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1
Fongoni, Marco. "Asymmetric reciprocity, reference wage formation, and the theory of wages and unemployment." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28668.
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This thesis contributes to the theory of wages and unemployment through an indepth theoretical analysis of firms' wage setting and hiring decisions and workers' perceptions of fairness and attitude in the production process. Chapter 1 develops a microeconomic theory of wage setting behaviour based on contractual incompleteness, fairness, reciprocity and reference dependence and loss aversion in the evaluation of wage contracts by workers. The chapter makes the following contributions: it provides a theoretical explanation for wage rigidity in a dynamic environment; it offers a psychological foundation for asymmetric reciprocity, identifying loss aversion as the driver of negative reciprocity being stronger than positive reciprocity; and it analyses the implications of “asymmetric reference-dependent reciprocity” and anticipated wage rigidity for optimal wage setting and hiring behaviour. Chapter 2 incorporates the theory developed in Chapter 1 into a canonical search and matching framework and analyses its macroeconomic implications. In so doing the chapter contributes to the literature of labour market fluctuations from a novel behavioural perspective. In contrast to existing theoretical results, in the presence of reference-dependent reciprocity the cyclicality of the hiring wage is shown to be irrelevant for the volatility of vacancies and unemployment. Moreover, the novel behavioural aspects introduced turn out to be qualitatively and quantitatively important in determining the size of the surplus from new employment relationships. Finally, by considering the role of uncertainty, it is shown that the expectation by firms of downward wage rigidity dampens hiring incentives and increases the volatility of both job creation and unemployment Chapter 3 explores the concept of the reference “fair” wage in depth. Building on a large body of research that has explored the concepts of fairness, reference dependence, and social norms and identity, this chapter develops a general, and portable, analytical framework to model reference wage formation. Several inherent properties of the reference wage are formalised: the intrinsic tendency of workers to adapt their reference wage over time; the role of readily available information, which can also be “manipulated” by the firmand/or third parties; and asymmetries in fairness evaluations. This framework is applied to study the implications of asymmetric partial adaptation of the reference wage for wage and reciprocity dynamics; and the effect of relative wage comparisons between newly hired and incumbent workers for the cyclical behaviour of vacancies and unemployment.
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Oh, Min-Hong. "A study on the trade-off between supervision and wages an empirical test of efficiency wage theory /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4143.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 18, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Vetter, Henrik. "Wage determination with asymmetric information." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88516/.
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This thesis contains 5 independent chapters together with an Introduction and a General Conclusion. All five chapters consider the problem of wage determination in an economy characterized by asymmetric information. The solution which is implemented, for example a pair consisting of the wage and the level of employment, is restricted to elicit all possible relevant information. This forces some additional constraints upon the optimization problem of the agents. Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrate that since the firm does not voluntarily share its information with other agents, the level of employment is not efficient. In both a separating and a pooling equilibrium, underemployment is the case. Note here that the equilibrium obtained changes qualitatively from Chapter 2 to Chapter 3. We return to this in the General Conclusion. Chapter 4 elaborates upon Chapter 2. It is shown that in an otherwise competitive economy, employment and investment are lowered since they are used as signalling devices, compared to the case of symmetric and perfect information. In a model characterized by monopoly, this conclusion is no longer true. The effect upon investment is no longer unambiguous. We also return to this in the General Conclusion. Chapters 5 and 6 consider economic policy in the case of a separating, respectively, pooling equilibrium. It is shown that in the case of a separating equilibrium, taxation can improve upon the situation. For a pooling equilibrium we show the existence of multipliers. General for these models is that the introduction of asymmetric information certainly does have an effect, but also that the results are possibly non-robust to assumptions with respect to the market form.
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Schoenberg, Uta. "Learning, mobility and wage dynamics : theory and evidence." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406249.
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Ramaswamy, Ramana. "The theory of social corporatism and wage bargaining." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385487.
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Kim, Insu. "Essays on inflation and wage dynamics theory and evidence /." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2019836991&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1274718054&clientId=48051.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2010.Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 19, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
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Metcalfe, Renuka. "Dynamic wage-bargaining in labour markets : theory and evidence." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1024/.
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Heyboer, Jay Daniel. "Interindustry profitability and wage rates : a resource theory approach /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487687115926452.
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Carrasco, Bruno. "Essays in appied theory of search and matching." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242234.
