Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wages – Economic aspects'

With the move to a more market-oriented economy in China, there is evidence of increased inequality in the incomes earned by men and women. To explore this outcome, we turn to an aspect of Chinese society that is pervasive in both economic and social contexts, namely, the Chinese variant of social capital, guanxi. It appears that in an imperfect labour market characterised by frictions, such as restricted mobility, costly job search, and limited employment alternatives, the cultivation of guanxi is important in reducing these transaction costs. The notion that investing in social capital can enhance an individual's opportunities leads to the development of a theory of discrimination that may explain the gender inequalities accompanying marketisation in China, and might be more generally relevant. The model of earnings discrimination is premised on imperfect product and labour markets. Under these conditions, we show that differential wages for similarly productive workers is a profit maximising outcome for firms. We apply this theory in an attempt to explain the trend of increasing gender inequality in earned income in urban China during the current reform period. First, pre-labour market gender inequality is investigated through developing a model of parental investment in children's human capital to discern whether there are productive differences between men and women prior to entering employment. In 1995, household expenditure on children's education is affected by perceived future earnings differentials and support of parents in retirement. Regarding labour markets, an original survey designed to test our model of social capital was administered in urban China in early 2000 and pertained to 1999. We find that there are differences between men and women in their investment in guanxi that correspond to gender inequalities in earned income and rates of re-employment. Both empirical chapters provide evidence in accordance with the predictions of the theory.

Está dissertação apresenta uma análise dos mecanismos por trás do equilíbrio entre demanda e oferta por mão de obra qualificada no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. São estimados os impactos de choques exógenos ao mercado de trabalho como: (i) abertura comercial chinesa, (ii) política recente de valorização do salário mínimo e (iii) aumento da oferta de mão de obra qualificada sobre os diferenciais salariais dos trabalhadores de diferentes níveis educacionais - também conhecidos como prêmio da educação. Como estratégia metodológica, os dados dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, foram agrupados para cada uma das 530 microrregiões brasileiras tornando possível a eliminação de possíveis vieses causados por fatores intrínsecos a cada uma das microrregiões. Além disso, também foram utilizados os dados de comércio internacional - entre Brasil/China e China/demais países - disponíveis na base da UN Comtrade. As importações e exportações foram agrupadas em setores e os respectivos choques distribuídos entre as microrregiões do país proporcionalmente à porcentagem da mão de obra de cada setor empregada no local. Os resultados encontrados mostram que, ao contrário do sendo comum, o boom comercial chinês não foi um dos principais determinantes da melhora recente da distribuição salarial no Brasil. Os modelos estimados apontaram para efeitos significativos do salário mínimo sobre o diferencial dos trabalhadores semiqualificados e do aumento da oferta de trabalhadores com ensino superior sobre os diferenciais salariais dos trabalhadores qualificados.
This thesis presents an analysis of the mechanisms behind the balance between supply and demand for skilled labor in the Brazilian labor market. Its estimated impacts of exogenous shocks to the labor market as: (i) Chinese trade boom, (ii) minimum wage valorization policy and (iii) the increase in skilled labor supply. As a methodological strategy, data from Demographic Census 2000 and 2010 were grouped for each of the 530 Brazilian micro-regions making it possible to eliminate biases caused by intrinsic factors of each of the micro-regions. Furthermore, the UN Comtrade international trade data were also used. Imports and exports were grouped into sectors and their shock distributed among the country\'s micro-regions in proportion to the percentage of the workforce employed in each sector in region. The results show that the China\'s trade boom is not a major determinant of the recent improvement of the wage distribution in Brazil. The estimated models pointed to significant effects of the minimum wage on the differential of semi-skilled workers and the increased supply of workers with higher education on the wage gap of skilled workers

Return to investment for tertiary education is not equal for all. Human Capital Theory imposes a linear pathway between education and earnings, that fails to recognise other sources of capital, ignores social returns and does not explain why socio-economic variables influence employability and earnings. Those returns, rather than simply incrementally delivering returns for additional years of education, are however heterogeneous across students, with field of study, gender and population group influencing earnings; and schooling type and university attended filtering whether one finds a job. This study utilises data from Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare, illustrating the extreme positions within the South African education landscape, employing a Heckman selection to predict the returns on education. The regression is found to be partially successful in predicting a graduate’s ability to find a job, in the first instance, and thereafter their returns. It is crucial to analyse the heterogeneity of socio-economic parameters to understand aspects of the economy, and develop education policies to take advantage of this understanding, especially against the backdrop of the student protests being experienced in the country and the funding models proposed. Access to tertiary education, through policy inducement, such as the recent increase of the grant limit from R122 000 to R350 000, requires disaggregated returns to education to be investigated.

O propósito desta tese consiste em estimar o efeito da educação sobre os salários no Brasil. Utiliza-se, o número de escolas em cada estado no ano de nascimento do indivíduo como instrumento para lidar com o problema de endogeneidade da variável educação. É feita também uma descrição histórica das principais políticas educacionais e suas mudanças, que afetaram a educação brasileira desde Dutra até Figueiredo. Os resultados mostram que a variável número de escolas no ano de nascimento tem uma relação positiva com a probabilidade de escolarização, sendo que as gerações de Geisel e Médici têm uma menor probabilidade de escolarização do que as de Figueiredo. Os resultados apontam para uma diminuição significativa dos retornos à educação quando utilizamos o método de variáveis instrumentais.
The aim of this dissertation is to estimate the impact of education on wages in Brazil We use the number of schools in the state and year when the individual was born as instruments for his education level. We also make a historical description of the main educational policies which affected the Brazilian education system since president Dutra´s term until president Figueiredo´s. The results show that the number of schools in the individual´s year of birth bears a positive relationship with his education, and that the cohorts born during the Geisel and Médici´s terms had lower education than in Figueiredo´s. The main results show that the returns to education decrease quite substantially when the method of instrumental variables is used.

This thesis is an anthropological study of local understandings of economic development in a small regional town in far North Queensland, Australia. How do preferences regarding lifestyle and social wellbeing impact on those living in the community? The study takes a particular interest in the aspirations, values and choices of the residents and their desires for the future and the future of their town. Throughout this thesis I argue that social wellbeing and lifestyle are important factors in Cardwell residents' choices and feature predominantly in their approaches to economic development. I contextualise this study through a comparative analysis of the effects of economic development on the wellbeing and lifestyle of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in the Cardwell region of north Australia. This comparison arises firstly from an anthropological interest in the circumstances of Australian Aboriginal people as a significant minority in regional towns. Explicit attention is directed toward the Aboriginal people of the Cardwell region as they constitute a socially and culturally distinct sector of the local population. Secondly, my study explores ways in which comparative work of this kind may be instructive on cultural issues relevant to economic development. This is a study of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, who live in similar circumstances, and who, I propose, regard factors other than economic development as important. It is argued that while the Cardwell region does not provide ample nor a variety of economic opportunities, outward migration remains undesirable to many residents.

Orientador: Alexandre Gori Maia
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Há uma força de trabalho cuja presença, contribuição e impacto no desenvolvimento socio-econômico não pode ser negado em nenhum lugar do mundo, embora haja pouco ou nenhum reconhecimento. Em função disso, em muitos casos, esses trabalhadores sofrem negligência e condições de trabalho inaceitáveis: os trabalhadores domésticos. Vindos de um background de trabalho familiar não pago e servidão que engloba acompanhamento (de crianças a idosos) e faxina, pessoas que se encontram neste trabalho - normalmente mulheres de famílias pobres - são comumente não consideradas como trabalhadores que merecem tratamento decente e direitos básicos no trabalho como todos os outros trabalhadores. Nas décadas recentes, em países avançados, a participação das mulheres na força de trabalho aumentou em muitas economias. Este período é caracterizado por alterações nos arranjos de trabalho e intensidade de trabalho e o sempre declinante Estado de Bem Estar Social, no qual as provisões do estado considerando serviços sociais estão escassos. A importância dos trabalhadores domésticos em tais circunstâncias - ambos nativos ou migrantes - não pode ser exagerado. De fato, serve como base para muitas economias ao redor do mundo. No entanto, pouco tem sido feito para melhorar e minimizar os desafios que esses trabalhadores enfrentam, como remuneração baixa, falta de proteção social, exploração, discriminação, trabalho infantil, tráfico de seres humanos, desregulação, abuso sexual, entre outros abusos. Gana é um dos países onde o trabalho doméstico é cada vez mais comum e estabelecido, mas não sem os desafios mencionados acima, em especial o trabalho infantil. No contexto de um país em desenvolvimento como Gana, o Estado dificilmente oferece soluções para famílias que permitiria que as pessoas trabalhassem fora de suas casas com tranquilidade. Muito precisa ser feito no intuito de promover condições de trabalho decentes para os trabalhadores domésticos
Abstract: There is a workforce whose presence, contributions and impact on socio-economic development cannot be denied anywhere they are found in the world, in spite of no or little recognition accorded them in several places - domestic workers. In many cases, they suffer neglect and unacceptable working conditions due to lack of adequate recognition of their presence as well as the value of their work to societies and economies. Coming from a background of unpaid family work and servitude that entails care-giving and housekeeping, people who find themselves in this work - often women and from poorer backgrounds - are usually not considered as workers that deserve decent treatment and basic rights at work like all other workers. In recent decades, in advanced and developing countries, women's labor force participation is increasing in many economies. This very period is characterized by changes in work arrangement, intensity of work in the face of ever declining welfare state where provisions of the state concerning care as well as social services are lagging. The importance of domestic workers in such circumstances - both as nationals or migrants- cannot be overemphasized. Indeed, paid domestic work is serving as a backbone to many economies worldwide. Notwithstanding, not much have been done to improve upon challenges they face that include low remunerations, lack of social protection, exploitation, de juro and de facto discrimination, child labor, human trafficking, unregulated agencies, sexual harassment and other abuses. Ghana is one of the countries where domestic employment is increasingly prevalent - but not without challenges such as mentioned above, especially child labor. In the context of a developing country like Ghana, the state hardly provides solutions for household concerns to enable people work outside households in tranquility. This makes domestic workers important partners for development of Ghana. However, a lot needs to be done in order to promote decent working conditions for domestic workers
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

