaf number when model parameters were used in calculating land equivalent ratios whereas total dry weight and leaf area showed yield disadvantage. Using observed values to calculate land equivalent ratios indicated yield advantage in all four variables. Plant size inequalities, as determined by the Gini coefficient tended to decrease in beet monocultures with increasing population density. In monocultures of beans and in the bean-beet mixtures, plant size distribution was not systematically changed by density and mixture treatments. Yield component analysis indicated that the variation in total yield due, to either population density or mixture treatments increased with age; the variation due to the population density by mixture proportions Interaction remained relatively constant throughout the growing season. Leaf number per plant was the yield component which was most frequently a significant source of yield variation both in the forward and backward yield component analysis. Plant growth analysis indicated that leaf area ratio and specific leaf weight were higher at higher population densities and at higher bean proportions. Harvest index decreased with increasing population density and with increasing proportions of the competing species in beets. Absolute growth, relative growth and unit leaf rates increased with time and declined after reaching a peak at about 68 days after planting. Both the lowest population density of 16 plants m ̄² and the mixture treatment with the least proportion of beans had the greatest increase in absolute growth, relative growth and unit leaf rates. Allometric relationships between total plant dry weight and any secondary measure per plant were influenced in different ways by density and mixture treatments and by time of harvest. The composition of models also varied considerably. The interpretation of plant interference, therefore is strongly influenced by the choice of plant characteristics which are measured, and by the time of measurement.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

An investigation on the abundance and spreading of sqiurrel in the 5 areas (Verkiai forest, Karoliniškės forest, Vingis park forest, Kalnai park forest and Šeškinės Ozo forest) was carried out in 2003 – 2004 year. There were theese main forests: fir – grove, pinewood, mixed forest, broad - leaved forest and place overgrown with bushes. At investigation of first year (2003), were found that the highest number of sqiurrel footmarks was in Vingis park forest and Kalnai park forest, the less footmarks was in Šeškinės Ozo forest and Karoliniškės forest. At investigation of second year (2004) were found that the most footmarks of this animal was in Kalnai park forest, the less footmarks was in Vingis park forest. This diference in abundance of sqiurrel footmarks may be decided of fire tree and pine crop. It was found out, that the most abundance of sqiurrel was in fir – grove, there are a fundamental food – fir tree seeds, the less abundance was in the broad – leaved forest and in the place overgrown with bushes. During an investigation it was found that in Vilnius city forests more important for sqiurrel abundance was the source of nutrishion of them than the influence with marten.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características físicas, químicas e sensoriais de feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) variedades Carioca, IAPAR 81, Saracura, Juriti, Pérola, Colibri e IAPAR 31. Os grãos crus das amostras de feijão estudadas apresentaram diferenças em relação ao tamanho, dureza, composição centesimal, teores de minerais e cor. A variedade Carioca apresentou menor valor de L* (41,29) e maiores valores de a* (12,17) e H* (57,22), possuindo grãos mais avermelhados e mais escuros que os das demais variedades. Os feijões foram deixados em maceração por 16 horas antes do cozimento, a variedade Saracura teve o menor grau de absorção de água (95,87 g/100g) e o menor tempo de cozimento em aparelho de Mattson (22,66 min). O tempo de cozimento para atingir textura sensorial ótima (Tempo de cozimento ótimo ou TCO) foi determinado por uma equipe de 25 consumidores, o menor tempo foi de 42 minutos para a variedade Saracura. As variedades IAPAR 81, Pérola, Colibri e IAPAR 31 não apresentaram textura sensorial ótima e o TCO foi estimado por análise de regressão. A dureza dos grãos cozidos no TCO, medida em texturômetro TA - XT2, foi menor (5N) para a variedade Saracura e maior (13N) para a IAPAR 31. Após o cozimento, os grãos da variedade Cariocas mantiveram o menor valor de L* (27,78). A variedade Saracura mostrou a maior de absorção de água (36,84 g/100g) e a menor porcentagem (30%) de grãos que permaneceram íntegros no cozimento. O meio de cocção da variedade Pérola apresentou o maior conteúdo de sólidos totais (8,41 g/100mL), sólidos solúveis (3,94 g/100mL) e condutividade elétrica (6,93 mS/cm). A viscosidade dos meios de cocção das sete variedades variou de 10 a 12 cP. O perfil sensorial das amostras de feijões cozidos no TCO foi determinado por Análise Descritiva Quantitativa utilizando-se 11 provadores treinados. A variedade Saracura caracterizou-se pela maior intensidade de maciez e textura homogênea, a Colibri pela maior integridade dos grãos, a Pérola por ter maior intensidade de gosto doce e cor marrom, a variedade Juriti pelo gosto doce e cor marrom intensos, a Carioca pelo aroma intenso de feijão cozido e a IAPAR 81 pela uniformidade da cor. A variedade IAPAR 31 não apresentou atributos sensoriais que a distinguisse das demais.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), varieties Carioca, IAPAR 81, Saracura, Juriti, Perola, Colibri and IAPAR 31. The raw grains of the studied samples showed differences in size, hardness, centesimal and mineral composition and color. Carioca variety had the lowest L* value (41.29) and highest a* (12.17) and H* (57.22) values. The grains of this variety were more redish and darker than the others. The beans were soaked for 16 hours before cooking. Saracura variety had lowest water absorption (95.87 g/100g) and lowest cooking time (22.66 min), determined using a Mattson cooker. The cooking time for optimal sensory texture (Optimal Cooking Time-OCT) was determined by a sensory panel of 25 consumers and Saracura variety had the lowest value (42 min). The varieties IAPAR 81, Perola, Colibri and IAPAR 31 did not present optimal sensory texture so the OCT was estimated by regression analysis. The hardness of the grains at their OCT was measured using a TA-XT2 texture analyzer, Saracura having the lowest hardness value (5N) and IAPAR 31 the greatest value (13N). After cooking the variety Carioca remained with the lowest L* value (27.78). Saracura variety had the highest water absorption (36.84 g/100g) and lowest percentage of grain integrity after cooking (30%). The cooking medium of Perola variety had the highest content of total solids (8.41 g/100mL), soluble solids (3.94 g/100mL) and electric conductivity (6.93 mS/cm). The viscosity of the cooking medium of the 7 varieties varied from 10 to 12 cP. The sensory profile of the cooked bean samples at their OCT was determined by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis with 11 trained panelists. Saracura variety was characterized by the highest intensity of softness and homogeneous texture; Colibri variety by highest grain integrity; Perola variety had highest intensity of sweet taste and brown color; Juriti variety had intense sweet taste and brown color; Carioca was characterized by intense cooked bean smell and IAPAR 81 by color uniformity. The variety IAPAR 31 did not show any sensory attributes that distinguished it from the others.

Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).Ispitana je ekstrakcija timijana (Thymus vulgaris L.) primenom ugljendioksida u superkritičnom stanju kao ekstragensa. Razrađen je postupak tečne hromatografije pod visokim pritiskom (HPLC) za određivanje farmakološki aktivnih fenolnih jedinjenja, timola i karvakrola, koji obezbeđuje visok stepen reproduktivnosti određivanja (za timol K_w = 1,29%). Za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu analizu proizvoda na bazi timijana, etarskog ulja i ekstrakata, primenjen je metod gasne hromatografije (GC) sa masenom spektrometrijom (MS). Sadržaj etarskog ulja određen oficinalnim postupkom koji propisuje jugoslovenska farmakopeja iznosi 1,75% (V/m). Dominantna komponenta etarskog ulja timijana je timol čiji je sadržaj 50,06% (m/m), dok je karvakrol prisutan, praktično, u tragovima (1,15%). Od prisutnih parafina u etarskom ulju, največi sadržaj ima n-tetradekan (16,11%). U totalnom ekstraktu timijana dobijenom metilen- hloridom primenom ekstrakcije sa povremenim ispuštanjem ekstrakta (Ekstrakcija po Soxhlet-u), koji je dobijen u prinosu 4,95% (m/m), dominantna komponenta je n-tetradekan (47,18%), dok je sadržaj timola 16,11%.Kinetika ekstrakcije timola se može uspešno predstaviti analogno izrazu za kinetiku reakcije prvog reda, primenom koje se dobija največa vrednost konstante brzine ekstrakcije (k) 0,2209 h^-1 za selektovani protok superkritičnog ugijendioksida 97,725 dm³/h.Primenom timijana stepena usitnjenosti d₂ srednjeg prečnika 0,35 mm za ekstrakciju superkritičnim ugijendioksidom (100 bar; 40°C; 2,5 sata) postiže se kvantitativna ekstrakcije prisutnog etarskog ulja. Po svom sastavu ovaj ekstrakt je najsličniji etarskom ulju timijana dobijenom destliacijom pomoću vodene pare. Produžavanje vremena ekstrakcije iznad 2,5 sata ima za posledicu povećani prinos, pre svega, parafina.Primenom ugljendioksida male moći rastvaranja (80 bar; 40⁰C;  d=0,1918 g/cm³) ne postiže se kvantitativna ekstrakcija etarskog ulja. Povećavanjem radnog pritiska od 100 do 400 bar, usled povećanja moći rastvaranja, dobijaju se ekstrakti koji su po svom sastavu sve sličniji totalnom ekstraktu dobijenom ekstrakcijom metilenhloridom.Za modelovanje ekstrakcionog sistema timijan - superkritični ugljendioksid je primenjena jednačina Reverchon-a i Sesti Osseo-a:                                         Y = 100 [1-exp(-t/t_i)]gde je: Y - normalizovani ekstrakcioni prinos (%); t - vreme ekstrakcije (s) i t_i -       vreme unutrašnje difuzije (s)odnosno njen modifikovani oblik:                                        Y = 100 [1 - ehr (at + b)]Izračunate vrednosti standardne greške regresije (S_Y,X) ukazuju da u osnovi modifikovana jednačina bolje fituje normalizovane prinose kako totalnog ekstrakta, tako i timola, u odnosu na polaznu jednačinu.Jednačine:   log S = a m_rel + bi   log S = a d_C02 + bgde je: S - rastvorljivost totalnog ekstrakta (g/dm³), odnosno timola (mg/dm ) u ugljendioksidu; m_rel - relativna masa ugljendioksida (g CO2/g timijana) i d_CO2 zapreminska masa ugljendioksida (g/cm³)se mogu, takođe, uspešno primeniti za modelovanje ekstrakcije ispitivanog sistema.Primenom ugljendioksida u tečnom stanju (65 bar; 23°C) se dobija ekstrakt timijana sličan po svom sastavu ekstraktu dobijenom ekstrakcijom superkritičnim ekstragensom na pritisku 100 bar.U cilju dobijanja ekstrakta timijana koji je po svom kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu najsličniji etarskom ulju dobijenom oficinalnim postupkom destilacije pomoću vodene pare, neophodno je za ekstrakciju koristiti ugljendioksid zapreminske mase 0,6302 g/cm³( 100 bar;40°C), biljni materijal stepena usitnjenosti d₂, vreme ekstrakcije 2,5 sata i protok ekstragensa 97,725 dm³/h.
Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).The extraction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by supercritical carbon dioxide as an extragent was investigated. The developed HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) method for determination of pharmacologically active phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol, showed a high reproducibility (Kw for thymol 1.29%). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of thyme products, essential oil and extracts, were carried out by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The content of essential oil determined by an official procedure given by Yugoslav pharmacopoeia was 1.75% (V/w). The predominant compound of the essential oil is thymol (50.06%; w/w), while carvacrol is present, practically, in traces (1.15%; w/w). The content of n-tetradecane in the thyme essential oil (16.11%; w/w) is higher than that of other paraffins. In the total thyme extract obtained by methylene chloride using extraction with periodical exchange of the extract (Soxhlet extraction) in a yield of 4.95%(w/w), the predominant compound was n-tetradecane (47.18%), while the content of thymol was 16.11%.The extraction kinetic of thymol can be successfully expressed by analogy to first order reaction kinetic, and a highest value of extraction rate constant (k) of 0.2209 h-1 for the selected flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide of 97.725 dm3/h.A quantitative extraction of thyme essential oil by supercritical carbon dioxide (100 bar; 40°C; 2.5hours) was obtained using thyme of the grinding degree d2 (mean particle diameter 0.35 mm). The composition of this extract is very similar to that of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation. A higher yield of extraction, primarily of paraffins, was obtained by prolonging the extraction time over 2.5 hours. The use of carbon dioxide of low solubility power (80 bar; 400C; d =0.1918 g/cm3) did not yield a quantitative extraction of thyme essential oil.Ву increasing extraction pressure from 100 to 400 bar, i.e. solubility power, the extract composition was more and more similar to the composition of total extract obtained by methylene chloride.То model extraction of the system thyme - supercritical carbon dioxide use was made of the Reverchon - Sesti Osseo equation:                  Y = 100 [1-exp(-t/ti)]where: Y - normalized extraction yield (%); t - extraction time (s) and ti - internal diffusion time (s)i.e. of its modified form:                 Y = 100 [1 - ехр (at + b)]The calculated values of standard error of regression (SY,X) show that the modified equation is generally a better fit for the normalized yields of total extract and thymol compared to the original equation.Equations:        log S = a mrel + band         log S = a dC02 + bwhere: S - solubility of total extract (g/dm3), i.e. of thymol (mg/dm3) in carbon dioxide; mrel - relative mass of carbon dioxide (g CO2/g thyme) and dCO2 carbon dioxide density (g/cm3)could be successfully used for modelling of the investigated extraction system.The composition of thyme extract obtained by liquid carbon dioxide (65 bar; 23°C ) is very similar to that obtained by supercritical extragent at a pressure of 100 bar.То obtain a thyme extract whose qualitative and quantitative characteristics are most similar to those of the essential oil obtained using official procedure by steam distillation, it is necessary to use a carbon dioxide density of 0.6302 g/cm3 (100 bar; 400C), grinding degree of thyme d2, extraction time of 2.5 hours and extragent flow rate of 97.725 dm3/h.

This thesis concerns the initial events leading to the induction of the phytoalexin response in the Phaseolus vulgaris L. - Colletotrichum lindemuthianum L. host - pathogen interaction The phytoalexin response is an expression of the resistance of the host to further pathogen invasion. The visible expression of the phytoalexin response is hypersensitive necrosis. One of the initial events leading to the induction of the phytoalexin response is thought to be the induction of the first enzyme leading to the synthesis of phenylpropanoid phytoalexins, namely L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Standard methods for determination of PAL activities were found to lead to measurements of both phenylalanine amino-transferase (PAT) and PAL activities together. Further, PAT was found to have a higher affinity for L-phenylalanine than PAL. An isotopic assay was devised for the accurate estimation of PAT and PAL activities separately using a specific inhibitor of PAT, L-aspartic acid. These experiments were carried out in a whole (intact) plant system. A rapidly isolated cell and protoplast system wa.s specially devised for isolation of the pathogen cell wall constituents responsible for the induction of the phytoalexin response. Special care was taken to minimise mechanical damage in these systems by optimising methods of purification, viability and intactness. The pathogen cell wall component responsible for the induction of the phytoalexin response was found to be an asialoglycoprotein.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-71).
This thesis is an examination of the 1976 Museum of Modern Art exhibition of color photographs by William Eggleston-the second one-man show of color photography in the museum's history- with particular attention to the exhibition monograph, William Eggleston's Guide. From hundreds of slides, MoMA Director of Photography John Szarkowski dominated the process of selecting the 75 images for the exhibition and 48 to be carefully packaged in the Guide, a faux family photo album/road trip guidebook. It is my contention that, despite their verbal emphasis on the Modernist and universal (rather than Southern) nature of the images, the photographs can be read as being replete with the mythology of the Old South- its decay, vulgarity, and even horror. Through this act of manipulation, the images in the Guide appealed in a voyeuristic way to an elite Northern art world audience, ever eager to reinforce its own intellectual, economic, and ethical superiority over other parts of the country. Due to its presumed "vulgarity" and absence of aesthetic mystique at the time, color photography required for its inaugural moment at the museum a sharp distancing from the documentary tradition and advertising-the complete erasure of social context afforded by a Modernist aesthetic.
(cont.) The two-faced posture maintained by the curator and photographer combined a canny understanding of the cultural power of the images with an overtly Modernist disavowal of it.
by Anna Karrer Kivlan.
S.M.

