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Tachibanaki, Toshiaki. "Wage Determination and Distribution in Japan." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181281.
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Onaran, Özlem. "Distribution and globalization. A wage bargaining model." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1054/1/document.pdf.
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This paper develops a model of distribution to analyze the effects of neoliberal globalization on labor in the developing countries. Distribution is determined via wage bargaining by workers, price setting by firms, and improvements in productivity. The full model has the nature of a Post-Keynesian conflicting claims model for an open economy under the pressure of globalization. The conflict inflation is extended to an open economy case with imported inputs, where the pass through effect of the depreciation of the local currency also becomes important. The variables that reflect the macroeconomic effects of globalization are modeled as parameters that affect the bargaining power of labor on two levels: the first group is related with the interaction with the global economy, i.e. international trade, and FDI. The second is about the domestic fiscal and monetary policy variables, which are particularly related to the specific form that globalization takes in the era of neoliberalism, i.e. government expenditures, and the interest rate. Then the model is solved for distribution of income, i.e. the wage share, thus a reduced form of the model is obtained, which is estimated in a companion paper to test whether the change in the international and domestic macroeconomic environment has affected the decline the labor's share. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
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Tudela, Carlos Carrillo. "Recruitment strategies, wage-tenure contracts and the distribution of wages : an equilibrium search approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423714.
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Andrews, Lauren. "Spatial Mismatch for Low-Wage Workers in post-Katrina New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1292.
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The theme of this study is spatial mismatch, a concept that gave rise to an ever-expanding body of research concerned with how and why residential and employment distributions have shifted within cities and across metropolitan areas. The concept grew out of John F. Kain's research on how racial discrimination and segregation affects the spatial patterns of people/subgroups and jobs in the postwar American urban environment. Specifically, "Housing Segregation" posits that housing-market discrimination is at the root of increased unemployment among inner-city, nonwhite workers; concurrently, the pace and volume of decentralization (of residents and employment) from central-cities reinforces low-income, overwhelmingly African-American isolation and immobility. This study contributes to the New Orleans literature by providing a pre- and post-Katrina snapshot of spatial mismatch. The analysis addresses research questions aimed at gauging the extent to which mismatch and job-isolation have changed for poor workers in the New Orleans metro area since Hurricane Katrina.
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Brey, Yaseen. "Assessing the Impact of Minimum Wage on South Africa's Earnings distribution." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29401.
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The topic of minimum wage has been of interest for a long time and particularly its potential in addressing wage inequality and ultimately improve the livelihoods of the most marginalized. South Africa has high prevalence of inequality and poverty and the minimum wage is touted as a potential mechanism to improve the lives of individuals at the bottom end of the wage distribution. The mainstay of analysis for minimum wage is the impact on employment. To this end, the paper will flesh out the history of minimum wages and contextualize them through their role in improving welfare. In February 2017, the National Economic Development and Labour Council, constituted out of representatives from business, labour and government, signed the national minimum wage agreement. This agreement outlines the basis for instituting a new national minimum wage no later than 1 May 2018. The proposed new minimum wage of R20 per hour is aimed to “improve the lives of the lowest paid workers and begin to address the challenge of wage inequality” (NEDLAC, 2017). Although many sectors are already at this level, significant increases in the private security and domestic workers sector will require a large increase to come up to parity. In terms of the political economy, the African National Congress (ANC) is undergoing significant grappling for power of South Africa’s ruling party. Although it cannot be seen as more than conjecture, it is nevertheless worthwhile to view the national minimum wage as more than just labour reform, but also a bargaining chip for political gain in the 2019 national elections.
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Malmberg, Åsa. "Evaluating the gender wage gap in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7654.
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Using mainly quantile regressions, this paper evaluates the gender wage gap throughout the conditional wage distribution in Sweden. The gender wage is found to increase at the upper tail of the wage distribution, indicating an enforcement of the glass ceiling effect recorded in earlier studies.
The results also indicate that the earlier noted trend of diminishing wage differences at the bottom of the wage distribution now is turning. The increase of overall wage inequalities coincides with a general increase in wage dispersion among high-income and low-income individuals. It is also noted that there are substantial differences in returns to productivity characteristics between the public and the private sectors, and that both the highest and the lowest unexplained gender wage gap is found in the public sector.
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Rivera, Silva Eduardo Felipe. "Wage inequality in Chile: a directed search approach with heterogeneous skill distribution." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146596.
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Magíster en Economía AplicadaThe following work is a study about wage inequality in Chile. Wage inequality is understood as the difference in total wages earned by the high earners and low earners. This thesis proposes a directed search model. This models are used to describe markets with frictions, in which markets don't necessarily clear. In particular, directed search models assume that the searchers direct their efforts towards specific markets, characterized by the same posted wage. The model also considers a distribution of skills, with a law of motion, that under certain conditions converges into a steady state distribution, which is then used to check the job market for each skill level, as well as the wages and output of the economy. To help calibrate, the data was collected from public government sources, and the model was computed using numeric methods for both the steady states and the wage distribution. The results point toward the existence of a trade-off between equality and efficiency, where countries where the highly productive are paid the biggest share of output are also the ones that produce more and are thus more efficient, while markets with a more even distribution of wages also have higher levels of unemployment and less total output. Also, the model implies that currently Chile leans a bit more towards a more "rigid" distribution, and therefore has a higher amount of wage inequality, still far from the more mobile models. Finally, the study suggests how policy could shape the direction and steady state of the distribution of skills, and suggests further lines of investigation to follow.
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Aleksandrova, Arnaudova Evelina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Spain : An analysis of the impact of the financial crisis on the gender wage gap distribution." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37871.
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Equality is part of the European policy and legislation. However there are still evident signs of women being treated unequally in the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to answer the question if women are more vulnerable to economic shocks in terms of wage distribution. The focus will be on women in Spain in the context of the financial crisis of 2008. The thesis examines the evolution of the salary structure in the period 2002-2014 using the microdata of the Structural Earning Survey. The taste-based and the statistical discrimination theory are going to be described in order to explain the causes of gender wage discrimination. The methods applied in this paper are the Mincer method, which explains the human capital theory and the Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions, which separates the gender wage gap into explained and unexplained parts. The results from the study suggest that there is a decrease in the gender wage gap in Spain following the situation before and after the crisis.Correction: Spring semester 2019
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Aleksandrova, Arnaudova Evelina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Spain : An analysis of the impact of the financial crisis on the gender wage gap distribution." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37890.
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Equality is part of the European policy and legislation. However there are still evident signs of women being treated unequally in the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to answer the question if women are more vulnerable to economic shocks in terms of wage distribution. The focus will be on women in Spain in the context of the financial crisis of 2008. The thesis examines the evolution of the salary structure in the period 2002-2014 using the microdata of the Structural Earning Survey. The taste-based and the statistical discrimination theory are going to be described in order to explain the causes of gender wage discrimination. The methods applied in this paper are the Mincer method, which explains the human capital theory and the Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions, which separates the gender wage gap into explained and unexplained parts. The results from the study suggest that there is a decrease in the gender wage gap in Spain following the situation before and after the crisis.