SEMINARIO DE TÍTULO para optar al título de INGENIERO COMERCIAL MENCIÓN ECONOMÍA
En este estudio, se realiza un an´alisis de la brecha salarial para el periodo comprendido entre 1990 y 2006, utilizando la metodolog´ıa de Oaxaca-Blinder. Con este prop´osito se realizaron dos brechas salariales: la diferencia salarial entre hombres y mujeres, tanto para la jornada a tiempo parcial como para tiempo completo, y la diferencia salarial entre trabajadores de jornada parcial y jornada completa, tanto para hombres como para mujeres. La importancia de esto es que as´ı se puede apreciar cuanto de la brecha observada es atribuible a discriminaci´on salarial. Tambi´en, utilizando el m´etodo de vecino m´as cercano de matching se analizo el efecto de cambiarse desde un trabajo de jornada completa a un trabajo de jornada parcial. Para estos prop´ositos se utiliz´o la encuesta CASEN, y el panel CASEN. Se encontr´o que al descomponer las brechas salariales, la discriminaci´on salarial ha ido en disminuci´on, aunque queda mucho trabajo por hacer si se compara con pa´ıses industrializados (especialmente pa´ıses escandinavos). Del matching, se obtuvo que existe un premio al salario al pasar de trabajar jornada completa en 2001 a jornada parcial en el 2006. Para el mismo cambio entre los a˜nos 1996 y 2001, sin embargo, se encontr´o que los estimadores no eran estad´ısticamente significativos.

This thesis analyzes the pecuniary aspects of education in Turkey. It consists of three essays. The first essay deals with the demand for education, focusing on private tutoring expenditures of households. The study investigates the determinants of private tutoring expenditures of households using a Tobit model as the estimation method. It is found that wealthier households with higher levels of parental education are more likely to participate in private tutoring. The second essay concerns the wage inequality in the male wages in 1994 and 2002. The study found that the differences in the educational attainment levels are a major determinant of wage inequality. However, returns to education declined at each school level from 1994 to 2002. Wage inequality is also found to exist within the same educational categories. The study shows that differences in returns to the same level of education at distinct points of wage distribution became more pronounced in 2002 compared to 1994. Secondary schooling is found to benefit the least able more compared to those positioned in the middle quantiles of ability distribution. The last study in this thesis attempts to elucidate the determinants of self-employment versus wage employment choice and earnings in the two employment states. The study concludes that financial wealth and risk factor are important determinants of self-employment activity. As the educational attainment levels of individuals increase, the likelihood of becoming self-employed decrease. Education increases the earnings of both self-employed and wage earners. However, education returns are higher for the sub-group of wage employees compared to self-employed.

Transport systems are essential to trade, globalisation, communication and other forms of interaction between people and societies (Banister, 2013). Yet they can also have negative impacts including decreased quality of life or health impacts arising from pollutants, environmental damage including climate change and a range of wider socio-economic effects (Glanz et al., 1990). Given that most car journeys are short however (57% of UK trips are under five miles), there is particular potential for active travel (i.e. walking and cycling) to both reduce the environmental externalities of modern transport systems and stimulate improved quality of life and societal wellbeing (Banister, 2013; Martin et al., 2014). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of robust evidence that examines how infrastructural interventions (i.e. those aimed at making the physical environment more conducive to active travel) actually impact on active travel levels in specific communities. In addition, there is very limited evidence of the wider effects that such interventions have on wellbeing and levels of happiness overtime. This thesis details mixed-method research undertaken in Cardiff, UK, during 2011/2012, which examined the impacts of a new piece of infrastructure - the Pont-y-Werin walking and cycling bridge - on the local community's levels of active travel and subjective wellbeing. It provides insights into the nature of constraints preventing travel behaviour change from taking place, and - through the use of the novel, 'Day Reconstruction Method' - into the consequences that different modes of travel can have for travel and wellbeing, including on moment-to-moment moods and emotions. Overall by contextualising and measuring and evaluating wellbeing, the research suggests that people experience less pleasant emotions during travel than when undertaking everyday activities, and also that for certain modes there is a decrease in happiness before and after travel compared to everyday activities. Additionally greater monitoring, evaluation and promotion of combined hard and soft measures - focusing on travel behaviour change - is needed alongside providing travellers with accessible information on the wellbeing impacts of different modes (Elvik, 2009).

Cette thèse est composée de trois essais; dans le premier essai je traite les questions de la détermination, de la variance et des répercussions de la corruption. J’ai montré que la corruption est déterminée par la part des travailleurs non qualifiés sur la population. Si cette part est large alors il existe une corruption, si elle est faible la corruption est inexistante, et pour des niveaux intermédiaires, il existe une multiplicité d’équilibres. La corruption augmente les inégalités salariales entre travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés, et une perte de bien-être. Dans le deuxième essai je traite la question de lutte contre la corruption à travers l’incitation salariale. Avec une technologie de contrôle endogène, je montre que le gouvernement peut mieux accepter la corruption lorsqu’il est coûteux de contrôler. Lorsqu’il est optimal de combattre alors le gouvernement peut le faire soit à travers des salaires d’efficience ou soit par le contrôle. Néanmoins le rôle des salaires d’efficience dans la lutte contre la corruption est moindre dans les sociétés avec un niveau de malhonnêteté élevé. Le troisième essai traite la malédiction des ressources naturelles. Je montre que l'éducation et la corruption sont déterminées conjointement ; les ressources naturelles affectent l’incitation à investir en éducation et en ‘rent-seeking’ ce qui en retour affecte la croissance. En outre, la relation entre une abondance et la malédiction des ressources naturelles n’est pas monotone. Pour un niveau d’inégalité d’accès à l’éducation faible et un coût élevé de participation dans la vie politique, un niveau de croissance élevé et la trappe à la pauvreté coexistent
This dissertation consists of three essays. The topics cover determination, variance and repercussions of corruption (essay one), corruption deterrence through wage incentives (essay two), and natural resource curse (essay three). In the first essay, I show that for a larger population of unskilled labor, there is a widespread corruption and for a smaller population there is no corruption. For the intermediate levels there are multiple equilibria. On its consequences, corruption increases wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers, and results in output and welfare losses. In the second essay, I argue that deterring corruption through efficiency wage may become prohibitively expensive. With endogenous monitoring technology that allows capturing the dual role of auditing, as a complement with and as a substitute for wage incentives, I find that the government is better-off accepting corruption when it is costly to monitor. When it is optimal to deter bribery, the government can do it either through efficiency wages or monitoring. The role of efficiency wages decreases in societies with higher level of dishonesty. In the third essay, I build a theory explaining a resource curse. In contrast to the existing literature which generally considers low education, corruption and natural resources separately, I combine three strands of literature. Natural resources affect incentives to invest in education and rent seeking that in turn affects growth. Second, the relationship between resource-abundance and resource-curse is non-monotonic. For low inequality in access to education and high cost of political participation, high-growth and poverty-trap equilibria co-exist

Doctor of Philosophy
During the 1990s, governments, managements and unions have been focused upon improving the cost efficiency of firms. This focus has been strongest for firms in the public sector where improved outcomes can be expected to significantly improve the Gross Domestic Products of whole economies. This case study looks at the cost efficiency of NSW rail passenger services over a 41 year period to 1991/92, long suspected (but hitherto only tentatively demonstrated) as a paradigm of cost inefficiency. The case study focuses upon the use of the total factor productivity (TFP) index, as a datum point for measuring change in productivity in four markets: suburban, internrban, country and interstate passenger services since 1951/52. From this datum, changes over the years in management, technology and other external factors can be identified and assessed. The thesis identifies management quality (the organising element in the firm) as the preeminent factor in determining productivity change, and the role that new technology plays in its impact on failures in management. We establish the linkages between management and innovation, with TFP, pricing efficiency and economic resource use efficiency, to present a rich paradigm for assessing the economic performance of any business firm. Borrowing from systems theory and other management practices such as total quality management, we disaggregated the case firm into its component systems, sub-systems and processes, for separate study in relation to impact on TFP. The database for 41 years of rail behaviour is the richest ever compiled for any railway in Australia, and with enhanced modelling, enables a systematic treatment of the performance through time of State Rail's passenger services.