O estresse causado pelo deficit hídrico em plantas de feijão é descrito como responsável por alterações na assimilação de carbono e produção de etileno. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e caracterizar o desempenho fotossíntético e hormonal de plantas de feijão, variedade IAC Imperador, condicionadas a diferentes teores de água no solo durante seu ciclo. Plantas cultivadas em vasos foram submetidas a dois, quatro e seis dias sem irrigação na fase vegetativa ou reprodutiva da cultura, avaliando-se evapotranspiração da cultura, potencial hídrico das folhas, temperatura foliar, condutância estomática, transpiração, fotossíntese, produção de etileno, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, massa média de grãos e produtividade por planta, comparando-se os tratamentos sob estresse com um controle de irrigação diária. As plantas apresentaram reduções significativas na condutância estomática, transpiração e fotossíntese com apenas dois dias sem irrigação em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento. Não foi verificado aumento de produção de etileno nas plantas de nenhum dos tratamentos sob estresse quando comparadas com plantas do controle com irrigação diária. Não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para nenhum dos componentes de produtividade. O cultivar apresenta características que podem favorecer a tolerância a períodos de seca.
The stress caused by water deficit in bean plants is described as responsible for changes in carbon assimilation rates and ethylene production. The goal of this study was assess and characterize the photosynthetic and hormonal behaviour of bean plants, variety IAC Imperador, under different soil moisture contents during its cycle. Plants grown in pots were imposed to two, four and six days without irrigation at vegetative or reproductive phases, assessing crop evapotranspiration rate, leaf water potential, leaf temperature, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, ethylene production, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, grain average weight and yield per plant, comparing treatments under water stress against control with daily irrigation. Plants showed significant decreases in stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis with only two days without irrigation in both plant development stages. Plants from none of the seven treatments showed increased ethylene production when compared against plants from control with daily irrigation. There was no significant statistical difference among treatments for yield components. The variety showed characteristics that may favour the tolerance to low soil moisture periods.

Introdução Os feijões comuns, da espécie Phaseolus vulgaris, são amplamente produzidos e consumidos no Brasil. As variedades, carioca e preto ganham destaque na região Sudeste do país. Encontra-se descrita na literatura a ação hipocolesterolemizante de algumas leguminosas, tais como, soja, tremoço e feijão caupi, que podem estar associados à redução do risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo Avaliar o potencial efeito da adição de farinhas de feijões carioca e preto (Phaseolus vulgaris) no metabolismo lipídico de hamsters alimentados com dieta contendo gordura saturada e colesterol. Métodos A produção das farinhas dos feijões envolveu as etapas de autoclavagem, congelamento, liofilização e moagem. As propriedades hipocolesterolemizantes destas farinhas foram avaliadas por meio de dois ensaios biológicos. Foram utilizados hamsters Golden Syrian, machos com 21 dias, pesando 60 ± 4g, que receberam as dietas experimentais ad libitum. No Ensaio A, os animais foram separados em 3 grupos, diferenciados pela dieta. Todas as dietas eram hipercolesterolemizantes [13.5 por cento de gordura de coco e 0.1 por cento colesterol] e tinham as mesmas quantidades de proteínas, carboidratos, fibras, vitaminas e minerais. O Grupo Controle (C) tinha como fonte protéica a caseína; no Grupo Feijão Carioca (FC) a farinha de feijão carioca representou 15 por cento do peso total da dieta e no Grupo Feijão Preto a farinha de feijão preto representou 15 por cento do peso total da dieta. No Ensaio B, os animais foram separados em três grupos novamente. Desta vez, a única diferença entre os grupos foi quanto a fonte protéica, para o grupo controle (C) somente caseína, para o grupo feijão carioca (FC), 67 por cento de feijão e 7,5 por cento de caseína e para o grupo feijão preto (FP), 62 por cento de feijão e 7,5 por cento de caseína. Nos dois ensaios, após 21 dias de experimento, foi realizada coleta de materiais biológicos (plasma, fígado e fezes). Resultados O processo de produção das farinhas de feijões cozidas liofilizadas não alterou a composição centesimal das matérias-primas. A análise de fibras alimentares revelou que não há diferenças entre os cultivares Pérola e Uirapuru. No Ensaio A, as concentrações de colesterol não HDL e HDL colesterol foram maiores nos grupos que receberam feijão de maneira significativa. Quanto aos demais parâmetros plasmáticos não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos. No Ensaio B as concentrações plasmáticas de triglicerídeos foram maiores no grupo FP. As concentrações de HDL colesterol foram maiores nos grupos FP e FC, sendo estatisticamente significativa para o feijão carioca em relação ao grupo controle. As excreções fecais de ácidos biliares foram maiores no grupo FC e a de colesterol no grupo C. A determinação de lipídeos totais no fígado não revelou diferenças entre os grupos, dados que corroboraram com a análise do grau de esteatose nos fígados, a qual demonstrou desenvolvimento de acúmulo de lipídeos nos hepatócitos dos animais dos três grupos. O teste qui quadrado mostrou que as variáveis grau de esteatose e tipo de dieta, assim como tipo de dieta e grau de inflamação portal hepática são independentes. Já o grau de inflamação parenquimatosa hepática está associado ao tipo de dieta e o feijão carioca mostrou-se capaz de reduzir em 30 por cento o risco de desenvolver esteatoepatite severa. Conclusões Os feijões não foram capazes de proteger contra o aumento do colesterol total, triglicérides e colesterol não HDL no plasma, mas mesmo na presença de gordura saturada e colesterol na dieta, o feijão carioca foi capaz de aumentar a HDL, mostrando que o mecanismo de remoção do colesterol plasmático foi preservado. O feijão carioca mostrou-se eficaz na proteção contra a inflamação parenquimatosa hepática severa.
Carioca and black beans are the varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris most consumed on Brazil Southwest. It is well described that some legumes, as soy and cowpea beans, have hypocholesterolaemic effects. To test cholesterol-lowering properties of carioca and black beans, two biological assays were conducted. Golden Syrian hamsters, 21 days old, were housed individually under 12 h light-dark cycle and temperature-controlled environment, with free access to food and water. There was a adaptation period of 6 days, before the start of experimental period. In Assay A, the animals (n=19) were randomly assigned to three distinct groups. All groups received a hypercholesterolaemic diet (13.5 per cent coconut oil and 0.1 per cent cholesterol) and similar amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals to suit the animal requirements. Control group received casein as the only protein source; Carioca bean group received 15 per cent of carioca bean flour and casein to complement protein requirement and Black bean group received 15 per cent of black bean flour and casein to complement protein requirement. After 21 days, the experimental period was over and liver, blood and feces were collected. In Assay B, all groups also received a hypercholesterolaemic diet (13.5 per cent coconut oil and 0.1 per cent cholesterol). In this assay the only difference between groups (n=27) was protein source: casein for control group, and the others received carioca (67 per cent ) or black bean whole seed flour (62 per cent ) plus 7,5 per cent of casein. The beans flours obtained showed no differences in chemical composition. In Assay A, plasma HDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol were higher in Carioca bean group and Black bean group. The other plasma parameters had no differences. In assay B, plasma triglyceride was higher in Black bean group. The HDL cholesterol was increased in both beans groups, and was significant in Carioca group. Fecal excretion of bile acids was higher in animals of Carioca bean group. Fecal excretion of cholesterol was higher in Control group. There were no differences between groups in total liver lipid concentration, data supporting the steatosis analysis in livers. The chi-square test showed that the type of experimental diet and steatosis grade were independents, also the portal hepatic inflammation was not associated with the experimental diets. The parenchymal inflammation of the liver was associated with Carioca bean group, which showed that the chance of developing severe inflammation was 30 per cent lower in carioca bean group compared with Control group. Beans had no cholesterol-lowering effect, but the HDL increases in plasma and lower inflammation in Carioca bean group deserves further investigation.