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Edwards, Will. "Do Increases in Labor Productivity Still Drive Wage Growth?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2025.
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The rise of earnings inequality in the United States has garnered attention in both the political and academic spheres. Recently progressive politicians have pointed towards the divergence of wages and labor productivity as a source of this inequality. known as the productivity-pay gap as a source of the rise in inequality. This paper analyzes that divergence with a regression model that evaluates the change in compensation that is attributable to increases in productivity. Results were somewhat surprising with productivity accounting for a larger portion of the growth in wages for the period after 1972 when the divergence in the two growth rates began than in the time between 1948 and 1972 when they were said to grow together. Additionally, results showed more wage growth was attributable to increases in productivity in goods producing sectors like manufacturing, utilities, and construction than financial intermediation in the services sector. However standard errors across our model were relatively large making it difficult to say with certainty the size of effects observed. Future research should seek to better define productivity in the service sector to determine whether other factors like education, occupation or area of residence affect the level of wage growth attributable to compensation.
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Korpi, Martin. "Migration, wage inequality, and the urban hierarchy : empirical studies in international and domestic population movements, wage dispersion and income: Sweden, 1993-2003." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1482.
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Pavelka, Roman. "Využití kvantilových funkcí při kostrukci pravděpodobnostních modelů mzdových rozdělení." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2004. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77099.
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Over the course of years from 1995 to 2008 was acquired by Average Earnings Information System under the professional gestation of the Czech Republic Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs wage and personal data by individual employees. Thanks to the fact that in this statistical survey are collected wage and personal data by concrete employed persons it is possible to obtain a wage distribution, so it how this wages spread out among individual employees. Values that wages can be assumed in whole wage interval are not deterministical but they result from interactions of many random influences. The wage is necessary due to this randomness considered as random quantity with its probability density function. This spreading of wages in all labor market segments is described a wage distribution. Even though a representation of a high-income employee category is evidently small, one's incomes markedly affect statistically itemized average wage level and particularly the whole wage file variability. So wage employee collections are distinguished by the averaged wage that exceeds wages of a major employee mass and the high variability due to great wage heterogeneity. A general approach to distribution of earning modeling under current heterogeneity conditions don't permit to fit by some chosen distribution function or probably density function. This leads to the idea to apply some quantile approach with statistical modeling, i.e. to model an earning distribution with some appropriate inverse distributional function. The probability modeling by generalized or compound forms of quantile functions enables better to characterize a wage distribution, which distinguishes by high asymmetry and wage heterogeneity. The application of inverse distributional function as a probability model of a wage distribution can be expressed in forms of distributional mixture of partial employee's groups. All of the component distributions of this mixture model correspond to an employee's group with greater homogeneity of earnings. The partial employee's subfiles differ in parameters of their component density and in shares of this density in the total wage distribution of the wage file.
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Fernandes, Ana Filipa Martins. "O que determina as desigualdades salariais em Portugal?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5480.
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Mestrado em EconomiaA desigualdade da distribuição dos rendimentos provenientes do trabalho é uma das principais responsáveis pela desigualdade económica na sociedade actual. Tendo como base os Quadros de Pessoal referentes ao ano de 2009, este trabalho procura perceber qual o panorama português no que diz respeito à desigualdade salarial, efectuando três análises distintas. Após a caracterização da distribuição dos ganhos, da aplicação de uma metodologia de decomposição da desigualdade e da estimação de equações salariais foi possível concluir que Portugal é um país que apresenta uma distribuição dos rendimentos muito desigual, onde os 10% mais bem remunerados obtêm cerca de 30% dos ganhos totais enquanto metade dos trabalhadores recebem essa mesma fatia no seu conjunto; onde o nível de educação representa um factor com um impacto considerável nos salários e, ainda, onde variáveis como as Qualificações e as Profissões dos trabalhadores se revelam como as principais determinantes da desigualdade.
The unequal distribution of labor income is one of the most important causes of the economic inequality in the modern society. Based on Quadros de Pessoal of 2009, this paper aims to understand the Portuguese picture of wage inequality. After the characterization of the distribution of earnings, the application of a methodology of inequality decomposition and the estimation of wage equations, it is possible to conclude that in Portugal the 10% with the highest wages have about 30% of the global earnings, whereas half of the workers receive this same share, education level has a substantial impact on salaries and workers’ Qualifications and Occupations are the main determinants of wage inequality.
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Seckler, Matthias Christian [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Biewen. "Econometric Analysis of the German Wage and Earnings Distribution / Matthias Christian Seckler ; Betreuer: Martin Biewen." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201644607/34.
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Seckler, Matthias [Verfasser], and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Biewen. "Econometric Analysis of the German Wage and Earnings Distribution / Matthias Christian Seckler ; Betreuer: Martin Biewen." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201644607/34.
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Khan, Safia. "A quantile regression analysis of the conditional female wage distribution in post-apartheid South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13121.
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Includes bibliographical references.The democratisation of South Africa in 1994 brought about increased economic opportunity for labour market participants. The impact of democratisation on the labour market outcomes of both males and females of various races has been studied extensively in terms of mean earnings. However, because of the heterogenous distribution of South African labour force participants, a mean analysis is not sufficient. This paper investigates changes in the post-Apartheid conditional earnings distribution of women in South Africa of all races using conditional quantile regression analysis. Women are exclusively analysed because the labour market choices and constraints they face are unique. A two part model is estimated with the rest part correcting for sample selection into employment in a South African context. Then, quantile regression analysis is employed to parsimoniously describe the entire conditional wage distribution aiding the understanding of female labour force dynamics in South Africa. Individual data on the South African labour market from Statistics S.A is utilised for the analysis. White women are found to earn more than black and coloured women at all quantiles of the wage distribution conditional on education, skills level and sector of employment. Inequality is found to be increasing among women in higher skilled occupations. Women in lower skilled occupations have witnessed an increase in real wages at all quantiles of the conditional wage distribution.
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Jungbluth, Adriana. "A importância do salário mínimo para a valorização do rendimento do trabalho e para a distribuição de renda." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285961.
