Academic literature on the topic 'Wages – Economic aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wages – Economic aspects"
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Boháčková, I., and M. Hrabánková. "Income disparity of Czech agriculture – selected aspects." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 5 (June 13, 2008): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/250-agricecon.
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The paper is focused on the problems of income disparity in agriculture. This economic as well as social phenomenon is often discussed, especially at the administrative level, nevertheless, it has not been exactly defined and methodically delimited yet. The comparison of average wages of farmers with average wages in inhomogeneous industry and with average wages in the very sector-differentiated national economy used today can be considered as problematic. In the paper, the possible system of income disparity monitoring is suggested which would remove the current deficiencies. In its frame, a special attention is paid to regional aspects of income disparity and the relation of wages and labour productivity.
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Zaitsev, S. V., A. E. Visalova, V. M. Lyamasova, and A. E. Izmailov. "Analyzing the level of wages in the Astrakhan Oblast." Finance and Credit 26, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.3.565.
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Subject. The article considers theoretical aspects of nominal, accrued, real, and disposable wages and savings in the Astrakhan Oblast in various areas of economic activity. Objectives. The study aims to review movements in wages and their level, develop methods for assessing wages, calculate and analyze real wages and savings in the Astrakhan Oblast. Methods. The study draws on the analysis of data on the number of employees and their wages and salaries in the Astrakhan Oblast, which are provided by the Office for National Statistics, and the calculation of indicators based on these data. Results. We analyzed trends in wage increase and the number of employed population in the Astrakhan Oblast. The paper systematizes theoretical aspects of wage assessment, presents calculated indicators of real wages and savings of the employed population. The indicators of savings are divided into groups reflecting the level of household wealth. We provide diagrams illustrating the demand for labor in the Astrakhan Oblast. The findings may be useful for the analysis of living standard in the said area, its socio-economic level. They are also helpful for formulating directions for the region's development. Conclusions. Despite the growth of nominal wages in most spheres of economic activity, more than half of the population of the Astrakhan Oblast do not have incomes to satisfy all their social and spiritual needs, since a large portion of income goes to the minimum needs of subsistence, payment for utilities, cellular communication services and internet, and transport.
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Миргород, Екатерина, Ekaterina Mirgorod, Лидия Архипова, and Lidiya Arkhipova. "Basic Aspects of Macroeconomic of Wage ControlAsan Indicatorof the Economic Resilience of Russia." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 5, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59816b94e59460.46423677.
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The article deals with the issues of state and collective-contractual salary regulation, as the most important indicators of the sustainability of the socioeconomic development of the Russian Federation. The basic proportions in remuneration of labour in Russia and tendencies of their change in the light of their influence on the stability of the development of regions, the well-being of the population are analysed. The relationship between low size and wage imbalances and the scale of population poverty and social inequality is shown. The methods and instruments of regulation are described, the use of which would contribute to the creation of economic and organizational conditions for the formation of fair and decent wages. The territorial features of the ratio of wages and the value of the subsistence minimum are presented as an indicator of the differentiation of regions in terms of the standard of living of the population.
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Ilyashenko, V. V. "Financial and economic aspects of corporate social responsibility." SHS Web of Conferences 89 (2020): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208907002.
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The article shows the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in ensuring sustainable development of the country. The types of CSR and its features in various states are considered. The author describes the economy of the Russian Federation and its impact on the system of corporate social responsibility in the country. The high profitability of resource-extractive industries and their use of the country’s national wealth defines their special role in CSR not only towards their employees through wages and the allocation of social benefits from profit, but also to the society. It is shown that the established country’s political system significantly influences the possibility of implementing a system of corporate social responsibility. The author characterizes the significant regulatory and stimulating role of the state in social development through taxation and the structure of government spending. When assessing the financial conditions of CSR, the author analyses the impact of capital outflow on its development. Corporate social responsibility also includes the responsibility of organizations to the environment. The author provides a rating assessment of Russian oil and gas, mining and metallurgical companies openness in terms of environmental responsibility.
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Szekeres, V. "Foreign Capital and Economic Development in Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 3 (October 1, 2001): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.3.4.
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In economics literature, a number of authors emphasize the need to study both domestic and foreign enterprises in order to properly grasp the effect of foreign direct investment on the local economy. Differences between foreign and domestic enterprises stem from the fact that multinational enterprises operate in a global network extending into many countries, which most certainly exerts influence on all aspects of their production activity. This paper presents a comparative analysis of performance of domestic and three types of foreign enterprises in Hungary. Total-factor pro- ductivity, factor intensity, wages, export intensity, profitability, as well as the effective rate of tax are examined by the combined tools of comparison, regression analysis and Wilcoxon test for data of the whole economy of Hungary. While foreign firms are found to contribute to the revitalization of the economy as far as capital intensity, productivity, export performance and level of wages are concerned, they do not yet seem to produce profitably.
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Mortikov, Vitalii. "About surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market." Population 24, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.10.
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The objective of the article — to analyze not only microeconomic, but macroeconomic aspects of surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market, to research economic policy oriented on its redistribution. The concept of employer/employee surplus in the labor market is clarified. This surplus is a socio-economical phenomenon, some noneconomic factors must be taken into account in researching it. The influence of inflation, social and age characteristics, changes in the market positions of labor market subjects on their salary offers and surplus has been determined. It makes sense to differentiate between nominal and real surplus, fixed surplus and surplus that can be influenced. The article presents grouping of job advertisements based on salary formulation. Informational aspects of the identifying economic surplus are considered. The author proposes direct and indirect indicators to reveal the changes in economic surplus: wage proposals in the vacancy announcements, salary reviews, resume data, population polls, prices for services of individual entrepreneurs, dynamics of unemployment and shadow employment etc. Potential of the government policy on surplus redistribution and the regulation of employer/employee behavior is substantiated. Some instruments aimed at such redistribution through incomes of employers, employees are proposed: minimum wages regulations, changes in taxation (personal income taxation, wage taxes); indexation of personal incomes, subsidization of wages, antimonopoly and administrative regulation of prices. The government can also influence the behavior of surplus receivers through immigration policy. The influence of some instruments on surplus regulation is contradictory. Minimum wage regulations can increase and decrease the surplus at the same time.
