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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wage distribution

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Academic literature on the topic 'Wage distribution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wage distribution"

1

Neumark, David, Mark Schweitzer, and William Wascher. "Minimum Wage Effects throughout the Wage Distribution." Journal of Human Resources XXXIX, no. 2 (2004): 425–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xxxix.2.425.

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Neumark, David, Mark Schweitzer, and William Wascher. "Minimum Wage Effects throughout the Wage Distribution." Journal of Human Resources 39, no. 2 (2004): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3559021.

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Ferraro, Simona, Jaanika Meriküll, and Karsten Staehr. "Minimum wages and the wage distribution in Estonia." Applied Economics 50, no. 49 (June 23, 2018): 5253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1486017.

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Martins, Pedro S. "Industry wage premia: evidence from the wage distribution." Economics Letters 83, no. 2 (May 2004): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2003.11.002.

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Troncoso, Baltar. "Wage distribution in the period of economic growth with income distribution: The case of Brazil." Panoeconomicus 67, no. 3 (2020): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2003361t.

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This paper analyses in detail the distribution of Brazilian wages in the period of economic growth with income distribution. Brazil presents a high structural heterogeneity that generates high wage inequality, and it is shown that wage differences within occupational categories are greater than wage differences between occupational categories. Higher GDP growth followed by an incomes policy that raised low wages reduced wage differences especially within occupational categories rather than wage differences between occupational categories.

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Cengiz, Doruk, Arindrajit Dube, Attila Lindner, and Ben Zipperer. "The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, no. 3 (May 2, 2019): 1405–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz014.

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Abstract We estimate the effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs using 138 prominent state-level minimum wage changes between 1979 and 2016 in the United States using a difference-in-differences approach. We first estimate the effect of the minimum wage increase on employment changes by wage bins throughout the hourly wage distribution. We then focus on the bottom part of the wage distribution and compare the number of excess jobs paying at or slightly above the new minimum wage to the missing jobs paying below it to infer the employment effect. We find that the overall number of low-wage jobs remained essentially unchanged over the five years following the increase. At the same time, the direct effect of the minimum wage on average earnings was amplified by modest wage spillovers at the bottom of the wage distribution. Our estimates by detailed demographic groups show that the lack of job loss is not explained by labor-labor substitution at the bottom of the wage distribution. We also find no evidence of disemployment when we consider higher levels of minimum wages. However, we do find some evidence of reduced employment in tradeable sectors. We also show how decomposing the overall employment effect by wage bins allows a transparent way of assessing the plausibility of estimates.

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Dilmé i Soto, Francesc. "Optimal Wage Distribution in Hierarchies." Cuadernos de Economía 30, no. 82 (January 2007): 37–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0210-0266(07)70007-9.

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Watts, Martin J., and William Mitchell. "Wages and Wage Determination in 2007." Journal of Industrial Relations 50, no. 3 (June 2008): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185608089996.

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In 2007 money wages rose marginally faster than in 2006 but there was no evidence of generalized wage pressures arising from skill shortages. The Reserve Bank raised interest rates twice during the year, further reducing housing affordability. The Fair Pay Commission decision in July temporarily restored the real wages of the lowest paid, but there was further compression of the lower deciles of the wage distribution. With petrol prices continuing to rise, household living standards are under threat, particularly those of workers reliant on the wage adjustment through the Commission whose next decision will not be operational until October 2008. The election of the Labor Government in November led to speculation as to extent to which the Work Choices legislation would be amended.

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Bílková, Diana. "What is the Influence of the Global Economic Crisis on the Development of the Wage Distribution of Czechs and Slovaks?" Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2014.23.141.155.

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This paper deals with the development of wage distribution by gender in the Czech and Slovak Republics in the years 2005–2012. Special attention is given to the changing in the behavior of the wage distribution in relation to the onset of the global economic recession. The different behavior of the wage distribution of Czech and Slovak employees during the period is the subject of research. The article discusses the differences in wage level between men and women in the Czech and Slovak Republics. There are the total wage distributions of men and women together, both in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic on the one hand, and wage distributions according to the gender separately for men and for women on the other hand. Comparison of wage levels in the world and the position of wages of the Czech employees in the international context is included, too.

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Adamchik, Vera, Thomas Hyclak, and Arthur King. "The wage structure and wage distribution in Poland, 1994‐2001." International Journal of Manpower 24, no. 8 (December 2003): 916–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720310507938.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wage distribution"

1

Tachibanaki, Toshiaki. "Wage Determination and Distribution in Japan." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181281.