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ROCHA, ROBERTO HSU. "FIRMS, INFORMALITY AND WAGE INEQUALITY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=34861@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
BOLSA NOTA 10
O Mercado de trabalho brasileiro passou por mudanças significativas entre 2003 e 2012. A desigualdade de salários, informalidade e desemprego caíram enquanto o salário mínimo real subiu. Evidências empíricas recentes sugerem que o papel das firmas foi importante nesses processos. Este artigo tem dois aspectos principais. Primeiro eu proponho um modelo de search e mathching com firmas e trabalhadores heterogêneos que leva em conta diversos atributos do mercado de trabalho brasileiro como informalidade, desemprego, salário mínimo e desigualdade de salários entre e intra firmas. Em seguida, com o modelo estimado que replica momentos importantes do mercado de trabalho em 2003, eu proponho exercícios contrafactuais para quantificar os determinantes por trás da redução da desigualdade de salários no Brasil. Os resultados do modelo sugerem que as mudanças no valor real do salário mínimo e da composição educacional da força de trabalho explicam grande parte da redução da desigualdade de salários no setor formal, mas são fatores mais limitados na redução da desigualdade de renda na economia como um todo.
The labor market in Brazil had significant changes between 2003 and 2012. Wage inequality, informality and unemployment decreased while the real minimum wage rose. This paper has two major features. First, I propose a search and matching model with heterogeneous firms and workers that takes into account several attributes of the Brazilian labor market such as informality, unemployment, minimum wage, wage variance between and within firms and the educational composition of the workforce. Then, with an estimated model that fits important moments of the labor market in 2003, I make counterfactual exercises to quantify the determinants beneath the reduction of wage inequality. Results from the model suggest that changes in the real value of the minimum wage and the educational attainment of the workforce explain most of the reduction of wage inequality in the formal sector, but are more limited factors in the reduction of wage inequality in the whole economy.
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Williamson, Russell. "WAGE DISPARITY IN THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION AND INFORMATION QUALITY." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/accountancy_etds/11.
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Does wage disparity, measured as the difference between highest and lowest paid workers, affect the quality of reported financial information? I collect accounting professional wage data from an international accounting and finance employment placement firm for the period of 1972 to 2017. I investigate to what degree wage disparity in corporate and public accounting has affected accounting information quality by testing predictions derived from equity theory and tournament theory. I find that vertical wage disparity within, as well as horizontal wage disparity between, corporate and public accounting is associated with measures of the relevance and reliability of accounting information. Specifically, pay disparity within corporate accounting is associated with a significant reduction in earnings persistence, in the earnings-returns relationship, in the accruals-cashflow relationship, and with higher levels of absolute abnormal accruals. In tests of pay disparity within the public accounting profession I find evidence of improved information quality associated with higher pay disparity. These findings are consistent with the different structures of employment and career advancement within the corporate and public accounting professions.
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Collier, William James Cledan. "Labour market heterogeneity : wage determination and unemployment duration." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342164.
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Adams, Zoe Louise. "A social ontology of the wage." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286337.
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This thesis draws on the theory and method of social ontology to explore why labour law struggles to provide for wage security and clarity of employment status today. It starts by exploring at a conceptual level the relationship between law and capitalism, before moving on to engage more specifically with the concept of the wage, situating the analysis in a theory of the wage's socio-economic function. The thesis understands the 'wage' as, initially, the market price of the commodity, 'labour power', which is exchanged in the labour market. As with any other 'price', the wage functions to coordinate decision making in the market. At the same time, however, the wage is also the cost of reproducing that commodity, a process which is not confined to the market but takes place in society more generally: this is the function of social reproduction. These two functions are not only conceptually and materially distinct; they are frequently in conflict. The price the market assigns to the labour commodity is not always, and not necessarily, that which is required to cover its costs of (re)production. The thesis shows that these functions of the wage find their expression in the various concepts the legal system uses to describe the payment made by employers to their workers. For example, the legal concept of the 'wage' corresponds closely to the economic idea of the wage as price, and the concept of 'remuneration' to the wage as the cost of social reproduction, shifting some of the social costs of employment onto the employer. How these conceptual tools are deployed, however, and thus how effectively these functions are performed in practice, depends on law's own view of its ontological status: that is, the implicit position that the legal system takes on what constitutes 'social reality' beyond the text of a particular case or statute, and thus its view of whether, and to what extent, legal concepts can shape, as well as respond, to it. The thesis shows that whether the legal system sees its concepts playing an active role in constituting social and economic relations, or whether it sees them as passively reacting to the 'demands' of a 'pre-constituted' economic system makes a difference to the effectiveness of law in practice. Understanding law's implicit ontology in this sense helps us to see why labour law struggles to provide for wage security and clarity of status. Thinking about law's relationship with social reality can thus make an important contribution to our understanding of the problems of low pay and unclear employment status today.
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Richardson, James. "Targeted wage subsidies and long-term unemployment : theory and policy evaluation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1531/.