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Mayangsari Runtu, Elizabeth Irianti. "PELEPASAN HAK ATAS UPAH DALAM PERJANJIAN BERSAMA ANTARA PENGUSAHA DAN PEKERJA/BURUH." Jurnal HUKUM BISNIS 3, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31090/hukumbisnis.v3i1.836.
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Humans must work to maintain their survival, without working humans will not be able to maintain their lives well. Economic development is inseparable from the name of employment which covers all aspects of people's lives where labor and employers conduct a work relationship as an effort to meet the economic needs of the community. Work agreements between employers and workers cannot be separated from the discussion of the problem of the amount of wages and the method of payment. In accordance with Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower Article 88 paragraph (1), paragraph (2) and paragraph (3a), the government establishes wage policies to protect workers in order to obtain income that fulfills decent livelihoods for humanity, including through minimum wages. In this thesis the constituent focuses on releasing the right to wages made by workers / laborers with a joint agreement between the parties, which also discusses sanctions imposed on employers if the employer pays a wage under the minimum wage stipulated by the local governor. And the compilation target in this journal is whether the release of rights in a collective agreement has binding power in the implementation of Constitutional Court No 72 / PUU-XIII / 2015 decision, of course in legal corridors as stipulated in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Labor. Hopefully this journal can be a useful reading and add insight to its readers.
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Šoltés, Viktor, Katarína Repková Štofková, and Filip Lenko. "The impact of foreign workforces on selected aspects of economic development of society." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 07057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207057.
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Research background: The process of globalization brought changes in society that are manifesting themselves in many areas. One of the areas in which the greatest changes occurs is the socio-economic area. The development of society, which is associated with increasing competitiveness, the creation of new job positions, rising wages, and thus the quality of citizens’ life, can be examined through various indicators. The creation of new job positions brings with it changes in the labor market, especially in its opening for the arrival of foreign employees. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to point out the relationship between the development of society and the migration of the population for work. To this purpose, it is necessary to examine the development of foreigners’ employment in selected regions and the impact of this employment on the development of regional gross domestic product, wages of employees, household expenditure and other indicators. Methods: The development of regional disparities in the context of regional development will be examined through descriptive statistics and other coefficients measuring social disparities, such as the Gini coefficient. Subsequently the dependence between the employment of foreigners and individual indicators can be examined. Findings & Value added: Research findings can be used to support the development of the least developed regions and to increase their competitiveness. The findings can thus be used not only by public authorities (in the case of state support), but also by employers from the private sector (employment policy).
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Vence Conti, Agustina, and Eduardo Martín Cuesta. "PRICES AND WAGES IN THE 1890 CRISIS IN BUENOS AIRES." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 34, no. 2 (September 4, 2015): 267–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000257.
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ABSTRACTThe growth of Argentina’s economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was so great that it was called “The Great Expansion”. This explains the interest of economic historians to observe, analyze and explain the conditions under which such growth occurred. One of the topics is the 1890 crisis, or “Baring Crisis”. This was seen by contemporaries as the worst economic debacle of the nineteenth century. Studies in economic history have seen this crisis both their macroeconomic aspects, and from the impact that would have occurred in the population. Also, in recent years there has been a renewed interest in the production and analysis of series of prices and wages, as key to analyzing economic indicators economy conditions and living conditions and inequality. Given this historiographical renewal, in this article a new series of prices and wages of Buenos Aires in the late nineteenth century are presented. With this new information, and open discussion with previous works, a new perspective on the evolution of prices and wages is provided, with a different perspective on the impact of the 1890 crisis.
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Firov, N. V. "Wages in the Russian Federation: status, problems, areas of improvement." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 33, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2017-33-4-77-85.
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The state of wage systems at the enterprise level, in the sectoral and regional aspects is considered. The main problems arising from the current situation in the wage system are formulated, its influence on the social and economic differentiation of society is shown, the main directions of development are revealed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wages – Economic aspects"
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Yueh, Linda Yi-Chuang. "Gender, discrimination and inequality in China : some economic aspects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3e1a0432-9a88-4893-9959-5dc376f78698.
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With the move to a more market-oriented economy in China, there is evidence of increased inequality in the incomes earned by men and women. To explore this outcome, we turn to an aspect of Chinese society that is pervasive in both economic and social contexts, namely, the Chinese variant of social capital, guanxi. It appears that in an imperfect labour market characterised by frictions, such as restricted mobility, costly job search, and limited employment alternatives, the cultivation of guanxi is important in reducing these transaction costs. The notion that investing in social capital can enhance an individual's opportunities leads to the development of a theory of discrimination that may explain the gender inequalities accompanying marketisation in China, and might be more generally relevant. The model of earnings discrimination is premised on imperfect product and labour markets. Under these conditions, we show that differential wages for similarly productive workers is a profit maximising outcome for firms. We apply this theory in an attempt to explain the trend of increasing gender inequality in earned income in urban China during the current reform period. First, pre-labour market gender inequality is investigated through developing a model of parental investment in children's human capital to discern whether there are productive differences between men and women prior to entering employment. In 1995, household expenditure on children's education is affected by perceived future earnings differentials and support of parents in retirement. Regarding labour markets, an original survey designed to test our model of social capital was administered in urban China in early 2000 and pertained to 1999. We find that there are differences between men and women in their investment in guanxi that correspond to gender inequalities in earned income and rates of re-employment. Both empirical chapters provide evidence in accordance with the predictions of the theory.
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Oliveira, Alison Pablo de. "Choques no mercado de trabalho e a redução recente dos diferenciais salariais: um estudo das microrregiões brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-24032016-125033/.
