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1
Phetchakul, Toempong, Yothin Chemthung, and Amporn Poyai. "Effect of Aspect Ratio on Horizontal Field Magnetoresistance." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.327.
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This paper studies the aspect ratio (W/L), width (W) per length (L) of semiconductor resistor based on Hall effect current mode for horizontal magnetic field. At low concentration, 1014 cm-3, W/L < 1, the length has direct effect to magnetoresistance. The W/L = 1, the large resistor provides magnetioresistance better than small device. The W/L ˃ 1, the width has inversely proportional to magnetoresistance. The %MR(B) is around 1 % at 0.5 T, 1 mA. The long resistor (W/L < 1) can create ΔR in the order of several kilo ohms and several hundred ohms for short resistor (W/L>1). The contribution factors ρ (L/W) for high ΔR are low concentration and aspect ratio (W/L<1). The high %MR(B) is contributed by high current density of short structure (W/L > 1). At high concentration 1017 cm-3, aspect ratio and magnetoresistance are not sensitive to magnetic field because the Hall effect hardly occurs in high concentration material.
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Disimile, Peter J., Norman Toy, and Eric Savory. "Effect of Planform Aspect Ratio on Flow Oscillations in Rectangular Cavities." Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, no. 1 (1999): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483223.
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An experimental investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of cavity lateral width on the flow oscillations that occur in an open cavity placed within a turbulent subsonic boundary layer. A rectangular cavity with a length to depth ratio L/D=1 and planform aspect ratio L/W=0.115 was placed within a thick turbulent boundary layer with a corresponding Reθ=10.5×103. Pressure time histories were acquired at six separate cavity widths (or L/W values) using microphone-type pressure transducers. The spectral character of these signals was analyzed and the pressure levels and dominant frequencies determined. This study indicates that large changes in the pressure level occur as L/W varies from 0.115 to 0.682. A state of fluid dynamic resonance was observed at L/W=0.137 and fluid–acoustic resonance at L/W=0.682, the smallest cavity width. Relative sound pressure level calculations indicate that the energy within the cavity compared with that of the boundary layer, was observed to increase by approximately 40 percent at L/W=0.137. [S0098-2202(00)00601-5]
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Shi, Peijian, Kexin Yu, Ülo Niinemets, and Johan Gielis. "Can Leaf Shape be Represented by the Ratio of Leaf Width to Length? Evidence from Nine Species of Magnolia and Michelia (Magnoliaceae)." Forests 12, no. 1 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010041.
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Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (>140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.
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Kwon, S. B., N. S. Park, S. J. Lee, H. W. Ahn, and C. K. Wang. "Examining the effect of length/width ratio on the hydro-dynamic behaviour in a DAF system using CFD and ADV techniques." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 7 (2006): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.218.
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Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a solid–liquid separation system that uses fine bubbles rising from the bottom to remove particles in water. In this study, we investigated the effect of L/W(L; length, W; width) on the hydrodynamic behavior in a DAF system using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) and ADV (acoustic Doppler velocimetry) technique. The factual full-scale DAF system, L/W ratio of 1:1, was selected and various L/W ratio conditions (2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1) were simulated with CFD. For modelling, 2-phase (gas–liquid) flow equations for the conservation of mass, momentum and turbulence quantities were solved using a Eulerian–Eulerian approach based on the assumption that a very small particle is applied in the DAF system. Also, for verification of CFD simulation results, we measured the actual velocity at some points in the full-scale DAF system with the ADV technique. Both the simulation and the measurement results were in good accordance with each other. We concluded that the L/W ratio and outlet geometry play an important role for flow pattern and fine bubble distribution in the flotation zone. In the ratio of 1:1, the dead zone is less than those in other cases. On the other hand, in the ratio of 5:1, the fine bubbles were more evenly distributed.
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Firmasari, Firmasari, Ni Ketut Sumarni, Ruslan, and Hardi Ys. "PERSEN DEGRADASI EKSTRAK ETANOL KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELLA (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) SELAMA PENYIMPANAN THE PERCENTAGE OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF ROSELLE PETALS (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) DURING STORAGE." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 5, no. 2 (2019): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2019.v5.i2.9970.
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Ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is more stable in low pH than in high pH. The research aims to monitor and determine the effect of ratio content in ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce and the pH effect on the percentage of ethanol extract degradation during storage. Two independent variables implemented in this study, are ratio content of ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce and pH. Ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce with ratio content 0,5:1; 1:1; and 1:0 (w/w) and adjusted to pH 2, pH 3, pH 4, pH 5 and pH 6, respectively were investigated. The absorbance measurement of Ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce was depend on each treatment, then analyzed using completely randomized design. The percentage of ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) degradation in tomato sauce decreased in ratio content 1:0 (w/w) at pH 2 with percentage content of degradation is 30.09%. Furthermore, after 10 days of storage, the highest percentage of ethanol extract of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in tomato sauce degradation is 93.33% with ratio content is 0.5:1 at pH 6 and the lowest is 30.09% with ratio content 1:0 at pH 2.
 Keywords: Roselle petals, Ethanol Extract, Tomato Sauce, Percentage of Degradation
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Ferreira, Ana Rita, Mariana Ferreira, Cláudia Nunes, et al. "The Unusual Aggregation and Fusion Activity of the Antimicrobial Peptide W-BP100 in Anionic Vesicles." Membranes 13, no. 2 (2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020138.
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Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) offer a promising strategy to counteract bacterial resistance, mostly due to their membrane-targeting activity. W-BP100 is a potent broad-spectrum cecropin-melittin CAMP bearing a single N-terminal Trp, which was previously found to improve its antibacterial activity. W-BP100 has high affinity toward anionic membranes, inducing membrane saturation at low peptide-to-lipid (P/L) ratios and membrane permeabilization, with the unique property of promoting the aggregation of anionic vesicles only at specific P/L ratios. Herein, we aimed to investigate this unusual behavior of W-BP100 by studying its aggregation and fusion properties with negatively-charged large (LUVs) or giant (GUVs) unilamellar vesicles using biophysical tools. Circular dichroism (CD) showed that W-BP100 adopted an α-helical conformation in anionic LUVs, neutralizing its surface charge at the aggregation P/L ratio. Its fusion activity, assessed by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, occurred mainly at the membrane saturation/aggregation P/L ratio. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed that W-BP100 displays aggregation and detergent-like effects at a critical P/L ratio, above which it induces the formation of new lipid aggregates. Our data suggest that W-BP100 promotes the aggregation and fusion of anionic vesicles at specific P/L ratios, being able to reshape the morphology of GUVs into new lipid structures.
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Nesvadba, Vladimír, Jitka Charvátová, Alena Henychová, and Josef Patzak. "Evaluation of original historical clones of hops (Humulus lupulus L.)." KVASNY PRUMYSL 66, no. 6 (2020): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2019.66.382.
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The aim of this study was to compare yield and technological parameters of Czech historical hop clones, which were grown in our current climatic conditions. The highest yields from the selected original hop clones were found in “Úštěcký smetaňák” (1.93 t/ha), “Dubský zeleňák” (1.80 t/ha) and “Hřebčí chmel” (1.51 t/ha), which is probably caused by a genetic difference from Saazer hop. On the contrary, a low yield of hops was recorded in “Mastýřovický” (0.50 t/ha). In terms of brewing parameters, the highest contents of valuable alpha acids were detected in Osvald’s clones no. 147 a/I (3.88% w/w), no. 86 (3.71% w/w) together with no. 114 (3.45% w/w), while the lowest level (1.05% w/w) was found in “Hřebčí chmel” and “Úštěcký smetaňák”. The highest contents of essential oils were measured in Osvald’s clone no. 147 a/I (0.77% w/w), “Žatecká populace” (0.68% w/w) and Osvald’s clone no. 126 (0.65% w/w). Vice versa, the clones “Mastýřovický” (0.35% w/w), “Hřebčí chmel” (0.35% w/w) and “Tršický” (0.31% w/w.) exhibited the lowest contents. The evaluated hops displayed a relatively balanced composition of essential oils with the exception of “Dubský zeleňák”, which has an extremely low ratio of farnesene (4.35% rel.), but also a high ratio of selinene (8.95% rel.). Osvald’s clone no. 124b and 126 is genetically identical with the variety of Fuggle. The results show that clones “Hřebčí chmel”, “Úštěcký smetaňák” and “Dubský zeleňák” are different from other clones.
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Wu, Binghan, Wei Bao, and Bing Bing Zhou. "Augmenting Online Algorithms for Knapsack Problem with Total Weight Information." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 25 (2025): 26725–32. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i25.34875.
