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Journal articles on the topic 'Wage distribution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Neumark, David, Mark Schweitzer, and William Wascher. "Minimum Wage Effects throughout the Wage Distribution." Journal of Human Resources XXXIX, no. 2 (2004): 425–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xxxix.2.425.

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2

Neumark, David, Mark Schweitzer, and William Wascher. "Minimum Wage Effects throughout the Wage Distribution." Journal of Human Resources 39, no. 2 (2004): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3559021.

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3

Ferraro, Simona, Jaanika Meriküll, and Karsten Staehr. "Minimum wages and the wage distribution in Estonia." Applied Economics 50, no. 49 (June 23, 2018): 5253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1486017.

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4

Martins, Pedro S. "Industry wage premia: evidence from the wage distribution." Economics Letters 83, no. 2 (May 2004): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2003.11.002.

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5

Troncoso, Baltar. "Wage distribution in the period of economic growth with income distribution: The case of Brazil." Panoeconomicus 67, no. 3 (2020): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2003361t.

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This paper analyses in detail the distribution of Brazilian wages in the period of economic growth with income distribution. Brazil presents a high structural heterogeneity that generates high wage inequality, and it is shown that wage differences within occupational categories are greater than wage differences between occupational categories. Higher GDP growth followed by an incomes policy that raised low wages reduced wage differences especially within occupational categories rather than wage differences between occupational categories.

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6

Cengiz, Doruk, Arindrajit Dube, Attila Lindner, and Ben Zipperer. "The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, no. 3 (May 2, 2019): 1405–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz014.

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Abstract We estimate the effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs using 138 prominent state-level minimum wage changes between 1979 and 2016 in the United States using a difference-in-differences approach. We first estimate the effect of the minimum wage increase on employment changes by wage bins throughout the hourly wage distribution. We then focus on the bottom part of the wage distribution and compare the number of excess jobs paying at or slightly above the new minimum wage to the missing jobs paying below it to infer the employment effect. We find that the overall number of low-wage jobs remained essentially unchanged over the five years following the increase. At the same time, the direct effect of the minimum wage on average earnings was amplified by modest wage spillovers at the bottom of the wage distribution. Our estimates by detailed demographic groups show that the lack of job loss is not explained by labor-labor substitution at the bottom of the wage distribution. We also find no evidence of disemployment when we consider higher levels of minimum wages. However, we do find some evidence of reduced employment in tradeable sectors. We also show how decomposing the overall employment effect by wage bins allows a transparent way of assessing the plausibility of estimates.

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7

Dilmé i Soto, Francesc. "Optimal Wage Distribution in Hierarchies." Cuadernos de Economía 30, no. 82 (January 2007): 37–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0210-0266(07)70007-9.

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8

Watts, Martin J., and William Mitchell. "Wages and Wage Determination in 2007." Journal of Industrial Relations 50, no. 3 (June 2008): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185608089996.

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In 2007 money wages rose marginally faster than in 2006 but there was no evidence of generalized wage pressures arising from skill shortages. The Reserve Bank raised interest rates twice during the year, further reducing housing affordability. The Fair Pay Commission decision in July temporarily restored the real wages of the lowest paid, but there was further compression of the lower deciles of the wage distribution. With petrol prices continuing to rise, household living standards are under threat, particularly those of workers reliant on the wage adjustment through the Commission whose next decision will not be operational until October 2008. The election of the Labor Government in November led to speculation as to extent to which the Work Choices legislation would be amended.

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9

Bílková, Diana. "What is the Influence of the Global Economic Crisis on the Development of the Wage Distribution of Czechs and Slovaks?" Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2014.23.141.155.

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This paper deals with the development of wage distribution by gender in the Czech and Slovak Republics in the years 2005–2012. Special attention is given to the changing in the behavior of the wage distribution in relation to the onset of the global economic recession. The different behavior of the wage distribution of Czech and Slovak employees during the period is the subject of research. The article discusses the differences in wage level between men and women in the Czech and Slovak Republics. There are the total wage distributions of men and women together, both in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic on the one hand, and wage distributions according to the gender separately for men and for women on the other hand. Comparison of wage levels in the world and the position of wages of the Czech employees in the international context is included, too.