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Onaran, Özlem. "Distribution and globalization. A wage bargaining model." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1054/1/document.pdf.

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This paper develops a model of distribution to analyze the effects of neoliberal globalization on labor in the developing countries. Distribution is determined via wage bargaining by workers, price setting by firms, and improvements in productivity. The full model has the nature of a Post-Keynesian conflicting claims model for an open economy under the pressure of globalization. The conflict inflation is extended to an open economy case with imported inputs, where the pass through effect of the depreciation of the local currency also becomes important. The variables that reflect the macroeconomic effects of globalization are modeled as parameters that affect the bargaining power of labor on two levels: the first group is related with the interaction with the global economy, i.e. international trade, and FDI. The second is about the domestic fiscal and monetary policy variables, which are particularly related to the specific form that globalization takes in the era of neoliberalism, i.e. government expenditures, and the interest rate. Then the model is solved for distribution of income, i.e. the wage share, thus a reduced form of the model is obtained, which is estimated in a companion paper to test whether the change in the international and domestic macroeconomic environment has affected the decline the labor's share. (author's abstract)
Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

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Tudela, Carlos Carrillo. "Recruitment strategies, wage-tenure contracts and the distribution of wages : an equilibrium search approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423714.

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Andrews, Lauren. "Spatial Mismatch for Low-Wage Workers in post-Katrina New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1292.

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The theme of this study is spatial mismatch, a concept that gave rise to an ever-expanding body of research concerned with how and why residential and employment distributions have shifted within cities and across metropolitan areas. The concept grew out of John F. Kain's research on how racial discrimination and segregation affects the spatial patterns of people/subgroups and jobs in the postwar American urban environment. Specifically, "Housing Segregation" posits that housing-market discrimination is at the root of increased unemployment among inner-city, nonwhite workers; concurrently, the pace and volume of decentralization (of residents and employment) from central-cities reinforces low-income, overwhelmingly African-American isolation and immobility. This study contributes to the New Orleans literature by providing a pre- and post-Katrina snapshot of spatial mismatch. The analysis addresses research questions aimed at gauging the extent to which mismatch and job-isolation have changed for poor workers in the New Orleans metro area since Hurricane Katrina.

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Brey, Yaseen. "Assessing the Impact of Minimum Wage on South Africa's Earnings distribution." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29401.

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The topic of minimum wage has been of interest for a long time and particularly its potential in addressing wage inequality and ultimately improve the livelihoods of the most marginalized. South Africa has high prevalence of inequality and poverty and the minimum wage is touted as a potential mechanism to improve the lives of individuals at the bottom end of the wage distribution. The mainstay of analysis for minimum wage is the impact on employment. To this end, the paper will flesh out the history of minimum wages and contextualize them through their role in improving welfare. In February 2017, the National Economic Development and Labour Council, constituted out of representatives from business, labour and government, signed the national minimum wage agreement. This agreement outlines the basis for instituting a new national minimum wage no later than 1 May 2018. The proposed new minimum wage of R20 per hour is aimed to “improve the lives of the lowest paid workers and begin to address the challenge of wage inequality” (NEDLAC, 2017). Although many sectors are already at this level, significant increases in the private security and domestic workers sector will require a large increase to come up to parity. In terms of the political economy, the African National Congress (ANC) is undergoing significant grappling for power of South Africa’s ruling party. Although it cannot be seen as more than conjecture, it is nevertheless worthwhile to view the national minimum wage as more than just labour reform, but also a bargaining chip for political gain in the 2019 national elections.

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Malmberg, Åsa. "Evaluating the gender wage gap in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7654.

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Using mainly quantile regressions, this paper evaluates the gender wage gap throughout the conditional wage distribution in Sweden. The gender wage is found to increase at the upper tail of the wage distribution, indicating an enforcement of the glass ceiling effect recorded in earlier studies.

The results also indicate that the earlier noted trend of diminishing wage differences at the bottom of the wage distribution now is turning. The increase of overall wage inequalities coincides with a general increase in wage dispersion among high-income and low-income individuals. It is also noted that there are substantial differences in returns to productivity characteristics between the public and the private sectors, and that both the highest and the lowest unexplained gender wage gap is found in the public sector.