Quantifying the pattern and magnitude of spatio-temporal variation in demography, and identifying underlying causes, is key to understanding population dynamics. Using long-term, spatially-explicit data from a small population of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) on Fair Isle, Scotland, I quantified spatio-temporal variation in demography and investigated its underlying mechanisms. I objectively described the population’s physical structure and hence defined spatial clusters of nest sites at multiple spatial scales. I quantified spatio-temporal variation in reproductive success and survival, across clusters and years. I explicitly included multiple broods in these analyses, examining their effects on variation in reproductive success and pre-breeding survival. My results demonstrate substantial small-scale spatial variation in both reproductive success and adult survival, contesting the common assumption that demography will be spatially homogeneous at small scales within populations that lack obvious subdivision. The inclusion of second broods had a substantial effect on spatio-temporal variation in reproductive success, however, the pre-breeding survival of second-brood individuals was so low that ultimately they may not have a large effect on population dynamics. I quantified dispersal movements of colour-ringed individuals, demonstrating that individuals breed significantly closer to their natal site than expected under random settlement. Individuals that left their natal cluster to breed moved to less productive clusters more than expected, and the difference in productivity between natal and breeding clusters did not vary with the number of available nest sites in the breeding year. The absence of nest-site availability effect suggests such patterns are consistent with source-sink dynamics, rather than site-dependent population regulation. Finally, I quantified the effect of grassland availability on demographic variation, since reduction in grassland is postulated to be a major factor in starling decline across Europe. However, there was no significant effect of the proportion of grassland surrounding the nest site on reproductive success or subsequent survival.

Prostrate juniper heath (H15 Calluna vulgaris-Juniperus communis subspecies nana heath) is of considerable conservation importance. Its infrequent distribution in northwest Scotland is often attributed to historical burning. The intraspecific taxonomy of Juniperus communis L (Cupressaceae) is unclear. This thesis seeks to understand the history and current status of the community, and to clarify the taxonomy of juniper in Scotland. The impact of current levels of land use on extant HI5 was found to be low. A study of the environmental conditions associated with HI5 revealed that the community was absent from large areas of north-west Scotland with suitable conditions. Other communities with only infrequent juniper exist in many such areas. Sites with environmental conditions suitable for HI5 were investigated using palaeoecological methods. Fire had occurred in both HI5and non-H15 sites, but there was a prolonged recent absence in HI5. A study of annual growth rings showed juniper in HI5 to be twice as old as in other communities, emphasising the lack of recent disturbance. Evidence of greater past juniper cover was not found on non-H15 sites. It is argued that the history of prostrate juniper heath is more dynamic and complex than previously believed. Comparative morphological, genetic marker, and reciprocal transplant studies of juniper populations showed that Juniperus communis ssp. nana is characterised by genotypic prostrateness, imbricate leaf arrangement, and abrupt leaf tips. It is argued that the conservation importance of HI5 and juniper are increased by the findings of this study. Implications for conservation practice, and future research, are considered.

La sécheresse constitue une des contraintes environnementales majeures à la production de haricot commun (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ). La réponse des plantes au déficit hydrique et la mise en place de mécanismes de tolérance passent par la régulation d'un grand nombre de gènes, mais seule une douzaine de ces gènes sont connus chez le haricot. L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'isoler des gènes, dont l'expression est modulée en réponse à un déficit hydrique dans les racines de haricot. Un système expérimental a été mis au point, basé sur la déshydratation de plantes cultivées en aéroponie. Parmi les 1200 ADNc observés par differential display RT-PCR, 8,7 % sont régulés lors du stress dans les racines. Quarante-sept ADNc partiels ont ainsi été caractérisés qui correspondent tous, sauf un, à des gènes nouveaux chez le haricot. Vingt d'entre eux, nommés PvDR pour Phaseolus vulgaris Dehydration-Responsive, présentent une modulation d'expression précoce, c'est à dire antérieure aux modifications du statut hydrique et à la biosynthèse d'acide abscissique (ABA). D'après les comparaisons de séquence, ces ADNc ont été classés dans des mécanismes comme la division cellulaire, le contrôle de l'expression génique ou encore le turn-over des lipides et des protéines. La caractérisation des familles multigéniques correspondant à deux ADNc PvDR, codant pour un facteur d'initiation de la traduction EIF4A et une HSP/HSC70 (protéine de choc chaud de 70 kDa) a été réalisée sur des expériences de déshydratation, de chocs thermiques et d'un traitement à l'ABA. Enfin, un nouveau type de transporteur chez les plantes, similaire aux transporteurs de cations organiques des animaux, a été isolé. Les transcrits correspondants, quasi- indétectables dans les feuilles, sont localisés au niveau du phloème dans les racines et les tiges. Son profil d'expression lors de la déshydratation puis de la réhydratation des racines suggère une implication réelle de ce transporteur dans la réponse au déficit hydrique
Water deficit is one of the major constraints to the productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ). To overcome this limitation and improve production efficiency, more drought-tolerant plants must be developed. Plants respond to drought through transcriptional modulations of a certain number of genes. Few of them have been described for bean. The aim of this work was to characterize genes differentially expressed in response to water stress in P. Vulgaris roots. Plants growing in an aeroponic system were submitted to dehydration by the arrest of spraying. Among 1200 cDNAs observed in DDRT-PCR experiments, 8,7% showed specific dehydration-responsive patterns in roots. Forty-seven partial cDNAs were further analyzed. All except one correspond to new genes in bean. Twenty cDNAs, named PvDR for Phaseolus vulgaris Dehydration Responsive, are regulated by dehydration before the significant change of root water status and the ABA synthesis. Based on sequence homologies, the corresponding genes were classified as involved in cellular division, control of gene expression as well as turn-over of lipids or proteins. Two multigenic families corresponding to a translation initiation factor EIF4A and a heat shock protein HSP70 have been analyzed in detail. Expression analyses of the two PveIF4A and three genes coding for HSP/HSC70 cytosolic isoforms showed variable responses to dehydration, heat shock and ABA. A new type of plant transporter was isolated corresponding to organic cation transporters in animals. Specific transcripts were detected in phloem cells of roots and stems. Its expression profile during a dehydration / rehydration cycle, strongly suggests an implication of this transporter in the response to water stress

This thesis examines the role of animal imagery in Petrarch's 'Rerum vulgarium fragmenta' (Rvf) as a means of elucidating his poetics in conversation with his predecessors. To achieve this aim, the present study compares and contrasts Petrarch's poetry with that of the poets quoted in Rvf 70, namely Arnaut Daniel, Guido Cavalcanti, Dante Alighieri and Cino da Pistoia. My research sheds light on the way in which Petrarch draws on and diverges from his precursors as he establishes his poetic language. The comparison between Petrarch and one or more of his predecessors poses three areas of enquiry central to my research: Petrarch's reuse of traditional animal images, such as those in troubadour poetry; the question of allegory in the Rvf; and the language and communication strategies which characterise Petrarch's poetic exchanges. Chapter 1 introduces a theoretical framework, based on the sources in Petrarch's possession, which discusses and reviews the implications, in medieval culture, of the notion of animality in relation to and in the representation of human passions. Chapter 2 considers Petrarch's potential engagement with the repertoire of animal imagery in the tradition of Occitan poetry. It examines the set of zoological images of bestiary derivation that Petrarch shares with the troubadours, specifically focusing on Petrarch's debt to Arnaut Daniel. Chapter 3 explores the role of allegory in Petrarch's animal imagery as compared with Dante's poetry. Chapter 4 considers how the employment of animal images varies between the poems without apparent correspondents and those with specific recipients. The first part of the chapter is concerned with the lyrics of Guido Cavalcanti and Cino da Pistoia, while the second part analyses animal vocabulary in the Rvf and in the poetic exchanges that Petrarch left uncollected as 'estravaganti'.