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Prolonged experience of high and long-term unemployment has led many governments to a renewed interest in active labour market policies. In particular, targeted wage subsidies have been seen as a means of both directly getting longterm unemployed people into work, and improving their future prospects of finding and keeping jobs. We examine three issues. Firstly, we look at the macroeconomic theory of targeted wage subsidies, and, to a lesser extent, job search assistance, within efficiency wage, union bargaining and search theoretic frameworks. Subsidies directly increase labour demand, but we also find that their effectiveness is enhanced by general equilibrium effects from targeting: wage pressure is reduced; and the average quality of the unemployed pool rises as long-term unemployed workers are removed from it, increasing the incentives for other firms to open vacancies. Secondly we address the optimal degree of policy targeting, using an extension of the Mortensen-Pissarides job creation and destruction model. We argue that there are real gains to targeting the long-term unemployed, but also diminishing returns. Hence, as the level of policy expenditure rises, the extent of targeting should fall. Simulating the model for the UK, we find that policy could have a significant impact on equilibrium unemployment, with more modest welfare gains. Finally, we look at longer-term employability effects by evaluating the Australian Special Youth Employment Training Program (SYETP). Controlling for selection bias using a bivariate probit, we find that participation increased the chances of having a job by 26% between 8 and 13 months after subsidy expiry, and 20% a year later. Much of this gain arose from retention of initially subsidised jobs, but even excluding this, participants were significantly more likely to be employed in subsequent years than if they had not gone on the programme.
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Schreiber, Sven [Verfasser]. "Essays on the Empirics and Theory of Wage Dynamics / Sven Schreiber." Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1179031660/34.
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Benito, Andrew. "Wage premia in the British labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59442/.
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The doctoral dissertation considers the existence of non-competitive wage premia in Great Britain. The research aims to confront the predictions of certain approaches to wage determination with microeconomic data for Great Britain. In so doing, the analysis is mindful of the importance of economic theory in order to provide a basis for empirical work undertaken, which in turn should ideally be focused upon policy-oriented issues. In addressing the issue of Wage Premia in the British Labour Market, the Thesis also acknowledges the importance of employing large microeconomic datasets in order to understand an issue which is essentially concerned with microeconomic behaviour. To this end, the Thesis employs data at the level of the individual, the establishment and the firm in the British labour market, carrying out both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Noncompetitive wages have significant implications for performance alongside wages themselves. Partly as a result, a concern of the author was to go beyond estimation of wage equations with additional explanatory variables, in order to consider these aspects of performance directly. The empirical work reflects this. In a sense, the body of research traces the three stages of development of the empirical literature on non-competitive wages. This begins with a study of the wages received by individual workers according to their industry affiliation. Competitive theory predicts that contingent upon levels of human capital and non-pecuniary benefits, individuals working in different industries should earn equal amounts: a law of one-price prevails. The analysis therefore attempts to detect the presence of non-competitive rents. Further, the notion that such differentials are non-competitive suggests a relation between their magnitude and industry profitability. The study represents the first attempt to relate industry differentials to measures of industry ability-to pay for Great Britain. Second, a cross-sectional study of turnover and wages is concerned with the issue of whether an employer may voluntarily pay wages above a market-clearing level in order to prevent employees from quitting the place of work. The paper provides the first microeconomic evidence of wage as well as union effects upon turnover at British establishments. Third, the issue of whether the forces of wage determination may differ between levels of the firm is considered, focusing upon the employee-executive distinction. Two chapters, employing a large panel of UK companies consider this issue by examining the determination of company-level wages (Chapter 5) and company financial performance (Chapter 6). At the time of writing, one of the most contentious issues in the area of wage determination in the British labour market refers to the pay of public sector employees and how this compares to that of the private sector. In Chapter 7, among the first individual-level estimates of the differential associated with employment in the public sector for Great Britain are provided. Finally, the Thesis draws out the policy implications of efficiency wages. Efficiency Wage theory represents one of the main schools of thought regarding the existence of noncompetitive wage premia. The issues which arise strike at the core of labour market and industrial policy-making and include unemployment and minimum wage legislation.
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Gowers, Robin. "A study of the British industrial wage structure 1900-1926." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388572.
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Skedinger, Per. "Essays on wage formation, employment, and unemployment." Uppsala : Stockholm, Sweden : [Uppsala University] ; Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26994528.html.
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Tanaka, Yasushi. "A theory of wage determination : a training model with heterogeneous labour approach." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1488/.