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Rivera, Silva Eduardo Felipe. "Wage inequality in Chile: a directed search approach with heterogeneous skill distribution." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146596.

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Magíster en Economía Aplicada
The following work is a study about wage inequality in Chile. Wage inequality is understood as the difference in total wages earned by the high earners and low earners. This thesis proposes a directed search model. This models are used to describe markets with frictions, in which markets don't necessarily clear. In particular, directed search models assume that the searchers direct their efforts towards specific markets, characterized by the same posted wage. The model also considers a distribution of skills, with a law of motion, that under certain conditions converges into a steady state distribution, which is then used to check the job market for each skill level, as well as the wages and output of the economy. To help calibrate, the data was collected from public government sources, and the model was computed using numeric methods for both the steady states and the wage distribution. The results point toward the existence of a trade-off between equality and efficiency, where countries where the highly productive are paid the biggest share of output are also the ones that produce more and are thus more efficient, while markets with a more even distribution of wages also have higher levels of unemployment and less total output. Also, the model implies that currently Chile leans a bit more towards a more "rigid" distribution, and therefore has a higher amount of wage inequality, still far from the more mobile models. Finally, the study suggests how policy could shape the direction and steady state of the distribution of skills, and suggests further lines of investigation to follow.

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Aleksandrova, Arnaudova Evelina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Spain : An analysis of the impact of the financial crisis on the gender wage gap distribution." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37871.

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Equality is part of the European policy and legislation. However there are still evident signs of women being treated unequally in the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to answer the question if women are more vulnerable to economic shocks in terms of wage distribution. The focus will be on women in Spain in the context of the financial crisis of 2008. The thesis examines the evolution of the salary structure in the period 2002-2014 using the microdata of the Structural Earning Survey. The taste-based and the statistical discrimination theory are going to be described in order to explain the causes of gender wage discrimination. The methods applied in this paper are the Mincer method, which explains the human capital theory and the Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions, which separates the gender wage gap into explained and unexplained parts. The results from the study suggest that there is a decrease in the gender wage gap in Spain following the situation before and after the crisis.

Correction: Spring semester 2019

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Aleksandrova, Arnaudova Evelina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Spain : An analysis of the impact of the financial crisis on the gender wage gap distribution." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37890.

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Equality is part of the European policy and legislation. However there are still evident signs of women being treated unequally in the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to answer the question if women are more vulnerable to economic shocks in terms of wage distribution. The focus will be on women in Spain in the context of the financial crisis of 2008. The thesis examines the evolution of the salary structure in the period 2002-2014 using the microdata of the Structural Earning Survey. The taste-based and the statistical discrimination theory are going to be described in order to explain the causes of gender wage discrimination. The methods applied in this paper are the Mincer method, which explains the human capital theory and the Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions, which separates the gender wage gap into explained and unexplained parts. The results from the study suggest that there is a decrease in the gender wage gap in Spain following the situation before and after the crisis.

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Edwards, Will. "Do Increases in Labor Productivity Still Drive Wage Growth?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2025.

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The rise of earnings inequality in the United States has garnered attention in both the political and academic spheres. Recently progressive politicians have pointed towards the divergence of wages and labor productivity as a source of this inequality. known as the productivity-pay gap as a source of the rise in inequality. This paper analyzes that divergence with a regression model that evaluates the change in compensation that is attributable to increases in productivity. Results were somewhat surprising with productivity accounting for a larger portion of the growth in wages for the period after 1972 when the divergence in the two growth rates began than in the time between 1948 and 1972 when they were said to grow together. Additionally, results showed more wage growth was attributable to increases in productivity in goods producing sectors like manufacturing, utilities, and construction than financial intermediation in the services sector. However standard errors across our model were relatively large making it difficult to say with certainty the size of effects observed. Future research should seek to better define productivity in the service sector to determine whether other factors like education, occupation or area of residence affect the level of wage growth attributable to compensation.

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Books on the topic "Wage distribution"

1

Hammida, Mustapha. Minnesota wage distribution, 1995. St. Paul, MN: Research and Statistics Office, MN Dept. of Economic Security, 1997.

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2

Neumark, David. The effects of minimum wages throughout the wage distribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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3

Tachibanaki, Toshiaki. Wage determination and distribution in Japan. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

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4

Aage, Hans. Soviet wage theory and distribution debates. Washington, DC: Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, 1989.

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Card, David. A living wage?: The effects of the minimum wage on the distribution of wages, the distribution of family earnings and poverty. Princeton: Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section, 1994.