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Orientador: Cláudio Salvadori DedeccaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: O salário mínimo é uma instituição do mercado de trabalho utilizada atualmente em parte expressiva dos países capitalistas, sejam eles desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. Seu objetivo principal é estabelecer uma remuneração mínima aos trabalhadores de determinado setor de atividade ou a todos os trabalhadores de uma região ou país. Nas primeiras experiências de sua utilização, seu foco era restrito a setores de atividade específicos, com o passar dos anos, sua aplicação passou a ser para a economia como um todo, tornando-se uma política de extrema importância. No Brasil o salário mínimo foi instituído pelo governo Getúlio Vargas em 1940. De sua implantação até os dias atuais, ele passou por períodos longos de desvalorização. Apenas no período mais recente, a partir de 1995, ele voltou a desempenhar uma trajetória de recuperação, fundamental para recuperar seu poder de compra, que atualmente é inferior àquele no momento de sua criação, e para a distribuição de renda. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o período recente de valorização do salário mínimo e o papel que desempenha como ferramenta de valorização dos rendimentos do trabalho e de distribuição de renda. Para tanto, ele foi dividido em quatro seções, além da introdução e das considerações finais. O primeiro capítulo traz elementos da determinação salarial e da assimetria de poder de negociação para a discussão do salário mínimo. O segundo capítulo apresenta uma síntese da trajetória histórica da política de salário mínimo no mundo, desde sua instituição no final do século XIX, até os dias atuais. O terceiro capítulo apresenta o histórico dessa política no Brasil, de Vargas aos dias atuais. O quarto capítulo tem como foco o período recente de valorização do salário mínimo. Aborda a trajetória de valorização a partir de 1995 até 2008, analisa a dinâmica de valorização no mercado de trabalho e a questão da distribuição dos rendimentos do trabalho. Ademais, traça o perfil da população que recebe salário mínimo no país
Abstract: The minimum wage is an institution of the labour market used currently in expressive part of the capitalist countries, developed or in development. Its main objective is to establish a minimum remuneration to the workers of determined activity sector or to all the workers of a region or country. In the first experiences of its use, its focus was restricted the specific sectors of activity; passing of the years, its application started to be to the economy as a whole, becoming one politics of extreme importance. In Brazil the minimum wage was instituted by the Vargas government in 1940. From its implantation until the current days, it passed for long periods of depreciation. But in the most recent period, from 1995, it came back to play a recovery trajectory, basic to recoup its power of purchase, that currently is inferior to that one at the moment of its creation, and for the distribution of income. The objective of this study is to analyze the recent period of valuation of the minimum wage and the function that it plays as tool of valuation of the incomes of the work and of distribution of income. For in such a way, it was divided in four sections, beyond the introduction and of the final considerations. The first chapter brings elements of the wage determination and the asymmetry of being able of negotiation for the quarrel of the minimum wage. The second chapter presents a synthesis of the historical trajectory of the politics of minimum wage in the world, since its institution in the end of century XIX, until the current days. The third chapter presents the description of this politics in Brazil, of Vargas gives to them current. The fourth chapter focus the recent period of valuation of the minimum wage. It approaches the trajectory of valuation from 1995 up to 2008, analyzes the dynamics of valuation in the labor market and the question of the distribution of the incomes of the work. Moreover, it traces the profile of the population that receives minimum wage in the country
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Stockhammer, Engelbert, and Stefan Ederer. "Demand effects of the falling wage share in Austria." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1020/1/document.pdf.
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This paper aims at empirically estimating the demand effects of changes in functional income distribution for Austria. Based on a Post-Kaleckian macro model, this paper estimates the effects of a change in the wage share on the main demand aggregates. The results for the behavioral functions for consumption, investment, prices, exports and imports are compared with the specifications of the WIFO macro model and the IHS macro model. A reduction in the wage share has a restrictive effect on domestic demand as consumption decreases more strongly than investment increases. Because of the strong effects on net exports the overall effects of a decrease in the wage share are expansionary. However the latter effect operates only as far as the fall in the wage share increases competitiveness. As wage shares were also falling in Austria's main trading partners, the effect seems to have been neutralized. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Gupta, Natalie C. F. "Capital intensity of employment, wage share variability, and income inequality : findings from two industrial areas in India." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.647354.
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Rising inequalities between and within income categories (especially labour and capital) haveemerged as an increasing concern particularly in the last two decades. One of the main reasons for this has been a sharp decline in the wage share in many countries. A declining wage share refers to a decrease in the size of the total wage bill relative to either national income or net value addition (NVA). India is an important example of this situation. Trends at the level of aggregate statistics show that the wage bill has not kept up with productivity increases. This has led to a sharp decline in the wage share, leaving researchers the task of explaining the causes (and consequences) of this decline. The research contributes towards this task by critically examining one of the main avenues ofresearch that has been used in order to explain the causes of a declining wage share in India. This refers to the hypothesis according to which this trend is the outcome of increased capital intensity of employment, or more generally labour-saving investments. The study examines the relevance of this hypothesis for dynamics taking place at a disaggregated level of analysis in Indian industrial manufacturing. In order to do this, three main questions are addressed. The first is whether a declining wage share is a necessary outcome of labour-saving investments in production, or whether other factors are also important in mediating this relationship. The second is the conditions affecting the degree to which a declining wage share also involves increased income inequalities within the labour income category, and in some cases, declining real incomes for workers. The third is the relevance of drawing upon a demand and supply framework for the treatment of the question of causality in the analysis. The study answers the questions by drawing on two very different case studies. The first is thePimpri Chinchwad Industrial Township (PCIT), located in the outskirts of Pune (State ofMaharashtra, western India). The production processes characterising many of the factoriesoperating in this area are capital intensive. The second is the art metalware industry in Moradabad (State of Uttar Pradesh, northern India). The production processes taking place in the majority of units in this area are labour-intensive. The findings suggest that the factors contributing to a declining wage share cannot be analysed without at the same time examining the distributional set-ups within which technological changes take place, and how these arrangements are changing. Firstly, many of the factors contributing towards a declining wage share are not directly caused by changes in technology, and hence skill requirements, in production. This includes the weakness (and further weakening) of the mechanisms linking wages to productivity at the firm and sectoral level. Secondly, a declining wage share also involves changing income inequalities within the labour income category. The sources of these inequalities are not only linked to differentials in skills. Thirdly, this is happening in the context of speedy changes in the economy, including changing needs. This makes the links between wages and productivity an important requirement for the labour income category to be able to benefit from increased productivity, not only as workers through the wage system, but also as consumers. Lastly, many of the variables that emerge as important in the analysis cannot be subsumed under a demand and supply framework. One of the implications for the treatment of the issue of causality is the need to move away from seeking causal links in the traditional ‘cause and effect’ framework, to questions about how certain trends come about. This also has consequences for the normative side of the debate.
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Kang, Myung Soo. "A study on changes of wage distribution in Korea, 1976-1998, from the perspective of skill-based technological changes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012984.
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Ye, Tianxiao. "The Evolution of Black-White Wage Inequality across Occupational Sectors in the US since the 1990s." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1176.
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This paper updates the current knowledge about Black-White wage inequality in the US male labor market by using the NLSY97 sample. Compared with the results obtained from the NLSY79 cohort, I find that the unconditional racial wage inequality is smaller today, but after controlling for premarket academic skills, the conditional racial wage gap remains roughly the same as it was twenty years ago. After dividing the labor market by occupational categories, I find that in the white collar sector, the racial wage gap has largely disappeared even without controlling for academic skills. In the blue collar sector, academic skills can fully account for the unconditional racial wage gap among clerical jobs but there still remains a substantial conditional racial wage gap among craftsman and laborer jobs. I show that clerical jobs are more similar to white collar jobs than blue collar jobs today. The racial wage inequality also has disappeared among the operative workers, probably due to omitted variable bias. For the remaining racial wage gap in the craftsman and laborer jobs, both preference-based and statistical models of discrimination are consistent with the findings.