Poverty is a significant world wide issue. Although literature on the impact of a minimum wage in the agricultural sector is rather limited, previous empirical research shows that employment was reduced with the implementation of a minimum wage. The following questions are studied: - Does the implementation of a minimum wage have any effect on employment in the agricultural sector of the North-West province? - Is there any relation between poverty and unemployment? - Does the implementation of a minimum wage and sectoral determination have any impact on social-economic issues. The empirical study is carried out by way of a questionnaire from which responses are investigated. A random sample was used to evaluate the effect of a minimum wage on employment and social-economic factors in the North-West province. The target population includes all the affiliated members of Agri North-West. This group is negative about labour laws and experiences that the implementation of a minimum wage has a negative effect on employment. The agricultural sector provides many job opportunities in South Africa. Seeing that a minimum wage has a negative impact on employment in the North-West province, further research is recommended.
Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Cette thèse se concentre sur trois aspects très différents de l'éducation mais qui affectent chacun la qualité de son offre. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions le comportement stratégique adopté à la fois par l'université et par les professeurs, afin pour les uns d'attirer les meilleurs universitaires et pour les autres d'accéder aux meilleures positions, en faisant un compromis entre salaires élevés, sécurité de l'emploi et possibilités de mobilité ascendante. Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous étudions comment la répartition des revenus dans les districts scolaires affecte la qualité des écoles publiques, par la voie des votes locaux et de la fiscalité. En effet, un district scolaire avec une polarisation de revenu plus élevée conduit à un vote pour une faible taxation et donc de plus basses dépenses pour l'école publique impliquant une moins bonne qualité de cette dernière. Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, nous montrons que les attentes des garçons et des filles concernant leurs futures carrières ainsi que les antécédents scolaires sont façonnés par des stéréotypes de genre. Par exemple, le stéréotype selon lequel les hommes sont meilleurs en mathématiques crée un stéréotype négatif sur les aptitudes des filles en mathématiques. Les stéréotypes représentent l'explication principale dans les différences entre les garçons et les filles en matière de confiance en soi et ont des conséquences importantes sur les chemins qu'ils suivent tout au long de leur vie
This thesis focuses on three very different aspects of education but which all affect in their way the quality of its provision.In the first chapter, we investigate the strategic behavior adopted by both the university and the professors, in order, for the first to attract the best academics, and for the second to access the best positions making a trade-off between high salaries, job security and upward mobility possibilities. We question the efficiency of such system in attracting, but also in keeping, the best academics. In a second chapter, we investigate how the income distribution of school districts affects the quality of public schools through the channel of local votes and taxation. In fact, an income polarized school district (more poor and rich at the expense of the middle class) leads to a vote for low taxation and thus low expenditure toward public school and a poorest quality of school. The mechanism being that the richest households send their children to private schools and thus are not concerned by public school quality while poorest households can not afford a too high taxation.Finally, in a last chapter we show how boys' and girls' career expectations and educational background are shaped by gender stereotypes. For instance, the stereotype that men are better at mathematics creates a negative stereotype on girls aptitudes in mathematics. Stereotypes represent the main explanation in boys and girls differences in self-confidence, and have important consequences on the paths they take throughout their lives

L'analyse concurrentielle du marché pertinent du football professionnel européen fait ressortir le saisissant contraste présent entre la force de l'exigence d'une concurrence "libre" et "non faussée" et la relativité de son existence sur le marché. Depuis l'arrêt "Bosman" et la reconnaissance par la Cour de justice de la liberté de circulation des sportifs professionnels, l'économie concurrentielle du marché en cause est inégalitaire et le sort de la compétition économique prévisible. En supprimant les clauses de nationalité, qui limitaient les flux transnationaux de joueurs et l'impact de l'hétérogénéité des systèmes fiscaux sur le processus concurrentiel, les juges de Luxembourg ont structurellement remis en cause les conditions de concurrence du marché. En effet, les clubs au "coin socio-fiscal du travail" élevé ont vu leur liberté concurrentielle être affectée et leur chance de réussir, dans la compétition économique, considérablement se réduire. Leur incapacité fiscale à proposer, à coût égal, des rémunérations attractives et compétitives aux facteurs de concurrence que sont les joueurs, s'est traduite, dans le contexte de la libéralisation du marché, par un "état d'infériorité structurelle". Cette situation immédiatement contraire aux objectifs des Traités a engendré une allocation inefficace des richesses du marché et une qualité disparate de l'offre de spectacle sportif au sein de la Communauté
The competitive analysis of the relevant market of the European professional football highlights the striking contrast between the strength of the requirement of a “free” and “undistorted” competition and the relativity of its existence on the market.Since the “Bosman” decision and the recognition by the European Court of Justice of the freedom of movement for professional sportsmen, the competitive economy of the relevant market is non-egalitarian and the result of economic competition is predictable. By suppressing the nationality clauses which limited the transnational flows of the players and the impact of heterogeneity of tax systems on the competitive process, the judges of Luxembourg structurally altered the competitive conditions into the market. Indeed, football clubs at “the wedge between labour costs and net wages” saw their competitive freedom being affected and their chance to succeed in the economic competition considerably reduced. Their tax incapacity to propose, at equal cost, attractive and competitive payments to the competition factors that are the players, has translated, in the context of the liberalization of the market, by a “structural inferiority state”. This situation at once went against the objectives of the Treaties causing an inefficient allowance of the wealth in the market, as well as an ill-assorted quality of the sport entertainment offer within the Common Market

Chow Shing Yuk.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-66).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- First-Generation Studies --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Second-Generation Studies --- p.5
Chapter 2.3 --- Third-Generation Studies --- p.7
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Empirical Methodology --- p.13
Chapter 3.1 --- Fixed Effect Estimation --- p.13
Chapter 3.2 --- Within-twin Differencing --- p.14
Chapter 3.3 --- Adjustment for Measurement Errors --- p.15
Chapter 3.4 --- Value of Within-twin Differencing --- p.16
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Data Descriptions --- p.29
Chapter 4.1 --- Twins Data --- p.29
Chapter 4.2 --- Non-twins Data --- p.32
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Empirical Results --- p.35
Chapter 5.1 --- Cross Sectional Results: Twins Sample --- p.35
Chapter 5.2 --- Within-twin Differencing --- p.42
Chapter 5.3 --- Cross Sectional Results: Non-twins Sample --- p.45
Chapter 5.4 --- Female Results --- p.48
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.50
Tables --- p.52
Appendix l: Some Other Thoughts on Marriage Premium --- p.60
References --- p.64

Chapter 1 studies wage contracts and their roles in workers’ employment and wage dynamics, as well as the implications on income inequality. I develop an on-the-job search model that allows for different types of wage contracts. Using indirect inference method, I am able to estimate the structural model and evaluate the impact of different productivity elements, including firm productivity, returns to routine task and individual effort. The model is able to capture key measures on worker’s labor market mobility, wage growth and distribution. It also allows me to evaluate the implications of productivity change on income inequality through counterfactual analysis. I show that these productivity elements have different implications on income inequality, and the use of performance based wage contract is an important channel for income polarization at the top percentiles. Chapter 2 studies the effect of overtime pay on workers’ working schedule and income. How overtime pay regulations affect the labor market is a controversial yet relatively under- studied topic. In this paper, I study the effect of the revision to statutory overtime pay in 2004 on worker’s income and hours of work. Using monthly panel data on workers’ working hours and income that covers the period of rule change, I find evidence that for workers who gained statutory overtime pay coverage under the new rule, hours and income increased. I also find spillover effects on overtime pay premium and overtime schedule for workers who are not directly affected by the rule change. My results suggest that the standard competitive model does not capture well the labor market for overtime work, and government regulations could reduce labor market frictions. Chapter 3 studies debt covenant violations and their effects on corporate innovation. Exploiting the state of debt contract covenant violation and the institutional feature that creditors obtain increased control right of the firm, the paper examines the effect of increased creditor governance well before the state of bankruptcy on corporate innovation. Consistent with the view that increased creditor monitoring has disciplining effect on the managers, I find no significant change in the R&D spending, significant but model decrease in the total patent counts two years forward as well as significant and large positive impact on the citation counts of the patents. The results demonstrate that increased creditor governance is overall beneficial to firm innovation.

