Academic literature on the topic 'W/L ratio'
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Journal articles on the topic "W/L ratio"
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Phetchakul, Toempong, Yothin Chemthung, and Amporn Poyai. "Effect of Aspect Ratio on Horizontal Field Magnetoresistance." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.327.
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This paper studies the aspect ratio (W/L), width (W) per length (L) of semiconductor resistor based on Hall effect current mode for horizontal magnetic field. At low concentration, 1014 cm-3, W/L < 1, the length has direct effect to magnetoresistance. The W/L = 1, the large resistor provides magnetioresistance better than small device. The W/L ˃ 1, the width has inversely proportional to magnetoresistance. The %MR(B) is around 1 % at 0.5 T, 1 mA. The long resistor (W/L < 1) can create ΔR in the order of several kilo ohms and several hundred ohms for short resistor (W/L>1). The contribution factors ρ (L/W) for high ΔR are low concentration and aspect ratio (W/L<1). The high %MR(B) is contributed by high current density of short structure (W/L > 1). At high concentration 1017 cm-3, aspect ratio and magnetoresistance are not sensitive to magnetic field because the Hall effect hardly occurs in high concentration material.
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Disimile, Peter J., Norman Toy, and Eric Savory. "Effect of Planform Aspect Ratio on Flow Oscillations in Rectangular Cavities." Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, no. 1 (1999): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483223.
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An experimental investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of cavity lateral width on the flow oscillations that occur in an open cavity placed within a turbulent subsonic boundary layer. A rectangular cavity with a length to depth ratio L/D=1 and planform aspect ratio L/W=0.115 was placed within a thick turbulent boundary layer with a corresponding Reθ=10.5×103. Pressure time histories were acquired at six separate cavity widths (or L/W values) using microphone-type pressure transducers. The spectral character of these signals was analyzed and the pressure levels and dominant frequencies determined. This study indicates that large changes in the pressure level occur as L/W varies from 0.115 to 0.682. A state of fluid dynamic resonance was observed at L/W=0.137 and fluid–acoustic resonance at L/W=0.682, the smallest cavity width. Relative sound pressure level calculations indicate that the energy within the cavity compared with that of the boundary layer, was observed to increase by approximately 40 percent at L/W=0.137. [S0098-2202(00)00601-5]
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Shi, Peijian, Kexin Yu, Ülo Niinemets, and Johan Gielis. "Can Leaf Shape be Represented by the Ratio of Leaf Width to Length? Evidence from Nine Species of Magnolia and Michelia (Magnoliaceae)." Forests 12, no. 1 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010041.
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Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (>140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.
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Kwon, S. B., N. S. Park, S. J. Lee, H. W. Ahn, and C. K. Wang. "Examining the effect of length/width ratio on the hydro-dynamic behaviour in a DAF system using CFD and ADV techniques." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 7 (2006): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.218.
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Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a solid–liquid separation system that uses fine bubbles rising from the bottom to remove particles in water. In this study, we investigated the effect of L/W(L; length, W; width) on the hydrodynamic behavior in a DAF system using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and ADV (acoustic Doppler velocimetry) technique. The factual full-scale DAF system, L/W ratio of 1:1, was selected and various L/W ratio conditions (2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1) were simulated with CFD. For modelling, 2-phase (gas–liquid) flow equations for the conservation of mass, momentum and turbulence quantities were solved using a Eulerian–Eulerian approach based on the assumption that a very small particle is applied in the DAF system. Also, for verification of CFD simulation results, we measured the actual velocity at some points in the full-scale DAF system with the ADV technique. Both the simulation and the measurement results were in good accordance with each other. We concluded that the L/W ratio and outlet geometry play an important role for flow pattern and fine bubble distribution in the flotation zone. In the ratio of 1:1, the dead zone is less than those in other cases. On the other hand, in the ratio of 5:1, the fine bubbles were more evenly distributed.
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Firmasari, Firmasari, Ni Ketut Sumarni, Ruslan, and Hardi Ys. "PERSEN DEGRADASI EKSTRAK ETANOL KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELLA (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) SELAMA PENYIMPANAN THE PERCENTAGE OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF ROSELLE PETALS (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) DURING STORAGE." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 5, no. 2 (2019): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2019.v5.i2.9970.
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Ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is more stable in low pH than in high pH. The research aims to monitor and determine the effect of ratio content in ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce and the pH effect on the percentage of ethanol extract degradation during storage. Two independent variables implemented in this study, are ratio content of ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce and pH. Ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce with ratio content 0,5:1; 1:1; and 1:0 (w/w) and adjusted to pH 2, pH 3, pH 4, pH 5 and pH 6, respectively were investigated. The absorbance measurement of Ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce was depend on each treatment, then analyzed using completely randomized design. The percentage of ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) degradation in tomato sauce decreased in ratio content 1:0 (w/w) at pH 2 with percentage content of degradation is 30.09%. Furthermore, after 10 days of storage, the highest percentage of ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce degradation is 93.33% with ratio content is 0.5:1 at pH 6 and the lowest is 30.09% with ratio content 1:0 at pH 2.