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Choonoo, John Gerald. "A comparative analysis of inequality and poverty among urban African, coloured, and Indian families and their labor market experiences during the Apartheid years 1975-1985 /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1995. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11790052.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1995.Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Thomas Bailey. Dissertation Committee: Francisco Rivera-Batiz. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-212).
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Souen, Jacqueline Aslan 1965. "A política do salário mínimo no governo Lula." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286108.
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Orientador: Anselmo Luís dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A partir de uma retrospectiva histórica da trajetória do salário mínimo no Brasil, observamos que, com exceção do período compreendido entre 1951 e início da década de 1960 - pré-golpe de 64 -, ocorreram recorrentes perdas do seu poder aquisitivo. Na fase recente, ainda que o movimento favorável do piso mínimo tenha dado o primeiro sinal já em 1993 e efetivamente iniciado em 1995, com a consolidação do Plano Real e a estabilização da moeda, foi no pós 2003 que se inaugurou uma fase particularmente distinta. A subida ao poder de um governo com estreita ligação junto ao movimento sindical e mais aberto ao diálogo e às reivindicações das centrais sindicais, a inflação relativamente controlada e a reativação da economia, em 2004, foram condições essenciais para a mudança na forma de conduzir a questão. No início do novo governo ainda era forte o discurso contrário aos mecanismos de regulação e proteção do trabalho, em especial do salário mínimo. Apontavam-se os impactos indesejados sobre as contas públicas, além de possíveis efeitos inflacionários, e crescimento do desemprego e informalidade. Contudo, havia um crescente debate de oposição a esse discurso, o qual indicava o fraco desempenho econômico como um dos principais obstáculos a uma efetiva política de recuperação do poder de compra do mínimo. Argumentava-se a necessidade de criar condições para a retomada do crescimento da economia, emprego e renda, modificando a estratégia de condução da política macroeconômica, abrindo caminho para uma maior formalização do mercado de trabalho, aumento da massa salarial, e elevação da arrecadação previdenciária e das contribuições sociais, reduzindo, assim, os possíveis constrangimentos de uma política consistente de recuperação do salário mínimo. Tal interpretação foi reforçada pelas principais Centrais Sindicais, as quais se organizaram num movimento unitário em 2004, reivindicando a urgência de um critério permanente de valorização do piso nacional. O objetivo do presente trabalho é fazer uma análise da evolução da política de valorização do salário mínimo neste contexto da retomada da atividade econômica, no governo Lula, bem como avaliar seus impactos para uma grande maioria de trabalhadores, sobretudo aqueles da base da pirâmide social, com rendimentos muito próximos do piso mínimo
Abstract: From a historical trajectory of the minimum wage in Brazil, it is observed that, except for the period between 1951 and the early 1960s - before the 64 coup d'état - recurring losses of the purchasing power occurred. Recently, although the movement in favor of the minimum wage gave its first sign back in 1993 - and actually started in 1995, with the consolidation of the Real Plan and the stabilization of the currency - it was after 2003 that a particularly distinct period was inaugurated. The rise to power of a government closely linked to the union movement, and more open to dialogue and the demands of the unions, the relatively controlled inflation and the reactivation of the economy, in 2004, were essential conditions for the change on the way of leading the issue. At the beginning of the new government the speech contrary to the mechanisms of regulation and protection of labor was still strong, particularly concerning the minimum wage. The undesired impacts on public accounts were pointed out, as well as possible inflationary effects and increasing unemployment and informality. However, there was a growing debate in opposition to this discourse, which indicated the poor economic performance as one of the main obstacles to an effective recovery policy of the minimum wage purchasing power. They argued the need of creating conditions for the resumption of economic, employment and income growth, by changing the strategy of macroeconomic policy, clearing the way for a greater formalization of the labor market, increased wages, and raising funds for the pension system and social contributions, thus reducing the possible constraints of a consistent minimum wage recovery policy. Such interpretation was reinforced by the major Central Trade Unions, which organized a unitary movement in 2004, claiming the urgency of a permanent recovery criterion of the national wage floor. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of the policy of valuing the minimum wage in this context of renewed economic activity, under Lula government, and assess its impacts on a large majority of workers, especially those from the base of the social pyramid, with incomes very close to the minimum wage
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Alcobia, João André Ferreira. "Functional and interpersonal distribution of income and economic growth in Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16383.
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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraO objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é estudar a relação de longo prazo entre a distribuição funcional e interpessoal do rendimento e o crescimento do PIB em Portugal para o período entre 1985 e 2016. O modelo econométrico escolhido é ARDL-bounds test. Há evidências de que a transferência de rendimento do fator capital para o fator trabalho tem efeitos positivos no crescimento de longo prazo de Portugal. O aumento nos rendimentos de topo (TOP 0,01%) também tem efeitos positivos, mas menores no crescimento de longo prazo. As razões invocadas para o aumento do peso do profit share são essencialmente as mesmas que o aumento dos rendimentos de topo. Conclui-se que os governos devem concentrar-se em medidas para aumentar o wage share e, consequentemente, propiciarão a aceleração do crescimento económico de longo prazo.
The objective of this master's thesis is to study the long-term relationship between the interpersonal and functional distribution of income and GDP growth in Portugal for the period between 1985 and 2016.The econometric model chosen is the ARDL-bounds test.There is evidence that the transfer of income from the capital to the labor factor has positive effects on the long term growth of Portugal. The increase in top yields (TOP 0,01%) also have positive but smaller effects.As the reasons given for the increase in the weight of profit share are essentially the same as the increase in top income, it is concluded that governments should be focused on measures to increase wage share and consequently reduce income inequality, having positive long-term economic growth effects.
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Fornwall, Anna, and Emma Paulsson. "Har du vad som krävs? : En jämförande studie av färdigheters betydelse för löner och sysselsättning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316494.
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I denna undersökning studeras betydelsen av färdigheterna läskunnighet, räknefärdighet och problemlösning på sysselsättning och lönenivå. Undersökningen fokuserar främst på att studera om färdigheterna hos kvinnor och utrikes födda har annorlunda påverkan än för befolkningen i helhet. Studien jämför resultaten mellan Sverige och Tyskland. Metoden som används är linjär multipel regressionsanalys med minsta kvadratmetoden. Resultaten visar att en individs färdigheter har större betydelse för var i lönefördelningen hen befinner sig än om hen är sysselsatt eller inte. Effekterna på lön är genomgående positiva för båda länderna, men större för Tyskland än för Sverige – vilket indikerar att avkastningen på färdigheter är större i Tyskland. Resultaten visar vidare att kvinnor har lägre löner än män i både Sverige och Tyskland, men skillnaderna är genomgående större i Sverige. Det finns även vissa indikationer på att utrikes födda har det något svårare att komma in på den svenska än den tyska arbetsmarknaden.This study analyses the importance of the skills literacy, numeracy and problem solving on employment and earnings. The main focus of this study is particularly if the effects of skills within the groups ‘women’ and ‘foreign born’ differ from the population as a whole. The study compares the results between Sweden and Germany. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis using ordinary least squares. The results show that skills have a greater importance for an individuals placing in the wage distribution than for whether the individual is employed or not. The effects on wages are all through positive for both countries, but greater for Germany than Sweden – indicating that the return to skills is higher in Germany. The results further show that women’s wages are lower than men’s in both Sweden and Germany, but the gaps are larger in Sweden. There is also some evidence that foreign-born individuals have a harder time entering the Swedish labour market than the German.