by Ma Yat Bong.
Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Bibliography: leaves 99-104.
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv
LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii
LIST OF FIGURE --- p.xi
LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.xiii
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- DEFINING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM --- p.3
Chapter 2.1 --- "Scope of Adult Education, Continuing Education and Adult Continuing Education" --- p.3
Chapter 2.2 --- Justification for the Development of Adult Continuing Education --- p.5
Chapter 2.3 --- Importance of the Economic Justification for the Development of Adult Continuing Education --- p.6
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Human Capital Theory --- p.7
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Adult Education as Post-School Human Capital Investment --- p.7
Chapter 2.4 --- Studies on the Economic Impact of Adult Continuing Education --- p.9
Chapter 2.5 --- Difficulties in Identifying the Economic Impact --- p.10
Chapter 2.6 --- Statement of Research Problem --- p.11
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- A REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE --- p.13
Chapter 3.1 --- Economic Role of Adult Continuing Education --- p.13
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Basic Education for Remedial Purposes --- p.14
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Training and Retraining for Vocational Skills --- p.15
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Employers' Sponsor and Corporate Effort Investment --- p.16
Chapter 3.2 --- Adult Continuing Education and Earnings --- p.17
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Earnings and Programmes at Postgraduate Level --- p.17
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Earnings and Programmes for Employment and Training --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Earnings and Resource Conversion from Youth Education to Adult Continuing Education --- p.21
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONALIZED ADULT CONTINUING EDUCATION IN HONG KONG --- p.25
Chapter 4.1 --- Historical Background and Its Recent Development --- p.25
Chapter 4.2 --- Adult Continuing in Hong Kong - Agencies --- p.29
Chapter 4.3 --- Aims at Increasing Productivity and Earnings of Participants --- p.31
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND THE HYPOTHESES --- p.33
Chapter 5.1 --- The Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology --- p.33
Chapter 5.2 --- Areas of Investigation --- p.34
Chapter 5.3 --- The Hypotheses --- p.35
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Testing of Earnings Differentials and Participation in Adult Continuing Education --- p.35
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Testing of Earnings Differentials and Employment in Matched Work Fields --- p.36
Chapter 5.4 --- Methods of Analysis --- p.36
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Characteristics of Participants of Adult Continuing Education --- p.36
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Concurrent Earnings Premiums for Participants of Adult Continuing Education --- p.37
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Earnings Advantages for Participants whose Employment is Matched with their Study Field --- p.39
Chapter 5.5 --- The Data Set and the Variables --- p.41
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- FINDINGS --- p.45
Chapter 6.1 --- Characteristics of Participants --- p.45
Chapter 6.1.1 --- Activity Status --- p.46
Chapter 6.1.2 --- Age --- p.47
Chapter 6.1.3 --- Sex --- p.47
Chapter 6.1.4 --- Programme Level --- p.48
Chapter 6.1.5 --- Occupation --- p.48
Chapter 6.1.6 --- Industry of Main Employment --- p.49
Chapter 6.1.7 --- Field of Study --- p.51
Chapter 6.1.8 --- Participation Rate --- p.51
Chapter 6.2 --- Estimates of Regression Coefficients of Respective Earnings Functions --- p.70
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Concurrent Earnings Premiums for Participants of Adult Continuing Education --- p.70
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Earnings Advantages for Participants whose Employment is Matched with their Study Field --- p.72
Chapter 6.3 --- Testing of Hypotheses --- p.86
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.88
Chapter 7.1 --- Characteristics of Participants --- p.88
Chapter 7.1.1 --- Programme Orientation and Clientele --- p.88
Chapter 7.1.2 --- Disparities among Participants --- p.89
Chapter 7.2 --- Concurrent Earnings Premiums for Participants of Adult Continuing Education --- p.89
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Justification of Employer-sponsored Programmes --- p.90
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Motivation of Individual Participants --- p.90
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Overcome of Brain-drain --- p.91
Chapter 7.3 --- Earnings Advantages for Participants whose Employmentis Matched with their Study Field --- p.92
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Remuneration Structure --- p.92
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Adaptation to Technological Change --- p.93
Chapter 7.3.3 --- Programme Quality --- p.94
Chapter 7.3.4 --- Economic Performance of Individual Industries --- p.94
Chapter 7.4 --- Recommendations --- p.95
Chapter 7.5 --- Concluding Remark --- p.98
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.99
APPENDICES --- p.105

Huang Chong.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 31-32).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2 --- Empirical Strategy --- p.4
Chapter 3 --- Data --- p.6
Chapter 4 --- Empirical Results --- p.8
Chapter 5 --- Potential Biases of Within-twins Estimates and Solutions --- p.10
Chapter 5.1 --- Potential Biases --- p.10
Chapter 5.2 --- Remaining Mating Effect in Within-twins Estimation --- p.13
Chapter 6 --- Further Analysis --- p.14
Chapter 6.1 --- Difference between Sexes --- p.14
Chapter 6.2 --- Longer Hours or Better Paid? --- p.16
Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.17
Appendix A Effect of Spousal Social Status --- p.19
Appendix B Stronger cross-productivity when a couple work in same occupation? --- p.21
Tables --- p.23
References --- p.31

This dissertation examines how firm-specific behavior concerning factors of production is shaped by institutional constraints in development countries. The initial two chapters analyze how firms in Brazil compensate workers for their labor: the first centers on the role of the collective bargaining framework, and the second quantifies the impact of firms on the racial wage gap. The final chapter focuses on firms' use of credit for working capital in response to disruptive periods of violence during Mexico's Drug War. Firms compensate workers not only with wages, but also with other job characteristics that the labor literature broadly refers to as amenities. However, it is hard to study amenity compensation because we rarely observe variation in amenities across establishments in some systematic way. One exception is the comprehensive set of amenities codified in the text of collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) that unions negotiate with employers. In chapter 1, I leverage a reform that automatically extended all existing CBAs in Brazil to analyze the impact of this new collective bargaining framework on firm compensation, as measured by wages and amenities, as well as subsequent selection effects in the workforce. To quantify the value workers place on amenities secured by unions, I measure how textual elements in CBAs influence an establishment's ability to poach workers from other employers, conditional on wages, using data on the universe of CBAs merged with an administrative linked employer-employee dataset. I find that automatic extensions increase compensation by 1.6-3.8% when unions are strong---an effect that is driven by additional amenities whose value more than offsets foregone wage gains. These changes in compensation lead to an increase in hiring concentrated among low-skill workers, implying an elasticity of labor supply to the affected firms of around 2. Further evidence suggest that unions reduce compensation inequality within establishments. While union-driven changes to firm compensation can lead to an influx of low skill workers, how firms select and pay workers can have important consequences for wage disparities between groups. In Chapter 2 (work co-authored with François Gerard, Edson Severnini, and David Card), we measure the effects of firms' employment and wage setting policies on racial pay differences in Brazil. We find that nonwhites are less likely to work at firms that pay more to all race groups. This sorting pattern explains about 20% of the white-nonwhite wage gap for both genders. Moreover, the pay premiums offered by different employers are also compressed for nonwhites relative to whites. This within-firm differential wage setting contributes another 5% of the overall gap. We then explore to what extent the under-representation of nonwhites at higher-paying firms is due to the selective skill mix at these workplaces. Using a counterfactual based on the observed skill distribution at each firm and the nonwhite shares in different skill groups in the local labor market, we conclude that assortative matching accounts for about two- thirds of the underrepresentation gap for both men and women. The remainder reflects an unexplained preference for white workers at higher-paying firms. Interestingly, the wage losses associated with unexplained sorting and differential wage setting are largest for nonwhites with the highest levels of general skills. This suggests that the allocative costs of race-based preferences may be relatively large in Brazil. The first two chapters reveal that firms exercise some discretion over compensation and hiring within the context of institutions such as collective bargaining and nondiscrimination laws. But firms are also constrained by other institutions in how they carry out their day-to-day activities. In particular, the capacity of the State to exercise control over the legitimate use of force promotes the fundamental trust required between agents to make welfare-enhancing transactions. In Chapter 3, I analyze how drug-related violence affects credit use by micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Leveraging administrative data on working capital credit lines issued to MSEs in Mexico, I exploit geographic variation in homicide rates as well as exogenous kingpin captures to identify the causal effects of violence on credit use. I find that firms significantly increase the amounts drawn from their credit lines after experiencing violence shocks. More credit use could be motivated by rising short-term liquidity needs (distress story) or increasing risk of holding cash (substitution story). Rising default probabilities indicate signs of distress, although heterogeneity analyses reveal cash-for-credit substitution among non-revolving borrowers. I also find evidence that rising liquidity needs among distressed MSEs are likely driven by decreased economic activity rather than theft or extortion. As such, this paper highlights the important role that financial products play in terms of helping firms absorb violence shocks as well as providing safe alternatives to cash holdings under insecure environments.

Sin Lai-ting.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-156).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract in English --- p.i
Abstract in Chinese --- p.iii
Acknowledgements --- p.iv
Table of Contents --- p.v
List of Tables and Graphs --- p.vii
Chapter Chapter 1： --- lntroduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review and Application --- p.4
Chapter 2.1) --- The Theory of Marriage and Family Formation --- p.4
Chapter 2.2) --- The Theory of the Allocation of Time Between Family Members in Housework and Market Work --- p.6
Chapter 2.3) --- Application of Becker's Theoretical Models to Different Variables --- p.12
Chapter 2.4) --- Empirical Review on the Division of Labor between Husbands and Wives --- p.24
Chapter 2.5) --- Decomposition of the wage differential of men and women --- p.31
Chapter 2.6) --- Summary --- p.33
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Methodology --- p.35
Chapter 3.1) --- Changes in the Relative Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives to Their Families --- p.35
Chapter 3.2) --- Stable and Unstable Mating --- p.39
Chapter 3.3) --- Reasons for the Changes in Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives --- p.43
Chapter 3.4) --- Decomposition of the Economic Contribution Differential --- p.46
Chapter 3.5) --- Definitions of Control Variables --- p.48
Chapter 3.6) --- Summary --- p.52
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Data and Sample Description --- p.53
Chapter 4.1) --- Data and Sample Extraction --- p.53
Chapter 4.2) --- Variable Characteristics --- p.55
Chapter Chapter 5: --- A First Look at the Changes in Relative Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives --- p.58
Chapter 5.1) --- Simple Data Analyses --- p.58
Chapter 5.2) --- Pooled Regressions with Husband Dummy --- p.64
Chapter 5.3) --- Summary --- p.70
Chapter Chapter 6: --- An Analysis of Selected Characteristics between Husbands and Wives --- p.72
Chapter 6.1 ) --- 2x2 Canonical Correlation Analyses --- p.72
Chapter 6.2) --- 3x3 Canonical Correlation Analyses --- p.75
Chapter 6.3) --- Summary --- p.78
Chapter Chapter 7: --- Reasons for the Changes in Relative Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives to Their Families --- p.79
Chapter 7.1) --- Determinants of the Changes in Economic Contribution of Husbands and Wives to their families --- p.79
Chapter 7.2) --- Decomposition of the Economic Contribution Differential of Husbands and Wives to their Families --- p.90
Chapter 7.3) --- Summary --- p.93
Chapter Chapter 8: --- Conclusion --- p.94
Tables --- p.98
Graphs --- p.129
Flow Chart --- p.136
Appendix --- p.137
References --- p.153