 Keywords: Roselle petals, Ethanol Extract, Tomato Sauce, Percentage of Degradation
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Ferreira, Ana Rita, Mariana Ferreira, Cláudia Nunes, et al. "The Unusual Aggregation and Fusion Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide W-BP100 in Anionic Vesicles." Membranes 13, no. 2 (2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020138.
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Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) offer a promising strategy to counteract bacterial resistance, mostly due to their membrane-targeting activity. W-BP100 is a potent broad-spectrum cecropin-melittin CAMP bearing a single N-terminal Trp, which was previously found to improve its antibacterial activity. W-BP100 has high affinity toward anionic membranes, inducing membrane saturation at low peptide-to-lipid (P/L) ratios and membrane permeabilization, with the unique property of promoting the aggregation of anionic vesicles only at specific P/L ratios. Herein, we aimed to investigate this unusual behavior of W-BP100 by studying its aggregation and fusion properties with negatively-charged large (LUVs) or giant (GUVs) unilamellar vesicles using biophysical tools. Circular dichroism (CD) showed that W-BP100 adopted an α-helical conformation in anionic LUVs, neutralizing its surface charge at the aggregation P/L ratio. Its fusion activity, assessed by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, occurred mainly at the membrane saturation/aggregation P/L ratio. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed that W-BP100 displays aggregation and detergent-like effects at a critical P/L ratio, above which it induces the formation of new lipid aggregates. Our data suggest that W-BP100 promotes the aggregation and fusion of anionic vesicles at specific P/L ratios, being able to reshape the morphology of GUVs into new lipid structures.
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Nesvadba, Vladimír, Jitka Charvátová, Alena Henychová, and Josef Patzak. "Evaluation of original historical clones of hops (Humulus lupulus L.)." KVASNY PRUMYSL 66, no. 6 (2020): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2019.66.382.
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The aim of this study was to compare yield and technological parameters of Czech historical hop clones, which were grown in our current climatic conditions. The highest yields from the selected original hop clones were found in “Úštěcký smetaňák” (1.93 t/ha), “Dubský zeleňák” (1.80 t/ha) and “Hřebčí chmel” (1.51 t/ha), which is probably caused by a genetic difference from Saazer hop. On the contrary, a low yield of hops was recorded in “Mastýřovický” (0.50 t/ha). In terms of brewing parameters, the highest contents of valuable alpha acids were detected in Osvald’s clones no. 147 a/I (3.88% w/w), no. 86 (3.71% w/w) together with no. 114 (3.45% w/w), while the lowest level (1.05% w/w) was found in “Hřebčí chmel” and “Úštěcký smetaňák”. The highest contents of essential oils were measured in Osvald’s clone no. 147 a/I (0.77% w/w), “Žatecká populace” (0.68% w/w) and Osvald’s clone no. 126 (0.65% w/w). Vice versa, the clones “Mastýřovický” (0.35% w/w), “Hřebčí chmel” (0.35% w/w) and “Tršický” (0.31% w/w.) exhibited the lowest contents. The evaluated hops displayed a relatively balanced composition of essential oils with the exception of “Dubský zeleňák”, which has an extremely low ratio of farnesene (4.35% rel.), but also a high ratio of selinene (8.95% rel.). Osvald’s clone no. 124b and 126 is genetically identical with the variety of Fuggle. The results show that clones “Hřebčí chmel”, “Úštěcký smetaňák” and “Dubský zeleňák” are different from other clones.
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Wu, Binghan, Wei Bao, and Bing Bing Zhou. "Augmenting Online Algorithms for Knapsack Problem with Total Weight Information." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 25 (2025): 26725–32. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i25.34875.
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In this paper, we augment online algorithms for the knapsack problem using the total weight information. The conventional optimal online algorithm achieves the ln(U/L)+1 competitive ratio where L and U are the upper and lower bounds of the value-to-weight ratio. However, it does not consider that decision makers can know the total weight information or obtain it through machine-learned predictions. To fill this gap, we first propose the Known Weight Algorithm (KWA) which uses the exact total weight information to achieve a competitive ratio of W((U-L)/(eL))+1, where W denotes the Lambert-W function. We prove that it is optimal and tight. After that, we extend KWA to the Predicted Weight Algorithm (PWA), a learning-augmented online algorithm that uses predicted total weight. We show the consistency and robustness of PWA, and prove that its competitive ratio degrades gracefully as the prediction error grows. Finally, we introduce the Limited Volume Algorithm (LWA), which achieves a better competitive ratio than ln(U/L)+1 when the total weight is less than twice the capacity.