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10

Adamchik, Vera, Thomas Hyclak, and Arthur King. "The wage structure and wage distribution in Poland, 1994‐2001." International Journal of Manpower 24, no. 8 (December 2003): 916–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720310507938.

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11

Kim, Jung Hoon, and Young Cheol Jung. "Minimum Wage Effects on the Wage Distribution in South Korea." Korea and the World Economy 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46665/kwe.2021.04.22.1.1.

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12

Dewi, Sri Gusvina. "The Effects of Minimum Wage Throughout the Wage Distribution in Indonesia." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 7, no. 2 (March 25, 2018): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v7i2.6125.

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The global financial crisis in 2007 followed by Indonesia’s largest labor demonstration in 2013 encouraged turmoils on Indonesia labor market. This paper examines the effect of the minimum wage on wage distribution in 2007 and 2014 and how the minimum wage increases in 2014 affected the distribution of wage differences between 2007 and 2014. This study employs recentered influence function (RIF) regression method to estimate the wage function by using unconditional quantile regression. Furthermore, to measure the effect of the minimum wage increase in 2014 on the distribution of wage differences, it uses the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method. Using balanced panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), it found that the minimum wage mitigates wage disparity in 2007 and 2014. The minimum wage policy in 2014 leads to an increase in the wage difference between 2007 and 2014, with the largest wage difference being in the middle distribution.DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v7i2.6125

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13

Matano, Alessia, and Paolo Naticchioni. "WHAT DRIVES THE URBAN WAGE PREMIUM? EVIDENCE ALONG THE WAGE DISTRIBUTION." Journal of Regional Science 56, no. 2 (November 20, 2015): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jors.12235.

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14

Levin-Waldman, Oren M. "The Minimum Wage and Regional Wage Structure: Implications for Income Distribution." Journal of Economic Issues 36, no. 3 (September 2002): 635–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2002.11506506.

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15

Boyer, Robert, and Toshiaki Tachibanaki. "Wage Determination and Distribution in Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies 24, no. 1 (1998): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132951.

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16

Moscarini, Giuseppe. "Job Matching and the Wage Distribution." Econometrica 73, no. 2 (March 2005): 481–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00586.x.

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17

Bahar, Mahdir, Assis Kamu, Norhayati Jantan, and Darmesah Gabda. "Analysis of wage distribution in Malaysia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1489 (March 2020): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1489/1/012031.

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18

Kambayashi, Ryo, Daiji Kawaguchi, and Izumi Yokoyama. "Wage distribution in Japan, 1989–2003." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 41, no. 4 (September 30, 2008): 1329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00506.x.

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19

Icardi, Rossella. "Returns to Workplace Training for Male and Female Employees and Implications for the Gender Wage gap: A Quantile Regression Analysis." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 8, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.8.1.2.

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Context: Existing studies have explored the association between workplace training and wages suggesting that training participation may have a positive association with wages. However, we still know very little about whether this association varies between men and women. Through its potential positive association with wages, training may balance wage differences between men and women. In addition, the gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution. Differences in the association between training participation and wages for men and women across the earnings spectrum may offer an explanation as to why the discrepancy in female/male earnings is larger at some point of the wage distribution compared to others. Approach: Using data from the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and unconditional quantile regression, this paper examines whether the association between workplace training and wages differs between men and women at different points of the wage distribution across 14 European countries. To partly control for endogeneity in training participation, detailed measures of cognitive skills have been included in the models. Findings: Findings show gender differences in the association between training and wages across the wage distribution. In most countries, results indicate larger training coefficients for women than men at the lower end of the wage spectrum whereas they are larger for men at the top. This pattern holds across most countries with the only exception of Liberal ones, where women benefit less than men across the entire wage spectrum.Conclusions: The findings of this work reveal that distributional variations in returns to workplace training follow a similar pattern across industrialized countries, despite their different institutional settings. Moreover, differences in training coefficients of men and women at different parts of the wage distribution suggest that training could reduce gender wage differences among low earners and potentially widen the gap in wages among individuals at the top of the wage distribution.