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This thesis offers an alternative approach to the theory of wage determination, producing new and interesting interpretations to labour market phenomena. Based on the assumption of heterogeneous labour, a training model based on the concept of adverse selection is introduced. The unique feature of this model is that the heterogeneity is expressed in terms of the cost of OJT as well as the opportunity wage of the potential workers. The model suggests that the existence of unemployment and the downward wage rigidity are conditional upon the market characteristics and that the unemployment can not be eliminated by lowering the wage. It also suggests that policies to control the demand side of the market such as accepting of immigration of able workers, raising the educational standard of the domestic workers, or subsidizing the firm's OJT would be more effective. Also as a training model, the analysis includes a two-period model, in which the upward-sloping wage profile is derived. The analysis is extended to the idea of multiple wage equilibrium in one market, which in turn offers a new dimension to the analysis of income distribution. One important result here is that whatever happens in the society will first affect the weakest, to whom therefore the policy makers need to pay greater attention. The derivation of a skewed distribution of wage offers yet one more explanation to the Pigou paradox. The model attempts also to explain how firms choose workers in the real world job offers usually states a minimum hiring standard as well as the offer wage, and how they react to economic fluctuations - would they, for example, reduce the wage or raise the minimum hiring standard when the demand for the product falls. The analysis suggests that the weaker members of the society are more prone to exogeneous shocks.
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Romp, Graham. "Rational dynamic disequilibrium macro models with wage, price and inventory adjustment." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1988. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109855/.
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This thesis presents original and significant research on the foundations of dynamic disequilibrium macroeconomics and on the implications of such a modelling strategy. It represents a continuation of current research to provide an acceptable alternative to New Classical macroeconomics. Disequilibrium economics, contrary to New Classical economics, does not assume markets continually clear, and is concerned, in principle, with the dynamic response of an economy to disequilibrium by way of both price and quantity adjustments. It is only recently, however, that the early static disequilibrium models have been extended to include dynamics via price adjustment and other intertemporal linkages. This thesis furthers this line of research. Initial chapters concentrate on developing a rational basis for quantity constrained models, while subsequent chapters develop and analyse specific open and closed economy dynamic disequilibrium models. Chapters 2-4 critically assess New Classical economics; show that imperfect price adjustment can be derived from rational economic behaviour, given the presence of imperfect information and learning, incomprehensively indexed contracts, and small-menu costs; and discuss various disequilibrium modelling strategies. Chapters 5-6 employ the chosen modelling strategy (based on Sneessens, 1981) to develop dynamic disequilibrium models. Intertemporal linkages are established via wage, price and inventory adjustment. These models are used to test ‘the robustness of previously derived results and provide new results. Significant insights are gained into the possibility of long-run non-Walrasian equilibria, the existence of limit cycles, the importance of wage and price adjustment, and the behaviour of exchange rates within regime switching models. Further these models aid our understanding of trade and inventory cycles. Finally we analyse the effectiveness of government policy in the various disequilibrium models. Not all the New Classical policy conclusions remain valid when imperfect price adjustment is modelled consistently.
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Swanson, Bruce A. "The theory of cointegrated time series and its application to nominal wage determination /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecs972.pdf.
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Raff, Daniel M. G. "Wage determination theory and the five-dollar day at Ford : a detailed examiniation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14870.
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Small, Ian Christopher. "The theory and effect of the UK's supply-side policy on the labour market." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294751.
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Destefanis, Sergio. "The macroeconomic analysis of wage indexation : a case study for Italy, 1963-84." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239730.
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Kanyenze, Godfrey. "The impact of economic stabilisation on the wage structure in Zimbabwe : 1980-90." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358394.
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Peneva, Ekaterina V. "The role of staggered wage-setting and factor intensities in transmitting nominal disturbances and sectoral price rigidity." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3290763.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4815. Adviser: Eric M. Leeper. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 22, 2008).
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Santi, Murilo Esteves de. "Assortative marriage and intergenerational persistence of earnings: theory and evidence." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17551.
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I study the impact of the changes in the U.S. labor market that took place in the last few decades - such as the increase in the college wage premium and the reduction in the gender wage gap - on the intergenerational persistence of income, with a particular emphasis on the marriage market channel. To motivate my analysis, I document a positive cross-country correlation between intergenerational persistence of income (and education) and educational assortative mating. I then develop an overlapping generations model in which parents invest in their children's education and individuals choose whom they are going to marry, and estimate the model to fit the postwar U.S. data. My results suggest that both of these changes have affected the intergenerational earnings persistence, but that the marriage decision plays only a very small role in these results.
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Chiwele, Dennis Kaputo. "Stabilisation, the real wage, employment and welfare : the case of Zambia's formal sector employees." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358175.