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Está dissertação apresenta uma análise dos mecanismos por trás do equilíbrio entre demanda e oferta por mão de obra qualificada no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. São estimados os impactos de choques exógenos ao mercado de trabalho como: (i) abertura comercial chinesa, (ii) política recente de valorização do salário mínimo e (iii) aumento da oferta de mão de obra qualificada sobre os diferenciais salariais dos trabalhadores de diferentes níveis educacionais - também conhecidos como prêmio da educação. Como estratégia metodológica, os dados dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, foram agrupados para cada uma das 530 microrregiões brasileiras tornando possível a eliminação de possíveis vieses causados por fatores intrínsecos a cada uma das microrregiões. Além disso, também foram utilizados os dados de comércio internacional - entre Brasil/China e China/demais países - disponíveis na base da UN Comtrade. As importações e exportações foram agrupadas em setores e os respectivos choques distribuídos entre as microrregiões do país proporcionalmente à porcentagem da mão de obra de cada setor empregada no local. Os resultados encontrados mostram que, ao contrário do sendo comum, o boom comercial chinês não foi um dos principais determinantes da melhora recente da distribuição salarial no Brasil. Os modelos estimados apontaram para efeitos significativos do salário mínimo sobre o diferencial dos trabalhadores semiqualificados e do aumento da oferta de trabalhadores com ensino superior sobre os diferenciais salariais dos trabalhadores qualificados.This thesis presents an analysis of the mechanisms behind the balance between supply and demand for skilled labor in the Brazilian labor market. Its estimated impacts of exogenous shocks to the labor market as: (i) Chinese trade boom, (ii) minimum wage valorization policy and (iii) the increase in skilled labor supply. As a methodological strategy, data from Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 were grouped for each of the 530 Brazilian micro-regions making it possible to eliminate biases caused by intrinsic factors of each of the micro-regions. Furthermore, the UN Comtrade international trade data were also used. Imports and exports were grouped into sectors and their shock distributed among the country\'s micro-regions in proportion to the percentage of the workforce employed in each sector in region. The results show that the China\'s trade boom is not a major determinant of the recent improvement of the wage distribution in Brazil. The estimated models pointed to significant effects of the minimum wage on the differential of semi-skilled workers and the increased supply of workers with higher education on the wage gap of skilled workers
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Cuthbert, Carol. "Schooling and institution quality linked to earnings in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62166.
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Return to investment for tertiary education is not equal for all. Human Capital Theory imposes a linear pathway between education and earnings, that fails to recognise other sources of capital, ignores social returns and does not explain why socio-economic variables influence employability and earnings. Those returns, rather than simply incrementally delivering returns for additional years of education, are however heterogeneous across students, with field of study, gender and population group influencing earnings; and schooling type and university attended filtering whether one finds a job. This study utilises data from Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare, illustrating the extreme positions within the South African education landscape, employing a Heckman selection to predict the returns on education. The regression is found to be partially successful in predicting a graduate’s ability to find a job, in the first instance, and thereafter their returns. It is crucial to analyse the heterogeneity of socio-economic parameters to understand aspects of the economy, and develop education policies to take advantage of this understanding, especially against the backdrop of the student protests being experienced in the country and the funding models proposed. Access to tertiary education, through policy inducement, such as the recent increase of the grant limit from R122 000 to R350 000, requires disaggregated returns to education to be investigated.
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Teixeira, Wladimir Machado. "Equações de rendimentos e a utilização de instrumentos para o problema de endogeneidade da educação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-22052007-152413/.
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O propósito desta tese consiste em estimar o efeito da educação sobre os salários no Brasil. Utiliza-se, o número de escolas em cada estado no ano de nascimento do indivíduo como instrumento para lidar com o problema de endogeneidade da variável educação. É feita também uma descrição histórica das principais políticas educacionais e suas mudanças, que afetaram a educação brasileira desde Dutra até Figueiredo. Os resultados mostram que a variável número de escolas no ano de nascimento tem uma relação positiva com a probabilidade de escolarização, sendo que as gerações de Geisel e Médici têm uma menor probabilidade de escolarização do que as de Figueiredo. Os resultados apontam para uma diminuição significativa dos retornos à educação quando utilizamos o método de variáveis instrumentais.The aim of this dissertation is to estimate the impact of education on wages in Brazil We use the number of schools in the state and year when the individual was born as instruments for his education level. We also make a historical description of the main educational policies which affected the Brazilian education system since president Dutra´s term until president Figueiredo´s. The results show that the number of schools in the individual´s year of birth bears a positive relationship with his education, and that the cohorts born during the Geisel and Médici´s terms had lower education than in Figueiredo´s. The main results show that the returns to education decrease quite substantially when the method of instrumental variables is used.
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Kaczorowski, Janusz. "Physical attractiveness and economic success." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/NQ44470.pdf.
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Reif, Alison. "Waves of change : economic development and social wellbeing in Cardwell, North Queensland, Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0184.
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This thesis is an anthropological study of local understandings of economic development in a small regional town in far North Queensland, Australia. How do preferences regarding lifestyle and social wellbeing impact on those living in the community? The study takes a particular interest in the aspirations, values and choices of the residents and their desires for the future and the future of their town. Throughout this thesis I argue that social wellbeing and lifestyle are important factors in Cardwell residents' choices and feature predominantly in their approaches to economic development. I contextualise this study through a comparative analysis of the effects of economic development on the wellbeing and lifestyle of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in the Cardwell region of north Australia. This comparison arises firstly from an anthropological interest in the circumstances of Australian Aboriginal people as a significant minority in regional towns. Explicit attention is directed toward the Aboriginal people of the Cardwell region as they constitute a socially and culturally distinct sector of the local population. Secondly, my study explores ways in which comparative work of this kind may be instructive on cultural issues relevant to economic development. This is a study of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, who live in similar circumstances, and who, I propose, regard factors other than economic development as important. It is argued that while the Cardwell region does not provide ample nor a variety of economic opportunities, outward migration remains undesirable to many residents.
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Benjamin, Sampson Evelyn. "Contribuição socioeconômica dos trabalhadores domésticos e suas condições de trabalho = o caso de Gana." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285942.