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20

KimYoonhwan and 김기승. "Wage Gap Between Regular and Non-regular Workers Across the Wage Distribution." Journal of Vocational Education & Training 21, no. 3 (November 2018): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36907/krivet.2018.21.3.167.

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21

Pereira, João, and Aurora Galego. "Inter-Regional Wage Differentials in Portugal: An Analysis Across the Wage Distribution." Regional Studies 48, no. 9 (January 15, 2013): 1529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.750424.

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22

Stewart, Mark B. "Quantile estimates of counterfactual distribution shifts and the effect of minimum wage increases on the wage distribution." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 175, no. 1 (October 3, 2011): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.2011.01007.x.

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23

Burauel, Patrick, Marco Caliendo, Markus M. Grabka, Cosima Obst, Malte Preuss, Carsten Schröder, and Cortnie Shupe. "The Impact of the German Minimum Wage on Individual Wages and Monthly Earnings." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 240, no. 2-3 (February 25, 2020): 201–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2018-0077.

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AbstractThis paper evaluates the short-run impact of the introduction of a statutory minimum wage in Germany on the hourly wages and monthly earnings of workers targeted by the reform. We first provide detailed descriptive evidence of changes to the wage structure in particular at the bottom of the distribution and distinguish between trends for regularly employed and marginally employed workers. In the causal analysis, we then employ a differential trend adjusted difference-in-differences (DTADD) strategy to identify the extent to which these changes in wages and earnings can be attributed to the minimum wage introduction. We find that the minimum wage introduction can account for hourly wage growth in the order of roughly 6.5 % or \euro0.45/hour and an increase in monthly earnings of 6.6 % or \euro53/month. Despite finding wage growth at the bottom of the distribution, the paper documents widespread non-compliance with the mandated wage floor of \euro8.50/hour.

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24

Robb, A. Leslie, and William M. Scarth. "Wage Inflation and the Distribution of Unemployement." Relations industrielles 29, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028507ar.

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25

REYNOLDS, PETER J. "WAGE RISES AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION — A NOTE." Manchester School 55, no. 1 (March 1987): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1987.tb01290.x.

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26

Olney, William W. "Offshoring, immigration, and the native wage distribution." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 45, no. 3 (August 2012): 830–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2012.01717.x.

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27

Almeida dos Reis, Jose Guilherme, and Ricardo Paes de Barros. "Wage inequality and the distribution of education." Journal of Development Economics 36, no. 1 (July 1991): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(91)90007-i.

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28

Iacono, Roberto, and Marco Ranaldi. "The wage curve across the wealth distribution." Economics Letters 196 (November 2020): 109580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109580.

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29

Dube, Arindrajit. "Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 268–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20170085.

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There is robust evidence that higher minimum wages increase family incomes at the bottom of the distribution. The long-run (3 or more years) minimum wage elasticity of the non-elderly poverty rate with respect to the minimum wage ranges between −0.220 and −0.459 across alternative specifications. The long-run minimum wage elasticities for the tenth and fifteenth unconditional quantiles of family income range between 0.152 and 0.430 depending on specification. A reduction in public assistance partly offsets these income gains, which are on average 66 percent as large when using an expanded income definition including tax credits and noncash transfers. (JEL D31, I32, I38, J31, J38)

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30

PONTUSSON, JONAS, DAVID RUEDA, and CHRISTOPHER R. WAY. "Comparative Political Economy of Wage Distribution: The Role of Partisanship and Labour Market Institutions." British Journal of Political Science 32, no. 2 (March 28, 2002): 281–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000712340200011x.

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Through a pooled cross-section time-series analysis of the determinants of wage inequality in sixteen OECD countries from 1973 to 1995, we explore how political-institutional variables affect the upper and lower halves of the wage distribution. Our regression results indicate that unionization, centralization of wage bargaining and public-sector employment primarily affect the distribution of wages by boosting the relative position of unskilled workers, while the egalitarian effects of Left government operate at the upper end of the wage hierarchy, holding back the wage growth of well-paid workers. Further analysis shows that the differential effects of government partisanship are contingent on wage-bargaining centralization: in decentralized bargaining systems, Left government is associated with compression of both halves of the wage distribution.