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According to orthodox theory, a key objective of stabilisation policies is to raise the relative price of tradeables to that of nontradeables. This should lead to a relative expansion of tradeables production. The factors of production that would benefit most are those intensively utilised in the expanding (tradeables) sector. Where nontradeables are more labour intensive, the real consumption wage will fall with the implementation of stabilisation policies. This prediction is tested in this thesis within the context of Zambia's effort to adjust its economy in the 1980s. Applying a Stolper-Samuelson-Rybczynski (SSR) model, it is concluded that stabilisation policies did indeed result in the fall of the real wage. This finding is in line with the experience of other countries, suggesting that real wages were more flexible than would be justified by concerns of orthodox theorists. However, it is shown that the responsiveness of employment to variations in the real product wage was statistically insignificant. Furthermore, despite the fact that the real product wage of tradeables relative to nontradeables moved in the desired direction, the expected relative rise in tradeables employment failed to occur. This demonstrates the ract that getting the prices right may not always be a sufficient condition for labour reallocation. The rapid fall in the real consumption wage made it difficult for an average formal sector household to meet its nutritional needs. These households could be classified as poor by the end of the 1980s. Workers responded by moonlighting, engaging in corrupt practices and allowing their households to increase their labour participation. The adverse effects associated with such survival strategies demonstrate the limit to which a government could rely on real wage flexibility in macroeconomic adjustment.
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Koutmeridis, Theodore. "The market for 'rough diamonds' : information, finance and wage inequality in macroeconomics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/58068/.
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During the past four decades both between and within group wage inequality increased significantly in the US. Three of the most well-documented facts concern the increase in the education premium, the rise in the experience premium and the narrowing gender wage gap. Existing studies explain some of them separately but there is no unified explanation of all three at the same time. I provide a microfounded justification for the first two, by introducing private employer learning in a signaling model with credit constraints. I show that when financial constraints relax, talented individuals can acquire education and leave the uneducated pool. This implies that the eventual group of uneducated young workers becomes of lower average quality, as most of the rough diamonds have now been plucked out of this group. My explanation is consistent with US data from 1970's to 2000's, indicating that the rise in the education and the experience premium coincides with a fall in unskilled inexperienced wages, while at the same time skilled or experienced wages do not change much. The model accounts also for the fact that the education premium increases more for low-experienced workers, while the experience premium increases only for the low-educated ones. The introduction of gender-specific credit constraints, explains also the narrowing gender wage gap, by allowing the cost of borrowing to decline and become more similar for the two genders recently, while in the past it was much costlier for women. More equal borrowing opportunities for men and women, decrease inequality between genders, however they also increase inequality within gender by boosting the wage gap between different education and experience groups for both sexes. This theory explains the puzzling coexistence of increasing meritocracy and growing wage inequality in the American society, by highlighting the conflict between equal opportunities and substantial economic equality.
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Vlassis, Minas G. "Wage and employment determination as a multistage bargain : theory and evidence from the Greek manufacturing sector." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290900.
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Ortego, Marti Victor. "Unemployment history and frictional wage dispersion in search models of the labor market." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/419/.
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This thesis studies the inability of search models to match both observed labor market flows and the empirical wage distribution. I show that a known feature of the labor market, that unemployment hurts workers' wages, has an important effect on workers' search behavior, and explains why we observe that similar workers are paid different wages. The first chapter reviews the relevant literature. I begin by describing the findings in Hornstein, Krusell and Violante (2011) that baseline search models struggle to generate significant wage dispersion, the so-called frictional wage dispersion puzzle. Further, search models face a trade-off between matching the cross-sectional wage distribution and matching the cyclical volatility of unemployment and vacancies. The chapter reviews the unemployment volatility puzzle and explains this trade-off. Given that the thesis introduces the loss of human capital during unemployment, the chapter ends with a review of the related empirical literature. Chapter 2 studies wage dispersion among identical workers in a random matching search model in which workers lose human capital during unemployment. Wage dispersion increases, as workers accept lower wages to avoid long unemployment spells. I show that the model is an important improvement over baseline search models. The model with unemployment history explains between a third and half of the observed residual wage dispersion. In Chapter 3 I add on-the-job search to the model with unemployment history. Workers accept lower wages because they keep the option of searching for better paying jobs. Wage dispersion increases significantly. The model accounts for all of the residual wage dispersion. The model also generates substantial wage dispersion even for high values of non-market time. The chapter thus addresses the trade-off between explaining frictional wage dispersion and the cyclical behavior of unemployment.
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Gao, Christine. "The Wage Gap and its Effects on Well-Being, Motivation, and Productivity." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/934.