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Onaran, Özlem, Engelbert Stockhammer, and Lucas Grafl. "The finance-dominated growth regime, distribution, and aggregate demand in the US." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1306/1/document.pdf.
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The finance-dominated growth regime has affected key macroeconomic variables in several contradictory ways. This paper investigates some of these effects: an increase of rentiers income, housing wealth and net financial wealth on private consumption expenditures and the effects of changes in payments to the rentier by the business on private investment expenditures. A Post-Kaleckian macro model is used as a starting point for this investigation. The paper thus contributes to two debates. First, it aims at clarifying some important macroeconomic effects of financialization. Second, it extends the analysis of distribution-led demand regimes by controlling for financialization variables.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Oliveira, Régis Borges de 1984. "Análise do impacto do salário mínimo sobre a distribuição de renda na agricultura brasileira : recortes segundo a posição na ocupação." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286441.
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Orientador: Rodolfo HoffmannTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Este trabalho analisa o impacto do salário mínimo sobre a distribuição dos rendimentos no setor agrícola brasileiro entre os anos de 1995 e 2012. Mais precisamente, estuda o efeito do salário mínimo na determinação do rendimento de diferentes categorias de trabalhadores agrícolas, quais sejam: empregados permanentes com ou sem carteira, empregados temporários com ou sem carteira e trabalhadores por conta-própria. Nos últimos 18 anos, o salário mínimo real apresentou crescimento sistemático com efeitos importantes sobre os rendimentos no mercado de trabalho. Paralelamente, observou-se, no Brasil, um movimento sem precedentes, que combinou o crescimento econômico com a redução da desigualdade, tanto quando se analisam os rendimentos do trabalho como o rendimento domiciliar per capita. Evidências empíricas mostraram que o SM foi um dos fatores que contribuiu para a redução da desigualdade, porém seu efeito é distinto quando são considerados as categorias de empregados agrícolas. Utilizando estatísticas descritivas e dois métodos não-paramétricos (densidades de kernel e regressões quantílicas) aplicados aos dados da PNAD/IBGE, o trabalho mostra que para os empregados sem carteira no setor agrícola o SM tem impacto concentrador, na medida em que afeta com mais intensidade os rendimentos localizados na parte superior da distribuição. Chama-se a atenção para a necessidade de aumento da formalização das relações de trabalho no setor, garantindo que os trabalhadores mais pobres sejam beneficiados pelos aumentos reais do salário mínimo
Abstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of the minimum wage on the wage distribution in the Brazilian¿s agricultural sector over the period 1992-2012. More precisely, we study the effect of the minimum wage policy in determining the wage of different categories of agricultural workers, as follows: permanents employees with or without register, temporaries employees with or without register and self-employed workers. Over the past 18 years the real value of the minimum wage has been increased systematically with important effects in the labor market. At the same time, the Brazilian economy has experienced an unprecedented tendency, which combined economic growth with reduced inequality when analyzing both the labor income and the per capita household income. Empirical evidences have showed that the minimum wage was one of the factors that contributed to the fall on inequality, but its effect is different when considering the agricultural employees' categories. Using descriptive statistics and two non-parametric methods (kernel density functions and quantile regressions) applied to the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD/IBGE) data, this work shows that for unregistered workers in the agricultural sector the real minimum wage growth has increased inequality, as far as it affects more intensely the upper tail of the wage distribution. We highlight the necessity of increasing the formalization among agricultural employees, ensuring that the poorest workers also be benefited by the real minimum wage increase
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Oliveira, Ana Isabel Moura Frias de. "O aumento da quota salarial em Portugal : que efeitos?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6350.
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Mestrado em EconomiaDesde o final dos anos 80, a quota salarial tem vindo a diminuir na maioria dos países desenvolvidos. Ao contrário das expectativas neoclássicas e os seus fundamentos teóricos, esta tendência não se tem traduzido em forte crescimento económico nem no aumento do emprego. Estando sob um programa de consolidação orçamental, Portugal enfrenta, há mais de dois anos, uma profunda recessão económica e um empobrecimento generalizado da população. A conjuntura económica, o baixo nível salarial e a elevada desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento exigem, no curto prazo, políticas que aumentem os rendimentos do trabalho e dinamizem o consumo e o mercado interno. Embora o aumento do consumo não seja sustentável no longo-prazo sem o reforço da produção e do investimento produtivo, deverá ser o ponto de partida para uma rápida recuperação económica. Utilizando a metodologia proposta por autores pós-keynesianos, a presente dissertação pretende provar que o aumento marginal da quota salarial tem efeitos positivos do PIB Português.
The wage share has been decreasing in most of developed countries since the late 80’s. Against the neoclassical beliefs and its theoretical background, this trend has not been translated into strong economic growth nor higher employment. Under a fiscal consolidation programme, Portugal has faced economic recession and generalized impoverishment for more than two years. The economic developments in the country, along with low wage level and high inequality in income distribution, demand short-run policies which increase workers’ income and foster consumption and the internal market. Although an increase in consumption cannot be sustainable in long-run without an enhancement of production and productive investment, it should be the root for economic recovery in the short-run. Using the methodology proposed by post-keynesian authors, this dissertation aims to prove that a marginal increase in wage share has positive effects on Portuguese GDP.
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Lajtkepová, Eva. "Mikroekonomické dopady minimální mzdy na vybrané podniky." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233696.
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Even though the legal minimum wage is not a new thing (it was first set in 1912 in the state of Massachusetts in the USA), we first come across the stipulation of a minimum wage in an amendment to Act No. 65/1965 Coll. of the Labour Code from 1990. The specific level of minimum wage and the conditions for applying it were then set by government resolution in February 1991. Since then the level of minimum wage has been valorised many times (in January 2006 the valorisation of minimum wage was the thirteenth time the minimum wage had been changed). The submitted dissertation deals with selected impacts of the minimum wage on firms, with special consideration to small and medium-sized enterprises (up to 250 employees). Attention is focused both on the demand side of the labour market (acceptance of legal level of minimum wage by firms), as well as on the supply side (effect of the legal level of minimum wage on willingness and motivation of the unemployed to supply their labour on the labour market). The work is focused on the following fundamental areas: detailed mapping of the effect of the minimum wage on firms and employment in economic theory and in contrast to theories for the results of empirical research, identification of the position of minimum wage in wage distribution in the Czech Republic (secondary research), acceptance of minimum wage by small and medium-sized firms in Southern Moravia County (primary research) and willingness of the unemployed to work for the minimum wage (primary research). An integral part of the work is the setting up of aids for the needs of a firm for enrolment and taking on of new employees - decision trees that provide information to the firm on the external labour market.
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Palma, Aguirre Grisha Alexis. "Explaining earnings and income inequality in Chile /." Göteborg : Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/559193815.pdf.