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In this paper, we augment online algorithms for the knapsack problem using the total weight information. The conventional optimal online algorithm achieves the ln(U/L)+1 competitive ratio where L and U are the upper and lower bounds of the value-to-weight ratio. However, it does not consider that decision makers can know the total weight information or obtain it through machine-learned predictions. To fill this gap, we first propose the Known Weight Algorithm (KWA) which uses the exact total weight information to achieve a competitive ratio of W((U-L)/(eL))+1, where W denotes the Lambert-W function. We prove that it is optimal and tight. After that, we extend KWA to the Predicted Weight Algorithm (PWA), a learning-augmented online algorithm that uses predicted total weight. We show the consistency and robustness of PWA, and prove that its competitive ratio degrades gracefully as the prediction error grows. Finally, we introduce the Limited Volume Algorithm (LWA), which achieves a better competitive ratio than ln(U/L)+1 when the total weight is less than twice the capacity.
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V, MANOHARAN, VINDHYAVARMAN P, and SETHUPATHI RAMALINGAM R. "VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION STUDIES OF KERNEL WEIGHT AND RELATED ATTRIBUTES IN GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)." Madras Agricultural Journal 77, september December (1990): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01992.
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Iwenty three groundnut genotypes were evaluated for genetic parameters. High heritability estimates combined with genetic advance were observed for pod and kernel weights indicating that these characters are governed by additive genes. The genetic advance for pod width, L/W ratio, shelling and SMK percentages was low. Seed weight was positively correlated with pod length, breadth, L/W ratio and weight.
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Elhadi Kh. Abugnah, Wan Saiful-Islam Wan Salim, and Abdulhafid M Elfaghi. "Impact of Geometrical Parameters on Heat Transfer Characteristics of SiO2-Water Nanofluid Flow through Rectangular Corrugated Channels." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 104, no. 2 (2023): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.104.2.86102.
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Design and performance of thermal devices are improved by optimizing their geometrical parameters. This study utilized numerical simulation to examine the heat transfer and flow properties of a rectangular corrugated channel at which nanofluid of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and water is flowing. It is determined how the height-to-width ratio (hc/W) and pitch-to-length ratio (pch/L) of a structure affect its thermal and hydraulic properties. The numerical simulations of flow include nanofluids with SiO2-to-water volume fractions of 8% is accomplished by employing the finite volume method (FVM) with SIMPLE algorithm for discretization of the governing equations and coupling of the pressure-velocity system while the k−ε turbulence model was employed to resolve turbulence. The results demonstrate that, in comparison to the (Pch/L) ratio, the (hc/W) ratio has a stronger influence on the enhancement of heat transfer. In reference to the values at minimum Re (Re = 10000), the ratio Pch/L = 0.05 offers the largest increase in Nuav over the Re range by 180.8%. At Reynolds number (Re) 30000, an increase in 99.5% of average Nusselt number (Nuav) is obtained when the (hc/W) ratio is increased from 0.0 to 0.05. The numerical results indicate that the hc/W of 0.05 with a Pch/L of 0.1075 are the optimum parameters and have shown significant improvement in thermal performance criteria (PEC).
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Han, Xiaoshuang, Jie Wang, Bo Zhou, Guiyong Zhang, and Soon-Keat Tan. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Control around a Circular Cylinder by Installing a Wedge-Shaped Device Upstream." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 12 (2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120422.
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The effect of a triangular wedge upstream of a circular cylinder has been investigated, and the findings are presented herein. The triangular wedge is equilateral in plan form, and the Reynolds number based on the diameter of the main cylinder is approximately 200. Contours of vorticity clearly show that two entirely different wake patterns exist between the wedge and the main cylinder. There also exists a critical spacing ratio and side length ratio at which the wake flow pattern shifts from one within the cavity mode to one within the wake impingement mode. For a relatively small side length ratio of l w / D = 0.20 and 0.27, where the side length refers to the length of one side of the triangular wedge, the drag and lift coefficients decrease monotonically with the spacing ratio. There is a sudden jump of the drag and lift coefficients at larger side length ratios of l w / D = 0.33 and 0.40. This study shows that at a spacing ratio of L/D = 2.8 (where L is the distance between the vertex of the wedge and the center of the cylinder) and a wedge side length of l w / D = 0.40, the reduction of the amplitude of lift and mean drag coefficient on the main cylinder are 71.9% and 60.1%, respectively.
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ROSU, Simona, and Florin SALA. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE Hedera helix L. LEAVES GEOMETRY BASED ON SOME DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS AND CALCULATED RATIOS." LIFE SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3, no. 2 (2022): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.58509/lssd.v3i2.201.
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The study analyzed leaves of ivy, Hedera helix L., in order to characterize the geometry of the leaves. The leaf samples were taken from the Protected Area "Padurea Cenad", Timis County, Romania. The dimensions of the leaves (L, w) were determined by measurement, with a precision of 0.5 mm. The leaves were scanned, 1:1 ratio. From the analysis of the leaf images, the perimeter (Per) and scanned leaf area (SLA) were determined. The correction factor (CF), specific to ivy leaves, was found (CF=0.69) for the purpose of use in non-destructive methods of measuring the leaf area (MLA) based on a general formula of the type MLA=L·w·CF. The fitting relationship between MLA and SLA was described by a linear equation, under statistical safety conditions (p<0.001). Different ratios between leaf parameters were calculated in order to characterize the leaf geometry (L/w, Per/L, Per/w, SLA/L, SLA/w, SLA/Per, MLA/L, MLA/w). Different levels of correlation between basic leaf parameters, leaf surface and the calculated ratios were identified, with statistical certainty for most cases (p<0.001). Both from the correlation analysis and from the regression analysis, a tighter relationship of MLA with foliar parameters (L, w) was found than in the case of SLA (based on r, R2, F test, and RMSEP values). From the analysis of the values obtained for the coefficient of variation (CV), the highest variability was found in the case of SLA (CVSLA=38.6726), followed by MLA (CVMLA=36.8300), and the lowest variability in the case of the ratio Per/w (CVPer/w=10.1515). The regression analysis facilitated the finding of some equations that described the variation of SLA and MLA with leaf parameters (L, w, Per) in conditions of statistical safety (p<0.001). 3D graphic models and in the form of isoquants were also generated, which represented the MLA variation in relation to the dimensional parameters of the ivy leaves studied.
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SALA, Florin, and Simona ROSU. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE Hedera helix L. LEAVES GEOMETRY BASED ON SOME DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS AND CALCULATED RATIOS." LIFE SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3, no. 2 (2022): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.58509/m1kkq693.
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The study analyzed leaves of ivy, Hedera helix L., in order to characterize the geometry of the leaves. The leaf samples were taken from the Protected Area "Padurea Cenad", Timis County, Romania. The dimensions of the leaves (L, w) were determined by measurement, with a precision of 0.5 mm. The leaves were scanned, 1:1 ratio. From the analysis of the leaf images, the perimeter (Per) and scanned leaf area (SLA) were determined. The correction factor (CF), specific to ivy leaves, was found (CF=0.69) for the purpose of use in non-destructive methods of measuring the leaf area (MLA) based on a general formula of the type MLA=L·w·CF. The fitting relationship between MLA and SLA was described by a linear equation, under statistical safety conditions (p<0.001). Different ratios between leaf parameters were calculated in order to characterize the leaf geometry (L/w, Per/L, Per/w, SLA/L, SLA/w, SLA/Per, MLA/L, MLA/w). Different levels of correlation between basic leaf parameters, leaf surface and the calculated ratios were identified, with statistical certainty for most cases (p<0.001). Both from the correlation analysis and from the regression analysis, a tighter relationship of MLA with foliar parameters (L, w) was found than in the case of SLA (based on r, R2, F test, and RMSEP values). From the analysis of the values obtained for the coefficient of variation (CV), the highest variability was found in the case of SLA (CVSLA=38.6726), followed by MLA (CVMLA=36.8300), and the lowest variability in the case of the ratio Per/w (CVPer/w=10.1515). The regression analysis facilitated the finding of some equations that described the variation of SLA and MLA with leaf parameters (L, w, Per) in conditions of statistical safety (p<0.001). 3D graphic models and in the form of isoquants were also generated, which represented the MLA variation in relation to the dimensional parameters of the ivy leaves studied.
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Yang, Tzong Ruey, Ta Peng Chang, Chun Tao Chen, Yuan Kai Lee, and Bo Tsun Chen. "Effects of Activating Solution and Liquid/Solid Ratio on Engineering Properties of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4101.
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In this paper, the metakaolin is used as the raw material with aluminosilicate compounds to produce the geopolymer. The effects of three levels of two major controlling factors, the degree of polymerization of the activating solution (weight ratio of SiO2 to Na2O) of 0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 and the weight ratio of liquid to solid (L/S) of 0.7, 0.85 and 1.00 on the engineering properties of geopolymer are investigated. The experimental results show that, at age of 28 days, the compressive strength increases from the lowest 37.33 MPa (SiO2/Na2O = 0.4 and L/S = 0.7) to the highest 71.21 MPa (SiO2/Na2O = 0.7 and L/S = 0.7). While, the thermal conductivity increases from the lowest 0.39 w/mk (SiO2/Na2O = 0.4 and L/S = 1.0) to the highest 0.761 w/mk (SiO2/Na2O = 1.0 and L/S = 0.7).