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As of 2016, women in the U.S. are still making 80 cents on the dollar relative to men, and even with controls for other factors such as education, experience, and hours worked, the pay disparity is still around eight percent. The equity, efficiency wage, and Cognitive Evaluation Theories, suggest that a closed gender wage gap would be more beneficial to society. This paper uses these theories to investigate the relationship between productivity and pay disparity by using an ordinary least squares regression model to test the effects of the gender wage ratio on labor productivity while controlling for some human capital characteristics. Additionally, this paper furthers the hypotheses that the wage gap is detrimental to labor productivity and worker well-being by proposing a study in which a simulated wage gap is predicted to negatively affect worker satisfaction, motivation, and productivity. Findings and implications for further research are discussed.
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Magnusson, Charlotta. "Mind the gap essays on explanations of gender wage inequality /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : The Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-34058.
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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2010.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. 3: Accepted. Härtill 3 uppsatser.
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Perfetti-del, Corral Mauricio. "Rates of return to education, wage differentials and earnings dispersion during the structural adjustment in Colombia, 1984-1994." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262719.
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This thesis investigates the determinants of wages in Colombia, the wage differential between public and private workers and earnings dispersion for wage workers and the selfemployed between 1984-1994. It attempts to determine how important education and expenence are in determining individual earnings, emphasising the analysis of rates of return to education using the Mincerian framework. It also examines the importance of the human capital model in determining earnings, particularly for the self-employed. A model is developed in this case for an endogenous treatment of sectoral choice in order to correct for potential selectivity bias. Estimates are presented for the rates of return to education for both wage workers and the self-employed using data drawn from the "National Household Survey" in tcn Colombian cities, in June 1984, 1988, 1992 and 1994. Rates of return to education merit special attention for two principal reasons: firstly, previous studies in Colombia show a secular decline in the returns to education; secondly, changes in the relative demand for skilled/unskilled workers were anticipated after trade liberalisation and these changes may affect rates of return to education. This dissertation also examines the size of the public wage pay differential in the Colombian labour market during the period of structural adjustment. A further objective is to determine the extent to which it was affected by public sector reform. It is worth noting that the public sector wage differential has not been the subject of analysis in Colombia since 1983. Finally, wage distribution in Colombia during the structural adjustment is analysed. Debate in Colombia has focused on wage distribution. The latter is closely related to human capital and its market price, both of which have changed during the period. A chief aim of this dissertation consists in determining how the changes in the rates of return to education that occurred during structural adjustment explain the increased wage inequality observed during the early 90s.
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McSorley, Leaza. "A radical institutional analysis of the economic theory and empirical reality of the British national minimum wage." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415440.
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Behar, Alberto. "Are skilled and unskilled labour complements or substitutes?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1900a3c1-135a-4954-83c4-6baf474f1271.
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Using theoretical and empirical approaches, this thesis asks whether skilled and unskilled labour complement or substitute one another in production. We primarily investigate whether an increase in the proportion of workers with skills would raise or lower demand for those who remain unskilled. A secondary issue is the role of factor prices in labour demand. To study the role of factor prices, we estimate labour demand elasticities and Alien elasticities of substitution between capital and up to five occupations in South Africa. We supplement firmlevel data with household survey information and confirm theoretically that the elasticities can be estimated from a cost function under non-constant returns to scale. We show that separable disaggregated inputs can be used to find aggregate elasticities: more skilled and less skilled aggregates are p-complements, so a fall in skilled wages would lead to a rise in demand for less skilled labour. Disaggregated estimates suggest unskilled workers are p-complements with semi-skilled workers but p-substitutes with skilled/artisanal labour. We investigate the effects of a rise in skill supply on the relatively unskilled by estimating Hicks elasticities of complementarity and factor price. Aggregated estimates suggest more skilled and less skilled labour are q-complements, so an exogenous rise in the supply of skilled labour would raise demand for less skilled labour. Disaggregated estimates suggest skilled/artisanal and unskilled labour are q-complements while semi-skilled and unskilled labour are q-substitutes. The results allow for imperfectly elastic product demand and rigid wages. Using an endogenous growth model, we show technological progress is skill-biased in the South if it is in the North, resulting in rising wage inequality in developing countries. Assuming skilled and unskilled labour are perfect substitutes, we model expanded educational access as it adds relatively educated cohorts to the labour market. A rising skill composition causes accelerated skill-biased technological change and wage inequality. Relaxing the assumption of perfect substitutability, a one-off rise in skill supply only raises wage inequality if the elasticity of substitution is high, higher than existing empirical estimates.
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Parkin, Vincent Nicholas. "Structural bottle necks, the wage price spiral and financial influences : a study of price formation and inflation in Brazil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238544.
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Liu, Yi. "Trade liberalization and wage differentials of heterogeneous firms : three empirical studies of Chinese firms." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6832/.