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31

Jair da Silveira, Jaylson, and Gilberto Tadeu Lima. "Effort Elicitation, Wage Differentials and Income Distribution in A Wage-Led Growth Regime." Metroeconomica 67, no. 1 (August 1, 2015): 44–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/meca.12090.

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32

Pravitasari, Clalisca, and Arie Damayanti. "THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON THE WAGE DISTRIBUTION IN INDONESIA." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 3, no. 02 (June 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v3i02.202.

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<p><em>Research on the impact of migration on workers' wages in destination areas has long been debated in the literature. However, studies that link migration to wage rates in different percentiles along the distribution have not been widely implemented, as migration does not have the same impact on wage levels in all groups of workers. By establishing a counterfactual using the semi-parametric DFL method of National Labor Force Survey data, this study found that migration promotes changes in the distribution of wages, especially in the upper and lower percentiles. After controlling the magnitude of in-migration in each percentile group by using the ordinary least square method, this study also proves that migration leads to wage decreasing in percentile groups where migrant workers are overrepresented, which is in the 75th and 90th percentile groups. Meanwhile, no negative impacts were found on wage levels in the lower middle percentile. In fact, migration has proven to encourage an increase in the average wage of workers in the lowest percentile of the distribution.</em></p><p><strong><em>JEL Classification: </em></strong><em>J01, J11, J61</em><strong></strong></p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong>: <em>counterfactual, migration, wage distribution</em>

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33

Menon, Rahul. "Short-term contracts and their effect on wages in Indian regular wage employment." Economic and Labour Relations Review 30, no. 1 (March 2019): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619831601.

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The increase in regular wage employment in the Indian economy between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 was accompanied by a significant deterioration in job security; more workers found themselves on short-term and insecure contracts – a continuing trend. Insecurity of tenure results in a significant wage penalty for short-term workers, compared with those with longer term contracts. This article estimates the negative effect of short-term contracts on the wages of Indian regular wage workers all along the income distribution – unlike earlier studies – using the method of unconditional quantile regressions on data from the 68th round and the 61st round of the National Sample Survey Organisation on Employment covering the period 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. It finds that the wage penalty due to short-term contracts is higher for high-wage workers than for low-wage workers, with the maximum impact felt by median wage workers, and has increased for higher paid workers from 2004–2005 to 2011–2012. The spread of informal employment arrangements within India’s formal labour markets has resulted in an increasingly unequal distribution of workers’ access to the benefits of growth, reflecting a shift in power in favour of capital. These findings, specific to a developing economy like India, stand in contrast with studies in European countries, where high-wage workers do not face as much of a penalty for short-term contract work as low-wage workers. JEL Codes: J31, J41