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V, MANOHARAN, VINDHYAVARMAN P, and SETHUPATHI RAMALINGAM R. "VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION STUDIES OF KERNEL WEIGHT AND RELATED ATTRIBUTES IN GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)." Madras Agricultural Journal 77, september December (1990): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01992.
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Iwenty three groundnut genotypes were evaluated for genetic parameters. High heritability estimates combined with genetic advance were observed for pod and kernel weights indicating that these characters are governed by additive genes. The genetic advance for pod width, L/W ratio, shelling and SMK percentages was low. Seed weight was positively correlated with pod length, breadth, L/W ratio and weight.
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Elhadi Kh. Abugnah, Wan Saiful-Islam Wan Salim, and Abdulhafid M Elfaghi. "Impact of Geometrical Parameters on Heat Transfer Characteristics of SiO2-Water Nanofluid Flow through Rectangular Corrugated Channels." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 104, no. 2 (2023): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.104.2.86102.
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Design and performance of thermal devices are improved by optimizing their geometrical parameters. This study utilized numerical simulation to examine the heat transfer and flow properties of a rectangular corrugated channel at which nanofluid of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and water is flowing. It is determined how the height-to-width ratio (hc/W) and pitch-to-length ratio (pch/L) of a structure affect its thermal and hydraulic properties. The numerical simulations of flow include nanofluids with SiO2-to-water volume fractions of 8% is accomplished by employing the finite volume method (FVM) with SIMPLE algorithm for discretization of the governing equations and coupling of the pressure-velocity system while the k−ε turbulence model was employed to resolve turbulence. The results demonstrate that, in comparison to the (Pch/L) ratio, the (hc/W) ratio has a stronger influence on the enhancement of heat transfer. In reference to the values at minimum Re (Re = 10000), the ratio Pch/L = 0.05 offers the largest increase in Nuav over the Re range by 180.8%. At Reynolds number (Re) 30000, an increase in 99.5% of average Nusselt number (Nuav) is obtained when the (hc/W) ratio is increased from 0.0 to 0.05. The numerical results indicate that the hc/W of 0.05 with a Pch/L of 0.1075 are the optimum parameters and have shown significant improvement in thermal performance criteria (PEC).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "W/L ratio"
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Machado, Bruno Guillaume de Oliveira. "Materiais ativados alcalinamente com base em cinza volante." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/73467.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil<br>É sabido que o setor da construção civil é fundamental para a economia europeia, no entanto, é um setor que também se destaca, pela negativa, no que diz respeito a impactes ambientais, pois consome imensas matérias-primas e é responsável pela emissão de quantidades significativas de gases de efeito estufa. A produção de cimento assume um papel de grande importância nas emissões de CO2, pois trata-se de um processo bastante poluente e, devido a isso, as buscas por materiais alternativos ao cimento têm-se intensificado nos últimos anos, sendo os materiais ativados alcalinamente (MAA) vistos como uma opção bastante viável.
O objetivo deste projeto foi desenvolver betões ativados alcalinamente que apresentassem comportamento mecânico e físico similar aos betões convencionais. Para isso, foram utilizados hidróxido de sódio e silicato de sódio como ativadores e cinzas volantes como precursor.
O dimensionamento das composições foi feito com base nas razões molares do precursor e dos ativadores e na razão A/L admitida. A razão A/L admitida foi 0,4 e todos os MAA fabricados foram curados a temperatura ambiente.
As pastas foram dimensionadas com o auxílio do software Minitab, que forneceu um conjunto de misturas, enquanto que as argamassas e betões desenvolvidos foram baseados na pasta que apresentou melhor comportamento mecânico à compressão.<br>It is known that the civil construction sector is fundamental to the European economy, however, it is a sector that also stands out, in the negative, with regard to environmental impacts, because it consumes immense raw materials and is responsible for the emission of significant amounts of greenhouse gases. Cement production plays a very important role in CO2 emissions, as it is a very polluting process and, due to this, the search for alternative materials to cement has intensified in recent years, with alkaline activated materials (AAM) seen as a very viable option.
The objective of this project was to develop alkaline activated concrete that presented mechanical and physical behaviour similar to conventional concrete. For this, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as activators and fly ash as a precursor.
The design of the compositions was done based on the molar ratios of the precursor and the activators and the admitted W/C ratio. The admitted W/C ratio was 0.4 and all AAM made were cured at ambient temperature.