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Newell, Andrew T. The Polish wage inequality explosion. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.

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The changing distribution of the social wage. London: Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1997.

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Razin, Assaf. Resisting migration: Wage rigidity and income distribution. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1995.

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Wage policy, income distribution, and democratic theory. New York: Routledge, 2010.

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Erikson, Christopher L. Wage differentials in Italy: Market forces, institutions, and inflation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wage distribution"

1

Fitoussi, Jean-Paul, and Gylfi Zoega. "Wage Distribution and Unemployment." In The 1990s Slump, 97–132. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24661-8_4.

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Levin-Waldman, Oren M. "Minimum Wage and Income Distribution." In Restoring the Middle Class through Wage Policy, 109–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74448-3_5.

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Sattinger, Michael. "The Distribution of Wage Rates." In Unemployment, Choice and Inequality, 85–101. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70547-2_5.

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Pivetti, Massimo. "Wage Bargaining Distribution and the Price Level." In An Essay on Money and Distribution, 33–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21334-4_4.

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Stockhammer, Engelbert. "Why Have Wage Shares Fallen? An Analysis of the Determinants of Functional Income Distribution." In Wage-led Growth, 40–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137357939_3.

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Hein, Eckhard, Thorsten Schulten, and Achim Truger. "Deflation Risks in Germany and the EMU: The Role of Wages and Wage Bargaining." In Wages, Employment, Distribution and Growth, 67–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230371781_5.

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Bhaduri, Amit. "The Dynamics of Profit- and Wage-led Expansion: A Note." In Wages, Employment, Distribution and Growth, 247–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230371781_12.

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Razin, Assaf, and Efraim Sadka. "Resisting Migration: Wage Rigidity and Income Distribution." In Trade, Growth, and Economic Policy in Open Economies, 167–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00423-4_13.

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Blank, Rebecca. "The Widening Wage Distribution and its Policy Implications." In Aspects of Distribution of Wealth and Income, 185–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23429-5_10.

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Li, Shi, and Haiyuan Wan. "Effects of Minimum Wage Regulations on Wage Growth and Distribution in China." In Minimum Wages in China, 197–221. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2421-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wage distribution"

1

Bílková, Diana. "Four-parameter Lognormal Curves in Wage Distribution Models: Comparison with Three-parameter Lognormal Curves." In International Days of Statistics and Economics 2019. Libuše Macáková, MELANDRIUM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2019.los.186.14.

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Pérez, Elizabeth Reyna Rodríguez, and David Castro Lugo. "Decomposition of Differences in the Wage Distribution using Quantile Regression. Addressed from a Regional Approach." In 1 7th Annual International Conference on Qualitative and Quantitative Economics Research (QQE 2017). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2012_qqe17.12.

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Oransay, Gürçem. "An Examination of the Relationship between Exports and Wages for Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00746.

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In this study the together with increasing foregin trade after trade liberalization, affects of changing income distribution on wages has been discussed. Assuming wages as an issue of income distribution, it continues with foregin trade theories which are related to foreign trade and affect of export on wages in particular. The developments such as effective markets after trade liberalization, high efficiency and removal of barriers in front of international trade increase cost competitiveness and wage levels change. It is still discussed whether foreign trade has positive or negative affects on wages but it can be claimed that differences of opinion vary depending on economical structures and trade volumes of countries. Using a model which has been supplied from both theoretical and practical literature, this research will try to find out affects of export and openness on wages using unit root test, cointegration techniques and error correction mechanism on Turkish economy during the period of 1988:Q1-2010:Q4. Affects of both export and openness on wages has been studied seperately for sub sectors of Turkish Manufacturing Industry. Although there is not a full compliance in all sectors which are studied in all models within periods examined, it has been found out that export and openness create a negative affect on wages.

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Nikoloski, Dimitar. "POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0019.