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Le, Duigou Sarah. "La dimension temporelle dans les modèles de recherche d’emploi : horizon, âge, expérience." Thesis, Le Mans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEMA2004/document.
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Les modèles de recherche d'emploi sont aujourd'hui très largement utilisés en économie pour modéliser le marché du travail et évaluer les effets de certaines politiques publiques sur ce marché. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons l'âge des travailleurs, dans ses deux dimensions, celle de l'expérience et celle de l'horizon social (âge de départ à la retraite), au sein d'un modèle de recherche d'emploi modélisant en même temps la distribution des salaires et les flux sur le marché du travail. Nous montrons que cette hétérogénéité affecte tous les comportements sur le marché du travail : la fixation de salaire, l'intensité de la recherche d'emploi et la productivité des appariements. Un tel modèle nous permet de décomposer la trajectoire salariale des travailleurs au cours de leur cycle de vie, en trois grands canaux : le jeu de salaire, l'accumulation du capital humain, et la présence d'institutions. Ce dernier canal explique notamment, par le biais des allocations chômage indexées sur le dernier salaire, la forte progression salariale associée à un faible taux de mobilité des travailleurs observé en France. Mais l'horizon peut aussi être technologique : la technologie d'une firme devient avec le temps obsolète. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons que la présence d'allocation chômage croissante avec l'ancienneté crée une distorsion croissante qui vient accélérer cette obsolescence. En vue d'atteindre l'optimum social, nous montrons qu'il est alors nécessaire d'introduire une taxe sur les licenciements, elle-même croissanteIn economics, it is today usual to use search models to modelize labor market, and assess public policy on this market. In this thesis, we introduce the age heterogeneity of workers in a search model which takes into account both labor market flows and endogenous wage distribution. We show that this heterogeneity affects greatly agents' economic behaviors in terms of wage setting, search intensity, and matches' productivity, by its two dimensions, the workers' experience and the workers' horizon. This model allows us to decompose the wage trajectory of workers over their life cycle into three main channels : the wage game, the human capital accumulation and the presence of institutions. Besides, we show that this last channel, as composed of unemployment benefits indexed on workers' last wage, accounts for the simultaneous strong wage progression and weak workers' mobility observed in the French data. Yet, the horizon can also be technological : firms' embodied technology becomes obsolete with time. Given this technological horizon, the presence of tenure-growing unemployement benefits yields a distorsion which fastens obsolescence. In this context, only a tenure-growing firing tax allows the economy to reach its social optimum
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Tello, de la Torre Claudia. "Essays on wage inequality and mobility in Mexico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670934.
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El objetivo de la tesis es analizar la desigualdad y la movilidad salarial en México en el periodo de 1987 a 2008. La tesis está dividida en cinco partes. En el Capítulo 1 se plantean la introducción y los objetivos de la tesis y se describen las principales bases de datos que se utilizarán en el mismo. También se aporta evidencia descriptiva sobre la evolución de la desigualdad salarial en México. En el capítulo 2, se revisa, primero la estructura salarial, teniendo en cuenta los rendimientos salariales de la educación y otras características socioeconómicas y segundo, la descomposición de las diferencias salariales a lo largo de la distribución salarial durante el periodo analizado. A continuación, el capítulo 3 analiza la relación existente entre la movilidad y la desigualdad salarial a través de un enfoque dinámico de descomposición, utilizando datos de panel. En el capítulo 4 se analiza el nexo entre el crecimiento económico y la desigualdad a nivel regional y por último, en el capítulo 5 se presentan las conclusiones más relevantes y la discusión de las mismas.
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Garza, Cantu Vidal. "The political economy of inequality : an assessment of the evolution of earnings inequality in Mexico and the Americas, 1968-2000 /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008333.
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Rosell, Olivier. "Répartition du revenu et reproduction du capital : une approche classique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100182.
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Cette thèse montre que l’on peut trouver dans la théorie classique contemporaine deux conceptions du salaire selon que l’évaluation du travail salarié est le résultat d’une lutte pour le partage de la valeur ajoutée (salaire exogène) ou du jeu concurrentiel sur le marché du travail (salaire endogène). Sur cette base, nous soutenons que l’approche classique, dont les antécédents historiques reposent sur les œuvres de David Ricardo (1772-1823) et d’un auteur méconnu, Robert Torrens (1780-1864), est susceptible de rendre compte : 1) du partage de la valeur ajoutée et de son influence sur les prix relatifs dans les économies à l’équilibre et en déséquilibre, 2) du statut global des salariés, c'est-à-dire à la fois dans la production et dans les échanges, 3) de la condition d’existence du profit défini comme la rémunération d’une pratique spécifiquement capitaliste. Le chapitre I reconsidère les arguments qui font de Torrens l’antécédent historique du concept de salaire exogène. Le chapitre II expose sa théorie des prix, sur la base de laquelle le chapitre III étudie la relation entre les variables de répartition et les prix relatifs dans les économies à l’équilibre et en déséquilibre. Le chapitre IV analyse la répartition des biens de consommation finale entre les membres de la société (salariés et capitalistes). Le chapitre V dégage les éléments centraux de la théorie physique du salaire de Torrens. Par rapport au corpus théorique actuel issu des travaux de Piero Sraffa, cette théorie se singularise par un salaire réel déterminé par la concurrence sur le marché du travail et une expression du taux de profit en termes d’un surtravail, non assimilable à du travail non payéThe dissertation shows that contemporary classical theory relies on two representations of the idea of ‘wages’. Those representations depend on the way labour is valued. If wages are the result of a struggle for added value, they are seen as exogenous. On the other hand, if wages are the result of competition in labour markets, they are seen as endogenous. The classical theory, which is based on Ricardo and Torrens’ seminal works allows to understand: 1) the distribution of added value, and its effects on relative prices in economies both in equilibrium and disequilibrium, 2) the position of wage-earners in the processes of production and exchange, 3) the source of profits defined as compensation of specifically capitalist practice. Chapter I discusses Torrens’ contribution to the classical idea of exogenous wages. Chapter II presents Torrens’ theory of prices. This theory is then used in chapter III to analyse the relationships between distribution variables and relative prices in economies in equilibrium or in disequilibrium. Chapter IV focuses on the distribution of final goods among wage earners and capitalists. The last chapter (V) underlines the main features of Torrens’ theory of wages. In comparison with Sraffa’s work, this theory proposes first that real wages are fixed on labour market, and then that the rate of profit can be defined as a surplus labour, but not as an unpaid labour
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Dacuycuy, Lawrence Barcena. "Empirical essays on wage functional and distributional analyses." Kyoto University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136042.
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Curto, Millet Fabien. "Inflation expectations, labour markets and EMU." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9187d2eb-2f93-4a5a-a7d6-0fb6556079bb.