The pastes were sized with the aid of the Minitab software, which provided a set of mixtures, while the developed mortars and concretes were based on the paste that presented the best mechanical compression behavior.
Book chapters on the topic "W/L ratio"
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Zhao, Mingzhe, Haifeng Wang, Jiaxin Zhang, et al. "Surface Settlement Induced by Excavation of Double-Line Shield Tunnel." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2417-8_14.
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AbstractIn the construction of the Harbin Metro Line 3 twin-bore tunnel project, the ABAQUS numerical simulation method was employed to investigate the impact of various grouting thicknesses, burial depth ratios, tunnel spacing, and excavation pressures on the geological conditions of the project. Corresponding construction control measures were proposed. The study revealed: (1) Grouting thickness is inversely proportional to ground settlement, with an optimal thickness of 0.3 m; (2) Lateral ground settlement increases with an increasing depth ratio, showing an initial increase followed by a decrease, closely related to soil arching effects; (3) As the distance (L) between two parallel tunnels increases, the peak ground settlement of the left and right tunnels decreases. Smaller tunnel spacing leads to stronger mutual interactions, resulting in a “V”-shaped settlement deformation within the overlapping disturbance zone. When the tunnel spacing is sufficiently large, the mutual interference between the two tunnels diminishes, and the ground settlement deformation is considered the superimposition of two independent tunnel settlements, forming a “W”-shaped settlement trench; (4) Excavation pressure exceeds the static soil pressure, causing soil disturbance, leading to an uplift of the soil in front of the tunnel face and an expansion of the plastic zone in the surrounding soil, ultimately resulting in increased subsequent surface settlement.
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Abhash, Amiya, and K. K. Pandey. "Nonlinear Regression Analysis Between Discharge and Head for Piano Key Weirs with Increasing Developed Length (L/W) Ratio and Constant Channel Width." In Water Resources Management and Reservoir Operation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79400-2_20.
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Ekolu Stephen. "Simple criteria for evaluating sulphate attack in concrete." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-806.
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This paper attempts to analyse results from the standard test methods employed for sulphate attack and evaluates their correlations, consistency and contrasts, as well as physical observations. Data from expansions and mass change of 25 x 25 x 285 mm mortar prisms and 75 x 75 x 285 mm concrete prisms were used. Mortar mixtures consisted of 1: 2.25: 0.5 cement to sand to water while concrete mixtures were of water-cementitious ratio (w/cm) of 0.45, 0.50, 0.65. Mixtures were made using CEM I 42.5N with or without 30, 50, 70% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and stored in sodium sulphate solutions of 28 g/L and 50 g/L as SO4. Results show that ASTM C 1012 mortar expansion criteria of 0.10% corresponds to 1.2% mass gain. Similarly, concrete prism expansion criteria of 0.05% is equivalent to 0.75% mass gain. It is proposed that in the absence of expansion monitoring, the use of mass gain criteria of 1.2% mass in mortar prisms or 0.75% in concrete prisms may be sufficient for evaluating sulphate attack.
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Ekolu Stephen O. and Ngwenya Adam. "Sulphate corrosion behaviour of high volume slag concrete." In Construction Materials and Structures. IOS Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-466-4-788.
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Concrete mixes of water-cementitious ratio (w/c's) = 0.45, 0.5, 0.65 were used to prepare 100 mm cubes and 75 x 75 x 285 mm prisms. Moderately high alumina slag was incorporated in proportions of 50 or 70% and the specimens immersed in sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate solutions of 50 g/L as SO4. Emphasis in the study was to assess sulphate resistance using concrete samples and other non-conventional methods. Expansion measurements, mass loss and corrosion attack or physical deterioration of concrete were monitored for 69 weeks. It was found that the results of expansion, mass gain and corrosion were consistent for Na2SO4solution, showing improved sulphate resistance with increase in ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) incorporation. The expansion observations under MgSO4, while showing increased resistance with use of GGBS, gave conflicting results between expansion on one hand and, mass gain and corrosion on the other with the most severe corrosion occurring in concrete containing the high 70% GGBS. The corrosion test method appears to give a more realistic indicator of physical damage under MgSO4attack compared to expansion measurement.
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Vimalajenifer, S., Selvam Avadayappan, and M. Bhuvaneshwari. "RADIAL RADIO NUMBER AND SOME OTHER LABELING PARAMETERS." In Futuristic Trends in Contemporary Mathematics & Applications Volume 3 Book 3. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bfcm3p9ch4.