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Orientador: Alexandre Gori MaiaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:07:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BenjaminSampson_Evelyn_M.pdf: 1203261 bytes, checksum: e11d34bf7a0eb6b41fb9faca572f3b49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Há uma força de trabalho cuja presença, contribuição e impacto no desenvolvimento socio-econômico não pode ser negado em nenhum lugar do mundo, embora haja pouco ou nenhum reconhecimento. Em função disso, em muitos casos, esses trabalhadores sofrem negligência e condições de trabalho inaceitáveis: os trabalhadores domésticos. Vindos de um background de trabalho familiar não pago e servidão que engloba acompanhamento (de crianças a idosos) e faxina, pessoas que se encontram neste trabalho - normalmente mulheres de famílias pobres - são comumente não consideradas como trabalhadores que merecem tratamento decente e direitos básicos no trabalho como todos os outros trabalhadores. Nas décadas recentes, em países avançados, a participação das mulheres na força de trabalho aumentou em muitas economias. Este período é caracterizado por alterações nos arranjos de trabalho e intensidade de trabalho e o sempre declinante Estado de Bem Estar Social, no qual as provisões do estado considerando serviços sociais estão escassos. A importância dos trabalhadores domésticos em tais circunstâncias - ambos nativos ou migrantes - não pode ser exagerado. De fato, serve como base para muitas economias ao redor do mundo. No entanto, pouco tem sido feito para melhorar e minimizar os desafios que esses trabalhadores enfrentam, como remuneração baixa, falta de proteção social, exploração, discriminação, trabalho infantil, tráfico de seres humanos, desregulação, abuso sexual, entre outros abusos. Gana é um dos países onde o trabalho doméstico é cada vez mais comum e estabelecido, mas não sem os desafios mencionados acima, em especial o trabalho infantil. No contexto de um país em desenvolvimento como Gana, o Estado dificilmente oferece soluções para famílias que permitiria que as pessoas trabalhassem fora de suas casas com tranquilidade. Muito precisa ser feito no intuito de promover condições de trabalho decentes para os trabalhadores domésticos
Abstract: There is a workforce whose presence, contributions and impact on socio-economic development cannot be denied anywhere they are found in the world, in spite of no or little recognition accorded them in several places - domestic workers. In many cases, they suffer neglect and unacceptable working conditions due to lack of adequate recognition of their presence as well as the value of their work to societies and economies. Coming from a background of unpaid family work and servitude that entails care-giving and housekeeping, people who find themselves in this work - often women and from poorer backgrounds - are usually not considered as workers that deserve decent treatment and basic rights at work like all other workers. In recent decades, in advanced and developing countries, women's labor force participation is increasing in many economies. This very period is characterized by changes in work arrangement, intensity of work in the face of ever declining welfare state where provisions of the state concerning care as well as social services are lagging. The importance of domestic workers in such circumstances - both as nationals or migrants- cannot be overemphasized. Indeed, paid domestic work is serving as a backbone to many economies worldwide. Notwithstanding, not much have been done to improve upon challenges they face that include low remunerations, lack of social protection, exploitation, de juro and de facto discrimination, child labor, human trafficking, unregulated agencies, sexual harassment and other abuses. Ghana is one of the countries where domestic employment is increasingly prevalent - but not without challenges such as mentioned above, especially child labor. In the context of a developing country like Ghana, the state hardly provides solutions for household concerns to enable people work outside households in tranquility. This makes domestic workers important partners for development of Ghana. However, a lot needs to be done in order to promote decent working conditions for domestic workers
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Maturana, Godoy Iván Ignacio. "Part-time and full-time work in Chile : wage gap estimation 1990 - 2006." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144685.
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SEMINARIO DE TÍTULO para optar al título de INGENIERO COMERCIAL MENCIÓN ECONOMÍAEn este estudio, se realiza un an´alisis de la brecha salarial para el periodo comprendido entre 1990 y 2006, utilizando la metodolog´ıa de Oaxaca-Blinder. Con este prop´osito se realizaron dos brechas salariales: la diferencia salarial entre hombres y mujeres, tanto para la jornada a tiempo parcial como para tiempo completo, y la diferencia salarial entre trabajadores de jornada parcial y jornada completa, tanto para hombres como para mujeres. La importancia de esto es que as´ı se puede apreciar cuanto de la brecha observada es atribuible a discriminaci´on salarial. Tambi´en, utilizando el m´etodo de vecino m´as cercano de matching se analizo el efecto de cambiarse desde un trabajo de jornada completa a un trabajo de jornada parcial. Para estos prop´ositos se utiliz´o la encuesta CASEN, y el panel CASEN. Se encontr´o que al descomponer las brechas salariales, la discriminaci´on salarial ha ido en disminuci´on, aunque queda mucho trabajo por hacer si se compara con pa´ıses industrializados (especialmente pa´ıses escandinavos). Del matching, se obtuvo que existe un premio al salario al pasar de trabajar jornada completa en 2001 a jornada parcial en el 2006. Para el mismo cambio entre los a˜nos 1996 y 2001, sin embargo, se encontr´o que los estimadores no eran estad´ısticamente significativos.
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Bircan, Fatma. "Three Essays On Education In Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606114/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the pecuniary aspects of education in Turkey. It consists of three essays. The first essay deals with the demand for education, focusing on private tutoring expenditures of households. The study investigates the determinants of private tutoring expenditures of households using a Tobit model as the estimation method. It is found that wealthier households with higher levels of parental education are more likely to participate in private tutoring.
The second essay concerns the wage inequality in the male wages in 1994 and 2002. The study found that the differences in the educational attainment levels are a major determinant of wage inequality. However, returns to education declined at each school level from 1994 to 2002. Wage inequality is also found to exist within the same educational categories. The study shows that differences in returns to the same level of education at distinct points of wage distribution became more pronounced in 2002 compared to 1994. Secondary schooling is found to benefit the least able more compared to those positioned in the middle quantiles of ability distribution.