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34

Simon, Hipolito, Esteban Sanroma, and Raul Ramos. "Full- and part-time wage differences in Spain: an analysis along the wage distribution." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 449–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-09-2015-0151.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine wage differences between part- and full-time workers distinguishing by gender by using a large Spanish matched employer-employee data set and an econometric decomposition that permits to decompose wage differences by quantiles of the wage distribution. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on cross-section matched employer-employee microdata from a large representative survey (the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial) which is carried out with a harmonised methodology common to all European Union member countries and that has been designed specifically to provide reliable evidence about characteristics of the wage distribution such us wage differentials associated with the type of working time. From a methodological point of view, the econometric decomposition technique proposed recently by Fortin et al. (2011) to decompose wage differences between part-time and full-time workers by quantiles of the wage distribution is applied. This methodology has the advantage over similar techniques that provides a detailed decomposition of wage differentials and has not been used before to examine the wage impact of part-time jobs. Findings The results show that the significant raw wage gap that part-time workers experience in Spain differs substantially along the wage distribution. In the case of part-time females, the wage disadvantage is mostly explained by their relative endowments of characteristics (and particularly by their lower endowments of human capital and their segregation into low-wage sectors) but a significant wage penalty still persists, increasing along the wage distribution. In the case of males the wage disadvantage is only found in the lower part of the distribution and it is due both to their worst endowments of characteristics and a significant wage penalty. Research limitations/implications The evidence for Spain shows that the part-time work tends to affect differently to the wages of males and females, with a higher part-time penalty for males, as predicted by the “flexibility stigma” hypothesis, and penalising low-qualified men in the lower part of the wage distribution and high-qualified women in the upper part of the distribution the most. Originality/value The analysis contributes to the literature by examining wage differences along the wage distribution for both genders using econometric decomposition methods, an aspect that to the authors’ knowledge has been examined only scarcely in the international literature with non-conclusive evidence and has not been examined in previous studies for the Spanish case. In this vein, Spain is a particularly interesting analysis case from an international perspective of the wage consequences of part-time jobs, given that in contrast with most other advanced countries a majority of part-time employment in this country is involuntary and this phenomenon is especially affecting disadvantaged groups.

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Schultz, T. Paul, and Germano Mwabu. "Labor Unions and the Distribution of Wages and Employment in South Africa." ILR Review 51, no. 4 (July 1998): 680–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805100407.

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Few countries have higher wage inequality than South Africa, where wages of African and white workers differ by a factor of five. Using survey data collected in 1993, the authors analyze the complex effect of unions on this wage gap. Among male African workers in the bottom decile of the wage distribution, union membership was associated with wages that were 145% higher than those of comparable nonunion workers, and among those in the top decile the differential was 19%. Regression estimates also indicate that returns to observed productive characteristics of workers, such as education and experience, were larger for nonunion than union workers. If the large union relative wage effect were cut in half, the authors estimate that employment of African youth, age 16–29, would increase by two percentage points, and their labor force participation rate would also increase substantially.

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36

Fields, Judith, and Edward N. Wolff. "Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap." ILR Review 49, no. 1 (October 1995): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504900107.

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Using data from the March 1988 Current Population Survey, the authors find that the wages of female workers differ significantly by industry, even when the analysis controls for workers' productivity-related characteristics. Although these interindustry wage differentials are at least as large as men's and are highly correlated with them as well, there are statistically significant differences between the two. Of the overall gender wage gap (the average female worker earns about 65% as much as the average male worker), 12–22% can be explained by differences between the patterns of interindustry wage differentials of men and women and 15–19% by differences in the distribution of male and female workers across industries. Thus, the combined industry effects explain about one-third of the overall gender wage gap.

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María Arranz, José, and Carlos García-Serrano. "How green was my valley." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 7 (September 30, 2014): 1059–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2012-0019.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the wage distribution in Spain, its evolution in recent years and the implications for increased wage dispersion. Accordingly, its attention focuses on the following issues: first, the paper investigates how personal, job and firm attributes affect the wages distribution and examine earnings differentials between and within groups of workers according to their individual and job characteristics throughout the conditional wage distribution; and second, the paper analyses whether the business cycle may influence the magnitude of these differentials. Design/methodology/approach – Using administrative data from the Spanish Social Security and the Tax Administration National Agency, the paper estimates OLS and quantile regression (QR) models in order to assess the impact of personal, job and workplace attributes on between- and within-groups wage inequality. Findings – Among other things, we find that, although the average wage has been increasing over time (until 2009), changes have not been uniform across the earnings distribution, making the dispersion fall during boom years but rise during downturn years. Furthermore, changes in the impacts of some characteristics (types of contract, education/qualifications, region and employer size) contributed to higher wage dispersion, while others (tenure) made the distribution more equal. Originality/value – The analysis of the paper in novel in that it investigates whether wage differentials respond to the business cycle and what the source of that variation is. Moreover, it analyses wages differentials not only at the mean but also throughout the conditional earnings distribution, making it possible to assess the impact of these attributes on between- and within-groups wage inequality.