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Let G(V, E) be a simple, connected, and undirected graph. A radial radio labeling of G is an assignment of positive integers to the vertices, such that for any two distinct vertices w, z ∈ V, the inequality d(w, z) + | (w)- (z)| ≥ 1 + r holds, where d(w, z) represents the distance between vertices w and z, and r is the radius of the graph G. The span of a radial radio labeling is defined as the highest integer value in the range of and is denoted as span . In this paper, we establish the relationships among the radial radio number, the radio number, and the L(2,1)-labeling number. Furthermore, we construct specific graphs where the radio number equals the algebraic sum of the radial radio number and a given nonnegative integer. Similarly, we provide a proof of the existence of graphs for which the L(2,1)-labeling number is the algebraic sum of the radial radio number and a given nonnegative integer.
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Elkaïm, David. "La guerre d’Iraq de 2003 et les évolutions de la politique étrangère américaine." In Annuaire français de relations internationales. Éditions Panthéon-Assas, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/epas.ferna.2023.01.0149.
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Alors qu&#8217;il devait mener une politique &#233;trang&#232;re &#171;&#160;humble&#160;&#187;, George W. Bush a lanc&#233; l&#8217;op&#233;ration &#171;&#160;Libert&#233; pour l&#8217;Iraq&#160;&#187; dans le cadre d&#8217;un projet marqu&#233; par une forme d&#8217;imp&#233;rialisme d&#233;mocratique, en rupture avec ses pr&#233;d&#233;cesseurs depuis la fin de la Guerre froide. Les attentats du 11 Septembre ont en effet conduit &#224; un &#171;&#160;mariage d&#233;cisionnel&#160;&#187; entre le groupe des Vulcains, qui conseillaient le candidat pendant la campagne, et les n&#233;oconservateurs revenus en gr&#226;ce. Barack Obama, Donald Trump et Joe Biden ont pris leurs distances avec la doctrine Bush mais pour des raisons diff&#233;rentes&#160;: les d&#233;mocrates au nom d&#8217;un retour &#224; une politique &#233;trang&#232;re plus classique de d&#233;fense de l&#8217;ordre mondial lib&#233;ral, le r&#233;publicain dans une vision jacksonienne marqu&#233;e par le populisme et une forme d&#8217;isolationnisme. La guerre en Iraq aura finalement marqu&#233; &#224; la fois le &#171;&#160;moment am&#233;ricain&#160;&#187; au Moyen-Orient et le d&#233;but de la perte d&#8217;influence des &#201;tats-Unis dans la r&#233;gion.
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L.Sihler, Andrew. "Consonants." In New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195083453.003.0027.
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Abstract The PIE consonants fell into four natural classes, according to manner of articulation: STOPS, RESONANTS, the single FRICATIVE “s, and LARYNGEALS. Of these the stops (131-64) comprise the most complex system. The resonants (175-207; known interchangeably as the semivowels) are the six elements that are sometimes syllabic and sometimes consonantal. The syllabic forms “i, “u, “r, “!, “1t1, and ““:, have been discussed under vowels, above (37-9, 93-109); the consonantal forms “y, “w, “r, “l, “m and “n will be treated here. The PIE consonant system has an oddly meager ration of fricatives (168-74) in view of its overall elaborateness. English, for example, has some 24 consonants, of which eight are fricatives and two are affricates; a ninth fricative /x/ was only recently lost. By contrast, PIE had some 25 consonants, more or less (the extreme views range from 20 to about 50), but only a single fricative and no affricates. Owing to the indirect nature of most of the evidence, the number, occurrence, arid phonetic properties of the larynageals (165-7) are still the subject of debate. There are almost as many ‘laryngeal theories’ as there are Indo-Europeanists, though there are of course schools of thought.
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Yartys, V., I. Zavaliy, A. Kytsya, et al. "Ni-, Co- and Pt-based nanocatalysts for hydrogen generation via hydrolysis of NaBH4." In HYDROGEN BASED ENERGY STORAGE: STATUS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS. Institute for Problems in Materials Science, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/materials2021.094.