by Wong Wai-kin.
Added t.p. in Chinese.
Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references.
abstract --- p.i
acknowledgements --- p.iv
table op contents --- p.v
list op tables --- p.viii
list of illustrations --- p.xi
chapter
Chapter I. --- statement of the problem --- p.1
Concern with Income Size Distribution --- p.1
Income Size Distribution and Schooling --- p.4
The Case of Hong Kong --- p.6
The Problem of the Study --- p.8
Chapter II. --- review op literature --- p.10
Schooling As a Determinant of Income size Distribution: The Theories --- p.10
Schooling As a Determinant of income size Distribution: The Evidence --- p.20
Empirical Approaches in Several Previous Studies --- p.24
Chapter III. --- the study --- p.44
The Theoretical Framework --- p.44
Schooling and Human Capital --- p.44
Human Capital and Income size Distribution --- p.45
Education Expansion and Cohort Differences in Schooling --- p.48
The Hong Kong Context --- p.50
The Research Hypotheses --- p.58
Empirical Specification of the Model --- p.59
The Earnings Inequality Function --- p.59
The Variance Form of the Schooling Model --- p.66
Data Source and Sample --- p.69
Measurement of Variables --- p.70
Chapter IV. --- schooling and the distribution op earnings in hong kong --- p.72
The Aggregate Set --- p.72
The Aggregate set Excluding Illiterates --- p.88
The Overtaking Set --- p.93
Observations on Age Groups --- p.102
Chapter V. --- summary and conclusions --- p.107
Summary and Conclusions --- p.107
Significance and Comparison --- p.111
Policy Implications --- p.112
Limitations --- p.117
references --- p.121
appendices
Chapter A.I. --- DETERMINANTS OF INCOME SIZE DISTRIBUTION --- p.131
Chapter A.II. --- ESTIMATION OF THE YEARS OF SCHOOLING --- p.132
Chapter A.III. --- "MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATIONS, CORRELATIONS AND ADDITIONAL REGRESSION ESTIMATES" --- p.133

周金燕.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-161)
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Zhou Jinyan.

In this thesis, return to health is also estimated. We examine the effects of height on hourly wage, monthly earnings, working hours, and education level. Our results show that height has different causal impacts on women and men. Women benefit from height: taller women earn more, work less, and have more leisure time. However, taller men are more likely to land a job and work longer, largely because they are better endowed. Moreover, the positive effect of height on hourly wage for women is larger than that for men. In general, the findings have contributed new evidence to existing literature that estimates the return to health.
This thesis mainly investigates the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Specifically, it estimates the effects of family income and parental education on the health status and educational attainment of the next generation using unique twins data collected from urban China. By using twins strategy, we can largely control for unobservables, which may cause biases in estimations. Our results show that the positive correlations of family income and maternal education with child health are largely due to unobserved endowment and family background. However, family income and paternal education do have a positive effect on child education. Overall, our findings suggest that increasing family income and parental schooling do not help in improving child health. However, to reduce the educational gap of the next generation, redistributing income would prove beneficial. The design of government policies is dependent on the policy targets.
Xiong, Yanyan.
Advisers: Hongbin Li; Junsen Zhang.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2176.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.

by Lee Pik-shuen.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-62).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv
LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi
Chapter
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Marriage Pay Differentials --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Age at Marriage and Earnings --- p.11
Chapter III. --- MARRIAGE AND EARNINGS --- p.16
Chapter 3.1 --- A Simple Analysis of Marital Status in Hong Kong --- p.17
Chapter 3.2 --- Regression Analysis for Marriage Effects on Earnings --- p.20
Chapter 3.3 --- Regression Analysis for Cross-productivity Effects on Earnings --- p.29
Chapter 3.4 --- Cross-productivity Effects upon Earnings for Couples Working in the Same Industry vs. Couples Working in Different Industries --- p.33
Chapter 3.5 --- Further Analysis of Couples Working in the Same Industry: Cross- Productivity Effects on Earnings for Managerial Class Couples vs. Non-managerial Class Couples --- p.37
Chapter 3.6 --- Cross-productivity Effects upon Earnings for Couples Working in the Same Field vs. Couples Workingin Different Fields --- p.41
Chapter 3.7 --- Further Analysis of Couples Working in the Same Field: Cross-Productivity Effects on Earnings for Managerial Class Couples vs. Non-managerial Class Couples --- p.43
Chapter IV. --- WAGE AND AGE AT MARRIAGE --- p.48
Chapter 4.1 --- Regression Analysis of Wage Effect on Age at Marriage --- p.48
Chapter 4.2 --- Regression Analysis of Marriage Duration Effects on Wage Rate --- p.51
Chapter 4.3 --- Regression Analysis of Marriage Effect on Wives' Labor Supply --- p.54
Chapter V. --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS --- p.58
REFERENCES --- p.61
TABLES --- p.63

In this analysis, I estimate the impact of the changing relative size of the adult male population, classified by age and education groups, on the earnings of employed males living in 502 Brazilian local labor markets during four time periods between 1970 and 2000. The effects of shifts in the age distribution of the working age population have been studied in relation to the effect of the baby-boom generation on the earnings of different cohorts in the United States. However, the question has received little attention in the context of the countries in Asia and Latin America, which are now experiencing substantial shifts in their age-education distributions. Taking advantage of the huge variation across Brazilian local labor markets, the models in this research suggest that age-education groups are not perfect substitutes, so that own-cohort-education size depresses earnings, as expected by the theory. Compositional shifts are influential, attesting that this approach represents a fruitful way of studying this central problem in economic development, going beyond the effects normally analyzed by formal labor market equations.
text

by Leung Kwok-ying.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-89).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Abstract --- p.1
Acknowledgments --- p.5
Content --- p.6
List of Tables --- p.8
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Education as an investment --- p.10
Chapter 1.2 --- Economic growth of Hong Kong --- p.11
Chapter 1.3 --- Education expansion of Hong Kong --- p.14
Chapter 1.4 --- Researchroblems of this study --- p.16
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.20
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology
Chapter 3.1 --- Cost and benefit --- p.34
Chapter 3.2 --- Mincer's schooling model --- p.36
Chapter 3.3 --- Analysis framework of this study --- p.39
Chapter 3.4 --- Data set --- p.44
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results and Interpretations
Chapter 4.1 --- Rates of return over time --- p.46
Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of field of education --- p.50
Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of field of Work --- p.56
Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of matched/mismatched employment --- p.59
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of matched education for different work field --- p.63
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of matched work field for different education field --- p.65
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Relative effect of education field and work field --- p.71
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion
Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.73
Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations of this study --- p.75
Chapter 5.3 --- Further discussion --- p.76
Chapter 5.4 --- Suggestion on further investigation --- p.79
References --- p.81
Appendix
Chapter 1 --- Average annual growth rate of Hong Kong in 1967-1991 --- p.90
Chapter 2 --- Summarized rates of return bysacharopoulos --- p.91
Chapter 3 --- Comparable over time returns to investment in education in selected countries --- p.92
Chapter 4 --- Mincer rates of return in Republic of Korea --- p.93
Chapter 5 --- Selection of the overtaking cohort --- p.94
Chapter 6 --- "Number of university graduates in 1976，1981, 1986 and 1991" --- p.95
Chapter 7 --- "Average monthly salary of university graduates in 1976,1981, 1986 and 1991." --- p.98
Chapter 8 --- Summary of variables in this study --- p.99
Chapter 9 --- Data treatments of this study --- p.101

by Wong Wai Yin, Brian.
Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Bibliography: leaves 117-124.
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Content
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter2 --- Literature Review
Chapter 2.1 --- Vocational and Technical Education --- p.5
Chapter 2.2 --- Theories in the Economics of Education --- p.8
Chapter 2.3 --- Theories in the Sociology of Education
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Arguments in the concept of Social Stratification --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Status Attainment Researches --- p.21
Chapter 2.4 --- Related Findings in Hong Kong --- p.29
Chapter 2.5 --- Related Findings in Other Areas --- p.35
Chapter 2.6 --- Education in Hong Kong
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Development of the Hong Kong Education System --- p.38
Chapter 2.6.2 --- The School Ladder --- p.41
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology and the Hypotheses
Chapter 3.1 --- Research Problems --- p.46
Chapter 3.2 --- Areas of Investigation: Theoretical Framework & the Research Methodology
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Family Background and the Choice of Education --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of Vocational and Technical Education on earnings --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Influence of Family Background --- p.51
Chapter 3.3 --- Hypotheses --- p.53
Chapter 3.4 --- The Data Set --- p.55
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results and Interpretations
Chapter 4.1 --- Relation between Family Background and the Choice of Type of Education --- p.59
Chapter 4.2 --- Analysis of the Effect of Vocational and Technical Education on Earnings --- p.68
Chapter 4.3 --- Influence of Family Background on Earnings through the Choicein Type of Education --- p.76
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion
Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.100
Chapter 5.2 --- Further Discussion
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Different Impacts from Different Levels of Vocational and Technical Education --- p.102
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Influence from Government --- p.105
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of Family Background on Choice of Type of Education and Earnings --- p.106
Chapter 5.3 --- Suggestion on Further Investigation --- p.110
Chapter Appendix 1 --- The Hong Kong Education System
Chapter Appendix 2 --- Course Structurre of Technical Education
Chapter Appendix 3 --- Variables of the Study
Bibliography