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Sedlar, Jelena, and Riste Škrekovski. "A Note on the Maximum Value of W(L(G))/W(G)." Match Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry 88, no. 1 (2022): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/match.88-1.171s.
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The line graph L(G) of a graph G is defined as a graph having vertex set identical with the set of edges of G and two vertices of L(G) are adjacent if and only if the corresponding edges are incident in G. Higher iteration L i(G) is obtained by repeatedly applying the line graph operation i times. Wiener index W(G) of a graph G is defined as the sum of distances which runs over all pairs of vertices in G. The problem of establishing the extremal values and extremal graphs for the ratio W(L i(G))/W(G) was proposed by Dobrynin and Melnikov [Mathematical Chemistry Monographs, Vol. 12, 2012, pp. 85-121]. In this paper we establish the maximum value and characterize the extremal graphs for i = 1. In doing so, we derive unexpectedly an interesting relation that involves the Gutman index and the first Zagreb index.
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Tsunatu, DY, KG Atiku, TT Samuel, BI Hamidu, and DI Dahutu. "PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM RICE STRAW USING YEAST EXTRACTS PEPTONE DEXTROSE." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 1 (2016): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.36.
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The production of bio-ethanol from Rice Straw (Oryza sativa) was carried out using rice straw as a feedstock and a combination of Yeast Extracts Peptone Dextrose (YEPD)at 0.2%(w/v) 0.4%(w/v), 0.6%(w/v), 0.8%(w/v) and 1%(w/v) concentrations and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) at 0.5% (w/v), 1%(w/v), 1.5%(w/v), 2%(w/v) and 2.5%(w/v) concentrations as cells for fermentation. The study determined the most suitable pre-treatment method from the following pretreatment methods; 1M NaOH and heating. IM NaOH pre-treatment gave the highest cellulose and lowest lignin content. The effects of substrate concentration values of 1g/l, 2g/l, 4g/l, 6g/l and 8g/l; with particle size of 300μm and cell loading combination of YEPD at 0.2%(w/v) 0.4%(w/v), 0.6%(w/v), 0.8%(w/v), 1%(w/v) concentrations and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) at 0.5% (w/v), 1%(w/v), 1.5%(w/v), 2%(w/v), 2.5%(w/v) on the fermentation process were investigated to obtain optimum conditions of fermentation. The optimum conditions of fermentation were obtained at temperature of 330C, pH value of 4.0, substrate concentration of 4g/l, particle size 300μm and YEPD to yeast ratio of 0.8/1.5 after 72 hours of fermentation time. Also substrate concentration of 4g/l, gave highest bioethanol yield of 49.50%. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.36
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Uchiyama, T., and K. Kikuyama. "Numerical study on the propulsive performance of a submerged wiggling micromachine in straight conduit." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 219, no. 4 (2005): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440605x16938.
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The propulsive performance of a submerged micromachine wiggling in a straight conduit is numerically analysed. The micromachine, whose geometry is similar to a hydrofoil, is mounted in a straight conduit of width W, and the wiggling motion is expressed by a progressive wave. The flow around the micromachine is simulated by a two-dimensional finite element method. The Reynolds number Re, based on the flow velocity upstream of the micromachine and the micromachine length L, is varied from 1 to 100, while the blockage ratio L/W is independently changed in the range of 0.36 ≤ L/W ≤ 1.25. The flow around the micromachine varies according to the wiggling motion, and it presents complicated behaviour owing to the large-scale eddies. The increment of L/W reduces the minimum pressure on the micromachine surface, while it increases the velocity near the micromachine. The propulsive performance is more affected by L/W at Re = 10 than at Re = 100. When L/W is increased in the case of Re = 10, the thrust force decreases at 0.36 ≤ L/W ≤ 0.81 and increases at L/W ≥ 0.81. The decrement is due to the increase of the skin friction, and the increment is attributable to the change in the pressure distribution. The lift force and the power become larger with L/W. The efficiency takes its minimum value at L/W = 0.81.
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Abekan, Edoukou, Diaha N’guessan Constance, Amande Monin Justin, et al. "Variations Saisonnières Des Paramètres De Reproduction Et Relation Taille-Poids De Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800) Capturé Dans Le Golfe De Guinée Par La Flottille Artisanale Ivoirienne." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 33 (2017): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n33p444.
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In this study, the seasonal variation in sex ratio, macroscopic stages of sexual maturity, gonado-somatic ratio, hepatostatic ratio, condition factor, and size-weight relationship in Auxis thazard from Gulf of Guinea were studied from January to December 2016. Sex ratio observed was in favor of males (1: 0,78; X² observed = 20,16 ˃ theoretical X² = 3,84 ; p ˂ 0,05). The variation of maturity stages associated with GSI, HSI, and K during different seasons of the year showed that this specie spawns throughout the year. Length-weight relationship was W = 0,0039 L 3, 4108 (R2 = 0,93 ; N = 291) for males, W = 0,0036 L 3, 4376 (R2 = 0,91 ; N = 227) for females, and W = 0,004 L 3, 4118 (R2 = 0,92 ; N = 519) for the combined sexes. The b value was significantly higher than the theoretical value of 3 for males (t-test, t = 233,218, p ˂ 0,05), for females (t-test, t = 227,776, p ˂ 0,05), and for all individuals (t-test, t = 315,821, p ˂ 0,05). This situation however indicates a faster increase of the fish in weight rather than in length.
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Xu, Dawei, and Huaming Yang. "Wollastonite hybridizing stearic acid as thermal energy storage material." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 06 (2014): 1440011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604714400116.
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This paper reported on the preparation of a novel stearic acid (SA)/wollastonite (W) composite as a form-stable phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy-storage (TES) by vacuum impregnation, and especially investigated the effect of the size grade of W on the thermal properties of the SA/W composite. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle-size analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Natural W (Wr) was classified into four size grades by wet screening. The results indicate that no chemical reaction took place between SA and W, and the SA load in the SA/W composite increased with an increase in the length/diameter (L/D) ratio of the W. The SA/W composite with a W L/D ratio of 22.5 exhibited latent heats of melting and freezing of 58.64 J/g and 56.95 J/g, respectively, which was higher than those of the composite incorporating natural W. We believe that the as-prepared form-stable PCM composite could provide a potential means of TES for the concentrated solar power.
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ZENTNER, R. P., J. E. STEPHENSON, C. A. CAMPBELL, K. E. BOWREN, A. MOULIN, and L. TOWNLEY-SMITH. "EFFECTS OF ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION ON ECONOMICS OF CROP PRODUCTION IN THE BLACK SOIL ZONE OF NORTH-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 3 (1990): 837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-101.
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Effects of changes in product prices and input costs on the economic performance of 10 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) -based rotations grown on a highly fertile orthic Black Chernozemic silty clay loam soil at Melfort, Saskatchewan, were examined over the 27-yr period from 1960–1986. The rotations differed in frequency of summerfallow, N and P fertilization, and cropping sequence involving canola (Brassica napus L.), grass-legume hay [bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], and legume green manure [sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam)]. During 1960–1971 fertilized rotations received the generally recommended rates of N and P for the region, but during 1972–1986, fertilizer was applied based on soil tests. Net income, riskiness, and costs of production were calculated over a range of product prices and input costs. At wheat prices greater than $147 t−1, fertilized fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W), fertilized fallow-canola-wheat (F-C-W), and a 6-yr fertilized grass-legume hay (H) rotation (F-W-W-H-H-W), generally provided the best overall economic return. At lower wheat prices, unfertilized F-W-W and F-W-W-H-H-W and fertilized fallow-wheat (F-W) often provided net income similar to the above rotations. It was profitable to substitute canola for wheat grown on conventional fallow, or on partial fallow after grass-legume hay, when the ratio of canola to wheat price was greater than about 2.0. Similarly, it was profitable to include grass-legume hay in wheat rotations when the hay price was greater than one-half that of wheat. Continuous wheat and sweetclover green manure-wheat-wheat (Gm-W-W) were not economically competitive with the best rotations at any of the price options examined. Fertilizer application was profitable in F-W-W and continuous wheat when the ratio of fertilizer cost to wheat price was less than about 5.0; it was profitable in F-W-W-H-H-W when this ratio was less than 3.5. The cost of producing wheat increased directly with rotation length. Income variability and frequency of economic losses increased with cropping intensity; however, all-risk crop insurance was effective in minimizing financial risk.Key words: Wheat (spring), canola, hay, net income, costs, riskiness
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Tejswini, Sontakke, Patil K.T., Nalage Dinesh, and Desale N.S. "OBSERVATION OF COCCIDIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM GOAT (CAPRA HIRCUS) FAMILY-BOVIDAE FROM OSMANABAD DISTRICT, (M.S.) INDIA." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN BIOSCIENCES, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, Special-17 (June 30, 2021): 306–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7418013.