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Ni-, Co- and Pt-based nanostructures were prepared via different physical-chemical methods and tested as the catalysts of hydrolysis of NaBH4. Ni-Co bimetallic nanoparticles with different Ni-Co ratios were synthesized by the modified polyol method via the reduction of in situ precipitated slurries of Ni and Co hydroxides by hydrazine in ethylene glycol solutions. It was found that a Ni- Co nanoparticles with the equal Ni/Co content and mean size of 130 nm are a more active catalyst as compared to Ni75Co25 and Ni25Co75 nanopowders and provide a constant rate of hydrogen evolution up to the full conversion of NaBH4. Zeolite supported Ni- and Co-based nanostructures (Ni-Z and Co-Z) as a convenient in use alternative to the metallic nanoparticles were synthesized via two-stage procedure consisted of adsorption of Ni2+ or Co2+ ions by zeolite from the aqueous solutions followed by the reduction of the adsorbed cations by NaBH4. Using SEM and EDX it was found that such method of synthesis provide the uniform distribution of 50 – 100 nm metallic nanopaticles both on the surface and in the bulk of the carrier due to the high cation-exchange capacity of the aluminosilicates. It was found that Co-Z catalyst is more active compared to Ni-Z and in studied conditions provides the H2 evolution rate close to 1450 mL/min per 1 g of precipitated metal. Various Pt-based nanocomposites were obtained by polyol synthesis and subsequently deposited on the carriers (carbon cloth or cordierite) as well as via a platinum electrodeposition on the titanium crump. It was found that the most efficient catalyst of the hydrolysis of NaBH4 is a cordierite-supported nanodispersed Pt which is able to maintain operation of a 30 W battery of fuel cells for 9-10 hours when using for the hydrolysis 1.1 L of 10 % NaBH4 solution.
Conference papers on the topic "W/L ratio"
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Xie, Jingye, Chuanlin Sun, Qinyuan Wang, Junchen Dong, Dedong Han, and Xing Zhang. "Investigation of W/L Ratio of Load Transistors for ZnO Inverter Applications." In 2024 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2024.ps-10-14.
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Anderson, Kevin R., and Trevor Steele. "Analysis of a FAME/MLL Screw Multi-Stage Compressor for High Temperature, High Pressure Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20002.
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Abstract This paper presents the analysis and design of a compressor for application to a Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Methyl Linoleate (MLL) bio-refrigerant cascade working cycle. This working fluid is being used in the topping cycle of an active electronics payload cooling system design to operate at elevated temperatures and pressures such as those witnessed by a Venus lander. The twin-screw, three-stage compressor operates at escalated temperatures of approximately 520 °C (960 °F). The total compressor power of 143.4 W is shared as 43.5 W, 47.7 W, and 53.3 W over stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The screw compressor is baselined with a D = 1 inch diameter rotor and an L/D (stroke/bore) ratio of L/D = 2 per stage. The compression ratio corresponds to a volume ratio of 6.5. The swept volume for a 4+6 rotor configuration is estimated to be 1.13 CFM at 2000 RPM with an asymmetric profile and no leakage. The volumetric efficiency of the compressor is estimated to be on the order of 80% due to the higher molecular weight of the FAME/MLL working fluid. The SCORG turbomachinery software is used to verify the thermodynamics analysis and affords a volumetric displacement of 0.025 L/rev at 2000 RPM and 80% adiabatic efficiency.
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Zhai, Zhiqiang. "Numerical Study of Optimal Building Scales With Low Cooling Load in Both Hot and Mild Climatic Regions." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99003.
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Natural ventilation is one of the primary strategies for buildings in hot and mild climatic regions to reduce building cooling energy requirement. This paper uses a building energy simulation program and a computational fluid dynamics program to investigate the influence of building scales on building cooling energy consumption with and without natural ventilation. The study examines the energy performance of buildings with different L/W and H/W ratios in both Miami, FL and Los Angeles, CA. The simulation results show the varying trends of natural ventilation potential with increased building scale ratio of L/W and H/W. The comparison of the predicted energy consumptions for twenty buildings discloses the most energy-efficient building scales for rectangular-shape buildings in both hot and mild climates with and without natural ventilation. The study indicates that natural ventilation is more effective in mild climates than in hot climates, which may save cooling energy by 50% and vent fan energy by 70%. The paper analyzes the most suitable seasons for natural ventilation in Miami and Los Angeles. Further simulations indicate that extra cooling benefits associated with more natural ventilation cannot compensate additional heat gains through larger windows.
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Onay, O¨zlem, and O¨ Mete Koc¸kar. "Fast Pyrolysis of Safflower Seed in the Presence of Catalyst." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54018.
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In this study, the safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was used as biomass sample for catalytic pyrolysis using commercial catalyst (Criterion-454) in the nitrogen atmosphere. Experimental studies were conducted in a well-swept resistively heated fixed bed reactor with a heating rate of 300°Cmin−1, a final pyrolysis temperature of 550°C and particle size of 0.6–0.85 mm. In order to establish the effect of catalyst ratio on the pyrolysis yields, experiments were conducted at a range of catalyst ratios between 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20% (w/w). The bio-oils were characterized by elemental analysis and some spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques.
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Kim, Tae-An, and Youn-Jea Kim. "Effects of Obstacles on the Mixing Performance in Microchannels." In ASME 2007 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2007-30123.