Li Yan.
Thesis submitted in: September 1998.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48).
Abstract also in Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.v
Chapter
Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5
Chapter 2.1 --- Different Approach to Estimate the Rate of Return to Education --- p.5
Chapter 2.2 --- Age-Cohort Analysis --- p.8
Chapter 2.3 --- Gender Earning Gaps and Decomposition of Wage Differentials --- p.9
Chapter III --- DATA DESCRIPTION --- p.13
Chapter 3.1 --- Data and Methodology --- p.13
Chapter 3.2 --- Education Attainment of Males and Females of Different Cohort --- p.15
Chapter 3.3 --- Monthly Earnings of Individual with Different Educational Level --- p.17
Chapter IV --- REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND THE GENDER EARNING GAPS IN HONG KONG --- p.18
Chapter 4.1 --- Determinants of Monthly Earnings and the Returns to Education --- p.18
Chapter 4.2 --- Returns to Education with respect to Marrage and Age Cohorts --- p.22
Chapter 4.3 --- The Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition --- p.23
Chapter V --- MULTINOMIAL LOGIT ANALYSIS FOR THE RETURNS TO EDUCATION AND THE GENDER EARNING GAPS IN HONG KONG --- p.28
Chapter 5.1 --- The Occupational Distribution --- p.28
Chapter 5.2 --- The Gender Earning Gap across Occupations --- p.31
Chapter 5.3 --- Multinomial Logit Model and the Effect of Educational Attainment --- p.32
Chapter 5.4 --- Prediction of a Nondiscriminatory Occupational Structure for Female --- p.35
Chapter 5.5 --- Occupational Segregation and the Brown et al. Decomposition Method --- p.36
Chapter VI --- POLICY IMPLICATIONS --- p.43
Chapter VII --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS --- p.45
REFERENCES --- p.47
TABLES --- p.49

鄭均杰.
"2013年8月".
"2013 nian 8 yue".
Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-123).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract in Chinese and English.
Zheng Junjie.

Many authors have cited the relatively high unemployment rate as the most severe economic problem facing South Africa today. At the same time, government institutions claim that the agricultural sector can help solve the high unemployment rate, as this sector has the potential to create employment for a large number of unemployed South Africans. These institutions do not elaborate on how the sector will provide so many jobs. Published empirical studies on the South African (SA) agricultural sector have recommended ways in which policy-makers may achieve their goals of creating employment. However, most studies on labour considered the entire agricultural sector, whereas this study focuses on a sub-sector, namely the SA sugarcane sector. The study aims to analyse the potential of the sugarcane SA sector to create employment by estimating long- and short-run price (wage) elasticities of labour demand for large-scale sugarcane farms on the South Coast, in the Midlands and in Tugela/Zululand during 1984/1985-2008/2009. Using panel data, two models are estimated by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Model 1 capturing labour use intensity and using “labour units employed per 1000 tonnes of cane cut” as the dependent variable, while Model 2 captures the total labour units demanded by large-scale sugarcane farmers. Only Model 2 is estimated using simultaneous equations as past studies indicate that labour use intensity may be analysed using single-equation models. For Model 1, the estimates of the long-run wage elasticities compared to the short-run wage elasticities are similar and around -0.5, -0.17 and -0.33 for the South Coast, Midlands and Tugela/Zululand regions, respectively. The wage elasticity estimates for Model 2 in the short-run were -0.34, -0.24 and -0.17 and in the long run -0.61, -0.42 and -0.30 for the South Coast, Midlands and Tugela/Zululand, respectively. The two econometric techniques (OLS and 3SLS) yielded similar wage elasticities. Results suggest that all labour demand estimates were wage inelastic, with the South Coast having a relatively greater response of labour demand to wage rate changes than the other two regions. Inelastic demand estimates for labour in all three regions may be due to the perennial, long-term nature of sugarcane and farmers taking time to decide how to respond to changes (hikes) in the price of labour. The decline in the demand for labour by large-scale sugarcane farmers due to an increase in real wage rates raises questions about the appropriateness of labour laws and minimum wage iii legislation that have increased the real cost of farm labour in the large-scale sugarcane sector of KZN. In order to reverse the rising farm labour unemployment trend in South Africa, the study recommends that policy-makers could rather adopt more flexible labour market regulations (for example, those relating to the hiring and dismissal of workers) that would reduce real labour costs and encourage local farmers to employ more labour on sugarcane farms. Furthermore, the land under sugarcane proved to be an important determinant of the demand for labour by large-scale sugarcane farmers and hence policies regarding land reform need to be revised and implemented more proficiently. Future research could focus on the skill-level of those workers who are affected the most following an increase in minimum wages and possible reasons why the KZN sugar industry is losing land to other land uses.
M.Sc.Agric. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

Labour legislation was introduced into agriculture in the early 1990s with the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA) being gazetted in 1992. Since the mid-1990s "new" labour legislation pertaining to agriculture has been implemented in South Africa, and includes the Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 (amended), the Unemployment Insurance Act 63 of 2001 (amended), the Labour Relations Act (LRA) 66 of 1995, the Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act 3 of 1996, the Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997, the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, the Skills Development Levies Act 9 of 1999, and the Sectoral Determination (an amendment of the BCEA 75 of 1997) which includes the imposition of minimum wages. This study examines the legislation in detail as well as the implications of this legislation for agricultural labour employment in South Africa. A relative increase in the cost (transaction and wage) and risk associated with labour motivates farmers to replace labour with machinery, machinery contractors, labour contractors or new technologies that are labour-saving. This results in a decrease in the demand for unskilled workers and higher levels of poverty and unemployment in South Africa. This study estimates long-run price elasticities of demand for regular labour in South African (SA) agriculture using both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and a Two-stage Least Squares (2SLS) simultaneous equations model. The 2SLS model includes a labour supply equation. Secondary data obtained over a 43 year period (1960-2002) from Statistics South Africa and the Abstract of Agricultural Statistics were used in this study. Both models were estimated for the period 1960-2002, and included a piecewise slope dummy variable for wages with the threshold year taken as 1991 to reflect expected changes in farm labour legislation. Study results show that the estimated long-run price elasticity of demand for labour for the pre-1991 (i.e., 1960-1990) period was -0,25 for the OLS model and -0,23 for the 2SLS model suggesting that the demand for regular labour was jnelastic during this period. For the post-1991 period (1991-2002), the long-run elasticity was estimated as -1,32 for the OLS model and -1,34 for the 2SLS model. This shows a structural change in demand that questions the appropriateness of minimum wage and other labour legislation that has raised the cost of regular farm labour in South Africa. Labour legislation introduced in the early 1990s encouraged farmers to substitute casual workers for regular workers. However, the inclusion of all casual workers in minimum wage legislation from 2006 is expected to slow the casualisation of agricultural labour as farmers turn to labour contractors, chemicals and machinery as the next best substitutes. The study found that an increase (decrease) in the price of chemicals (pesticides and herbicides for crops, and labour saving dips and sprays for animals) result in an increase (decrease) in the demand for regular labour. The demand for labour is also sensitive to changes in real interest rates (used as a proxy for machinery costs). The cost of capital would decrease (increase) as interest rates fall (rise), resulting in farmers adopting more (less) machinery and equipment, causing a decrease (increase) in the demand for regular labour, ceteris paribus. In order to reverse the regular labour unemployment trend in SA agriculture, government could choose to adopt more flexible labour market regulations (i.e., legislation regarding the hiring and dismissing of farm workers, and increases in wages and benefits for the farm worker could be based on the individual performance of each worker as opposed to increasing the wages of the entire workforce through minimum wages) which would reduce labour costs and encourage farmers to employ more labour.
Thesis (M.Agric.Man.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