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Between June 2013 to May 2015, in this period a total number of 3004 faeces samples from goats were analysed for coccidia and collected from Osmanabad district. In this study 16 species, we have identified. Eimeria arloingi out of 3004 samples 2473 samples are positive and prevalence is 30%. One of the Eimeria species here we described i. e. E. arloingi. E. oocyst is elongated, bilateral wall, and measured (L/W) 23.0X 20.5μm, with an L/W ratio of 1.12μm. Both micropyle and micropylar cap both are present and oocystic residuum and polar granules are absent. Sporocyst is elongate, ovoidal, and measured L/W: 14.7 x 9.95 μm with L/W ratio: 1.47μm. Steida body present and prominent, SSB, PSB: all absent. In the sporocyst compact form of granules dispersed between Sporozoite. Sporozoite is elongate with, spheroidal one ARB and two subspheroidal PRB. Sporocyst possesses a residuum in the form of few scattered granules. This study adds to our growing knowledge of the coccidian fauna of goat in Osmanabad District (M.S.), India.
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Wu, Hongping, Zhihong Peng, Junting Hao, Fiseha Tesfaye, and Leiting Shen. "Gradient Recovery of Tungsten, Cerium, and Titanium from Spent W-Ce/TiO2 Catalysts." Processes 13, no. 6 (2025): 1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061678.
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In this work, a gradient leaching strategy for stepwise extraction of tungsten and cerium from a spent W-Ce/TiO2 catalyst has been developed. Results of a thermodynamic analysis indicated that high-temperature alkaline leaching and low-temperature acid leaching were conducive to the extraction of W and Ce, respectively. The effects of leaching agent type, concentration, temperature, and liquid-to-solid ratio on the leaching rates of W and Ce were systematically investigated. Experimental results revealed that the leaching ratio of W reached 90.92% under optimized conditions of 3 mol/L NaOH, 100 °C, 1 h, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20:1 for the alkaline leaching in the first stage. The leaching ratio for Ce reached 91.96% under optimized conditions of 1 mol/L H2SO4, 50 °C, 2 h, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 12:1 for acidic leach in the second stage. The leaching ratios of titanium and aluminum were limited to 1.76% and 4.42%, respectively, indicating that >90% of these elements were virtually undissolved during the two-stage leaching process. The final leaching residue after the two-stage leaching contained >91.88 wt% TiO2. Consequently, this study not only demonstrated effective separation of W, Ce, and Ti, but also provided an innovative solution for the environmentally friendly treatment and resource utilization for spent W-Ce/TiO2 catalysts.
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Reeh, Niels. "Steady-State Three-Dimensional Ice Flow over an Undulating Base: First-Order Theory with Linear Ice Rheology." Journal of Glaciology 33, no. 114 (1987): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000008674.
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AbstractThe problem of ice flow over threedimensional basal irregularities is studied by considering the steady motion of a fluid with a linear constitutive equation over sine-shaped basal undulations. The undisturbed flow is simple shear flow with constant depth. Using the ratio of the amplitude of the basal undulations to the ice thickness as perturbation parameter, equations to the first order for the velocity and pressure perturbations are set up and solved.The study shows that when the widths of the basal undulations are larger than 2–3 times their lengths, the finite width of the undulations has only a minor influence on the flow, which to a good approximation may be considered two-dimensional. However, as the ratio between the longitudinal and the transverse wavelength L/W increases, the three-dimensional flow effects becomes substantial. If, for example, the ratio of L to W exceeds 3, surface amplitudes are reduced by more than one order of magnitude as compared to the two-dimensional case. The L/W ratio also influences the depth variation of the amplitudes of internal layers and the depth variation of perturbation velocities and strain-rates. With increasing L/W ratio, the changes of these quantities are concentrated in a near-bottom layer of decreasing thickness. Furthermore, it is shown, that the azimuth of the velocity vector may change by up to 10° between the surface and the base of the ice sheet, and that significant transverse flow may occur at depth without manifesting itself at the surface to any significant degree.
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Huynh, Phuong Thi, Oanh Ngoc Huynh, and Hien Phuoc Phan. "Use of Viscozyme L to extract polyphenols from Kim Tuyen green tea." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 2 (2014): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i2.1348.
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Polyphenol production in Kim Tuyen green tea extract was surveyed in this study by optimizing appropriate conditions for Viscozyme L. The optimum amount of water added was 1:20 (w material: w water), the ratio 0.06 v enzyme: w extract, Viscozyme L showed the highest activity at 40 - 450C in 90 min at 60 rpm. Total polyphenol in green tea extract collected from the conditions above reached its peak at 23.49% of dry content (w/w). The total polyphenol and antioxidant activities by carried out by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay of green tea extract (collected by the conditions above) treated with Viscozyme L (23.98%) showed IC50 value at 276.98μL, which was significantly higher antioxidant activities of those treated with non-enzyme extraction (15.75% w/w), with IC50 value at 328.98μL.
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Thuy, Cao Xuan, Van Thinh Pham, Trinh Thi Nhu Hang Nguyen, et al. "Effect of Fermentation Conditions (Dilution Ratio, Medium pH, Total Soluble Solids, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Ratio) on the Ability to Ferment Cider from Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) Fruit." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 2024 (February 2, 2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8841207.
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Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) is a nutrition-rich product containing antioxidant components and preventive properties against cancer risk. However, there is currently a scarcity of research on processing techniques to diversify products and extend the preservation time of the active compounds in tamarillo. In this study, we focused on developing a cider processing procedure from tamarillo by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Angel RV002). Fermentation conditions, such as the dilution ratio (66 : 34–34 : 66%, w/w), medium pH (3.5–5), total soluble solids (TSS 10–26°Brix), and yeast ratio (0.6–1.2 g/L) were investigated. Ethanol concentration, pH, TSS, titratable acidity, total sugar content, and reducing sugar content were evaluated from day 0 to day 5 of fermentation. At a 50 : 50 (%, w/w) dilution ratio of the tamarillo juice with water, pH 4.5, TSS of 22°Brix, and the addition of yeast 0.6 g/L to the fermentation process, the ethanol concentration reached 7.54±0.11 (%, v/v) after 4 days of fermentation. Additionally, the product maintained a moderately low pH (pH 4.16). The final product exhibited a high sugar content and dissolved nutrients. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for the production of tamarillo cider, contributing to the diversification of the product, enhancing the value of tamarillo, and promoting economic development in the region of cultivation.
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Coelho, Geraldo Ceni, Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath, and Eloir Paulo Schenkel. "Populational Diversity on Leaf Morphology of Maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 45, no. 1 (2002): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132002000100008.
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Maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a native plant from southern Brazil and a raw material for beverages. To research on population variability of the species, we compared leaf morphology of three populations from Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Paraná (PR) and Santa Catarina (SC) States. Lamina measurements included area (A), perimeter (P), length (l), maximum width (w), distance between maximum width and lamina base (dw), base angle (BÂ), biomass (m), and the indexes: relative distance of maximum width (dw/l), ratio length/width (l/w), relative perimeter (RP= P / (l + w), rectangular area index (RAI = A / (l x w)) and leaf mass/area (m/A). We verified differences among populations on A (MS<PR=SC), l (MS<PR=SC), w (MS<PR=SC), RAI (MS=PR>SC) and m/A (MS>PR, MS=SC, PR=SC). The lowest RAI of SC could be explained, at least partially, by a positive correlation between RAI and BÂ (r= 0.6043, p<0.01).
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Hamouda, Mohamed A., Haliemeh Sweidan, Munjed A. Maraqa, and Hilal El-Hassan. "Mechanistic Study of Pb2+ Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Eggshells." Water 12, no. 9 (2020): 2517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092517.
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This study investigates the impact of eggshell particle size and solid-to-water (s/w) ratio on lead (Pb2+) removal from aqueous solution. Collected raw eggshells were washed, crushed, and sieved into two particle sizes (<150 and 150–500 µm). Batch Pb2+ removal experiments were conducted at different s/w ratios with initial Pb2+ concentrations of up to 70 mg/L. The contribution of precipitation to Pb2+ removal was simulated by quantifying removal using eggshell water, whereas sorbed Pb2+ was quantified by acid digestion. Results indicated that eggshell particle sizes did not affect Pb2+ removal. High removal (up to 99%) of Pb2+ was achieved for low initial Pb2+ concentrations (<30 mg/L) across all s/w ratios studied. However, higher removal capacity was observed at lower s/w ratios. In addition, results confirmed that precipitation played a major role in the removal of Pb2+ by eggshells. Yet, this role decreased as the s/w ratio and initial concentration of Pb2+ increased. A predictive relationship that relates the normalized removal capacity of eggshells to the s/w ratio was developed to potentially facilitate the design of the reactor.
