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1

Bradley, Michael E. "Efficiency Wages and Classical Wage Theory." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29, no. 2 (June 2007): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710701335901.

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In The General Theory, John Maynard Keynes lumped together the marginalist and neoclassical economics of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the more narrowly defined “classical” economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J. R. McCulloch, James and John Stuart Mill and other mainstream economists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth into what he called the “classical theory of employment,” which he reduced to two “fundamental postulates”:(a) The wage is equal to the marginal product of labour…(b) The utility of the wage when a given volume of labour is employed is equal to the marginal disutility ofthat amount of employment…(Keynes 1936, p. 5).
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2

Brandis, Royall. "The Structure of Wages and Ricardian Wage Theory." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 12, no. 1 (1990): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200006118.

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The purpose of this note is to demonstrate a fundamental inconsistency between Ricardo's theory of wages and his treatment of the occupational structure of wages. This inconsistency arises on two levels'that of the economic reality of Ricardo's day and that of Ricardo's own theoretical schema. It is the latter that will concern us. The importance of Ricardo's theory of wages in the whole Ricardian system is too well-known to require substantiation here. Whether, or to what extent, Ricardo himself was aware of the flaw to be described, is a moot question. His treatment was masterly from the stand-point of avoiding facing up to the inconsistency. At least, those who followed immediately in his footsteps never noticed it, and indeed, it has gone largely unremarked by modern students of Ricardo's work.
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3

Burger, John D., and Stephen J. K. Walters. "Testing Fair Wage Theory." Journal of Labor Research 29, no. 4 (February 19, 2008): 318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-007-9044-8.

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4

Boettke, Peter J., Rosolino Candela, and Kaitlyn Woltz. "Is the Market Wage the Just Wage?" Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 11, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v11i2.337.

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Do markets generate a “just” wage? The answer to this question will depend upon the particular theory of the market that the political economist employs. When comparing actual labor markets with the neoclassical theory of competitive equilibrium as its normative benchmark, Joseph Heath (2018) argues that factor pricing is orthogonal to normative issues such as distributive justice. We argue that Heath’s conclusion, though not invalid, follows from a similar normative benchmark of equilibrium, one that evaluates factor pricing without taking into account the institutional conditions within which factor prices emerge. Though indeed classical political economists and early neoclassical economists failed to deliver an explicit theory of distributive justice, what Heath overlooks is that implicit to their understanding of the market process was an institutional theory of distributive justice.
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5

Sato, Yasuhiro. "Search theory and the wage curve." Economics Letters 66, no. 1 (January 2000): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(99)00174-3.

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6

Blanchard, Olivier, and Lawrence F. Katz. "Wage Dynamics: Reconciling Theory and Evidence." American Economic Review 89, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.69.

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7

Stockhammer, Engelbert, and Ozlem Onaran. "Wage-led growth: theory, evidence, policy." Review of Keynesian Economics 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2013.01.04.

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8

Renkas, Jurij. "Wage Expectations in Light of Human Capital Measurement Theory." Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia, no. 9 (2013): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15678/aoc.2013.0902.

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9

Snell, Andy, Heiko Stüber, and Jonathan P. Thomas. "Downward real wage rigidity and equal treatment wage contracts: Theory and evidence." Review of Economic Dynamics 30 (October 2018): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2018.06.001.

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10

Jensen, Bjarne S. "von Thünen: Capital, Production Functions, Marginal Productivity Wages, and the Natural Wage." German Economic Review 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12085.

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Abstract This paper puts seminal contributions to theory of production functions and maximization of explicit quantitative objective functions by Johann Heinrich von Thünen into a systematic historical perspective. We show that his comprehensive ‘Tableau Economiques’ do imply two exact parametric production functions. Moreover, the renowned ‘geometric mean wage’ formula is restated as an exact CES marginal labor productivity wage for σ= 2. We review four alternative modes of normative (natural) wage calculations without an explicit production function, and conclude that von Thünen’s natural wage differentiation formulas are bona fide alternatives for deriving the natural wage formula.
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11

Silva, Carolina. "MINIMUM WAGE AND SEVERANCE PAYMENTS IN A FRICTIONAL LABOR MARKET: THEORY AND ESTIMATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 7 (July 3, 2017): 1561–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515001005.