The last study in this thesis attempts to elucidate the determinants of self-employment versus wage employment choice and earnings in the two employment states. The study concludes that financial wealth and risk factor are important determinants of self-employment activity. As the educational attainment levels of individuals increase, the likelihood of becoming self-employed decrease. Education increases the earnings of both self-employed and wage earners. However, education returns are higher for the sub-group of wage employees compared to self-employed.
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Mahoney, Lucy. "Investigating the interactions of travel behaviour and wellbeing : mixed-methods case study of Penarth and Cardiff, Wales." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10c62f3c-fb19-4381-89b4-b9bd4334629a.
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Transport systems are essential to trade, globalisation, communication and other forms of interaction between people and societies (Banister, 2013). Yet they can also have negative impacts including decreased quality of life or health impacts arising from pollutants, environmental damage including climate change and a range of wider socio-economic effects (Glanz et al., 1990). Given that most car journeys are short however (57% of UK trips are under five miles), there is particular potential for active travel (i.e. walking and cycling) to both reduce the environmental externalities of modern transport systems and stimulate improved quality of life and societal wellbeing (Banister, 2013; Martin et al., 2014). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of robust evidence that examines how infrastructural interventions (i.e. those aimed at making the physical environment more conducive to active travel) actually impact on active travel levels in specific communities. In addition, there is very limited evidence of the wider effects that such interventions have on wellbeing and levels of happiness overtime. This thesis details mixed-method research undertaken in Cardiff, UK, during 2011/2012, which examined the impacts of a new piece of infrastructure - the Pont-y-Werin walking and cycling bridge - on the local community's levels of active travel and subjective wellbeing. It provides insights into the nature of constraints preventing travel behaviour change from taking place, and - through the use of the novel, 'Day Reconstruction Method' - into the consequences that different modes of travel can have for travel and wellbeing, including on moment-to-moment moods and emotions. Overall by contextualising and measuring and evaluating wellbeing, the research suggests that people experience less pleasant emotions during travel than when undertaking everyday activities, and also that for certain modes there is a decrease in happiness before and after travel compared to everyday activities. Additionally greater monitoring, evaluation and promotion of combined hard and soft measures - focusing on travel behaviour change - is needed alongside providing travellers with accessible information on the wellbeing impacts of different modes (Elvik, 2009).
Books on the topic "Wages – Economic aspects"
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Wintrobe, Ronald. Social efficiency: Models of wages and efficiency wages. Kingston, Ont: Government and Competitiveness, School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, 1993.
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Rodrik, Dani. Democracies pay higher wages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.
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Malchow-Møller, Nikolaj. Foreign firms, domestic wages. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.
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Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., ed. Wives, mothers and wages: Does timing matter? Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch, 2002.
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Drolet, Marie. Wives, mothers and wages: Does timing matter? Ottawa, Ont: Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 2002.
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Baby, A. A. Trends in agricultural wages in Kerala, 1960-1990. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala: Centre for Development Studies, 1996.
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Simon, Kosali Ilayperuma. Do minimum wages affect non-wage job attributes?: Evidence on fringe benefits and working conditions. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.
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Brezis, Elise S. Immigration, investment, and real wages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.
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Naylor, R. T. Wages of crime: Black markets, illegal finance, and the underworld economy. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Wages – Economic aspects"
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Phelps, Edmund S. "Economic Justice to the Working Poor Through a Wage Subsidy." In Aspects of Distribution of Wealth and Income, 151–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23429-5_7.
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Modesto, Leonor, Manuel Leite Monteiro, and João César das Neves. "Some Aspects of the Portuguese Labour Market, 1977–1988: Neutrality, Hysteresis and the Wage Gap." In The Portuguese Economy Towards 1992, 153–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3638-3_6.
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Matheri, Anthony Njuguna, Belaid Mohamed, and Jane Catherine Ngila. "Smart Climate Resilient and Efficient Integrated Waste to Clean Energy System in a Developing Country: Industry 4.0." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1053–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_69.
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AbstractClimate change impacts a natural and human system on the entire globe. Climate-related extreme weather such as drought, floods, and heat waves alters the ecosystems that society depends on. Climate, land, energy, and water systems (CLEWS) are a critical aspect of high importance on resource availability, distribution, and interconnection. The nexus provides a set of guidelines to South Africa that aims on creating a level playing field for all sectors while achieving the aims of the SDGs that are cross-sectoral and multilevel approaches to climate change. The nexus expressed three domains that included resources, governance, and security. It integrated a smart climate resilient with inclusion of the governance and involvement of the stakeholders. Recognition of spatial and sector interdependencies should inform policies, investment and institutional for enhancing nexus security and climate change towards making transition green carbon deals. The nexus offers an integrated approach that analyzes the trade-offs and synergies between the different sectors in order to maximize the efficiency of using the resources that adapt institutional and optimum policy arrangements. Economic transformation and creation of employment through green economy is one of the COP26 green deal agendas in curbing the carbon emissions (green house emission, industrial processes, fuel combustion, and fugitive emissions) as mitigation to climate change, which is cost-effective and economically efficient. The future climate change policy in the developing countries is likely to be both promoted by climate technology transfer and public-private cooperation (cross-sector partnership) through the technology mechanism of the nexus and inclusion of the gender.
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Jenkins, Rhys. "The Transformation of the Chinese Economy." In How China is Reshaping the Global Economy, 13–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738510.003.0001.
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The chapter presents an analysis of the growth of the Chinese economy since the late 1970s, and the various phases of economic reform during that period. It shows the ways in which China became increasingly integrated with the global economy through trade and inward investment, and later, by outward foreign direct investment. Key aspects of the economic reforms discussed are those of the financial sector that led to the creation of the policy banks, and enterprise reform, leading to changes in the management of state-owned enterprises and the growth of the private sector. Developments in the Chinese labour market affecting employment, wages, and productivity are also considered. Finally, the negative environmental impacts of China’s rapid economic growth and the responses to it are discussed.
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Huddie, Paul. "The economy." In The Crimean War and Irish Society, 155–87. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781382547.003.0007.