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This thesis includes three independent empirical studies that examine the relationship between trade and wages for Chinese manufacturing industries for the period 2002-2006. Chapter 2 uses highly detailed firm-level industrial production data merged with product-level trade transaction data to make a direct test of Amiti and Davis (2011) model. The potential endogeneity issue of tariffs is addressed in several ways although our results support the premise that post-WTO period tariff reductions were exogenous. In Chapters 3 and 4 we pay close attention to processing trade. Chapter 3 reexamines the relationship between tariff reductions and firm wages taking into account the special tariff treatment given to processing firms. We find that processing firms pay higher wages following a fall in firm output tariffs. However, non-processing firms pay higher wages after a fall in firm input tariffs. Finally, Chapter 4 examines the impact of tariff reductions on the decision of firms to switch between different modes of exporting and explores how export switching affects firm wages through trade liberalization. The results highlight that input tariff reductions at the firm level determine a firm’s decision and direction of export switching. The future research ideas are also concluded.
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Abrams, Widdicombe Aimee Samantha. "State-Provided Paid Family Leave and the Gender Wage Gap." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/792.
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The U.S. is the only OECD country that does not offer any form of federal paid parental leave. Only three states—California, New Jersey and Rhode Island—have state paid parental leave policies; implemented in 2004, 2009 and 2014, respectively. Through descriptive statistics and a regression analysis of women and men’s wages in those three states, before and after the implementation of the policies, we assess the effects of paid leave programs on the gender wage gaps in those states. Our results show us that California’s paid family leave policy had greater effects on decreasing the gender wage gap than the policies in New Jersey and Rhode Island. In addition, our regression analysis shows us that women of childbearing age (19-45 years) saw an increase in their wages after the policy implementations, while men of childbearing age saw a decrease in their wages. This led us to the conclusion that paid family leave policies may be effective in decreasing the gender wage gap; however it is problematic that men’s wages decreased, implying that the policies may not be totally welfare optimizing. However, we came to an important conclusion that will hopefully entice more states and the federal government to implement policies to better support working parents.
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Cooper, Christine Louise. "An exploratory analysis of the consequences of implmenting a two-tier wage structure as predicted by Adams' equity theory." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1279741655.
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Cooper, Christine Louise. "An exploratory analysis of the consequences of implementing a two-tier wage structure as predicted by Adams' equity theory /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487684245466426.
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Tapper, Nilsson Emelie. "Olika kön – olika lön? : En studie om löneskillnader bland ordinarie domare i det svenska rättssystemet år 2021." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184894.
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This study examines whether there is a wage gap between male and female ordinary judges in the Swedish legal system in the year 2021 and what some of the possible reasons may be for the existing wage gap. The study is based on data obtained from the Swedish National Courts Administration, which includes the 1 000 ordinary judges who are active in the year 2021. The data material is then analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as a bivariate regression analysis to understand if there is an existing wage gap between male and female ordinary judges. To answer the second question, the data material is analyzed using a multiple regression analysis to give us an understanding of what may be the causes of the existing wage gap. The results show that male regular judges earn an average of 1 715 SEK more a month than their female colleagues. In addition, the results of the multiple regression analysis also show that when we use the independent variables that the data material contains, there is in 93 percentage of the cases a statistically significant guaranteed wage gap of 258 SEK per month between male and female ordinary judges in the Swedish legal system.
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Savitsky, Jerome. "A theoretical analysis of the labor market wage and employment effects of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54411.
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The dissertation explores the labor market effects of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employers from practicing wage discrimination and employment dis- crimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, national origin or color.
A theoretical model of the equal wage and the equal employment provisions of Title Vll is developed and applied to the labor input decisions of a discriminating firm. The enforcement model is then extended to consider the market-wide wage and employment effects of Title Vll.
The analysis raises questions as to whether Title Vll, as it is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, can in fact increase the market wages and improve the market employment opportunities of the workers who face discrimination in the labor market. The labor market wage and employment effects of Title VII under alternate enforcement strategies are also examined.Ph. D.
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Lindberg, Josefine, and Josefin Schröder. "Bra lön eller barn? : En studie av hur kvinnors lön påverkas av föräldraskap." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-169134.