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Acosta Pavas, Juan Camilo, Laura Alzate Blandón, and Ángela Adriana Ruiz Colorado. "Enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat starch for glucose syrup production." DYNA 87, no. 214 (2020): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v87n214.82669.
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An analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat starch was performed. The gelatinization stage was carried out between 90-95°C for 15min. In the liquefaction stage, a commercial α-amylase was used with an enzyme-substrate ratio (E/S ratio) 0.036%w/w at 60°C and pH 5.8 for 4h. In the saccharification stage, a commercial amyloglucosidase was used with an E/S ratio of 0.11% w/w at 60°C and pH 4.3 for 6h. A second hydrolysis was evaluated using a E/S ratio of 0.18%w/w in the saccharification stage. Two methods of enzymatic deactivation, boiling temperatures and pH were evaluated. Inhibitory effects were studied by adding 180g/L of glucose to the process. It is concluded that increases in the E/S ratio decrease reaction times but reaches similar concentrations than lower ratios, the most efficient enzymatic deactivation method is pH. In the inhibition tests, it was determined that there are no glucose inhibitory effects.
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Anand, Anubhav, Gyanendra Singh, and Shubhini A Saraf. "PLACKETT–BURMAN DESIGN AS A TOOL FOR SCREENING AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF RIVASTIGMINE-LOADED LIPID NANOCARRIERS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 12 (2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.28066.
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Objective: Plackett–Burman experimental design is used to identify the most important factors early in the experimentation phase when complete knowledge about the system is usually unavailable. The objective of this study was to screen out the most important factors affecting the size and entrapment efficiency of rivastigmine hydrogen tartrate (RHT) nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs).Methods: The RHT-loaded NLC was prepared by the modified solvent emulsification-diffusion method. The independent variables selected for Plackett–Burman design were drug: lipid ratio, solid lipid/liquid lipid (S/L) ratio, concentration Ryoto sugar ester (%w/v), the concentration of poloxamer 188 (%w/v), sonication time (min), sonication amplitude, and stirring time (h).Results: The R2 value for the particle size equation was 86.16%. p value was (<0.05) 0.048 in case of sonication time. In case of entrapment efficiency, the R2 value was 87.12%. The p value (p<0.05) for S/L ratio and the Ryoto sugar (% w/v) was 0.028 and 0.042, respectively.Conclusion: It can be concluded that sonication time has a significant effect on particle size, whereas S/L ratio and Ryoto sugar ester concentration have a significant effect on entrapment efficiency.
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Zhao, R. G., R. F. Huang, H. A. Khoo, and J. J. R. Cheng. "Experimental study on slotted rectangular and square hollow structural section (HSS) tension connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 11 (2008): 1318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-069.
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An experimental study has been carried out on slotted hollow structural section (HSS) connections with and without welding at the end of the gusset plate. A total of 30 slotted square and rectangular HSS specimens, with 16 different connection configurations, were investigated for effects of weld length ratio, slot orientation, gusset plate thickness, slot opening length, and end welding. Experimental results show that the net section efficiency of the specimen with no end welding was greater than unity for a weld length ratio (L/w), where L is weld length and w is the circumferenctial distance between the longitudinal welds, as low as 0.8, and full net section efficiency was achieved with L/w ratio as low as 0.76 for a square HSS specimen with end welding. These results support findings from other research that show provisions to account for the effect of shear lag in slotted HSS connections are overly conservative in both Canadian and American design standards. Recommendations are provided to improve on provisions to account for shear lag in the Canadian design standard.
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Febriana, Eni, Aldo Yansen Tambor Napitupulu, Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, et al. "Identifying the effect of varying acid concentration and solid/liquid ratio in the leaching extraction of magnesium from ferronickel slag." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 6 (132) (2024): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.319045.
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Indonesia is the country with the largest nickel reserves and production levels in the world. Each ton of nickel production can produce eight tons of by-products in the form of ferronickel slag, which continues to increase due to the minimal recycling process of these by-products. This study aimed to determine the impact of changes in acid concentration and solid/liquid ratio on the leaching extraction of magnesium from ferronickel slag and characterize the transformation of ferronickel slag at each stage of the process. The research was conducted using the alkali fusion method and continued with water leaching and acid leaching using Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) as the solvent. The first step in the investigation was milling to get a powder with the particle size ≤127 µm. The sample powder was subsequently mixed with the Na2CO3 additive in a 50:50 (w/w) ratio and roasted for 60 minutes at 1000 °C. The water leaching procedure was then conducted for 60 minutes at 100 °C, a 1:10 (w/v) ratio, and a stirring speed of 400 rpm. The filtrate and residue were then separated using a filtration process. An acid leaching utilizing HCl with concentration variations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 M, and solid/liquid ratio (s/l) variations of 1:20, 1:30, and 1:40 (w/v) was performed on the residue. The results of acid leaching were then filtrated again. The filtrate was then characterized by ICP-OES testing. Based on the analysis results, it can be stated that the percentage of magnesium extraction increases as the solid/liquid ratio (s/l) increases but decreases with the increase in HCl concentration. The optimum percentage of magnesium extraction is 64.12 %, which was achieved with the leaching conditions of a solid/liquid ratio (s/l) of 1:40 (w/v) and a HCl concentration of 0.5 M
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Xiang, Qingru, Tao Feng, Qiang Su, and Lingyun Yao. "Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of L-Arabinose/Glycine Maillard Reaction through Microwave Heating." Journal of Food Quality 2022 (April 13, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1535296.
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L-Arabinose is a low-calorie sweetener that inhibits sucrose absorption by inhibiting sucrase activity in the human intestinal tract. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the processing parameters of the L-arabinose/glycine Maillard reaction to improve the browning degree and antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) through microwave heating. The effect of heating time, volume ratio of propylene glycol to double distilled water (ddH2O), and pH on MRPs was evaluated. A change in the volume ratio of propylene glycol to ddH2O, heating time, and pH was associated with a largely changed browning degree and reducing power of the MRPs. RSM predicated optimum conditions that under substrates of L-arabinose/glycine at a ratio of 2 : 1 (w/w) and concentration of 10% (w/v), a heating time of 7.44 min, volume ratio of propylene glycol to ddH2O 0.93, and pH 10.44 were optimum conditions for the Maillard reaction. The predicted data from the optimum reaction conditions coincided well with the experiment results. The main flavor of MRPs is roasted aroma, and the emulsifying ability of MRPs was 0.367 at 500 nm by microwave heating under the optimal Maillard reaction conditions. MRPs derived from L-arabinose and D-glucose had similar activities. However, a slightly greater activity was found with MRP derived from L-arabinose-glycine with a more volume. This study provided a new direction for the development of sweeteners in the future.
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Prasai, H. K., S. K. Sah, A. K. Gautam, and A. P. Regmi. "Effect of conservation agriculture on grain yield and income of maize under maize based cropping system in far western Nepal." Agricultural Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (2018): 320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/ast.2018.04.060.
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Abstract. The adoption of Conservation agriculture (CA) contributes to sustainable production and its advantages include lower inputs and stable yields. This study was conducted in the research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bhagetada, Dipayal, Doti during 2014 and 2015 to identify the effect of CA on grain yield and income of maize in Maize based cropping system. Both conservation and conventional agricultural (ConvA) practices were evaluated on two maize based cropping systems namely maize-wheat-mungbean (M-W-MB) and maize-lentil-mungbean (M-L-MB). For this purpose two maize varieties namely Raj Kumar and Arun-2 were used. The average productivity of maize under M-L-MB cropping system was 1.6% higher (5.75 t/ha) than M-W-MB cropping system (5.66 t/ha). The average grain yield of maize under CA was 16.7% higher (6.15 t/ha) than ConvA (5.27 t/ha). Rajkumar produced 43% higher average grain yield (6.73 t/ha) than Arun-2 variety (4.69 t/ha). The average net benefit was slightly higher (US$ 597.33/ha) under M-L-MB cropping system than M-W-MB cropping system (US$ 573.89/ha). Similarly, the average net benefit from CA was 102% higher (US$ 783.67/ha) than ConvA (US$ 386.79/ha). Rajkumar variety gave 127% higher average net benefit (US$ 813.49/ha) than Arun-2 (US$ 357.81/ha). The average benefit - cost (B:C) ratio of M-L-MB cropping system was slightly higher (1.72) than the average B:C ratio of M-W-MB cropping system (1.70). The average B:C ratio of CA was 42% higher (2.01) than ConvA (1.41). The average B:C ratio of Rajkumar variety was found 33% higher (1.95) than Arun-2 (1.46). The higher grain yield, net profit and B:C ratio were found in CA practices under M-L-MB cropping system and Rajkumar variety. This study suggests that hybrid maize planting and the adoption of M-L-MB cropping system should be used to increase grain yield and economic performance under CA practices.