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This chapter will show that the Russian conflict was a distinct period in Ireland’s economic history, being a catalyst for Ireland’s post-Famine agricultural recovery. It will be shown that this was caused by the increase in prices and demand which in turn encouraged farmers to alter the distribution of their tillage, export more livestock, hire more labourers and increase the latter’s wages. It will also include various (largely neglected) aspects of industry; showing Irish shipping companies’ comparable astuteness in relation to government contracts, which many entrepreneurs and merchants also eagerly sought, but also the inflexibility of the linen sector and the consequent problems experienced. Finally this chapter will show that the war was, much like the 1850s as a whole, a distinct period in the history of Irish taxation and Irish society’s relationship with its government in London in the nineteenth century and its relationship, or place within, the wider society of the United Kingdom.
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Jenkins, Rhys. "Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa." In How China is Reshaping the Global Economy, 183–219. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738510.003.0008.
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Some of the most controversial aspects of China’s economic presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) relate to the social, political, and environmental impacts. Many of the claims that are made are based on anecdotal evidence, and there is a need for more systematic research on these aspects. In terms of social impacts, the chapter discusses employment, wages, working conditions, and labour rights. Political issues addressed include claims that China’s involvement supports authoritarian regimes, encourages corruption, and leads to conflict and political instability. These claims are not generally supported, and SSA countries have benefitted from the increased policy space that Chinese involvement gives them. The environmental effects of both increased exports to China and the activities of Chinese firms in SSA are analyzed. Contrasting case studies illustrate the negative impacts of China on forestry, and the positive effects of Chinese support for wind and solar power.
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Caughey, Devin. "Public Opinion in South and Nation." In The Unsolid South, 35–66. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181806.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the political attitudes of the Southern mass public in the wake of the Great Depression and the New Deal. Taking advantage of hundreds of public opinion polls conducted beginning in the mid-1930s, the chapter documents Southern whites' collective turn against many aspects of the New Deal as well as their persistent ideological diversity on economic issues. The chapter illustrates these developments with a focus on four policy areas: old-age pensions, minimum wages, union security agreements, and income taxation. It then summarizes these patterns using a dynamic group-level item response theory (IRT) model, which estimates the economic conservatism of demographic subpopulations in each state and year. Based on this and other evidence, the chapter argues that the South's turn to the right was driven partly by the increasingly urban and union-oriented character of New Deal liberalism, which alienated rural areas throughout the nation, and partly by white Southerners' growing sense of threat to their region's system of racial hierarchy.
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"Chapter 5 Waves." In Ocean Energies - Environmental, Economic and Technological Aspects of Alternative Power Sources, 105–85. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70672-x.
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Hussain, Saddam, Sobia Siddique, and Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. "Climate Change and Health Impacts in Pakistan." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 1–18. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2197-7.ch001.
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Conferring to the Global Risk Index, Pakistan is ranked as the 7th most susceptible country to the inexorable influence of climate change. Before this century ends, the annual mean temperature in Pakistan is expected to rise from 3°C to 5°C for a focal worldwide discharge situation. Usually, annual precipitation is not relied upon to have a critical long haul pattern. Ocean level is relied upon to ascend further by 60 centimeters. All these climatic events are likely to disrupt the economy, lives, and the socio-political aspects of human life. Pakistan has already witnessed massive loss in terms of human, infrastructural, and economic aspects. The chapter is designed to understand both the direct and indirect health risks associated with frequent climatic events like floods, drought, and heat waves in Pakistan. After analyzing the available literature, it was observed that floods and drought have direct and indirect health risks associated with them while in case of heat waves, health risks cannot be established precisely as multiple variables are involved, playing a significant role.
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Singh, Danny. "The political, economic and cultural drivers of police corruption." In Investigating Corruption in the Afghan Police Force, 73–94. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354666.003.0005.
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This is another theoretical chapter that generates a framework to thread through the context of Afghan policing. Theories related to a political economy approach to examine the interrelationship between bureaucratic agents and economic elites and the coping strategies of poorly waged public officials and police officers. This theoretical basis informs some aspects of the political and economic drivers of corruption. The political drivers specifically cover systemic corruption which is when corruption becomes institutionally embedded from the top to the lower levels. In addition, patronage, nepotism and ethnic favouritism forms a ‘moral economy’ to deter meritocratic recruitment. Moreover, state capture occurs when main parts of the state are infiltrated by narrow criminal and affiliated political interests for profit making, usually with illicit markets. The economic drivers are focused on corruption as a means of economic necessity, namely low pay, and opportunities to engage in corruption due to weak oversight or limited sanctions if detected for malpractice. The cultural drivers cover culture, motivation and the socialisation of behaviour within police forces and specific anti-corruption training that can help to mitigate police corruption.
Conference papers on the topic "Wages – Economic aspects"
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Rad, Nataliya. "Pressing Problems Related to Development of Pension Schemes in Ukraine and Kazakhstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00380.
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The article deals with some of the aspects related to development of the present-day conception of pension schemes in Ukraine and Kazakhstan in the context of solving social problems. Demographic and economic conditions for functioning of pension mechanisms of the countries under consideration are analyzed. Comparison of their parameters shows the existence of conceptual characteristics and similar features. Approaches to formation of insurance fees as the background for pension schemes financial balance have been analyzed. Attention is paid to the dependence of financial stability of pension schemes on the level of shadowing of employment relations and wages. Outstanding characteristics for formation of pension assets of insured persons are described. Mutual problems for development of basic pension security are defined. We focus at the insufficient level of development of the non-state pension provision in comparison with the present-day public needs. In the course of our investigations we used the whole complex of general scientific and economic-statistical methods: tabulation procedure, data processing and comparison study. Speculative generalizations and conclusions are made based on the abstract-logical method. We make our proposals to improve the conception of the present-day pension scheme (system) and environment for its functioning for the purposes of further social and economic national development.
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Pochekutova, Elena. "Regional Aspect of the Dynamics of Wages and Labor Productivity in Russia." In Proceedings of the Ecological-Socio-Economic Systems: Models of Competition and Cooperation (ESES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200113.046.