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38

Butcher, Kristin F., and John Dinardo. "The Immigrant and Native-Born Wage Distributions: Evidence from United States Censuses." ILR Review 56, no. 1 (October 2002): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390205600106.

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Recent studies document a large widening of the immigrant/native-born mean wage gap since about 1970, a trend that some observers ascribe to post-1965 changes in U.S. immigration policy. These studies are limited, however, by their exclusive focus on men, which ignores important gender differences in the wage gap, and by the inadequacy of the mean wage for characterizing the gap when, as in recent decades, the wage distribution dramatically changes. This study of recent immigrants examines changes across the entire wage distribution, for both genders. The authors find evidence, based partly on gender differences, that minimum wages strongly influenced the gap. A counterfactual analysis also indicates that if recent immigrants in 1970 had faced the 1990 wage structure, their wage distribution would have closely resembled that of recent immigrants in 1990. These and other results suggest that the increasing wage gap is linked to changes in the wage structure.

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39

Howell, Anthony. "Minimum wage impacts on Han-minority Workers’ wage distribution and inequality in urban china." Journal of Urban Economics 115 (January 2020): 103184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2019.103184.

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40

Kemp-Benedict, Eric, and Y. K. Kim. "Household indebtedness, distribution, and bargaining power under distribution-induced technological change: a macroeconomic analysis." Review of Keynesian Economics 9, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2021.03.01.

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We present a stylized model to explore the interaction between household debt, functional income distribution, and technological change. We assume that weak labor bargaining power allows firms to set their mark-ups in order to meet a target profit rate. At a low wage share, workers’ households are assumed to have limited flexibility in meeting financial goals, so household indebtedness tends to rise as the wage share falls. Rising indebtedness further lowers labor's bargaining power, a phenomenon that was observed in the wave of financialization that began in the late twentieth century. Thus, rising debt levels allow firms even greater freedom to raise their target profit rate. We find that the dynamics can be either stable or unstable, with the potential for a self-reinforcing pattern of rising household indebtedness and falling wage share, consistent with trends in the US from the 1980s onward. The unstable cycle can be triggered by increased willingness by workers to incur debt and rising influence of household indebtedness on labor's bargaining strength and income distribution. The model can shed some light on widely observed trends over recent decades regarding household indebtedness, inequality, and technological changes in the US, and potentially in other OECD countries.

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41

Prat, Julien. "Job Separation Under Uncertainty and the Wage Distribution." Contributions in Macroeconomics 6, no. 1 (January 22, 2006): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1534-6005.1340.

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42

Attanasio, Orazio, and Steven J. Davis. "Relative Wage Movements and the Distribution of Consumption." Journal of Political Economy 104, no. 6 (December 1996): 1227–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/262058.

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43

Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf. "Unknown wage offer distribution and job search duration." Economics Letters 60, no. 2 (August 1998): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(98)00096-2.

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Decreuse, Bruno, and André Zylberberg. "SEARCH INTENSITY, DIRECTED SEARCH, AND THE WAGE DISTRIBUTION." Journal of the European Economic Association 9, no. 6 (September 5, 2011): 1168–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01039.x.

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Christensen, Bent Jesper, Rasmus Lentz, Dale T. Mortensen, George R. Neumann, and Axel Werwatz. "On‐the‐Job Search and the Wage Distribution." Journal of Labor Economics 23, no. 1 (January 2005): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425432.

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Oyvat, C. "Globalization, wage shares and income distribution in Turkey." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 4, no. 1 (November 11, 2010): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq032.

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Matano, A., and P. Naticchioni. "Wage distribution and the spatial sorting of workers." Journal of Economic Geography 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 379–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr013.

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Samuels, Warren. "The wage system and the distribution of power." Forum for Social Economics 15, no. 2 (January 1985): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02960202.

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Slonimczyk, Fabián, and Peter Skott. "Employment and distribution effects of the minimum wage." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 84, no. 1 (September 2012): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.03.005.

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Samuels, Warren J. "The wage system and the distribution of power." Forum for Social Economics 15, no. 3 (December 1985): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02761620.

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