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Pudjiastuti, Lily, Tri Widjaja, Aisyah Alifatul Zahidah Rohmah, Atha Pahlevi, Siti Nurkhamidah, and Nuniek Hendrianie. "Comparison of Rhizopus Sp. and Lactobacillus Spp. Performance in Lactic Acid Fermentation of Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Solid Waste." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 3 (2022): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.3.6.
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Lactic acid is an important component of the manufacturing polylactic acid (PLA), which can produce by using high-lignocellulosic biomass (such as rice husk), The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) industry produces an abundant amount of lignocellulosic solid waste. The poor utilization of sugar palm solid waste (SPSW) leads to its potential as a fermentation medium due to its reducing sugar content. Lactic acid fermentation is often conducted using lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, filamentous fungi such as Rhizopus sp. also have the potential to produce lactic acid in fermentation. In the study, SPSW was pretreated using the acid-organosolv method. First, it was ground and screened up to 100-120 mesh. The output sample of the screener was pretreated chemically using dilute acid (H2SO4) with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:5 w/w for 40 minutes at 120°C and organosolv (ethanol 30%) with a solid: liquid ratio of 1:7 w/w for 33 minutes in 107°C. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using the cellulase enzyme. The fermentation was conducted using microorganisms of Rhizopus sp. (R. oryzae and R. arrhizus) and Lactobacillus spp. (L. casei and L. rhamnosus) at various fermentation temperatures. The fermentation results were analyzed, with the results showing that the lactic acid concentration produced using Lactobacillus sp. was higher (4.396 g/L for L. casei and 4.089 g/L L. rhamnosus) than that using Rhizopussp. (2.248 g/L for R. oryzae and 2.742g/L for R. arrhizus).
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Yousafi, Qudsia, Seeman, and Shahzad Saleem. "Benefit-cost ratio evaluation for management of Brevicoryne brassicae L. in canola (Brassica napus L.) crop production." Phytoparasitica 48, no. 4 (2020): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00811-w.
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Lakhal, E. K., E. Bilgen, and P. Vasseur. "Natural Convection and Conduction in Massive Wall Solar Collectors With Honeycomb and Without Vents." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 117, no. 3 (1995): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847766.
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Steady heat transfer by natural convection and conduction is numerically studied in passive solar collector systems consisting of a massive wall with honeycomb structure and without vents. The boundary conditions are constant heat flux on the wall and fins, isothermal on the vertical bounding sides, and adiabatic on the horizontal sides. The governing parameters are the Rayleigh number (106 ≤ Ra ≤ 5 × 109), the aspect ratio of the enclosures (0.4 ≤ A = H′/L′ ≤ 1.4), the dimensionless lengths of the fins (0 ≤ B = l′/Ll′ ≤ 1), the aspect ratio of the microcavities (0.05 ≤ C = h′/L′ ≤ 1), the wall thickness (0.008 ≤ w = w′/L′ ≤ 0.033). The fin thickness (e = e′/H′ = 0.06) and the Prandtl number (Pr = 0.72) were constant, and the conductivity ratio was variable (10−4 ≤ kr ≤ 5 × 106). Local and average Nusselt numbers along the long sides are calculated as a function of various parameters. Streamlines and isotherms are produced. Effects of various parameters on the heat transfer are examined and heat transfer correlations are derived.
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Karima, Nur, Nova Chintya Kurniawati, Boy Arief Fachri, et al. "Optimization of Essential Oil Extraction of Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) Leaves by Using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 6, no. 2 (2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v6i2.339.
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Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) yang biasa digunakan sebagai astringent dan antipiretik memiliki potensi yang tinggi sebagai bahan baku produksi minyak atsiri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengoptimalkan solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) dari daun beluntas menggunakan response surface metodology (RSM). Desain Box-Behnken dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi (60-120 menit), rasio bahan/labu distilat (0,06-0,1 g/ml), dan daya pemanas (150-450 Watt) digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan produksi minyak atsiri. Faktor rasio bahan/penyuling memiliki pengaruh signifikan paling tinggi terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri (P<0,05). Rendemen minyak atsiri meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya daya pemanasan minyak dan waktu ekstraksi, dan sebaliknya. Di sisi lain, peningkatan rasio bahan/labu distilat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri. Hasil minyak atsiri maksimum menggunakan metode SFME sebesar 0,2728 b/b% diperoleh untuk kondisi optimal waktu ekstraksi 90 menit, daya pemanasan 450 W, dan rasio bahan/labu distilat 0,06.Beluntas (Pluchea Indica L.) which commonly used as astringent and antipyretic has a high potential for the feedstock of essential oil production. The objective of this work is to optimize solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of Beluntas leaves by using response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Behnken Design with the variations of extraction time (60-120 min), feed/distiller ratio (0.06-0.1 g/ml), and heating power (150-450 W) was utilized to optimize essential oil yield. The feed/distiller ratio factor had the highest significant effect on the essential oil yield (P<0.05). Essential oil yield increased as the increase of oil heating power and time extraction, and vice versa. On the other hand, the increase in the feed/distiller ratio gave a negative impact on the essential oil yield. The maximum essential oil yield using SFME method of 0.2728 b/b% was obtained for the optimized condition of extraction time of 90 min, microwave heating power of 450 W, and feed/distiller ratio of 0.06.
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Petrone, Luca, Nikolai Lebovka, and Michał Cieśla. "Random sequential adsorption of aligned rectangles with two discrete orientations: finite-size scaling effects." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2023, no. 10 (2023): 103201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/acfc41.
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Abstract We study saturated packings produced according to the random sequential adsorption (RSA) protocol built of identical rectangles deposited on a flat, continuous plane. An aspect ratio of rectangles is defined as the length-to-width ratio, f = l / w . The rectangles have a fixed unit area (i.e. l × w = 1 ), and therefore, their shape is defined by the value of f ( l = f and w = 1 / f ). The rectangles are allowed to align either vertically or horizontally with equal probability. The particles are deposited on a flat square substrate of side length L ∈ [ 20 , 1000 ] ) and periodic boundary conditions are applied along both directions. The finite-size scaling are characterized by a scaled anisotropy defined as α = l / L = f / L . We showed that the properties of such packings strongly depend on the value of aspect ratio f and the most significant scaling effects are observed for relatively long rectangles when l ⩾ L / 2 (i.e. α ⩾ 0.5 ). It is especially visible for the mean packing fraction as a function of the scaled anisotropy α. The kinetics of packing growth for low to moderate rectangle anisotropy is to be governed by ln t / t law, where t is proportional to the number of RSA iterations, which is the same as in the case of RSA of parallel squares. We also analyzed global orientational ordering in such packings and properties of domains consisting of a set of neighboring rectangles of the same orientation, and the probability that such domain forms a percolation.
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Božović, Danica, Ivana Dimić, Nemanja Teslić, et al. "Valorization of Sour Cherry Kernels: Extraction of Polyphenols Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs)." Molecules 29, no. 12 (2024): 2766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122766.
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The objective of this research was to optimize the natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction process from sour cherry kernels (Prunus cerasus L.). For polyphenol isolation, conventional solid–liquid extraction was employed using different concentrations of ethanol (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 96%), as well as the innovative NADES extraction technique. In the initial phase of the research, a screening of 10 different NADESs was conducted, while extraction was carried out under constant parameters (50 °C, 1:20 w/w, 60 min). NADES 4, composed of lactic acid and glucose in a molar ratio of 5:1, exhibited the highest efficiency in the polyphenol isolation. In the subsequent phase of the research, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the extraction process. Three independent variables, namely temperature, extraction time, and solid–liquid (S/L) ratio, were examined at three different levels. The extracted samples were analyzed for total phenol (TP) and antioxidant activity using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. ANOVA and descriptive statistics (R2 and CV) were performed to fit the applied model. According to RSM, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: temperature of 70 °C, extraction time of 161 min, and S/L ratio of 1:25 w/w.
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BRUSTUR, T. "MODERN LIMPET HOME SCAR ON THE DEVONIAN CLIFFS, NORTH COAST CENTRAL AND WEST CORNWALL (UNITED KINGDOM), AND LOWER CRETACEOUS PATELLICHNUS FROM ROMANIA." Geo-Eco-Marina 26 (2020) (December 31, 2020): 195–209. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4700209.