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The fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporium f sp phaseoli, is considered one of the most important diseases affecting the common bean crop, especially in areas of intense and successive crops in the winter crop. There is little information about the variability of the pathogen and few common bean cultivars used in Brazil are resistant. The objectives of this study were to identify lines of common bean, previously characterized as resistant to fusarium wilt under controlled conditions, which combine resistance to fusarium wilt in the field and other favorable characters; obtain and select segregating populations of common bean with black beans resistant to fusarium wilt, with high grain yield and commercial grain size; select promising black bean lines with resistance to fusarium wilt, high grain yieldy and mass of 100 grains; estimate correlations and genetic and phenotypic parameters for these three characters. In the evaluation of the elite lines previously obtained as resistant to fusarium wilt, the tests were conducted in a randomized block design with three replications and plots consisting of four rows of four meters. Six lines were used, one carioca and five black beans, along with five cultivars in 28 experiments, between the years 2009 to 2011, in wet, winter and rainy growing seasons, at Paraná, Distrito Federal and Goiás States. In these trials were carried out evaluations for grain yield, plant architecture, lodging tolerance, reaction to fusarium wilt and reaction to anthracnose. Variance and mean grouping test analyzes were performed for the data obtained from five traits and analysis of adaptability and stability was realized for grain yield, using the method Nunes. For obtaining and selecting segregating populations under field conditions, the segregating populations were obtained from crosses in complete diallel scheme. Crosses were realized with eight lines with black granis and with different levels of resistance to fusarium wilt. The trials were composed by 28 populations obtained and two cultivars, one resistant and one susceptible to fusarium wilt. The populations obtained were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications, in F2, F3 and F4, in winter/2012, winter/2013 and winter/2014, respectively. The three trials were conducted in Santo Antônio de Goiás in field infested by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli under irrigation by central pivot. The reaction to fusarium wilt, grain yield and weight of 100 grains were evaluated. Analyses were performed for individual and joint variance and for reaction to fusarium wilt was also carried out diallel analysis according Griffing (1956). Means were grouped using the Scott knot test. From the data obtained, two segregating populations were selected. 58 lines from each population were obtained, totalizing 116 lines which were evaluated with five controls. The evaluation of the lines was carried out in the winter/2015 in triple lattice design 11x11 with plots of two lines of 3 meters, also in Santo Antônio de Goiás - GO, in naturally infested area. There is variability in reaction to fusarium wilt, grain yield, plant architecture, lodging tolerance and reaction to anthracnose, among the lines evaluated. The genotype x environment interaction is important for the five characters evaluated. The five lines of black beans (CNFP 15867, CNFP 15870, CNFP 15869, CNFP 15868 and CNFP 15871) were resistant to fusarium wilt. Already CNFC 15872 line, with carioca grain, showed moderately susceptible. The CNFP 15867 and CNFP 15870 lines showed potential for use in breeding. BRS Esplendor cultivars and BRS Notavel are also good choices for planting in areas with fusarium wilt, with good agronomic performance. Regarding the evaluation of segregating populations was detected genetic variability for the three characters. The diallel analysis for reaction to wilt fusarium showed difference between the general combining ability (CGC) of parents and between the specific combination capacity (CEC) of the populations. The resistance to fusarium wilt was explained by additive and non-additive effects. The CNFP 15867 line showed positive estimate of CGC, been indicated for new crosses. Considering together, the mean of population for all traits and diallel analysis for reaction to fusarium wilt, populations BRS Esplendor x BRS Expedito and BRS Expedito x CNFP 15867 were selected. Considering the lines obtained from these two populations, the estimates of heritability, genetic variance and gain expected selection were high for the three traits, indicating good chance of successful selection. Considering the simultaneous selection, it was possible to obtain gains for the three traits, especially for reaction to fusarium wilt (31%). Eight lines have been identified that meet resistance to fusarium wilt, high grain yield and good grain size. There was a significant genetic correlation between fusarium wilt and grain yield, so lines resistant to fusarium wilt present high grain yield.
A murcha-de-fusário, causada pelo fungo Fusarium oxysporium f sp phaseoli, é considerada uma das doenças mais importantes que acometem a cultura do feijoeirocomum, sobretudo em áreas de cultivos intensos e sucessivos na safra de inverno. Existem poucas informações acerca da variabilidade do patógeno e poucas cultivares de feijoeiro-comum utilizadas no Brasil são resistentes. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: identificar linhagens elite de feijoeiro-comum, previamente caracterizadas como resistentes à murcha-de-fusário em condições controladas, que associem resistência à murcha-de-fusário em campo e outros caracteres favoráveis; obter e selecionar populações segregantes de feijoeiro-comum com grãos pretos resistentes à murcha-de-fusário, com alta produtividade e tamanho comercial de grãos; selecionar linhagens de grãos pretos promissoras com resistência à murchade- fusário, alta produtividade e massa de 100 grãos; estimar correlações e parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para esses três caracteres. Na avaliação das linhagens elite previamente obtidas como resistentes à murcha-de-fusário, os ensaios foram conduzidos em delineamento blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e parcelas constituídas de quatro linhas de quatro metros. Foram avaliadas seis linhagens, sendo uma do tipo carioca e cinco de grãos pretos, juntamente com cinco cultivares, em 28 experimentos, entre os anos de 2009 a 2011, nas safras da seca, inverno e das águas, nos Estados de Paraná, Distrito Federal e Goiás. Nesses experimentos foram realizadas avaliações para produtividade de grãos, arquitetura de plantas, tolerância ao acamamento, reação à murcha-de-fusário e reação à antracnose. Foram realizadas análises de variância e testes de agrupamento de médias para os dados obtidos dos cinco caracteres e análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade para a produtividade de grãos, utilizando o método de Nunes. Para a obtenção e seleção de populações segregantes, em condições de campo, as populações segregantes foram obtidas a partir de cruzamentos em esquema de dialelo completo sem recíprocos. Foram cruzadas oito linhagens/cultivares de feijoeiro-comum com grãos pretos com níveis diferenciados de resistência à murcha-de-fusário. Os ensaios foram compostos pelas 28 populações obtidas nos cruzamentos e duas testemunhas, sendo uma resistente e outra suscetível à murcha-de-fusário. As populações obtidas foram avaliadas em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições, nas gerações F2, F3 e F4, nas safras de inverno/2012, inverno/2013 e inverno/2014, respectivamente. Os três ensaios foram conduzidos em Santo Antônio de Goiás em campo infestado por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli sob irrigação por pivô central. Foram avaliadas a reação à murcha-de-fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. Realizaram-se análises de variância individual e conjunta e para reação a murcha-de-fusário também foi realizada análise dialélica segundo Griffing (1956). As médias foram agrupadas utilizando-se o teste de scott knot. A partir dos dados obtidos, foram selecionadas duas populações segregantes, das quais foram obtidas 58 linhagens de cada uma, totalizando 116 linhagens, que foram avaliadas juntamente com cinco testemunhas. A avaliação das linhagens foi realizada na safra de inverno/2015, em delineamento látice triplo 11x11, com parcelas constituídas de duas linhas de 3 metros, também em Santo Antônio de Goiás – GO, em área infestada naturalmente. Existe variabilidade para reação à murcha-de-fusário, produtividade de grãos, arquitetura de plantas, tolerância ao acamamento e reação à antracnose, entre as linhagens avaliadas. A interação genótipos x ambientes é importante para os cinco caracteres avaliados. As cinco linhagens de grãos pretos (CNFP 15867, CNFP 15870, CNFP 15869, CNFP 15868 e CNFP 15871) foram resistentes à murcha-de-fusário. Já a linhagem CNFC 15872, de grão carioca, apresentou-se moderadamente suscetível. As linhagens CNFP 15867 e CNFP 15870 apresentaram potencial para utilização em novos cruzamentos, entretanto, não superaram as melhores testemunhas. As cultivares BRS Esplendor e BRS Notável ainda são boas opções para plantio em áreas com incidência de murcha-de-fusário, apresentando bom desempenho agronômico. Com relação à avaliação das populações segregantes, detectou-se variabilidade genética para os três caracteres. A análise dialélica para reação à murcha-de-fusário mostrou diferença entre as capacidades gerais de combinação (CGC) dos genitores e entre as capacidades específicas de combinação (CEC) das populações. A resistência a murcha-de-fusário foi explicada pelos efeitos aditivos e não-aditivos. A linhagem CNFP 15867 apresentou estimativa positiva de CGC, sendo indicada para realização de novos cruzamentos. Considerando em conjunto, a média das populações para todos os caracteres e a análise dialélica para reação à murcha-de-fusário, foram selecionadas as populações BRS Esplendor x BRS Expedito e BRS Expedito x CNFP 15867. Considerando as linhagens obtidas dessas duas populações, as estimativas de herdabilidade, variância genética e ganho esperado com a seleção foram elevadas para os três caracteres, indicando boa possibilidade de sucesso com a seleção. Considerando a seleção simultânea, foi possível obter ganhos para os três caracteres, com destaque para a reação à murcha-de-fusário (31%). Foram identificadas oito linhagens que reúnem resistência à murcha-de-fusário, alta produtividade e bom tamanho de grão. Foi identificada correlação genética significativa entre murcha-defusário e produtividade de grãos, portanto linhagens resistentes à murcha-de-fusário são mais produtivas.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) constitui-se numa das mais importantes explorações agrícolas tanto pela área cultivada quanto pelo valor de produção. O cultivo agrícola realizado visando a preservação dos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo é fundamental para a realização de uma agricultura sustentável. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo do feijoeiro cultivar IAC, sobre diferentes palhadas de plantas de cobertura e doses de nitrogênio, aplicados em cobertura, e sua influência sobre a produção e qualidade de sementes e sobre os atributos físicos e químicos do solo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 5 doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1) utilizando-se como fonte a ureia e 6 de palhadas (milho, milheto, Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa ruziziensis, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5, Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), no cultivar IAC Formoso. As parcelas constaram de 6 linhas de 5 m sendo considerado como área útil as 4 linhas centrais a 0,5 m de cada extremidade. Após a colheita foram feitas análises dos componentes de produção do feijoeiro (número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes e produtividade), qualidade fisiológica de sementes (teste de germinação, teste de primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento de plântulas, teste de condutividade elétrica, tese de envelhecimento acelerado e teste de frio sem solo) e atributos físicos e químicos do solo, por meio da avaliação da resistência à penetração e análise química do solo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que: a produtividade do feijoeiro foi influenciada pelas plantas de cobertura nos dois anos, porém nem as maiores Produtividades e nem as menores ocorreram nas mesmas espécies. ara doses de nitrogênio em cobertura ocorreram variações entre os anos, sendo que em um dos anos para massa de 100 sementes foram obtidos ajustes dos dados a uma função linear, não ficando evidenciada nas demais avaliações efeito do nutriente sobre componentes de produtividade e produtividade do feijoeiro provavelmente devido a seca no período; as sementes obtidas apresentaram bom nível de qualidade fisiológica. A resistência à penetração de solo apresentou valores impeditivos ao pleno desenvolvimento da cultura. A as plantas de cobertura não influenciaram os atributos químicos de solo.
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is in one of the most important farms both the acreage and by production value. The agricultural cultivation carried out for the preservation of the physical, chemical and biological soil is essential for the achievement of a profitable and sustainable agriculture. The objective was to evaluate the bean cultivation IAC on different straws cover crops and nitrogen, applied in coverage , and its influence on the production and quality of seeds and about the physical and chemical soil. The experiment was conducted in Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP - Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria-MS. The treatments consisted of five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) using as source urea and 6 straws (maize, millet, Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa ruziziensis, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5, Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) in IAC Formoso. The plots consisted of 6 lines of 5 m length. After harvest were made analysis of yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds and productivity), physiological seed quality (germination test, first count, speed germination index, seedling length, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and cold test without soil) and physical characteristics and soil chemistry, by evaluating the resistance to penetration and chemical analysis of soil, respectively. In conclusion: bean yield was influenced by cover crops in two years, but not the highest productivity and even the smallest occurred in the same species; for nitrogen levels in coverage there were variations between years, and in one year for mass of 100 seeds were obtained settings data to a linear function, not being evidenced in other evaluations effect of nutrient on yield components and bean yield probably due to drought in the period; the obtained seeds showed good level of physiological quality. resistance to soil penetration values presented impede the full development of crop; cover crops did not affect the chemical aspects of soil, with all providing a good nutrient cycling.