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Prizevoite, Ilze, and Gunta Grinberga-Zalite. "Remuneration system elements' impact on the performance of the teachers of general education institutions in the regions of Latvia." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.018.
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The authors of the article present the results of a study on the evaluation of the remuneration and performance of teachers in general education institutions in the regions of Latvia, which is a topical issue in the implementation of education system reforms. The aim of the study was to find out the opinion of teachers working in general education institutions about the factors influencing work performance, paying special attention to the regional aspects of this problem. The study used quantitative research methods through an extensive online survey. The questionnaire identified the following factors influencing teachers' performance: financial remuneration, non-financial remuneration, organizational culture and politics. The opinion of teachers was analysed in depth by regions of Latvia. The results show that in all regions of Latvia the performance of teachers is most significantly influenced by financial remuneration, non-financial remuneration and organizational culture are also important, but political presence plays an insignificant role. The results also revealed that in all regions (least in Riga and Pieriga) the increase of the minimum monthly wage rate of teachers or the wage is not the determining factor that would increase the performance of teachers. Key words: education performance, regional development, regional disparities.
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"Influence Factors on the Adoption of a Financial Application [Abstract]." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4273.
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Aim/Purpose: Today more and more transactions and acquisitions are controlled directly from mobile devices, especially smartphones applications. Previous studies have examined the adoption of financial applications based on a single theory as a theoretical basis. In order to examine the phenomenon in a wider way, we used in this study two theories as a theoretical basis. Background: It is important to define the main technological and psychological factors that affect the choice of potential customers to adopt or prefer financial applications. By combining two theories in the study, we expanded the examination of the phenomenon of adopting financial technology. Methodology: The study questionnaire was based on two questionnaires from previous studies. The questionnaire was tested on a focus group and certain adjustments were made based on the feedback. Thereupon, the questionnaire was sent online via social media. A total of 497 questionnaires were received, 402 were filled correctly and found suitable for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis included Alpha Cronbach Test, Pearson correlation test, and linear regression. Contribution: By combining DIT theory (Diffusion of Innovative Technology) suggested by Rogers, and TAM model (Technology Acceptance Model) presented by Davis, we expanding our understanding of the technological and psychological factors affecting financial application validation. Finding the influencing factors can help develop and implement future financial applications. Banks will be able to develop applications that truly meet the needs, desires and concerns of their target customers, thus able to save costs and improve their services to their customers. Findings: Six factors were tested in this study: relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability, experiencing, and perceived risk. The main findings showed significant negative correlation between age and relative advantage, so that as the age of the user increased the relative advantage decreased. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between age and observability, so that as the age of the user increased the observability decreased. Also was found a significant negative correlation between age and the variable adoption of a financial application, so that as the age of the subject increases the financial application adoption decreases. No significant correlation was found between age and compatibility, complexity, relative risk. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the numbers of months of experience that the bank offers to the customers to the positive decision to adopt a financial application. No significant correlation was found between the demographic variables, education and wages, and financial application adoption. The regression analysis led to a significant result, so that the variables together explain 69.3% adoption of financial application. According to the research hypothesis, the relative advantage, compatibility, experiencing, and observability have the most significant positive effect on financial application adoption. Recommendations for Practitioners: We recommend programmers to focus on meeting the customers’ needs that best match the criteria delineated above. In addition, by understanding the influencing factors, marketers should use these criteria to reduce the psychological concerns of customers that delay the adoption of a financial application. Recommendations for Researchers: Since financial applications are becoming more useful as financial transfers, other behavioral aspects that influence the adoption of technology should be examined. We recommend conducting further research based on behavioral, economic, and technological theories. Impact on Society: A better understanding of the influencing factors will derive a better planning and development of financial applications, regarding the three most significant factors: relative advantage, compatibility, and observability. This process will result better and wider adoption of financial applications by customers, and will bring more customers to use financial transfers by smartphones. Future Research: Other studies can be used other theoretical basis for research; to examine specific populations, for example, in terms of older populations; to examine cultural and social influences factors on the adoption of financial applications.
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Madmarov, Nurbek, and Metin Bayrak. "Determinants of Maternal Mortality Rate in The Kyrgyz Republic Regions." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02001.
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Population is an important factor in development of a country. As a constraint, not only the size of the population is important but also its quality in the development process. Women’s health is considered all over the world and the data about this aspect is published by the World Health Organization annually. Among others maternal mortality rate is one of the major problems affecting women’s health and population. Everyday 830 women die due to the problems related to pregnancy and childbirth in the world. While this number is relatively lower in the developed countries, it is higher in the underdeveloped and developing countries. In addition, the maternal mortality rate in the Caucasus and Central Asia ranks in the worst third in the world. In the Kyrgyz Republic, this rate is 82.083333 per 10000 live births which is the worst in the region. Therefore, it is among one of the countries where the maternal mortality should be reduced in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals. In this study, the determinants of maternal mortality rate are analyzed in the Kyrgyz Republic regions during 2000-2015 by using static panel data methods fixed effects and random effects. The findings show that there are significant decreasing effects of GDP, number of assistant physicians, births by skilled staff, improved sanitation facilities, and gender wage equality, there are significant increasing effects of health expenditures, medical facilities, and poverty among women on the maternal mortality.
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Morooka, Celso K., Fa´bio M. Coelho, Elton J. B. Ribeiro, Jose´ A. Ferrari, and Ricardo Franciss. "Dynamic Behavior of a Vertical Riser and Service Life Reduction." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67294.
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In the last years, the most of offshore oil and gas reserves discoveries in Brazil are placed in ultra-deep water depths. Petroleum production from these offshore fields needs developments with novel solutions in terms of necessary technologies and economical viability. The use of vertical rigid risers such as top tensioned risers (TTR) and others like combined systems as self standing hybrid risers and steel catenary risers for ultra-deep waters have shown viable from both, technical and economical aspects. However, there are needs for detailed studies on their dynamic behavior in order to improve, particularly, the understanding of influence of the environment as wave and current, and floating platform oscillations at the riser top. The present work presents studies on vertical top tensioned riser dynamic behavior through time domain simulations of its displacements and respective, bending moments and stresses. Influences of the vortex induced vibrations (VIV) and waves on the riser service life reduction are analyzed. Maximum and minimum envelops for displacements and stresses along riser length are shown.