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The mixing of two or more fluid streams in microchannels needs quite long channel lengths. Therefore, in order to improve the mixing performance, obstacles have been placed in the channel to disrupt flow and to reduce the diffusion path. The disruption to flow velocity field alters the flow direction from one fluid to another. Properly designed geometric parameters, such as layout, angle with main flow direction and aspect ratio of obstacles, will be resulted in improving the mixing performance with only little increase of the pressure drop. In this study, T-type rectangular microchannel is used, which has two inlets with W×H×L = 100×100×100 μm3 and one outlet with W×H×L = 200×100×6950 μm3. Furthermore, the mixing channel has obstacles which are placed with an angle of inclination and with dimensions W×H×L = 10×100×h μm3 on the lower layer. In order to estimate the performance of the mixing, numerical analyses are carried out with water and ethanol. Especially, the diffusion coefficient, D, is set to 10−10 m2/s for simulating two-fluid diffusion-convection flow, the mixing efficiency and the pressure drop of microchannel are investigated with various values of the angle of inclination, aspect ratio (h = αH) of obstacle and Reynolds number. When the flow passes through on the obstacles, rotation flow is observed. This flow pattern is repeated at each cycle. Besides, in each case that obstacles are turned to the center of channel and to the side walls, rotational direction is changed reversely. In case of pressure drop, as the Reynolds number, the angle of obstacle (θ) and the aspect ratio (α) are increased, the pressure drop is also increased. Results show that the ratio between the maximum and minimum of pressure drop is the order-of-magnitude of 1 at Re = 1.667. Results also show that the angle of inclination of obstacles has more influence on the mixing performance than the height of obstacles and Reynolds number.
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Wright, Lesley M., and Amir S. Gohardani. "Effect of Turbulator Width and Spacing on the Thermal Performance of Angled Ribs in a Rectangular Channel (AR = 3:1)." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66842.
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The thermal performance is measured in a rectangular channel (AR = 3:1) with rib turbulators oriented at 45° to the mainstream flow. Ribs are placed on one of the wide walls, while heat transfer coefficients are also measured on a single smooth, narrow wall. The heat transfer enhancement is combined with the frictional losses to evaluate the benefit of turbulator width. Square ribs (w/e = 1) with a rib pitch–to–height (P/e) ratio of 8 serves as the baseline configuration. The rib width, w, is varied while the rib height, e, remains constant. Rib aspect ratios (w/e) of 1, 2, 3, and 4 are considered. In addition, the distance between the ribs is varied to consider the combined effect of rib width and rib spacing. As the width of the ribs is changing, the physical distance between the ribs, l, is varied, and four rib spacings are considered (l/e = 2.6, 6.6 [baseline corresponding to P/e = 8], 10.6, and 14.6). The thermal performance is measured in the 3:1 channel at Reynolds numbers of 10000, 30000, 50000, and 70000. Results indicate increasing the rib width is effective to increase the thermal performance of a cooling passage. However, the rib width and spacing must be varied in conjunction with one another to optimize the thermal performance.
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SAFINA, Z. M. "THE LEXICAL DIVERSITY RATIO OF A LITERARY TEXT AND ITS TRANSLATION." In СЛОВО, ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЕ, ТЕКСТ В КОГНИТИВНОМ, ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКОМ И КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТАХ. Chelyabinsk State University Publishing House, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/9785727119631_236.
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The article deals with the problem of comparing the lexical diversity ratio of the original and the translation of a literary text. The relevance of the work is due to the growing interest of researchers in the possibilities of applied methods of computational linguistics to the study of the quantitative component of text corpora and the study of certain linguistic phenomena of originals and their translations. The lexical diversity ratio of the original literary text and its translation can give an idea of the effectiveness of translation in terms of reflecting the complexity and richness of the original language. The research material was the short stories by the American writer W. G. Simms and the translations made by M. L. Pavlycheva. It turned out that the lexical diversity ratio is influenced by both the volume of the studied text corpora and the grammatical structures of the language
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Duangsuda, Kanisa, Jiraporn Weenuttranon, Patthama Hirunyophat, Nunyong Fuengkajornfung, Tidarat Sanphom, and Kitsanatorn Saeiam. "EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTION OF WHEAT FLOUR WITH SANGYOD RICE FLOUR AND SUPPLEMENTED WITH CARROT POWDER ON COLOR AND SENSORY QUALITIES." In THE 2023 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CREATIITY, MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES. EDUCATION STUDIO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62788/aa986cz.