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Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. The ‘low-wage’ workers similarly as unemployed are often associated with an image of men and women struggling to support their families and living at risk of poverty and social exclusion. Dealing with the social stratification engendered from the employment status of workers in the post-transition countries represents a challenging task for the academics and policymakers. The aim of the paper is to assess the determinants of poverty in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between low-paid and unemployed workers. We assess the factors affecting the probability of at-risk-of poverty status by estimating a logit model on cross-section data separately for employed and unemployed persons in 2015. The analysis draws from an examination of micro data from the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) whose main scope is to enable the compilation of statistics on income distribution, as well as indicators of monetary poverty. Besides other personal and household characteristics, being low-paid appears as the most important factor for at-risk-of poverty status among employed persons, while the low work intensity is the most responsible factor for at-risk-of poverty status among unemployed persons. In addition, our analysis reveals that the social transfers do not satisfactorily cover these categories, which assumes that we need a much broader arsenal of respective policy measures aiming to reduce poverty among the vulnerable labour market segments. The proposed policy recommendations cover the following areas: education and training, active labour market policies, unionisation and collective bargaining, wage subsidies and taxation and statutory minimum wage.

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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick, and Patrick H. Browning. "Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.

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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.

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Scharnke, Jule, and Janou Hennig. "Statistical Analysis of a Set of Basin Waves." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49974.

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In a recent paper the effect of variations in calibrated wave parameters on wave crest and height distributions was analyzed (OMAE2010-20304, [1]). Theoretical distribution functions were compared to wave measurements with a variation in water depth, wave seed (group spectrum) and location of measurement for the same initial power spectrum. The wave crest distribution of the shallow water waves exceeded both second-order and Rayleigh distribution. Whereas, in intermediate water depth the measured crests followed the second order distribution. The distributions of the measured waves showed that different wave seeds result in the same wave height and crest distributions. Measured wave heights were lower closer to the wave maker. In this paper the results of the continued statistical analysis of basin waves are presented with focus on wave steepness and their influence on wave height and wave crest distributions. Furthermore, the sampling variability of the presented cases is assessed.

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Heimann, Justus, Bruce L. Hutchison, and Benjamin J. Racine. "Application of the Free-Wave Spectrum to Minimize and Control Wake Wash." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2008-049.

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The free-wave spectrum completely represents the stationary phase wave field associated with a ship operating at any steady speed regime in water of arbitrary uniform depth. Working with this representation, designers can effectively measure the energy distribution across the ship wave system and mitigate hazardous coastal wake wash impacts. Moreover, recent approaches to wave resistance and ship wake wash minimization directly utilize the free wave spectrum in terms of an objective function, since it yields an effective measure of the energy distribution across the ship wave system.

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Hagen, O̸istein. "Wave Distributions and Sampling Variability." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29584.

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The paper describes the effect of sampling variability on the predicted extreme individual wave height and the predicted extreme individual crests height for long return periods, such as for the 100-year maximum wave height and 100-year maximum crest height. We show that the effect of sampling variability is different for individual crest or wave height as compared to for significant wave height. The short term wave statistics is modeled by the Forristall crest height distribution and the Forristall wave height distribution [3,4]. Samples from the 3-hour Weibull distribution are simulated for 100.000 years period, and the 100-year extreme values for wave heights and crest heights determined for respectively 20 minute and 3 hour sea states. The simulations are compared to results obtained by probabilistic analysis. The paper shows that state of the art analysis approaches using the Forristall distributions give about unbiased estimates for extreme individual crest or wave height if implemented appropriately. Direct application of the Forristall distributions for 3-hour sea state parameters give long term extremes that are biased low, and it is shown how the short term distributions can be modified such that consistent results for 20 minute and 3 hour sea states are obtained. These modified distributions are expected applicable for predictions based on hindcast sea state statistics and for the environmental contour approach.

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Latheef, Mohamed, and Chris Swan. "Wave Statistics in Nonlinear Sea States." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50100.

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This paper concerns the statistical distribution of both wave crest elevations and wave heights in deep water. A new set of laboratory observations undertaken in a directional wave basin located in the Hydrodynamics laboratory in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College London is presented. The resulting data were analysed and compared to a number of commonly applied statistical distributions. In respect of the wave crest elevations the measured data is compared to both linear and second-order order distributions, whilst the wave heights were compared to the Rayleigh distribution, the Forristall (1978) [1] empirical distribution and the modified Glukhovskiy distribution ([2] and [3]). Taken as a whole, the data confirms that the directionality of the sea state is critically important in determining the statistical distributions. For example, in terms of the wave crest statistics effects beyond second-order are most pronounced in uni-directional seas. However, if the sea state is sufficiently steep, nonlinear effects arising at third order and above can also be significant in directionally spread seas. Important departures from Forristall’s empirical distribution for the wave heights are also identified. In particular, the data highlights the limiting effect of wave breaking in the most severe seas suggesting that many of the commonly applied design solutions may be conservative in terms of crest height and wave height predictions corresponding to a small (10−4) probability of exceedance.