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This thesis examines the measurement, applications and properties of consumer inflation expectations in the context of eight European Union countries: France, Germany, the UK, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. The data proceed mainly from the European Commission's Consumer Survey and are qualitative in nature, therefore requiring quantification prior to use. This study first seeks to determine the optimal quantification methodology among a set of approaches spanning three traditions, associated with Carlson-Parkin (1975), Pesaran (1984) and Seitz (1988). The success of a quantification methodology is assessed on the basis of its ability to match quantitative expectations data and on its behaviour in an important economic application, namely the modelling of wages for our sample countries. The wage equation developed here draws on the theoretical background of the staggered contracts and the wage bargaining literature, and controls carefully for inflation expectations and institutional variables. The Carlson-Parkin variation proposed in Curto Millet (2004) was found to be the most satisfactory. This being established, the wage equations are used to test the hypothesis that the advent of EMU generated an increase in labour market flexibility, which would be reflected in structural breaks. The hypothesis is essentially rejected. Finally, the properties of inflation expectations and perceptions themselves are examined, especially in the context of EMU. Both the rational expectations and rational perceptions hypotheses are rejected. Popular expectations mechanisms, such as the "rule-of-thumb" model or Akerlof et al.'s (2000) "near-rationality hypothesis" are similarly unsupported. On the other hand, evidence is found for the transmission of expert forecasts to consumer expectations in the case of the UK, as in Carroll's (2003) model. The distribution of consumer expectations and perceptions is also considered, showing a tendency for gradual (as in Mankiw and Reis, 2002) but non-rational adjustment. Expectations formation is further shown to have important qualitative features.
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Hanley, Kirsty. "A global perspective of wind-wave interaction and the distribution of wave momentum." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501332.
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The interaction between ocean surface waves and the overlying wind leads to a transfer of momentum across the air-sea interface. Generally, ocean waves are thought to act as a drag on the surface wind so that the air-sea momentum flux is directed downward, from the atmosphere into the waves. Recent observations have suggested that momentum can also be transferred upwards when long wavelength waves, characteristic of remotely generated swell, propagaite faster than the wind speed. This upwarad momentum transfer acts to accelerate the near-surface wind, resulting in a low-level wave-driven wind jet. Idealised models are used here to investigate the effect of upward momentum transfer on the marine boundary layer and to determine the dynamics of these wave-driven jets.
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Peng, Zhong. "Transformation of wave shape and spatial distribution of wave overtopping water over a coastal structure." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/493.
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Vogel, Patrick, Martin Andreas Rückert, Peter Klauer, Walter H. Kullmann, Peter Michael Jakob, and Volker Christian Behr. "Traveling Wave Magnetic Particle Imaging for determining the iron-distribution in rock: Traveling Wave Magnetic Particle Imaging for determining the iron-distribution in rock." Diffusion fundamentals 22 (2014) 12, S.1-5, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13518.
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Determining the composition of solid materials is of high interest in areas such as material research or quality assurance. There are several
modalities at disposal with which various parameters of the material can be observed, but of those only magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) or computer tomography (CT) offer anon-destructive determination of material distribution in 3D. A novel non-destructive imaging method is Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), which uses
dynamic magnetic fields for a direct determination of the distribution of magnetic materials in 3D. With this approach, it is possible to determine and differentiate magnetic and non-magnetic behaviour.
In this paper, the first proof-of-principle measurements of magnetic properties in solid environments are presented using a home-built traveling wave magnetic particle imaging scanner.
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Howell, Eric John. "The characterization and temporal distribution of cosmological gravitational wave treatments." University of Western Australia. School of Physics, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0095.
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[Truncated abstract] As gravitational wave detectors approach sensitivities that will allow observations to become routine, astrophysics lies on the cusp of an exciting new era. Potential sources will include transients such as merging neutron stars and black holes, supernova explosions or the engines that power gamma-ray bursts. This thesis will be devoted to the astrophysical gravitational wave background signal produced by cosmological populations of such transient signals. Particular attention will be devoted to the observation-time dependence imposed on the individual sources that accumulate to produce a gravitational wave background signal. The ultimate aim is to determine what information is encoded in the temporal evolution of such a signal. To lay the foundations for further investigation, the stochastic gravitational wave background signal from neutron star birth throughout the Universe has been calculated. In view of the uncertainties in both the single-source emissions and source rate histories, several models of each are employed. The results show that that the resulting signals are only weakly dependent on the source-rate evolution model and that prominent features in the single-source spectra can be related to the background spectra. In comparison with previous studies, the use of relativistic single-source gravitational wave waveforms rather than Newtonian models and a more slowly evolving source-rate density results in a 1 { 2 order of magnitude reduction in signal. ... A comparison with the more commonly used brightness distribution of events shows that when applying both methods to a data stream containing a background of Gaussian distributed false alarms, the brightness distribution yielded lower standard errors, but was biased by the false alarms. In comparison, a fitting procedure based on the time evolution of events was less prone to errors resulting from false alarms, but as fewer events contributed to the data, had a lower resolution. In further support of the time dependent signature of transient events, an alternative technique is fiapplied to the same source population. In this case, the local rate density is probed by measuring the statistical compatibility of the filtered data against synthetic time dependent data. Although this method is not as compact as the fitting procedure, the rate estimates are compatible. To further investigate how the observation time dependence of transient populations can be used to constrain global parameters, the method is applied to Swift long gamma-ray burst data. By considering a distribution in peak °ux rather than a gravitational wave amplitude, gamma-ray bursts can be considered as a surrogate for resolved gravitational wave transients. For this application a peak °ux{observation time relation is described that takes the form of a power law that is invariant to the luminosity distribution of the sources. Additionally, the method is enhanced by invoking time reversal invariance and the temporal cosmological principle. Results are presented to show that the peak °ux{observation time relation is in good agreement with recent estimates of source parameters. Additionally, to show that the intrinsic time dependence allows the method to be used as a predictive tool, projections are made to determine the upper limits in peak °ux of future gamma-ray burst detections for Swift.
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Coggins, David Paul. "Single-ended traveling wave fault location on radial distribution lines." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27951/.
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In this thesis a single-ended traveling wave fault location algorithm is developed for autonomously locating short circuit faults on a radial distribution line using the high frequency traveling wave transients. The traveling wave pattern observed at the sub-station is correlated with the traveling wave pattern predicted using time tree analysis for different fault locations and fault resistance. Genetic search techniques are used to evolve an initial population of possible fault locations to determine the most likely fault location. It is shown through extensive EMTP simulations that the scheme is capable of finding the location of three phase faults, inter-phase faults and single-phase faults for fault resistances ranging from 0 - 1000 ohm on a radial distribution line with five sub-feeders. A new high speed FPGA based data acquisition system is developed suitable for capturing traveling wave fault data from a radial distribution line with the necessary fidelity for the proposed fault location algorithm. The data acquisition system is deployed on a Medium Voltage distribution line in the Santa Caterina region of Brazil. A branched communication network is constructed out of RG-58 coaxial cable and a Time Domain Reflectometry device is used to capture the reflection pattern under different fault conditions. The fault location algorithm is adapted to work with TDR a opposed to fault generated traveling waves. The location algorithm is capable of locating faults with resistance between 0 and 75 ohm up to three zones away from the injection point.
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Wallach, Matthew Reno. "Reducing wave cycle time at a multi-channel distribution center." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117960.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2018.Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 81).