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Yedidiah, S. "Coping With the Obstacles in Harvesting the Energy of Sea Waves." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54004.
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This paper discusses the major obstacles in harvesting the energy of sea waves. These natural phenomena offer a huge source of pollution-free energy. The energy from this source might be capable of replacing all the energy presently supplied by the existing fossil burning plants. This means, that the harvest from this source of energy is capable of drastically reducing the amount of polluting gases which are presently being emitted into the atmosphere. In addition to the above, this source does not pose such colossal potential dangers to humans, as the use of nuclear energy. Nor does it cause the often so unpleasant noise pollution generated by wind farms. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this source of energy still remains unexploited. This paper discusses five of the major obstacles which, till now, have prevented this objective from becoming a reality. These are: a. The random nature of the variations in the occurrence and the intensity of the sea waves, makes the supply of energy from that source very irregular and unreliable. b. The corrosive activity of the sea water and of secretions from certain forms of sea life, creates a need of frequent replacements of the wetted parts, respectively the need to make them of exotic and often very expensive materials. c. The blocking, clogging and jamming of the equipment by seaweeds and other matter which is being carried by the waves, may cause frequent interruptions in the operations of the power plant and extra expenses on cleaning the affected parts of the equipment. d. The destructive nature of the sea waves, like the abrasion of parts by particles of sand which are carried by the waves, or the impact of floating logs of fallen trees etc. may require frequent shutdowns of the plant and costly repairs. e. The economic aspects of such a power plant. The cost of constructing and of running such a plant has to be adequately low. To allow an affordable supply of power. This paper present the outline of a design, which is capable of reducing the severity of all the obstacles listed above, to tolerable limits.
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Prpić-Oršić, Jasna, Odd Magnus Faltinsen, and Tomislav Mrakovčić. "Influence of Ship Behaviour in a Seaway on CO2 Emissions." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11313.
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A reliable prediction of attainable ship speed at actual seas is essential from economical and environmental aspects. At this paper a methodology for estimating the attainable speed and related fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in moderate and severe sea is proposed. The irregular sea is handled as a series of regular waves with different amplitudes and frequencies. The added resistance in regular waves is obtained by either a direct pressure integration method or an asymptotic small wavelength formula. The in-and-out-of-water-effect and ventilation of a propeller in severe seas is accounted for by a quasi-steady averaging of experimental data for different propeller submergences. The propulsion results for regular waves are used in simulating results in irregular waves. It is shown that for higher sea states this effect has much more influence on the speed loss than the added resistance in waves. The speed loss is calculated by taking into account the engine and propeller performance in actual seas as well as the mass inertia of the ship. The numerical model used for main propulsion engine modeling is based on a zero-dimensional model of an internal combustion engine. The main propulsion engine is represented by number of control volumes interconnected with links for mass and energy transfer between them. This model provides excellent prediction of engine dynamic response during transients with rather short computational time. Also, engine fuel consumption can be precisely determined which represents the basic presumption for estimation of carbon-dioxide emission. Furthermore, use of such model can be extended to determination of the lowest fuel oil consumption strategy for given sea condition and ship speed with resulting lowest possible CO2 emissions. The attainable ship speed is obtained as time series. Correlation of speed loss with sea states allows predictions of propulsive performance in actual seas.
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Karreman, Annelise, Jeremy Leggoe, Terry Griffiths, Lisa King, and Nino Fogliani. "Hydrodynamic Forces on Subsea Pipelines due to Orbital Wave Effects." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10647.
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Ensuring pipeline stability is a fundamental aspect of subsea pipeline design and can contribute a significant proportion of project costs in regions with large diameter trunklines, shallow water and severe geotechnical and metocean conditions [1]. Reducing the conservatism and simplifications of existing pipeline stabilisation design methods therefore offers economic benefits to hydrocarbon producers necessary to ensure the ongoing viability of projects in these regions. To realise this potential and reduce the conservatism of the existing design methods, a more accurate understanding of the hydrodynamic loads exerted by waves and currents is required. This paper investigates one of the inherent assumptions incorporated into the existing design methods through the arrangement of previous experimental investigations to determine whether rectilinear motion provides a reasonable approximation to simulate the near seabed orbital particle paths in wind-generated waves. This assumption is based on the flattening of particle paths to ellipsoids with depth and ignores the small vertical velocity components near the seabed. Based on the hydrodynamic forces calculated numerically using a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for rectilinear and orbital wave modelling it is concluded that pipeline stabilisation requirements calculated in accordance with the DNV-RP-F109 absolute lateral static stability design method and rectilinear wave motion assumption are conservative. It is also concluded that the hydrodynamic force asymmetry in favour of the reverse half wave cycle caused by the vertical velocity components in orbital wave conditions requires further consideration to determine the implication for dynamic lateral stability design methods.
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Ucer, Ahmet S., and Raymond P. Shreeve. "A Viscous Axisymmetric Throughflow Prediction Method for Multi-Stage Compressors." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-293.
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This paper describes a computer code which solves viscous axisymmetric flow through multistage compressors. The code incorporates the modelling of 3-D effects which result from secondary flow and mixing and lead to property changes in the streamwise and spanwise directions. The method requires no extra data for loss, deviation and blockage. The necessary input data are the geometry, upstream stagnation conditions, rotational speed and mass flow rate. Blade wakes and their decay are modelled. The secondary flow component of the mixing coefficient modifies the uniform part and the result is used in the turbulent diffusion terms of the equation of motion. The P&W 3S1 low aspect ratio 3 stage compressor and UTRC 2 stage research compressor are used for validation. Considering the complexity of the flow in the multi-stage environment, it was concluded that the method gives encouraging results at a very economical rate.