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Wage dispersion is a critical factor in determining the impact of a minimum wage and severance payments on job creation and destruction in a general equilibrium model with search frictions. When wage dispersion is low, the minimum wage and severance payments behave as substitutes. However, as dispersion in wages increases, these policies become complements. The model is estimated using data from Chile and used to perform quantitative welfare analysis.
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12

Fabris, Nikola. "Efficiency-wage model." Sociologija 55, no. 3 (2013): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1303461f.

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In classical theory, the labour market operates as any other market, that is, the supply and demand determines the equilibrium between wages and the number of employees. The Keynesians went a step further by pointing out that the labour market does not follow the same principle as other markets and that wages do not change due to numerous rigidities, i.e. that the equilibrium is not achieved with full employment. The neoclassical macroeconomics reverts to the classical theory, noting that the labour market equilibrium is achieved immediately. The weakness of these theories is that they do not sufficiently consider specific features of the labour market and/or human labour. However, the new Keynesians went a step further in this direction by developing the efficiency wage model incorporating both economic and sociological explanations in the labour market interpretation. Nevertheless, it seems that there is still enough room for further improvements of this model and the paper communicates certain suggestions to that end.
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13

Morris Morant, Rosetta A., and David C. Jacobs. "Frontiers of efficiency wages: unconventional wisdom?" Journal of Management History 24, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-09-2017-0045.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical foundation of the efficiency wage theory and examine its conceptual framework against other wage theories, in relation to conventional practices in human resource management. Design/methodology/approach Following a description of various wage theories, a conceptual analysis maps the evolutionary process of efficiency wage theory. Findings The concept of efficiency being applied to wages appears to evolve from Smith. The difference between the classical and the institutionalists’ perspectives appears to be the meaning ascribed to efficiency. Clark seemed to be the first one to examine the relationship between labor and productivity. Webb expanded the meaning of efficiency and demonstrated the relationship with productivity. Institutional and behavioral theorists further developed and advocated for efficiency wages. A synthesis of recent empirical studies provides support for the theory, which challenges conventional human resource management wage practices. Practical implications The findings solidify the usefulness of efficiency wage theory not only as a motivational management tool but also as a source for social and economic well-being. Originality/value The contribution of this historical account is that it synthesizes the root and development of efficiency wages theory. It also highlights the social context of the theory and provides an interface between economic and management perspectives.
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14

III, Carl M. Campbell. "Wage Change and the Quit Behavior of Workers: Implications for Efficiency Wage Theory." Southern Economic Journal 61, no. 1 (July 1994): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1060135.

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15

Laing, Derek. "A Signalling Theory of Nominal Wage Inflexibility." Economic Journal 103, no. 421 (November 1993): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234479.

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16

Kniesner, Thomas J. "Hedonic Wage Equilibrium: Theory, Evidence and Policy." Foundations and Trends® in Microeconomics 5, no. 4 (2010): 229–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0700000005.

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17

Munasinghe, Lalith. "Wage Growth and the Theory of Turnover." Journal of Labor Economics 18, no. 2 (April 2000): 204–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209956.

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18

Katz, Eliakim, and Adrian Ziderman. "Towards a theory of incremental wage scales." Applied Economics 18, no. 10 (October 1986): 1047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036848600000060.

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19

Barro, Robert J. "An Efficiency-Wage Theory of the Weather." Journal of Political Economy 97, no. 4 (August 1989): 999–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261640.

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20

Wu, Joseph S. K., and Chi Pui Ho. "Towards a More Complete Efficiency Wage Theory." Pacific Economic Review 17, no. 5 (December 2012): 660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12003.

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21

Arbache, J. S. "Wage Differentials in Brazil: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Development Studies 38, no. 2 (December 2001): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322281.

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22

Li, Jin, and Jun Yu. "A THEORY OF TURNOVER AND WAGE DYNAMICS." Economic Inquiry 55, no. 1 (August 12, 2016): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12384.

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23

Holmes, Thomas J., and Julia Thornton Snider. "A Theory of Outsourcing and Wage Decline." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.2.38.