Orientador: Marco Eustáquio Sá
Resumo: A cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) constitui-se numa das mais importantes explorações agrícolas tanto pela área cultivada quanto pelo valor de produção. O cultivo agrícola realizado visando a preservação dos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo é fundamental para a realização de uma agricultura sustentável. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo do feijoeiro cultivar IAC, sobre diferentes palhadas de plantas de cobertura e doses de nitrogênio, aplicados em cobertura, e sua influência sobre a produção e qualidade de sementes e sobre os atributos físicos e químicos do solo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 5 doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1) utilizando-se como fonte a ureia e 6 de palhadas (milho, milheto, Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa ruziziensis, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5, Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), no cultivar IAC Formoso. As parcelas constaram de 6 linhas de 5 m sendo considerado como área útil as 4 linhas centrais a 0,5 m de cada extremidade. Após a colheita foram feitas análises dos componentes de produção do feijoeiro (número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes e produtividade), qualidade fisiológica de sementes (teste de germinação, teste de primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is in one of the most important farms both the acreage and by production value. The agricultural cultivation carried out for the preservation of the physical, chemical and biological soil is essential for the achievement of a profitable and sustainable agriculture. The objective was to evaluate the bean cultivation IAC on different straws cover crops and nitrogen, applied in coverage , and its influence on the production and quality of seeds and about the physical and chemical soil. The experiment was conducted in Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP - Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria-MS. The treatments consisted of five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) using as source urea and 6 straws (maize, millet, Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa ruziziensis, Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5, Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) in IAC Formoso. The plots consisted of 6 lines of 5 m length. After harvest were made analysis of yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds and productivity), physiological seed quality (germination test, first count, speed germination index, seedling length, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and cold test without soil) and physical characteristics and soil chemistry, by evaluating the resistance to penetration and chemical analysis of soil, respectively. In conclusion: bean yield was influenced by cover crops in two years, but n... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Upland heather moorland is often subjected to wildfires, particularly in drought years, which destroy all vegetation, seed bank and surface peat. Post-fire management of liming, fertilising and seeding with grass species and Calluna vulgaris (ling heather), in addition to natural regeneration, often fails to fully re-vegetate the bare burnt peat, leading to erosion and degraded sites. Here, two sites were under investigation: Darwen Moor that suffered a severe fire in 1995, and a moor overlooking Stalybridge, Tameside, burnt in 1980. Both burnt areas received similar post-fire management. After a full vegetation survey of Darwen Moor, with data analysed using Two-way species indicator analysis (Twinspan), permanent quadrats were established within representative areas of identified vegetation sub-communities. Twice yearly surveys (spring and autumn) were undertaken within areas defined by these quadrats. Results of vegetation survey showed regeneration of C. vulgaris on burnt sections of Darwen moor had increased from 18% to 38%, (2000-2005), and had become the dominant species, with only 3% of the burnt moor remaining unvegetated. Vegetation succession was not advancing unidirectionally with increasing variation between samples of the same sub-community. This was in contrast to the Stalybridge site that remained unvegetated (77%) twenty-five years after wildfire. Survey data were collected using both digital photography and point quadrat survey. Pre-monitoring investigation showed no significant difference between data collected by these techniques. Experiments were undertaken to assess aspects of C. vulgaris seed dispersal and viability. Seed-trap experiments using transplanted C. vulgaris suggested that few seeds are being dispersed into degraded sites, whilst datalogger evidence showed poor germination opportunity for C. vulgaris seeds on moorland post-wildfire. C. vulgaris seeds were shown to germinate and grow on moorland peat in controlled conditions, although they rapidly became unviable when exposed to drought conditions. Use of a polyacrylamide gel to enhance environmental conditions for sown grass species showed early increased ground cover but failed to show any significant increase after 14 months. Accepted upland moorland revegetation management post-wildfire is reviewed and from experimental results, additional management techniques are suggested.