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The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of substitution of wheat flour with Sangyod rice (Oryza Sativa L.) flour and supplemented with carrot powder on color and sensory qualities of pasta product. Five pasta formulae were prepared by substituting wheat flour with 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% Sangyod brown rice flour and analyzing their quality attributes. The results of pasta formula development indicated that increasing the amount of Sangyod brown rice flour resulted in decreasing lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*), while the redness (a*). There, the appearance of products became darker. The scores of all sensory attributes significantly decreased (P<0.05) with an increase in the amount of Sangyod rice flour, whereas the odor and texture scores of pasta substituted with 25% Sangyod rice flour were higher than those of control (100% wheat flour), 50%, and 75%, respectively. The substitution of wheat flour with 25% Sangyod rice flour was found to be the most suitable ratio for pasta production. The effects of the addition with different levels of carrot powder (5, 10, 15, and 20%w/w) of pasta have been studied. An increase of the carrot powder decreased L* and a* value. The sensory evaluation indicated that all treatments obtained an overall liking score of 6.78-7.02 (like slightly-like moderately). The study suggested that the levels of 15% w/w carrot powder could be a desirable use to produce healthy. The developed pasta with an overall liking score of more than 7.00 was considered acceptable.
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Tracy, Nathaniel J., Lesley M. Wright, and Je-Chin Han. "Thermal Performance of Double-Sided, Partial Height Strip Fin Arrays in a High Aspect Ratio, Rectangular Channel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59774.
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Abstract Friction loss and heat transfer enhancement measurements were obtained for double-sided, partial height, strip fin arrays within a high aspect ratio (AR = 8), rectangular channel. Fins were arranged in a staggered array configuration with channel height to fin thickness ratio H/W = 9.6, spanwise spacing distance to fin thickness ratio S/W = 8.0, and streamwise spacing distance to fin length ratio X/L = 1.0. Shortened strip fins of equal length are positioned directly opposite of each other on the upper and lower channel surfaces with three gap size to channel height ratios considered G/H = 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. The thermal performance of each fin configuration is determined from the measured pressure drop across the array and regionally averaged heat transfer coefficients at flow Reynolds numbers ranging from Re = 20,000–80,000. The partial height strip fin results are compared to baseline cases of strip fins spanning the full height of the channel and the smooth channel without roughness elements. Linear correlations of friction loss and power correlations of the heat transfer enhancement and thermal performance are provided as functions of flow Reynolds numbers for all cases. Strip fins spanning the full height of the channel provide the greatest heat transfer enhancement of all cases but introducing a gap size can significantly reduce friction losses. Full height strip fins provide the greatest thermal performance for Reynolds numbers ranging from Re = 20,000–30,000, and partial height strip fins with the gap size of G/H = 0.3 provide the greatest thermal performance for flow Reynolds numbers ranging from Re = 40,000–80,000.
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Doong, K., J. M. Fu, and Y. C. Huang. "Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Specimen Preparation Technique using Focused Ion Beam (FIB): Application to Material Characterization of Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten (W) and Tungsten Silicides (WSix)." In ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0237.
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Abstract The specimen preparation technique using focused ion beam (FIB) to generate cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) samples of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Tungsten-plug (W-plug) and Tungsten Silicides (WSix) was studied. Using the combination method including two axes tilting[l], gas enhanced focused ion beam milling[2] and sacrificial metal coating on both sides of electron transmission membrane[3], it was possible to prepare a sample with minimal thickness (less than 1000 A) to get high spatial resolution in TEM observation. Based on this novel thinning technique, some applications such as XTEM observation of W-plug with different aspect ratio (I - 6), and the grain structure of CVD W-plug and CVD WSix were done. Also the problems and artifacts of XTEM sample preparation of high Z-factor material such as CVD W-plug and CVD WSix were given and the ways to avoid or minimize them were suggested.
Reports on the topic "W/L ratio"
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Savarajara, Ancharida. Final report : Project : Production of yeast cell oil from sugar cane leaves for biodiesel production. Chulalongkorn University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2018.48.
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The xylose utilizing oleaginous yeasts Cryptococcus humicola NG2, Cyberlindnera subsufficiens NG8.2, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa MG11-2.3 and Yarrowia NG17 were newly isolated. Yarrowia NG17 had the highest accumulated oil content at 27.9% (w/w dry weight; DW) with a major fatty acid composition of oleic (57.6%) and palmitic (25.4%) acids when grown in a high carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) medium. Yarrowia NG17 gave a higher oil yield in sugarcane leaves hydrolysate (SLH) than in detoxified SLH, but this was lower compared to in the high C/N medium, while the oleic and palmitic acid compositions were reduced to 48.5% and 22.1%, respectively, in SLH compared to in the high C/N medium. Optimal pH for oil accumulation in SLH was 6.5. Supplementation of SLH (pH 6.5) with 0.1% (w/v) KH2PO4 increased the oil yield of Yarrowia NG17 from 5.07 to 6.67 g/L.