Traditional brick and mortar retailers are being forced to adapt as consumer preferences shift towards online shopping. In response, many retailers are developing infrastructure and processes to handle the increased service levels (faster cycle time) that accompanies this digital volume. One challenge that arises during this transition is how to implement the new processes in existing, capital intensive, warehouses. This thesis presents methods for improving service performance by reducing wave cycle time in a large, multi-channel distribution center. By prioritizing digital consumers' orders, lower priority waves are consistently disrupted, which leads to extended wave cycle times and potentially delayed orders to wholesale customers. By analyzing historical data from distribution center operations, it is possible to test hypotheses and develop strategies for reducing cycle time. These hypotheses can then inform experiments to test the effects of operational changes. The impact of this work has been verified in two phases. In the first phase, improving transparency of lagging orders reduced average cycle time by 45%. In the second phase, the wave strategy for high priority orders was modified and resulted in an additional significant time savings and led to an increase in service performance, defined as shipped on time.
by Matthew Reno Wallach.
M.B.A.
S.M.
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Jorgensen, Carther Frederic. "Wave slopes and breaking distributions in the surf zone." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA309161.
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Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1996."March 1996." Thesis advisor(s): Edward B. Thornton, Thomas C. Lippmann. Bibliography: p. 47-48. Also Available online.
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Li, Wei. "Numerical Modelling and Statistical Analysis of Ocean Wave Energy Converters and Wave Climates." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-305870.
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Ocean wave energy is considered to be one of the important potential renewable energy resources for sustainable development. Various wave energy converter technologies have been proposed to harvest the energy from ocean waves. This thesis is based on the linear generator wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University. The research in this thesis focuses on the foundation optimization and the power absorption optimization of the wave energy converters and on the wave climate modelling at the Lysekil wave converter test site. The foundation optimization study of the gravity-based foundation of the linear wave energy converter is based on statistical analysis of wave climate data measured at the Lysekil test site. The 25 years return extreme significant wave height and its associated mean zero-crossing period are chosen as the maximum wave for the maximum heave and surge forces evaluation. The power absorption optimization study on the linear generator wave energy converter is based on the wave climate at the Lysekil test site. A frequency-domain simplified numerical model is used with the power take-off damping coefficient chosen as the control parameter for optimizing the power absorption. The results show a large improvement with an optimized power take-off damping coefficient adjusted to the characteristics of the wave climate at the test site. The wave climate modelling studies are based on the wave climate data measured at the Lysekil test site. A new mixed distribution method is proposed for modelling the significant wave height. This method gives impressive goodness of fit with the measured wave data. A copula method is applied to the bivariate joint distribution of the significant wave height and the wave period. The results show an excellent goodness of fit for the Gumbel model. The general applicability of the proposed mixed-distribution method and the copula method are illustrated with wave climate data from four other sites. The results confirm the good performance of the mixed-distribution and the Gumbel copula model for the modelling of significant wave height and bivariate wave climate.
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Iyoda, Mitsuhiko. "Profits, wages and productivity in the business cycle : a Kaldorian analysis." Thesis, University of Buckingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241572.
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Bladlund, Sara. "Evolution of 3D User Distribution Models in Real Network Simulator." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Signaler och System, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-139415.
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The report treats the development and evaluation of a three dimensional user distribution model for a real network simulator. The simulator is used to create realistic predictions of real networks with the use of high resolution maps including a building data base and network data and also an advanced radio model for LTE. Previously all simulations have been performed with a two dimensional user distribution, i.e. all users situated on the ground level. Since it is considered plausible that many LTE users will be indoors in buildings with multiple floors, several three dimensional user distribution models with users not only on the ground floor but also on the higher floors has been developed and implemented in the simulator. The models all account for the change in path loss and SINR to be expected and have been compared in computational time and credibility. The simulations show that by the use of such a three dimensional model there is a significant improvement at low loads but at high loads the interference becomes dominant and the results show a deterioration and approaches the results of the ordinary two dimensional model. The seventh and last model to be investigated shows a desirable computational speed that still does not compromise too much with the accuracy and detailing of the model and is therefore recommended for normal use.
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Barke, Simon [Verfasser]. "Inter-spacecraft frequency distribution for future gravitational wave observatories / Simon Barke." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1081557958/34.
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Kim, Jongchul. "Generalized Function Solutions to Nonlinear Wave Equations with Distribution Initial Data." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278853/.
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In this study, we consider the generalized function solutions to nonlinear wave equation with distribution initial data. J. F. Colombeau shows that the initial value problem u_tt - Δu = F(u); m(x,0) = U_0; u_t (x,0) = i_1 where the initial data u_0 and u_1 are generalized functions, has a unique generalized function solution u. Here we take a specific F and specific distributions u_0, u_1 then inspect the generalized function representatives for the initial value problem solution to see if the generalized function solution is a distribution or is more singular. Using the numerical technics, we show for specific F and specific distribution initial data u_0, u_1, there is no distribution solution.
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HUANG, Kai Wai. "Decomposition of changes in Hong Kong wage dispersion since 1980s : a distributional approach." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2009. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/econ_etd/9.
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Wage dispersion is one of the social and economic issues arousing public concern in Hong Kong. There are many studies exploring the possible causes and changes in wage dispersion. They often focus on the study of summary measures such as Gini and Theil indexes, or adopt OLS-based regression approach. In foreign studies on wage dispersion, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, originated from Oaxaca (1974) and Blinder (1973), is a common method of decomposing changes or differences in mean wages between two groups into wage structure effect and composition effect, and then further decomposing the two effects into contributions of each control variable. Nevertheless, focusing on summary measures or decomposing mean wages can just give people an insight into the causes and changes in general wage dispersion but not the entire wage distribution. As pointed out by Chi, Li and Yu (2007), the estimation of the entire wage distribution and decomposition of the distributional changes in wage dispersion has been attracting the attention of labour economists. This thesis adopts a distributional approach proposed by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2007) to study the changes in wage dispersion of Hong Kong since 1980s. The FFL approach comprises a two-stage procedure. Firstly, changes in dispersion are divided into wage structure effect and composition effect without directly estimating a wage-setting model. This is done by doing a proper reweighting to obtain counterfactual wage vectors. Kernel density estimation is used for visualizing the wage distribution in different years and the counterfactuals; secondly, novel recentered influence function (RIF) regressions across quantiles are performed to further decompose the two effects into contributions of each control variable. The findings are outlined as follows: first, there was an increase in wage dispersion over the whole wage distribution from 1980s but a decrease from 2001 to 2006; second, the composition effect dominates the wage structure effect over years; third, changes in the distribution of characteristics and the returns to these characteristics are highly responsive to each other, suggesting that our labour market is highly responsive to structural changes; fourth, The common wage-determining factors may not be able to explain the earnings-profile of low wage earners well. In brief, the development of the economy since 1980s increased the wage dispersion over years. Nevertheless, the economic downturn due to external shocks and internal unfavourable events and general skill-upgrading in labour-intensive industries decreased the wage dispersion since 2000s.
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GarciÌa-Peñalosa, Cecilia. "Distribution and growth : essays on human capital, R&D and skill differentials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294213.
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