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Sammanfattning Kvinnors ekonomiska förutsättningar har förbättrats enormt de senaste decennierna, men än idag råder det skillnader i lön mellan kvinnor och män. Många tror att denna skillnad beror på att kvinnor väljer att fokusera på familjelivet då de får barn. Om det faktum att kvinnor får barn faktiskt leder till dessa löneskillnader, så innebär det inte bara att män och kvinnor har olika lön, men också att kvinnor som har barn och kvinnor som inte har barn har olika lön. Detta är studiens syfte, alltså att undersöka om en kvinnas lön påverkas negativt av att hon får barn. För att kontrollera detta jämförs lönen mellan kvinnor med barn och kvinnor utan barn. Vidare så studeras även om lönen för kvinnor med barn påverkas olika mycket beroende på hur många barn hon har. Detta formuleras till två frågeställningar; ”Finns det en genomsnittlig skillnad i lön mellan kvinnor som har barn och kvinnor som inte har barn?” och ”Finns det genomsnittliga skillnader i lön beroende på hur många barn kvinnor har?”. För att kunna besvara dessa frågeställningar har olika teoretiska perspektiv använts, nämligen humankapitalteorin samt rational choice theory. Båda dessa förklarar olika tänkbara aspekter av varför en kvinnas lön skulle påverkas negativt av att hon skaffar barn. Vidare har även tidigare forskning som beskriver “The Wage Penalty of Motherhood” använts genomgående i studien, för att ge ytterligare eventuella förklaringar till att kvinnor med barn har en lägre lön. Studien använder en kvantitativ ansats med ett sekundärt datamaterial från Levnadsnivåundersökningen år 2010. Med detta datamaterial har regressionsanalyser genomförts, för att kunna studera sambanden mellan kvinnor, barn och lön. Resultatet visar, i motsats till tidigare forskning och teorier, ett positivt samband mellan att ha barn och lön, och även ett positivt samband mellan antalet barn och lön.
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Fredriksson, Erik. "Grundskollärares arbetsmotivation : Med inriktning på individuell lönesättning." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för vård, arbetsliv och välfärd, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12589.
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I övergripande kollektivavtal på svensk arbetsmarknad framgår en strävan efter ett positivt samband mellan lön, motivation och resultat som en följd av individuell lönesättning. Denna studie undersöker individuell lönesättnings eventuella påverkan på arbetsmotivation hos lärare, kort efter att en statligt finansierad lönesatsning hade höjt lönerna för många av dessa. Studien har i huvudsak kvalitativ ansats och har genomförts med hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av self determination theory, teorier om avund och rättviseteori. För att undersöka om individuell lönesättning påverkar grundskollärares arbetsmotivation genomfördes intervjuer med 8 respondenter på två skolor i en svensk kommun, som även fick besvara en enkät om arbetsmotivation. Studiens resultat tyder på att individuell lönesättning förvisso kan föranleda positiva arbetsmotivationseffekter hos personer som premieras med högre lön, men att de som missgynnas i den individuella lönesättningen riskerar att få mindre självdeterminerad arbetsmotivation och/eller minska sin arbetsinsats för att utjämna upplevd orättvisa. Utöver detta riskerar individuell lönesättning att försämra relationer mellan kollegor, vilket kan innebära att arbetsmotivation blir mindre självdeterminerad, både hos den som främjas av individuell lönesättning och den som missgynnas.
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Elitas, Zeynep. "Reassessing The Trends In The Relative Supply Of College-equivalent Workers In The U.s.: A Selection-correction Approach." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615741/index.pdf.
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Among better-educated employed workers, the fraction of full-time full-year (FTFY) workers is quite high and stable over time in the U.S. Among those with low education levels, however, this fraction is much lower and considerably more volatile. These observations suggest that the composition of unobserved skills is subject to sharp movements within low-educated employed workers, while the scale of these movements is potentially much smaller within high-educated ones. The standard college premium framework accounts for the observed shifts between education categories, but it cannot account for unobserved compositional changes within education categories. This thesis uses Heckman's two-step estimator on repeated Current Population Survey cross sections to calculate a relative supply series that corrects for unobserved compositional shifts due to selection in and out of the FTFY status. We find that the well-documented deceleration in the growth rate of relative supply of college-equivalent workers after mid-1980s becomes even more pronounced once we correct for selectivity. This casts further doubt on the relevance of the plain skill-biased technical change hypothesis. We conclude that what happens to the within-group skill composition for low-educated groups is critical for fully understanding the trends in the relative supply of college workers in the United States.
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Nikolaou, Dimitrios. "Essays on Noncognitive Skills." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365775863.
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Falk, Thomas Michael. "Political Economy of American Education: Democratic Citizenship in the Heart of Empire." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343135393.
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Lee, Stephanie Jing. "Actualizing the Democratic Promise of American Public Education." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1210279461.
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Schafferová, Martina. "Systém motivace a odměňování ve vybrané společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377630.
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This diploma thesis deals with employee motivation, remuneration and evaluation in the company Macek a syn s.r.o. The aim of the theoretical part is to clarify the primary terms of the motivation, remuneration and evaluation system. The practical part review the actual techniques used in Macek a syn s.r.o. A survey is used to assess the satisfaction of the employees. The summary includes recommendations to improve the motivation, evaluation and satisfaction of the employees.