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This paper develops a theory of outsourcing in which the circumstances under which factors of production can grab rents play the leading role. One factor has monopoly power (call this labor) while a second factor does not (call this capital). There are two kinds of production tasks: labor-intensive and capital-intensive. We show that if frictions limiting outsourcing are not too large, in equilibrium labor-intensive tasks are separated from capital-intensive tasks into distinct firms. When a capital-intensive country is opened to free trade, outsourcing increases and labor rents decline. A decrease in outsourcing frictions lowers labor rents. (JEL J31, L22, L24)
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24

Jirjahn, Uwe. "A Note on Efficiency Wage Theory and Principal-Agent Theory." Bulletin of Economic Research 58, no. 3 (July 2006): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2006.00239.x.

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25

Michaud, Amanda M. "A Quantitative Theory of Information, Worker Flows, and Wage Dispersion." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 154–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160136.

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Employer learning provides a link between wage and employment dynamics. Workers who are selectively terminated when their low productivity is revealed subsequently earn lower wages. If learning is asymmetric across employers, randomly separated high-productivity workers are treated similarly when hired from unemployment, but recover as their next employer learns their type. I provide empirical evidence supporting this link, then study whether employer learning is an empirically important factor in wage and employment dynamics. In a calibrated structural model, learning accounts for 78 percent of wage losses after unemployment, 24 percent of life-cycle wage growth, and 13 percent of cross-sectional dispersion observed in data. (JEL D83, E24, J23, J24, J31, J62)
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26

Weltmann, Dan. "The efficiency of wages, profit sharing, and stock." Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership 2, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpeo-09-2019-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine which forms of compensation are more efficient at affecting employee attitudes, thus extending efficiency wage theory from wage-based compensation to profit sharing and stock-based compensation. Design/methodology/approach Three models of efficiency wage theory were tested: shirking, turnover and gift exchange. The effects of those three modes of compensation (wages, profit sharing and stock) were contrasted for the three models of efficiency wage theory. Findings The findings were that raising wages is the most efficient form of compensation in the turnover and shirking models, while in the gift exchange model profit sharing and stock-based compensation may function like efficiency wages. Originality/value This is the first study of this particular issue.
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27

CHUA, SIN-CHET, YUN-WEN LIM, TENG-TENG TER, and SOON-BENG CHEW. "EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY: EVIDENCE FOR SINGAPORE MANUFACTURING SECTOR." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500210.

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This paper attempts to test whether there is econometric evidence in support of the efficiency wage theory in Singapore's manufacturing sector. Two of the possible ways to account for efficiency wages are to show that higher wages have resulted in reduced shirking by workers, and to show that higher wages have resulted in an increase in worker productivity. We find evidence in support of efficiency wages for three out of 18 industries within the manufacturing sector in Singapore based on both ordinary least square (OLS) and 2SLS regression results, and for another two industries based only on OLS and yet another two industries based only on 2SLS.
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28

Raff, Daniel M. G. "Wage Determination Theory and the Five-Dollar Day at Ford." Journal of Economic History 48, no. 2 (June 1988): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700004988.

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This paper examines the five-dollar day compensation policy instituted by the Ford Motor Company in 1914 in light of recent developments in wage-determination theory. The new wage was above the opportunity cost of the labor employed. Yet various efficiency wage theories, by which high wages increase output, are shown to provide an implausible explanation. The particular (and epochal) technical change that occurred at Ford and the attitudes and beliefs of relevant actors suggest instead a rent-sharing theory driven by the threat of collective action by labor. This confluence, not the money, marks the episode as a watershed.
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29

Lanning, Jonathan A. "Opportunities Denied, Wages Diminished: Using Search Theory to Translate Audit-Pair Study Findings into Wage Differentials." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 13, no. 2 (August 28, 2013): 921–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2012-0055.

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Abstract This article proposes a framework with which to estimate the impact on labor market outcomes implied by audit-pair study findings. I present a search model with discrimination and calibrate the model with experimental data from audit studies of the U.S. labor market and the NLSY79 to estimate the wage and unemployment implications of documented hiring disparity. All simulated results are highly consistent with the hypothesis that hiring discrimination may be an important component of the observed labor market disparity between African American and white workers in the U.S. Additionally, while the simulations only generate a small proportion of the observed gaps in unemployment, it proves to be one of the few models capable of explaining simultaneous wage in unemployment gaps. The most robust finding of the article is that non-trivial wage gaps can result even from the seemingly small differences in hiring rates documented in these studies.
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30

Martin, James E., and Melanie M. Peterson. "Two-Tier Wage Structures: Implications for Equity Theory." Academy of Management Journal 30, no. 2 (June 1987): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/256275.