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Huang, Zhenjia (Jerry), and Yu Zhang. "Semi-Empirical Single Realization and Ensemble Crest Distributions of Long-Crest Nonlinear Waves." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78192.

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In wave basin model test of an offshore structure, waves that represent the given sea states have to be generated, qualified and accepted for the model test. We normally accept waves in wave calibration tests if the significant wave height, spectral peak period and spectrum match the specified target values. However, for model tests where the responses depend highly on the local wave motions (wave elevation and kinematics) such as wave impact on hull, green water impact on deck and air gap tests, additional qualification checks may be required. For instance, we may need to check wave crest probability distributions to avoid unrealistic wave crest in the test. To date, acceptance criteria of wave crest distribution calibration tests of large and steep waves of three-hour duration (full scale) have not been established. Two purposes of the work presented in the paper are: 1. to define and clarify the wave crest probability distribution of single realization (PDSR) and the probability distribution of wave crest for an ensemble of realizations (PDER) of a given sea state in order to use them appropriately; and 2. to develop semi-empirical probability distributions of nonlinear waves for both PDSR and PDER for easy, practical use. We found that in current practice ensemble and single realization distributions have the potential to be misinterpreted and misused. Clear understanding of the two kinds of distributions will help appropriate offshore design and production unit performance assessments. The semi-empirical formulas proposed in this paper were developed through regression analysis of crest distributions from a large number of sea states and realizations. Wave time series from potential flow simulations, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and model test results were used to establish the probability distributions. The nonlinear wave simulations were performed for three-hour duration assuming that they were long-crested. The sea states are assumed to be represented by JONSWAP spectrum, where a wide range of significant wave height, peak period, spectral peak parameter, and water depth were considered. Coefficients of the proposed semi-empirical probability distribution formulas, comparisons among crest distributions from numerical simulations and the semi-empirical formulas are presented in this paper.

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Reports on the topic "Wage distribution"

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Neumark, David, Mark Schweitzer, and William Wascher. The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7519.

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Yasenov, Vasil I. Immigrants and the U.S. Wage Distribution. W.E. Upjohn Institute, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp20-320.

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Attanasio, Orazio, and Steven Davis. Relative Wage Movements and the Distribution of Consumption. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4771.

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Cantante, Frederico. Gender inequalities at the top of the wage distribution in Portugal. Observatório das Desigualdades, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/ciesodwp012014.

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Guvenen, Fatih, and Burhanettin Kuruscu. Understanding the Evolution of the U.S. Wage Distribution: A Theoretical Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13096.

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Bustelo, Monserrat, Suzanne Duryea, Claudia Piras, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan, and Mariana Viollaz. The Gender Pay Gap in Brazil: It Starts with College Students' Choice of Major. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003011.

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We herein discuss how college major choice affects gender wage gaps by highlighting the role that STEM majors play in explaining the gender wage gap in a developing country. We focus on a Latin American country where a systematic analysis of the interaction between students choice of college major and the gender wage gap is currently lacking. We take advantage of a very unique dataset of college students from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil, to decompose the raw gender gap in hourly wages into one component that can be explained by differences in endowments between men and women as well as a second or residual component that reflects gender differences in the prices of market skills. We implement the commonly applied decomposition approach at the wage distributions mean and a decomposition procedure that considers variations across the wage distribution. Our results reveal that the majors that women and men select explain 50% of the gender wage gap at the mean, and STEM majors contribute to 30% of this difference. When examining different percentiles of the wage distribution, we find that the selection of a major is more important at the middle of the distribution than at the bottom or top.

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Poterba, James, and Kim Rueben. The Distribution of Public Sector Wage Premia: New Evidence Using Quantile Regression Methods. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4734.

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Guvenen, Fatih, and Burhanettin Kuruscu. A Quantitative Analysis of the Evolution of the U.S. Wage Distribution: 1970-2000. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13095.

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Luo, Siyi, Ivan Fernandez-Val, and Victor Chernozhukov. Distribution regression with sample selection, with an application to wage decompositions in the UK. The IFS, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2018.68.

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Luo, Siyi, Ivan Fernandez-Val, and Victor Chernozhukov. Distribution regression with sample selection, with an application to wage decompositions in the UK. The IFS, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2018.6818.

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