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The coherence of substrate is the main factor of stability of the home scars. This dependence is demonstrated by the current impressions in Cornwall, illustrated by the Towan morphotype with the ratio L / w = 1.30, located on the hard rocks of the Bovisand Formation and by the St. Agnes morphotype with the ratio L / w = 1.19, located on hemipelagites of the Porthtowan Formation. The significant morphological difference is supported by the presence of two important features: convex depression bordered by the marginal furrow in the Towan morphotype and concave depression bordered by the marginal ridge in the St. Agnes morphotype.
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Umoh, Romanus A., Imoh I. Johnny, Nsima A. Andy, Anwanabasi E. Udoh, Trust E. Ekpo, and Gabriel U. Ashibeshi. "Micromorphological and Pharmacognostic Studies of Mussaenda philippica L. Flower." Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research 23, no. 4 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2023/v23i4483.
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Mussaenda philippica Linn. belongs to the sub-family Ixoroideae which belongs to the family Rubiaceae. The aim of this study was to employ the quality control parameters in the evaluation of flowers of M. philippica L. The flowers were collected, identified, air dried and pulverized. Standard procedures were carried out to obtain microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, flourescence properties, soluble-extractive values, moisture content and ash values. The results of the microscopic studies using the fresh and powdered flower revealed the presence of paracytic and anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface of the flower (hypostomatic) and none on the adaxial. The abaxial surface also had a stomatal number of 13.6, stomatal index of 4.97% and epidermal number of 260.8 while the adaxial surface had an epidermal number of 304.4. The plant samples of the flower also possessed unicellular trichomes. Results of the micromeritic properties of the samples were bulk volume of 67.16±0.16, tapped volume of 48.00±0.57, bulk density of 0.14±0.00, tapped density of 0.20±0.00, angle of repose of 38.5°, Carr’s Index of 28.50±0.81 and Hausner’s ratio of 1.39±0.01. Chemomicroscopy study showed cellulose, mucilage and protein. The moisture content values obtained was13%w/w. Results for the total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble ash values were 7.7%w/w, 1.3%w/w and 4%w/w and for the ethanol-soluble, methanol-soluble and water-soluble extractive values were 33%w/w, 33%w/w and 36%w/w. The above results could be used to establish pharmacopoeial standards for both fresh and powdered flower of M. philippica.
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Mukhaimin, Iman, Enggar Ayu Saraswati, Rahma Ajizah, and Meilya Suzan Triyastuti. "Product Quality of Quercetin Extract From Carica Papaya L Flower by Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 14, no. 2 (2019): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v14i2.14598.
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These work aims are to determine the best condition extraction and product quality of quercetin from Carica papaya L flowers extract. The extraction of quercetin from Carica papaya L flowers had done by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. Dried flowers prepared by cutting into 0,125 mm of particle size. Dried flowers were extracted using methanol 80% (w/w) to determine influence of solid to liquid, S/L, ratio (1:10, 1:15, 1:20), microwave power (120, 200, 280, 400 W), and extraction time (1-5 minutes) on extraction process. Using the phytochemical test by Mg-HCl-amyl alcohol and UV-Vis spectrophotometer techniques, the quercetin detected by qualitative and quantitative analysis. As a result, the presence of flavonoids detected by the formation of a brownish red-colored flavylium compound. Increasing extraction time, power, and S/L ratio increased the extraction temperature. Consequently, yield quercetin decreased when the temperature extraction exceeds its temperature degradation. The highest quercetin yield, 0.214%, was detected with solid to liquid ratio (1:15), microwave power (400 Watt), and extraction time (4 minutes). FTIR spectrophotometer technique on the highest yield quercetin proved that have product quality with 91,17% similarity on group function like –OH, C=O, C=C, and C-H with quercetin standard spectrum.
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Nguyen, Minh Phuoc Nguyen. "Peracetic acid concentration and starch slurry ratio on functional properties of oxidized sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) starch." Plant Science Today 8, no. 1 (2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.957.
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Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is an important food crop with great source of starch. Sweet potato starch has inferior properties like high swelling power, soft gel texture and low paste clarity. Peracetic acid is an environmentally friendly oxidizing reagent without harmful effects to human health. This research evaluated the feasibility of peracetic acid concentration (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ppm) and starch slurry ratio (1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 1:14, 1:16 w/w) to functional characteristics of the oxidized sweet potato starch. Results showed that the highest swelling power (57.34%), solubility (2.68%) and peak viscosity (6264 cP) were obtained by peracetic acid 6 ppm and starch slurry ratio 1:12 w/w. Peracetic acid could be successfully applied as a powerful oxidizing agent in starch modification.
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WYATT, T. R. "ELECTROWEAK MEASUREMENTS FROM RUN II AT THE TEVATRON." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 06 (2004): 794–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04018774.
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The CDF and DØ detectors were fully commissioned for physics running in Run II at the Tevatron [Formula: see text] collider in early 2002. Since then both experiments have collected data samples corresponding to an integrated luminosity of around ∫L=200 pb -1 at a [Formula: see text] centre-of-mass energy of [Formula: see text]. Datasets corresponding ∫L=120 pb-1 have been analyzed for physics so far. Recent electroweak measurements from Run II are reviewed. Cross section times branching ratio measurements (σ· Br ) are presented for the intermediate vector bosons (IVB's) in their leptonic decay modes: W→ℓν and Z→ℓ+ℓ-. For the first time, a combination of the σ· Br results from the CDF and DØ experiments is made; this includes using a consistent choice of the total inelastic [Formula: see text] cross section for the luminosity determinations of the two experiments. Quantities derived from these σ· Br values are also updated. These include: R ℓ the ratio of the σ· Br values for W and Z; Br (W→ℓν), the leptonic branching ratio of the W; and Γw, the total decay width of the W. Other measurements using events containing W and Z leptonic decays are presented, including studies that probe the QCD phenomenology of W/Z production and searches for events containing two intermediate vector bosons.
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Chetbani, Yazid, Rebih Zaitri, Bassam A. Tayeh, Ibrahim Y. Hakeem, Fodil Dif, and Yasmina Kellouche. "Physicomechanical Behavior of High-Performance Concrete Reinforced with Recycled Steel Fibers from Twisted Cables in the Brittle State—Experimentation and Statistics." Buildings 13, no. 9 (2023): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092290.
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This research studied the effect of recycled steel fibers extracted from twisted cable waste on the fresh and hardened states of high-performance concretes. Accordingly, slump, water absorption (WA), compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), and split tensile strength (STS) were measured in the laboratory using mixtures generated by the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM-based central composite design (CCD) was used to assess the influence of water-to-binder (W/B) ratios from 0.27 to 0.31, length-to-diameter (L/d = 46 to 80) and steel fiber content (SFC) in the range of 19 to 29 kg/m3 on the behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC). The accuracy and validation of the generated models were evaluated by employing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and optimal parameters. The experimental findings revealed that the use of an L/d ratio of 63, a W/B ratio of approximately 0.28, and an SFC of around 22 kg/m3 resulted in high workability in terms of slump. While a notable increase in compressive strength was observed when employing an L/d ratio of approximately 70, a W/B ratio of around 0.28, and the maximum SFC of 29 kg/m3, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
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Serpil, Erden, and De h. ghanian Kaveh. "Settlement Behavior Evaluation o f Soft - Clay Layer Reinforced w ith Sand Piles." Engineering and Technology Journal 07, no. 01 (2022): 1121–24. https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v7i1.02.
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In this study, the performances of the sand piles in Istanbul's Bağcılar and Zeytinburnu districts has been analyzed using Finite Element Method (FEM). Single and group (triple) piles with various length/diameter ratios (L/D) were placed in the water-saturated soft clay soil. Sand piles were modeled in various L/D ratios (10, 5.71, and 8.57). The distance between the piles was chosen as 2 meters and the group effect was also investigated. A uniformly distributed load of 162 kN/m<sup>2</sup> is placed on the ground. In addition, the soil was modeled with the Soft-Soil soil model, the hardening soil model for the infill part, and the sand piles with the Mohr-Coulomb soil model. According to the results , the settlement of the soil decreases by 52.8% for a single pile with an L/D ratio of 8.57. However, the best L/D ratio for triple piles was found to be 5.71. In this case, the settlement decreases by 52.8% compared to the pileless situation. Finally it was concluded that the model with the L/D ratio of 8.57 reduced settlement in the best and the most efficient way.
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Feurdean, Angelica, Richard S. Vachula, Diana Hanganu, Astrid Stobbe, and Maren Gumnior. "Charcoal morphologies and morphometrics of a Eurasian grass-dominated system for robust interpretation of past fuel and fire type." Biogeosciences 20, no. 24 (2023): 5069–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5069-2023.