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31

Teulings, Coen N. "A new theory of corporatism and wage setting." European Economic Review 41, no. 3-5 (April 1997): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(97)00028-7.

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32

Kuhn, Peter, and Wulong Gu. "Learning in Sequential Wage Negotiations: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Labor Economics 17, no. 1 (January 1999): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209915.

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33

Woglom, Geoffrey. "Systematic Risk and the Theory of Wage Indexation." Journal of Business 63, no. 2 (January 1990): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/296503.

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34

George, Donald A. R. "Wage-earners' investment funds: theory, simulation and policy." International Review of Applied Economics 1, no. 1 (January 1987): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758530525.

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35

Kawaguchi, Daiji, and Fumio Ohtake. "Testing the Morale Theory of Nominal Wage Rigidity." ILR Review 61, no. 1 (October 2007): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390706100103.

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This paper tests the morale theory of nominal wage rigidity, according to which firms resist making nominal cuts to workers' pay even in adverse economic conditions because such cuts hurt worker morale and productivity. The authors analyze data from an employer-employee survey they conducted in Japan in 2000. That year coincided with a rare spell of deflationary recession, which, the authors argue, is a good setting in which to study how nominal pay cuts affect morale. They find that a nominal annual pay freeze, experienced by 21% of the sampled workers, demoralized workers by reducing their trust in the firm, and that even greater demoralization—not wholly attributable to reduced trust—was associated with a nominal pay cut, which affected 17% of the workers. The observed negative relationship between nominal pay cuts and morale persists even when the estimation includes controls and firm fixed effects.
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36

Tonin, Mirco. "Minimum wage and tax evasion: Theory and evidence." Journal of Public Economics 95, no. 11-12 (December 2011): 1635–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.04.005.

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37

MARTIN, J. E., and M. M. PETERSON. "TWO-TIER WAGE STRUCTURES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EQUITY THEORY." Academy of Management Journal 30, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256275.

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38

JERZMANOWSKI, MICHAL, and MALHAR NABAR. "FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND WAGE INEQUALITY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE." Economic Inquiry 51, no. 1 (January 5, 2011): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00341.x.

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39

Eswaran, Mukesh, and Ashok Kotwal. "A theory of real wage growth in LDCs." Journal of Development Economics 42, no. 2 (December 1993): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(93)90020-n.

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40

Epstein, Steven A. "The theory and practice of the just wage." Journal of Medieval History 17, no. 1 (January 1991): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(91)90027-i.

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41

Rodríguez, Claudio, and Elizabeth Gamble Miller. "A Day's High Wage." World Literature Today 75, no. 2 (2001): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40156531.

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42

Sabil, Sabil, Mohamad Syamsul Maarif, Edie Toet Hendratno, and Widarto Rachbini. "WAGE POLICY IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN INDUSTRY AREAS BEKASI DISTRICT." Journal of Accounting and Finance Management 1, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 286–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v1i2.32.

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In the last few years, employee performance has decreased because the wages received are considered insufficient to meet the needs of a decent life. The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze those influencing wage policies and employee performance in companies in the Bekasi Regency industrial area. The study population was employees of companies in the industrial area of ​​Bekasi Regency. In accordance with structural equition modeling (SEM), a sample of 285 respondents was selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was applied by applying government regulation theory, trade union theory, labor productivity theory, wage policy theory and employee performance theory. Hypothesis testing was carried out using SEM with the Lisrel Version 8.80 application. The results showed that the direct effect of government regulations, labor unions, work productivity and living costs has a significant effect on wage policies and government regulations, labor unions, wage policies have a significant effect on employee performance and indirect effects. government regulations, labor unions, work productivity, cost of living, have a significant effect on employee performance through wage policies.
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43

Hodges, Leslie. "Do Female Occupations Pay Less but Offer More Benefits?" Gender & Society 34, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243220913527.