Orientadores: Edgard Ferro Collares, Alba Regina Monteiro Souza Brito
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A úlcera péptica acomete cerca de 10% da população mundial; inseridos dentro dessa porcentagem estão milhares de brasileiros. Essa patologia é causada por um desbalanço entre os mecanismos protetores e agressores da mucosa, e é resultado da associação de diversos fatores agressores endógenos (ácido, pepsina e bile), fatores exógenos predisponentes às condições de vida (estresse, fumo, álcool, uso continuo de drogas antiflamatórias não esteróides, ingestão de determinados alimentos e a presença do Helicobacter pylori) e a predisposição genética. Atualmente, as terapêuticas utilizadas no tratamento das lesões são: antiácidos, anticolinérgicos, antagonistas de receptores H2 para histamina, inibidores da bomba de próton, antibióticos e mais raramente alguns procedimentos cirúrgicos. A aplicação de qualquer esquema terapêutico com emprego de uma ou mais destas drogas ou procedimento cirúrgico pode ocasionar alguns efeitos colaterais e não obrigatoriamente é eficaz. A utilização de plantas medicinais no tratamento de doenças vem se desenvolvendo na última década. Algumas plantas têm atividade antiulcerogênica. Há evidências que a alga Chlorella vulgaris pode modificar a resposta imune celular, tem atividade antitumoral, antimetastática e antiulcerogênica. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a atividade antiulcerogênica da alga Chlorella vulgaris em modelos agudos e um modelo crônico de indução de úlceras. Ratos Wistar foram utilizados para determinação do esvaziamento gástrico (EG) e modelos de úlcera induzida por etanol e ácido acético, enquanto camundongos swiss foram utilizados para os modelos de úlcera através de ligadura do piloro e piroxicam. Para avaliar o efeito sobre o esvaziamento gástrico (EG) do extrato de Chlorella vulgaris (ECV) foi utilizada uma refeição de prova (RP) liquida com extrato nas concentrações de 50mg/mL e 100mg/mL do ECV. Para o estudo dos modelos agudos de ligadura do piloro, etanol e piroxicam e do modelo crônico, foram utilizadas as doses de 250, 500 e 1000mg/kg de ECV para a prevenção e o tratamento das lesões. No modelo crônico também foi utilizada a fração acetato obtida do ECV na dose de 5mg/100g e foi dosada a quantidade de fator de crescimento epidermal (EGF) produzido na região da úlcera. O estudo da toxicidade do ECV foi realizado através da medida de ganho de peso dos ratos e peso dos órgãos como rins, pulmões, fígado e coração, visto que os primeiros sinais da toxicidade dada por um extrato é a perda de peso corporal e dos órgãos.O ECV, nas concentrações empregadas, não interferiu no EG quando preparado como uma RP liquida em comparação com o veículo (água). O extrato não alterou nenhum dos parâmetros bioquímicos como pH, quantidade de H+ e peso do suco gástrico, no modelo de ligadura do piloro. O ECV não preveniu a formação de úlceras no modelo de piroxican, mas evitou a formação de lesões causadas por etanol nas doses de 500 e 1000 mg/kg. Esse efeito desapareceu quando o etanol foi empregado duas horas após o pré-tratamento com ECV na dose de 1000 mg/kg. No modelo de úlcera crônica o ECV, nas doses de 500 e 1000 mg/kg, foi capaz de diminuir significativamente as lesões causadas pelo ácido acético, não alterando no entanto, a quantidade de EGF produzida na zona de cicatrização, quando comparados ao controle água. Além disso, o tratamento prolongado com o ECV na dose de 500 mg/kg alterou significativamente a evolução do ganho de peso desses animais. Em conclusão, o ECV, como complemento alimentar, pode ser uma alternativa no tratamento da úlcera péptica gástrica
Abstract: About 10%of the world¿s population suffer from peptic ulcer, within this percentage we find thousands of Brazilians. This pathology is caused by an unbalance between the protection and attack mechanisms of the stomach lining, and is the result of the association of various endogenous attack factors (pepsin, acid, bile), exogenous factors pertaining to life style (stress, smoking, alcohol intake, continuous use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ingestion of certain types of food and the presence of Helicobacter Pylori) and genetic predisposition. Nowadays, the therapeutic methods used for the treatment of the lesions are: Anti-acids, anti-cholinergic, antagonist H2 receptors for histamine, proton bombs; certain surgical procedures are also applied, though much less frequently. Any therapeutic method that involves the use of one or more of the drugs and/or procedures above mentioned may cause some side effects and is not necessarily effective. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases has been developing over the past decade. Some plants have an anti-ulcer activity. There is evidence that the Chlorella vulgaris algae may modify cellular immune response, and there is also evidence to its anti-tumor, anti-metastasis, anti-ulcer activity. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of the Chlorella vulgaris algae acute models of ulcer induction and also in one chronic model of ulcer induction. Wistar rats were used to determine gastric emptying (GE) and in models of ulcer induced by ethanol and acetic acid, while swiss mice were used for the piloro ligature and piroxicam ulcer induction models. In order to evaluate the effect of the Chlorella vulgaris extract (ECV) on gastric emptying (GE) a liquid proof meal (PM) with the extract in the concentration of 50mg/l and 100mg/l was usedIn the study of the acute piloro ligature, ethanol and piroxicam models, and in the chronic model, dosages of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg of ECV were used in the prevention and treatment of the lesions. In the chronic model the fraction of acetate obtained from the ECV in the dosage of 5mg/100g was also used, and the amount of epidermal growth factor (EGF) produced in the region of the ulcer was measured. The toxicity study of the ECV was done by measuring the weight gain of the rats and the weight of their organs i.e. kidneys, lungs, liver, and heart, once the first signs of toxicity by an extract are loss of body and organ weight. The ECV, in the concentration used, did not interfere with the GE when prepared as a liquid PM in comparison to the vehicle (water). The extract did not alter any of the biochemical parameters such as pH, amount of H+ and weight of the gastric juice in the piloro ligature model. The ECV did not prevent the formation of ulcer in the piroxicam model, but it prevented the formation of lesions caused by ethanol in the dosage of 500 and 1000mg/kg. This effect disappeared when ethanol was ministered two hours after the pre-treatment with ECV in the dosage of 1000mg/kg. The chronic ulcer induction model the ECV, in the dosage of 500 and 1000mg/kg, was able to significantly lessen the lesions caused by acetic acid, not altering, however, the amount of EGF produced in the scar tissue area when compared to the water control. Furthermore, the long-term treatment with ECV in the dosage of 500mg/kg significantly altered the evolution of weight gain of these animals. In conclusion, the ECV, as a dietary complement, may be an alternative in the treatment of gastric peptic ulcer
Mestrado
Fisiologia
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Etanolni ekstrakti tropa odabranih sorti cvekle (Detroit, Cardeal-F1, Egipatska, Bikor i Kestrel) prečišćeni su primenom ekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (SPE). Sadržaj ukupnihfenolnih jedinjenja, flavonoida i betalaina u prečišćenim ekstraktima određeni su spektrofotometrijskim metodama. HPLC analizom utvrđen je kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav fenolnih jedinjenja i betalaina ekstrakata tropa odabranih sorti cvekle. ESR spektroskopijom ispitana je antiradikalska aktivnost ekstrakata topa cvekle na stabilne DPPH i reaktivne superoksid anjon i hidroksil radikale.Spektrofotometrijski je određena antioksidativna aktivnost na DPPH radikale i redukciona sposobnost po Oyaizu u ekstraktima odabranih sorti cvekle. Ispitana je in vitroantiproliferativna aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata, njihovim delovanjem na rast tri histološki različite humane ćelijske linije: MCF-7 (adenokarcinom dojke), HeLa (epitelni karcinom cerviksa)i MRC-5 (fetalni fibroblastni karcinom pluća). U završnoj fazi rada određena je antimikrobna aktivnost ekstrakata tropa odabranih sorti cvekle.
Beetroot (Detroit, Cardeal-F1, Egipatska, Bikor i Kestrel) pomace ethanol extracts were purified using solid phase extraction (SPE). Contents of total phenols, flavonoids and betalains in purified extracts were determined by spectrophotometric methods. HPLC analysis were used for quantitative and qualitative characterization of phenolic compounds and betalains in investigated extracts. ESR spectroscopy was used for investigation of antiradical activity of beetroot pomace extracts on stable DPPH and reactive superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically on DPPH radicals and reducing power according to Oyaizu in the beetroot pomace extracts. Antiproliferative activity of investigated extracts was determined in vitro, testing their influence on the growth of three histologically different human cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervix epithelioid carcinoma) and MRC-5 (fetal lung). Also, antimicrobial activity of beetroot pomace extracts was determined.