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Abstract. Recent developments in morphological and morphometric analyses of charcoal particles have improved our ability to discern characteristics of burnt plant fuel and interpret fire-type changes. However, burning experiments linking known plants to these metrics are limited, particularly in open ecosystems. This study presents novel analyses of laboratory-produced charcoal of 22 plant species from the steppe regions of Eurasia (Romania and Russia), along with selected samples from three Holocene charcoal and pollen records from the same areas. We characterise charcoal production, morphologies and morphometrics in these grass-dominated environments, thereby enabling more robust interpretations of fuel sources and fire types for palaeofire research. Our experiments demonstrate that fire temperature can introduce biases in charcoal produced among species. Grass charcoal production was significantly lower and decreased more strongly with fire temperature compared to forbs. This suggests an underrepresentation of terrestrial graminoids in sedimentary charcoal assemblages. Morphometric analyses revealed that graminoid charcoal particles were more elongated (length-to-width ratio L/W=4) and narrower (width-to-length ratio W/L=0.38) than forbs (L/W=3.1 and W/L=0.42, respectively), in agreement with a global compilation for graminoids (L/W=4.3 for grass 5.4 grass and wetland graminoids) and forbs (L/W=2.9). However, overlapping L/W values present a challenge for establishing cut-off values for fuel type identification in charcoal assemblages with mixed fuel sources. Based on our analyses and compiled datasets from experimental burns, L/W values above 3.0 may indicate predominantly herbaceous morphologies in temperate grassland-dominated ecosystems, though values are likely to be higher for grass than forb-dominated grasslands. Notably, terrestrial grasses exhibit shorter aspect ratios (L/W=4.3) than wetland graminoids (L/W=6.4), highlighting that the aspect ratio needs tailoring to the specific environment of its application, i.e. wetland vs. terrestrial ecosystems. The long forms of graminoid charcoal particles also suggest their potential for atmospheric longer-distance transport compared to more spherical particles, meaning they likely provide insights into regional fire history. An important finding is that charcoal of herbaceous plants closely corresponded to the pollen record, highlighting a solid link between the dominant vegetation and fuel burnt in grassland-dominated environments. However, the relationship between woody charcoal and tree pollen may be more complex, as tree pollen can travel atmospherically longer distances compared to woody charcoal. Our results also highlight the complex interplay between local vegetation and charcoal composition with human fire use that needs to be considered when interpreting charcoal morphological records. A critical takeaway from this study is the importance of not assuming the universality of previous research findings and instead employing experimental approaches to characterise charcoal particles in new ecosystems prior to the application of these techniques. Furthermore, this study also highlights recommendations for further research in new geographical areas and proposes methodological adjustments to enhance the usefulness of charcoal analysis in fire research.
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Garofalo, Luigi. "L’‘HUMANITAS’ TRA DIRITTO ROMANO E TOTALITARISMO HITLERIANO." Zeszyty Prawnicze 15, no. 2 (2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2015.15.2.03.
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„Humanitas” między prawem rzymskim a totalitaryzmem hitlerowskimStreszczenieIdea humanitas towarzysząca ludzkości od czasów starożytnych, od momentu jej powstania pozostawała w ścisłym związku z pojęciem prawa, oddziałując na proces jego tworzenia i interpretacji oraz wyznaczając kierunki jego rozwoju. Jak każda idea ma ona swoje „corpus“ historyczne, jako że proces jej formowania się, kształtowania i konsolidacji odbywał się w rozwoju historycznym naszej cywilizacji, w nierozerwalnym związku z ludźmi i ich losami. O ile dla Cycerona humanitas rozumiana jest jako obiektywna, nadrzędna zasada moralna, z której wynikają dla człowieka określone powinności a także jako wymóg zdobywania wszelakiego rodzaju wiedzy, przede wszystkim na bazie studiów literackich, o tyle w kulturze chrześcijańskiej humanitas przejawia się przede wszystkim w obowiązku miłości bliźniego, umiłowania Syna Bożego w każdej istocie ludzkiej, nawet jeżeli jest ona wrogiem. Przedmiotem rozważań w niniejszym opracowaniu jest koncepcja humanitas u zarania jej dziejów a więc w czasach rzymskich, bowiem idea humanizmu, zarówno w sensie terminologicznym jak i materialnym stanowi oryginalną, autonomiczną kreację rzymskiej praktyki prawnej i myśli filozoficznej a także pojmowanie i krytyka tejże idei humanitas w okresie, „kiedy prawo rzymskie przestało istnieć“ a więc w czasach hitlerowskiego totalitaryzmu. W pismach rzymskich jurystów, poczynając od Juliana, wielokrotnie humanitas jest przywoływana jako ratio decidendi konkretnego rozstrzygnięcia kwestii spornej będąc jednym z atrybutów idei aequitas (słuszności) uznawanej przez rzymskich jurystów i urzędników tworzących i stosujących prawo za podstawę proponowanych przez nich rozstrzygnięć czy rozwiązań prawnych. Tak pojmowana idea humanitas zapewniła sobie silny wpływ na obowiązujące prawo i wyznaczała kierunki jego dalszego rozwoju. W czasach nazizmu zarówno prawo rzymskie jak i ideologia z nim związana stała się natomiast obiektem zażartej krytyki ze strony teoretyków prawa i filozofów związanych z hitlerowskim reżimem. Głęboka awersja do prawa naznaczonego humanizmem, czy to w jego antycznym wydaniu, czy będącego recepcją prawa rzymskiego, spowodowała porzucenie idei humanitas przez elity intelektualne tej epoki popierające poglądy głoszone przez Hitlera bądź też doprowadziła do interpretacji tej idei zupełnie wynaturzonej w relacji do jej oryginalnego znaczenia. Jak należy bowiem zauważyć społeczeństwu rzymskiemu, chociaż nieznającemu pojęcia praw człowieka i z naszego punktu widzenia w wielu aspektach okrutnemu i niesprawiedliwemu, obca była idea dyskryminacji ze względów rasowych i etnicznych, co zawdzięczało ono w dużej mierze uznaniu wartości zawierających się właśnie w idei humanitas.
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Quach, Thi Quynh, Thi Hai Yen Nguyen, Thanh Tuan Tran, Khanh Linh Trinh, Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen та Nguyen Manh Dao. "Nghiên cứu bào chế bột cao khô rễ đinh lăng lá nhỏ (Polyscias fruticosa L.) bằng phương pháp sấy phun". Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ nhiệt đới 34 (червень 2024): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58334/vrtc.jtst.n34.09.
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The research aimed to explore the technical parameters for preparing dry extract powder from root of Polyscias fruticosa using the spray drying method with an LPG-5 apparatus. Investigated parameters encompassed excipients (MD, AE), the ratio of excipients/solids in the liquid concentrate, and drying temperature. Optimal parameters for the spray drying process were determined as follows: 50/50 (w/w) mixture of MD and AE served as the spray drying excipient, with a 10% (w/v) solid content ratio in the liquid concentrate and a 100% (w/w) excipient/solid ratio. Operating conditions included an inlet temperature of 160°C, a liquid pump rotation speed of 15 rotations/minute, and a spray nozzle pressure of 0.35 MPa. Utilizing these parameters, the spray drying process yielded dry extract powder with an efficiency of 80%. The resulting powder comprised spherical particles ranging from 2-15 µm, with a density of 0.89 ± 0.04 g/ml, a compressibility index (CI) of 23.22 ± 1.12, moisture content of 4.5 ± 0.6%, moisture sorption of 17.17 ± 1.05 g/100 g, and an oleanolic acid content of 1.29 ± 0.02 mg/g.
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Porteous, Ric, Danielle J. Moreau, and Con J. Doolan. "The aeroacoustics of finite wall-mounted square cylinders." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 832 (October 26, 2017): 287–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.682.
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This paper presents the results of an experimental study that relates the flow structures in the wake of a square finite wall-mounted cylinder with the radiated noise. Acoustic and hot-wire measurements were taken in an anechoic wind tunnel. The cylinder was immersed in a near-zero-pressure gradient boundary layer whose thickness was 130 % of the cylinder width, $W$. Aspect ratios were in the range $0.29\leqslant L/W\leqslant 22.9$ (where $L$ is the cylinder span), and the Reynolds number, based on width, was $1.4\times 10^{4}$. Four shedding regimes were identified, namely R0 ($L/W<2$), RI ($2<L/W<10$), RII ($10<L/W<18$) and RIII ($L/W>18$), with each shedding regime displaying an additional acoustic tone as the aspect ratio was increased. At low aspect ratios (R0 and RI), downwash dominated the wake, creating a highly three-dimensional shedding environment with maximum downwash at $L/W\approx 7$. Looping vortex structures were visualised using a phase eduction technique. The principal core of the loops generated the most noise perpendicular to the cylinder. For higher aspect ratios in RII and RIII, the main noise producing structures consisted of a series of inclined vortex filaments, where the angle of inclination varied between vortex cells.