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Workers in predominantly female occupations have, on average, lower wages compared to workers in predominantly male occupations. Compensating differentials theory suggests that these wage differences occur because women select into occupations with lower pay but more fringe benefits. Alternatively, devaluation theory suggests that these wage differences occur because work performed by women is not valued as highly as work performed by men. One theory assumes that workers choose between wages and benefits. The other assumes that workers face constraints that restrict their wages and benefits. To examine whether female occupations pay less but offer more benefits, I used individual-level data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey and occupation-level data from the American Community Survey and from the Occupational Information Network. Contrary to compensating differentials theory, results from multivariate regression analysis provide little evidence that benefits explain wage differences between male and female occupations. Instead, consistent with devaluation theory, workers in female occupations are less likely to be offered employer health insurance coverage and are less likely to have retirement plans compared with workers in male occupations.
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44

Redmount, Esther, Arthur Snow, and Ronald S. Warren. "The Effect of Wage Payment Reform on Workers’ Labor Supply, Wages, and Welfare." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 1064–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000691.

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We examine the economic consequences of an 1886 reform in Massachusetts that mandated the weekly payment of wages. We derive conditions on key elasticities of labor supply that determine the qualitative effects of the reform on workers’ effective wages and utility. We match census and administrative data on workers in a Lowell textile mill for a period encompassing the switch from monthly to weekly payment. Empirical estimates of a labor supply equation imply that the reform increased workers’ effective wage rates and welfare. The reform also decreased the mill workers’ average wage, as predicted by the theory of compensating differentials.
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45

VAN VAECK, M. "'Wilje niet een lootje wage'." Spiegel der Letteren 36, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/sdl.36.1.2005549.

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46

Kao, Hu. "Demand for Labor and Market Theory of Wage Determination." Number-3, March 2019 2, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/23.111.

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This economics is not merely economics but also discusses about many spheres of the labors. Labor economics look out to recognize the dynamics and functions of the markets of labor. The labor market function is by the interaction and dealing of employers and workers. Labor economics tries to understand the result pattern of income, employment and wages by looking at the workers or employs and labor is the measurement of the work that is done by the human beings. Usually, there is dissimilarity in labor economics and other aspects of production such as capital and land. In this article we will discuss about the spheres of this field of economics.
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47

Beladi, Hamid, and Nadeem Naqvi. "The Theory of Interindustry Wage Differentials: An Intertemporal Analysis." Canadian Journal of Economics 20, no. 2 (May 1987): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135359.

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48

Ozol, Cengiz. "The Surrogate Wage Function and Capital: Theory with Measurement." Canadian Journal of Economics 24, no. 1 (February 1991): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135485.

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49

BARONIAN, LAURENT. "THE MARXIAN WAGE THEORY AGAINST THE “ABSOLUTE IMMIZERATION” DOCTRINE." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 35, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s105383721200065x.

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This paper provides a refutation of the “absolute immizeration” doctrine that S. Hollander attributes to Marx, by emphasizing the Marxian original categories and laws of capitalist production in order to base Marx’s opposition to this doctrine on his more profound opposition to Classics about the law of supply and demand for labor.The paper proceeds as follows: first, it is shown that the Marxian subsistence wage does not exclude population growth. Second, the analysis of surplus population will reveal how it is not only a condition of the business cycle, but also one of its immediate results. In this sense, the so-called theory of dual labor force, which Hollander uses to discard the role of surplus population in the decreasing real-wage trend, proves a misunderstanding of the origin and nature of the industrial reserve army.From the labor demand side, on the other hand, the endogeneity of technical progress precludes any “ongoing process” of increasing organic composition of capital. Finally, it will appear that categories of labor power, wages defined as the value of labor power, or laws such as decreasing necessary labor and increasing surplus labor, allow Marx to develop a law of supply and demand for labor partly unrelated to the number of workers and the evolution of population growth, which necessarily rules out any birth-rate control policy.
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50

Razzak, W. A. "Wage, productivity and unemployment: microeconomics theory and macroeconomics data." Applied Economics 47, no. 58 (July 24, 2015): 6284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1068926.

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