In wounded cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris the accumulation of the 5-hydroxy isoflavonoids 21-hydroxygenistein and kievitone preceded the major increases in the levels of the 5-deoxy compounds coumestrol and phaseollin. Increased phytoalexin (kievitone and phaseollin) levels werepreceded by transient increases in the extractable activities of L-phenyl-alanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase (EC 5.5.1.6). 13C-NMR analysis of kievitone and phaseollin produced after feeding [l,2-13C2] acetate to wounded cotyledons demonstrated the incorporation of intact acetate units into the aromatic A-rings. Phaseollin showed a specific folding of the polyketide chain whereas kievitone exhibited a randomisation of the label in keeping with the intermediacy of a 2',4',6'-trihydroxychalcone during its formation. The biosynthetic routes to these 5-hydroxy and 5-deoxy isoflavonoids thus diverge prior to chalcone formation. The results suggest the involvement of a 6'-deoxychalcone synthase in the biosynthesis of 5-deoxy isoflavonoid compounds. However, efforts to locate the activity of such an enzyme were unsuccessful 6'-Hydroxy chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase were purified from cell suspension cultures of P. vulgaris. Chalcone synthase showedmany similarities to the enzyme purified from Petroselinum hortense butwas much less stable, had significantly different aoparent K values formthe two substrates and produced different in vitro release products following purification. With malonyl CoA as variable substrate, double reciprocal plots for naringenin formation were sigmoidal suggesting positive cooperativity which may favour the formation of chalcones in vivo. Only a single form of chalcone isomerase was found; however, the enzyme catalysed the isomerisation of both 6-hydroxy and 6'-deoxy chalcones to the corresponding flavanones. Kievitone strongly inhibited the activity of both enzymes whilst coumestrol was a potent inhibitor of chalcone isomerase A range of other 5-hydroxy and 5-deoxy isoflavonoid compounds tested had little or no effect on the activity of the two enzymes. The possible relevance of the inhibitory effects of such compounds is discussed in relation to the role of both enzymes in the induced accumulation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins in P. vulgaris.

Although adhesion of bacteria and yeast have been extensively studied by a wide range of experimental and theoretical approaches, significantly less attention has been focused on microalgal adhesion to solid materials. Therefore this doctoral thesis is focused on physico-chemical aspects of microalgal adhesion. The results are based on experimental characterization of surface properties of both microalgae and solids by contact angle and zeta potential measurements. These data were subsequently used in modeling the surface interactions (thermodynamic, classical and extended DLVO models) resulting in quantitative prediction of the interaction intensities. Finally, the model predictions are compared with experimental adhesion tests of microalgae onto model solids in order to identify the physico-chemical forces governing the microalgae-solid interaction. The model solids were prepared in order to cover a wide range of properties (hydrophobicity, surface charge). The results revealed that in low ionic strength environment the adhesion was influenced mostly by electrostatic attraction/repulsion between surfaces, while with increasing ionic strength grew the importance of apolar (hydrophobic) interactions. Among tested materials the highest adhesion of Chlorella vulgaris cells was observed to (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane modified glass (APTES glass) mimicking the surface properties of stainless steel. The impact of solid surface properties on the degree of colonization by microlagae was statistically more significant than the influence of culture medium composition on cell surface of Chlorella vulgaris.

This project is focused on transformation of Silene vulgaris mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes. S. vulgaris is a good model plant to study gynodioecy, an evolutionary step from bisexuality to dioecy. Gynodioecious plants form in some individuals bisexual flowers, while the others possess only female flowers. The aim of this research is do develop a technique to introduce foreign genes into this plant to study its developmental consequences. Using A. rhizogenes we successfuly prepared hairy root cultures, which unfortunately do not form shoot regenerants. We have prepared a protocol to induce plant regenerants from S. vulgaris leaf fragments. The first results do not confirm that A. tumefaciens infected plant regenerants harbor reporter transgenes. We used Nicotiana tabacum as a positive control.

Masters of Science
In this study, we observed that phosphate (P) deficiency stunted plant growth and produced plants with poor morphological characteristics (yellow and small leaves). Furthermore, we treated plants with 0.8 mM (control) and 0.02 mM P (deficient) in addition to 6 μM methylglyoxal (MG) and we observed that the plants treated with MG had a higher germination, and better morphological characteristics (the leaves were more dark green and bigger in size) compared to the P deficient plants. However, we also observed that the P deficient plants treated with MG had low levels of both O2- and H2O2 and this could be a possible reason for the improved growth and morphological characteristics. In contrast, the P deficient plants not treated with MG had high levels of O2- and H2O2 which could be the possible reason for the observed cell death. We also performed biochemical assays including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, malondialdehyde content, ascorbic acid content, catalase, and most of the assays showed high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and low levels of antioxidant activities in plants not treated with MG while high levels of antioxidant activities and low levels of ROS were observed in plants treated with exogenous MG. Since nitric oxide (NO) is also known to be a signalling molecule, we did a NO assay and observed that NO content increased under low exogenous doses of MG. From our findings we came to a hypothesis that MG modulates P deficiency stress in P. vulgaris through NO signalling or it might be that NO and MG work in tandem to modulate signalling pathways under P deficiency. Finally, we looked at the nutrient profile and the results showed that while there was a poor nutrient profile generally under P deficiency, there was an improvement in nutrient profile when MG was administered at low doses.

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biochemistry, Microbial Biochemistry
The work presented in this dissertation aimed to unravel the defense mechanisms of the anaerobic sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio (D.) vulgaris Hildenborough against oxidative and nitrosative stresses. Desulfovibrio spp. are usually found in anaerobic niches in soil, marine and fresh waters and sediments, but also in zones periodically exposed to oxygen. Ecologically, Desulfovibrio spp.(...)

The bean plant anthracnose is caused by fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc& Magnus) Scribner, which is considered one of the main diseases that attacks the culture, which might cause losses and final productivity decrease and one of the most used alternative of control is the chemical and genetic induction of resistance. The use of silicon in agriculture presents many benefits, such as: decrease of toxicity by metals, relief of saline stress and lack of water, increase of resistance to strong winds, increase of resistance to pathogens and insects, among others. Thus, the present paper has the aim of evaluating the effect of silicon as inductor of resistance to anthracnose in bean plant, by using different sources in the seeds’ coating. It was used four sources of silicon: ash of carbonized rice hull, dust of rock commercial product Potenccy® , the commercial product Supa Sílica, Agrichem® and the commercial product Silicon SiO2, Rigrantec®. It was conducted two experiments: in experiment 1 it was tested the silicon sources applied in seeds of culture IPR Graúna, susceptible to anthracnose, through sanitary and physiological evaluation of seeds and it was carried out the histological analysis of seedlings and tegument of the seeds to detect the presence of silicon. The silicon source which presented the best answers to the anthracnose control, in experiment 1, was used in experiment 2, that was performed in the field, with two cultures of bean susceptible to anthracnose (IPR Graúna and IPR Uirapuru), where it was assessed the emergency and symptoms in the seedlings. It was possible to identify silicates in the primary leaves of bean seedlings, deriving from silicon source Silicon SiO2, Rigrantec®. The application of silicon reduces the negative effect of inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in bean seeds.
A antracnose do feijoeiro é causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc & Magnus) Scribner, sendo considerada uma das principais doenças que atacam a cultura, podendo ocasionar perdas e diminuição da produtividade final e uma das alternativas de controle mais utilizadas é a indução química e genética de resistência. O uso do silício na agricultura apresenta vários benefícios, tais como: diminuição de toxidez por metais, alívio do estresse salino e da falta de água, aumento da resistência a ventos fortes, aumento da resistência a patógenos e insetos, entre outros. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito do silício como indutor de resistência à antracnose do feijoeiro, utilizando diferentes fontes no recobrimento de sementes. Foram utilizadas quatro fontes de silício: cinza de casca de arroz carbonizada, pó de rocha produto comercial Potenccy®, o produto comercial Supa Sílica, Agrichem® e o produto comercial Silicon SiO2, Rigrantec®. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: no experimento 1 foram testadas as fontes de silício aplicadas em sementes da cultivar IPR Graúna, suscetível a antracnose, através da avaliação sanitária e fisiológica das sementes, e foi realizada a análise histológica das plântulas e do tegumento das sementes para detectar a presença de silício. A fonte de silício que apresentou as melhores respostas para o controle da antracnose, no experimento 1, foi utilizada no experimento 2, que foi realizado em campo, com duas cultivares de feijão suscetíveis a antracnose (IPR Graúna e IPR Uirapuru), onde foram avaliadas a emergência e sintomas nas plântulas. Foi possível identificar silício nas folhas primárias de plântulas de feijão, somente para o tratamento com silício oriundo do produto comercial Silicon SiO2, Rigrantec®. A aplicação de silício reduz efeito negativo da inoculação com Colletotrichum lindemuthianum nas sementes de feijão.