In this thesis we study the interdependency of individual decisions on work and family, particularly the dynamic interaction of the marriage market and the labor market. My basic idea is that marital status affects individual labor supply decisions, and in turn, labor market condition influences marriage formation and dissolution. While these interactions are evident, the overwhelming majority of research on labor or family economics usually simplifies the individual decision-making by assuming that one of two markets outcomes is given while studying the other one. In the empirical study, endogeneity issues are troublesome, especially under the dynamic setting. My work takes a different approach. I directly model the individual decision-making, which describes how marriage market and labor market interact with each other; and matching with survey data we empirically recover the underlying economic environments that characterize the structure of the marriage market and the labor market. I further examine to what extent my model explains the observed facts. Very few studies have been conducted to explore work and family issues in this direction partly due to its complexity. The structural models, besides the conventional regression, improve our perceptions on how individuals form decisions on work and family, which have far-reaching implications on policy designs and welfare evaluations. In my thesis, I explore all these issues in three steps. In chapter 1, I explain a stylized fact that there exists a positive correlation between rising wage inequality and declining marriage rates. A two-sided matching model is developed to exploit a theoretical channel through which wage inequality affects marriage rates. My model features a steady state equilibrium in which the whole marriage market is divided into groups and only people in the same group will marry each other. Using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) data from 1970 to 2000, my estimates indicate that a structural change occurs in the U.S. marriage market. The higher matching efficiency and declining elasticity of men suggest that the nowadays marriage market provides more chance to meet and better gender equity, though higher arrival rates also raise the outside options of getting married. Additionally, I find that wage inequality accounts for over 38% of the decline in marriage rate, which is underestimated in Gould (2003). Chapter 2 examines household dynamic labor supply after introducing bargaining between husbands and wives, which has not been thoroughly studied previously in literature. Here bargaining between husbands and wives determines the amount of husbands' earnings that are transferred to wives for their private consumption. A household search model that incorporates the intrahousehold bargaining is developed and estimated using panel data from the year 2001 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). My results show that the portion of household income shared by husbands for private consumption is responsive to their employment status, suggesting the existence of the bargaining between the U.S. couples. My findings also imply that the labor supply of women will increase with higher women wage and lower money transfer from husbands to wives, showing that the income effect dominates for wives. Moreover, the wage frontier of husbands is positively correlated with wives' wages and negatively correlated with husbands' earnings transferred to wives, highlighting that husbands are subject to both the income effect and intra-household bargaining, and their decisions depend on which effect dominates. In the third and the last chapter, I study household unemployment duration. Previously, most studies have addressed the topic of job search at the individual level. This chapter studies job search patterns of married couples and in particular compares couple's unemployment duration given their spousal earnings. A household search model is introduced, which includes the bargaining between husbands and wives. I use the year 2001 panel data Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to estimate the structural model of family decisions. Our findings reveal that there exists a gender asymmetry in job search of the U.S. household: The more husbands earn, the longer wives search for a job; but the more wives earn, the sooner husbands find a job.
text

Mozambique is undergoing intensive socio-economic reforms to reconstruct war damages and develop the nation. The reforms consist of economic liberalisation through structural adjustment and monetarist economic stabilisation, e.g. government withdrawal from economic activities, privatisation, deregulation, reduction of tariff levels on imports and tax on investments, cuts of expenditure on social services, restrictive credit system, focus on monetarism, increased taxation on individual income, etc. The nature of these reforms, on the surface, leads to morally questionable conditions. There is social chaos and disintegration, high indices of corruption, subtle recolonisation, decline of civil services, etc. At the bottom lie the market ethics and fundamentalist theological discourse by dint of which the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund deny historical consciousness, lack institutional memory, vest themselves with unquestionable international authority, dictate and impose policies without accountability for the social consequences. If there is any hope for Mozambicans, it lies in development ethics which relies heavily on the liberation motif, historical consciousness, and African Heritage.
Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology
M. Th. (Theological Ethics)

The three essays in this dissertation progressively answer the following questions: (a) How important are constraints? (b) Who benefits from removing constraints? (c) When does a constraint for a single market predominantly affect closely related markets? These questions are applied in the context of time, weather, and minimum wage constraints, respectively. The first essay demonstrates that constraints matter. A data envelopment analysis capacity utilization methodology is used to measure impacts on sales from a sequential relaxation of the time and income constraints. Using a subsample bootstrap to estimate confidence intervals, results show that time matters more than income, particularly in fall and winter when other activities compete for gardening time. The second essay shows that the poor are least likely to gain from the relaxation of non-income constraints. A theory of demand is developed in which consumers face multiple constraints. Then, a structural model is used to econometrically estimate the effect of global warming on demand, using nursery data on flowering plants. The model shows that there exists a tipping point around 64 degrees Fahrenheit, above which demand ceases to be climate-constrained. The third essay shows that a constraint in a single market can sometimes have more profound consequences on other, more distantly related markets. First, it is proven that if a series of markets are structured like a chain-- where only own and neighboring prices matter--then a shock to one market decreases with distance. The case of minimum wages in Oregon is investigated using a large panel dataset for all workers in Oregon using a first difference econometric model. It is determined that the ripple effects of the minimum have even larger effects on higher-wage earners, disconfirming the chain pattern. High substitutions between low and high wage groups may explain the pattern. Altogether the essays further the understanding of constraints to demonstrate that (a) constraints significantly affect economic outcomes, (b) if one constraint is lifted, those individuals alternately-constrained are left behind from any benefits, and (c) constraints to a single market may have unintended and sometimes larger effects on 'farther' markets.
Graduation date: 2012

Wong, Pui Hang.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-61).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Characterizing Illegal Immigrants --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Job Displacement --- p.5
Chapter 2 --- Minimum Wage Unemployment --- p.10
Chapter 2.1 --- The Basic Model --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- The Effect of Illegal Immigration --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Solow Model --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Decentralized Ramsey Model --- p.21
Chapter 3 --- Frictional Unemployment --- p.26
Chapter 3.1 --- The Basic Model --- p.27
Chapter 3.1.1 --- The Economy with Illegal Migrants --- p.32
Chapter 3.2 --- Productivity Effect --- p.36
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Comparative Statics --- p.38
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Unemployment --- p.40
Chapter 3.3 --- Exploitation Effect --- p.41
Chapter 3.3.1 --- A Simulation Example --- p.47
Chapter 3.4 --- Immigration Controls --- p.48
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Workplace Sanction --- p.49
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Deportation & Border Patrol --- p.53
Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.56

利用“甘肃基础教育调查(The Gansu Survey of Children and Families, 2007)提供的数据，以特征工资理论(Hedonic Wage Theory)为基础，本研究建构了一个从个人特征和岗位特征两方面解读甘肃农村公办教师工资差异形成机制和潜在后果的解释框架。
本研究利用科学抽样的微观数据，以特征工资理论的投资假说和消费假说为基础，探讨甘肃农村教师收入差异的前因后果。运用多层线性技术对“特征的逐层分解凸显了环境结构变量对教师工资的层次性影响。研究的主要内容如下：(1)教师个人特征和教职岗位特征在工资及差异结构中的影响性质和强度；(2)工资和包括工作条件及生活环境在内的教职岗位特征在教师职业效用中的替代性及其办学成本意义；(3)地区政策与教师工资差异格局及其教育财政涵义。
通过对甘肃这个边远贫穷地区农村教师工资进行微观计量分析，本研究得出如下主要结论：
教师个人特征和教职岗位特征均是工资差异来源的主成因素。个人特征和岗位特征在收入差异形成过程中分别对应特征工资理论之投资性收益和消费性补偿。一方面，个人素质越高，收入越高；另一方面，与优越的岗位环境相联系的是更低的工资收入。换言之，艰苦的条件对应补偿性工资差异。
工资与教职岗位环境特征在教师职业效用偏好结构中具有替代性。岗位环境与工资的替代率介于-0.03和0.05间。负值代表教师愿意接受较低的工资以换取更优越的工作环境和社区设施，即为在某优越的县(区)工作而承受的工资损失。因此，教学条件和生活环境更艰苦的边穷地区需提供等效用的经济补偿才能保证师资质量。
出于经济补偿的考虑，扶贫政策比边远艰苦地区津补贴方案更有效地鉴别了岗位环境的恶劣程度。贫困地区的教学条件和生活环境更艰苦，由此带来的心理负效用反映在消费性补偿中。与“贫困相联系的不良岗位属性产生的负效用折合成工资约15%。
结合教师偏好和地区政策，更边远艰苦或贫困地区可以通过教师工资成本指数的形式，将额外聘用成本加权到教育财政预算中，以实现均衡发展和社会公平。国贫县聘用一名同等质量的普通合格教师，边际成本高于平均水平10%。但办学成本与边远艰苦等级的关系没有固定规律：更边远的三类地区招聘一名教师的成本只相当于平均水平的74%；而二类地区则需多花3.6-11.8%的附加成本。
本研究的政策启示包括：
第一，边远艰苦地区政策和扶贫政策的针对性不同。虽然边远艰苦地区津补贴政策所鉴定的县(区)地理属性可能具有重要的公共财政意义，但扶贫政策有更明显的区分度，可提供更清晰的教育财政政策启示。
第二，将原始资源禀赋等外部不可控因素造成的额外人员开支纳入财政方案中，并以教师工资成本指数的形式提升其预算等级，是保障各地师资配置从而实现教育均衡和机会均等的公平而有效方法。
Based on the Gansu Survey of Children and Families(GSCF, 2007), this thesis investigates the hierarchical effects of teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes as determinants of wages and sources of variations from the perspective of Hedonic Wage Theory.
Based on the Hedonic Wage Theory, this study has made use of a scientific sampled micro data set to analyze teacher wage disparities in rural Gansu, which is a typical less-developed northwestern remote province in Mainland China. Hierarchical Linear Modeling(HLM) is employed to study the regional effects. Major foci of this thesis consist of: (1)The nature and strength of economic values of teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes. (2)The substitution between pecuniary rewards from wages and non-pecuniary benefit derived from working conditions and living amenities, and its implications for teacher personnel costs. (3)How regional policies are related to teacher wage variations and what can government do to narrow the consequential gap in education service.
The conclusions of the study include:
Both teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes are major determining factors of wages. Human capital components proxying higher teacher quality are positively compensated, while better daily working and living conditions are paid in the form of lower wages. In other words, hardships are associated with compensating wage differentials.
Working conditions in schools and living conditions in community where the teaching position is located are substitutable with wages. The substitution between wages and job conditions varies from -0.03 to 0.05. Negative values mean that teachers are willing to accept lower wages to work in a better-off county. It costs more for hard-to-staff regions to recruit a comparable teacher.
In consideration of wage compensations, the “Helping the Poor policy can give a better indication than the “Subsidy to Remote and Difficult Districts Scheme. Dis-utilities from uncomfortable working and living environment in poor counties cost 15% extra wage expenditures.
Accounting for teacher utility preference, disadvantageous counties classified by economic-geographic features should be financially aided based on teacher cost index(TCI) to recruit and retain quality teachers. Simulation implies that counties labeled as “poor should be provided 10% more marginal personnel budget in order to hire an average teacher who meets the basic education requirements. However, fiscal assistances based on degree of remoteness do not show consistent patterns. The most remote counties can hire a comparable teacher at a cost of only 74% of the average, while those second most remote ones pay 3.6-11.8% more.
There are two major policy implications from the results of the study:
(1)The “Subsidy to Remote and Difficult Districts Scheme and the “Helping the Poor policy have different focuses. Though the former scheme may have public-goods considerations, the latter can give a clear and differentiative policy implication for education finance.
(2)It would be an equitable and efficient way to incorporate uncontrollable external factors into a teacher wage index(TCI), and to use it to adjust education financial strategies to these difficult areas.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
馬紅梅.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-173)
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
Ma Hongmei.
Chapter 第一章 --- 研究问题与背景 --- p.1
Chapter 第一节 --- 问题陈述 --- p.1
Chapter 一、 --- 研究问题 --- p.1
Chapter 二、 --- 研究目的 --- p.3
Chapter 三、 --- 研究意义 --- p.5
Chapter 第二节 --- 研究背景 --- p.7
Chapter 一、 --- 现实背景 --- p.7
Chapter 二、 --- 政策背景 --- p.12
Chapter 第三节 --- 论文结构 --- p.25
Chapter 第二章 --- 文献综述 --- p.27
Chapter 第一节 --- 特征工资理论的内容概要 --- p.27
Chapter 一、 --- 特征二因素主张 --- p.28
Chapter 二、 --- 特征的双重补偿 --- p.29
Chapter 三、 --- 职业效用最大化 --- p.32
Chapter 第二节 --- 特征工资理论之消费假说 --- p.33
Chapter 一、 --- 消费性补偿的工资理论 --- p.33
Chapter 二、 --- 消费性补偿经济学分析 --- p.34
Chapter 三、 --- 消费性补偿的现实意义 --- p.39
Chapter 第三节 --- 教师工资特征性补偿综述 --- p.44
Chapter 一、 --- 研究概况 --- p.44
Chapter 二、 --- 教师特征 --- p.47
Chapter 三、 --- 教职特征 --- p.48
Chapter 第四节 --- 教师工资分解的研究启示 --- p.50
Chapter 一、 --- 国外文献 --- p.51
Chapter 二、 --- 国内文献 --- p.52
Chapter 第三章 --- 研究设计 --- p.56
Chapter 第一节 --- 研究方法 --- p.56
Chapter 第二节 --- 数据描述 --- p.60
Chapter 一、 --- 数据来源 --- p.60
Chapter 二、 --- 样本信息 --- p.61
Chapter 第三节 --- 变量界定与分布 --- p.64
Chapter 一、 --- 因变量：教师月工资 --- p.65
Chapter 二、 --- 自变量：个人特征和岗位特征 --- p.68
Chapter 第四节 --- 研究架构 --- p.85
Chapter 一、 --- 分析结构 --- p.85
Chapter 二、 --- 模型界定 --- p.86
Chapter 第四章 --- 教师工资差异的形成机制 --- p.89
Chapter 第一节 --- 教师工资的影响因素 --- p.89
Chapter 一、 --- 教师个人特征：主导因素 --- p.89
Chapter 二、 --- 教职岗位特征：关键因素 --- p.90
Chapter 三、 --- 小结：决定教师工资的双重特征 --- p.91
Chapter 第二节 --- 基于教师个人特征的投资性收益 --- p.92
Chapter 一、 --- 解释变量：人力资本特征 --- p.92
Chapter 二、 --- 控制变量：个人背景特征 --- p.97
Chapter 三、 --- 小结：教师个人特征对工资的影响 --- p.103
Chapter 第三节 --- 基于教职岗位特征的消费性补偿 --- p.104
Chapter 一、 --- 学校实时工作环境 --- p.104
Chapter 二、 --- 县(区)社区人居环境 --- p.111
Chapter 三、 --- 小结：教职岗位特征对工资的影响 --- p.117
Chapter 第四节 --- 本章小结 --- p.119
Chapter 第五章 --- 国家政策对教师工资的影响 --- p.125
Chapter 第一节 --- 地区政策与教师工资 --- p.125
Chapter 一、 --- 边远艰苦地区政策与教师工资 --- p.125
Chapter 二、 --- 国家扶贫政策与教师工资 --- p.131
Chapter 三、 --- 小结：边穷地区政策与教师工资 --- p.134
Chapter 第二节 --- 地区政策的教育成本意义 --- p.136
Chapter 一、 --- 教师人员成本指数的建构 --- p.136
Chapter 二、 --- 边穷属性的成本指数 --- p.138
Chapter 三、 --- 小结：边穷地区政策的教育成本意义 --- p.143
Chapter 第三节 --- 本章小结 --- p.145
Chapter 第六章 --- 结语 --- p.148
Chapter 第一节 --- 主要实证结果 --- p.148
Chapter 一、 --- 教师工资差异的影响因素：个人特征与岗位特征 --- p.148
Chapter 二、 --- 教师工资差异的形成机制：特征性双重补偿 --- p.149
Chapter 三、 --- 边穷地区政策与教师工资的关系：消费性补偿 --- p.151
Chapter 四、 --- 地区政策的教育财政意义：教师工资成本指数化 --- p.152
Chapter 第二节 --- 政策启示 --- p.153
Chapter 一、 --- 教育财政意义 --- p.153
Chapter 二、 --- 完善地区政策 --- p.154
Chapter 第三节 --- 研究总结 --- p.155
Chapter 一、 --- 研究贡献 --- p.155
Chapter 二、 --- 研究不足 --- p.157
Chapter 三、 --- 研究展望 --- p.158
参考文献 --- p.160
附录 --- p.160

South African households are concerned with their financial wellness. This is evident through the recent social unrest, violent labour strikes and protest against government policies such as the demand for free higher education. The South African government’s redistributive policy to transfer funds from the financially well to the increasing number of financially unwell households are narrowing as the financially well households are declining in proportion to the total households. It is palpable that the situation is critical and decisive intervention is needed from the South African government, the private sector and labour unions. The main objective of this study was to investigate the main differences between households on the bottom end of the wealth spectrum compared to those on the top end in order to identify differentiating characteristics of the various groups in order to suggest targeted policy recommendations for the South African government to improve stability and increase the number of financially well households. In order to achieve this objective, the study was done in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a traditional literature review where the balance sheet composition and characteristics across disaggregated households on a local and international level was examined. The purpose of phase 1 was to gain insight into the trends and characteristics of different categories of households internationally and in South Africa. Phase 2 consisted of secondary data analysis which was performed in three sub-phases. In sub-phase 2.1 the household balance sheet was used to determine the per asset and liability class contribution to total assets and liabilities for each of the disaggregated financial wellness categories. Each asset and liability class component was ranked according to its contribution percentage within each of the financial wellness categories. The outcome of the ranking highlighted differences in the asset and liability classes’ contribution to total assets within each financial wellness grouping. Sub-phase 2.2 evaluated the optimality of the household balance sheet composition of a financial wellness category in relation to the next financial wellness category by making use of game theory. The last sub-phase (2.3) iv examined possible reasons, through correlation, for the sub-optimality found in phase 2.2. The results of the study indicated differences in each financial wellness category asset and liability compositions in the household balance sheet. Age, gender and number of household members did not affect household wealth in this study. In contrast, income level, employment status, home ownership, education and marital status affected household wealth. Game theory indicated that the highest financial wellness category (Anchored Well) did not have the strongest balance sheet. Possible reasons were identified as the composition of financial assets.
Accounting Sciences
M.Phil. (Accounting Science)