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Journal articles on the topic 'Wages – Economic aspects'
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1
Boháčková, I., and M. Hrabánková. "Income disparity of Czech agriculture – selected aspects." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 5 (June 13, 2008): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/250-agricecon.
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The paper is focused on the problems of income disparity in agriculture. This economic as well as social phenomenon is often discussed, especially at the administrative level, nevertheless, it has not been exactly defined and methodically delimited yet. The comparison of average wages of farmers with average wages in inhomogeneous industry and with average wages in the very sector-differentiated national economy used today can be considered as problematic. In the paper, the possible system of income disparity monitoring is suggested which would remove the current deficiencies. In its frame, a special attention is paid to regional aspects of income disparity and the relation of wages and labour productivity.
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Zaitsev, S. V., A. E. Visalova, V. M. Lyamasova, and A. E. Izmailov. "Analyzing the level of wages in the Astrakhan Oblast." Finance and Credit 26, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.3.565.
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Subject. The article considers theoretical aspects of nominal, accrued, real, and disposable wages and savings in the Astrakhan Oblast in various areas of economic activity. Objectives. The study aims to review movements in wages and their level, develop methods for assessing wages, calculate and analyze real wages and savings in the Astrakhan Oblast. Methods. The study draws on the analysis of data on the number of employees and their wages and salaries in the Astrakhan Oblast, which are provided by the Office for National Statistics, and the calculation of indicators based on these data. Results. We analyzed trends in wage increase and the number of employed population in the Astrakhan Oblast. The paper systematizes theoretical aspects of wage assessment, presents calculated indicators of real wages and savings of the employed population. The indicators of savings are divided into groups reflecting the level of household wealth. We provide diagrams illustrating the demand for labor in the Astrakhan Oblast. The findings may be useful for the analysis of living standard in the said area, its socio-economic level. They are also helpful for formulating directions for the region's development. Conclusions. Despite the growth of nominal wages in most spheres of economic activity, more than half of the population of the Astrakhan Oblast do not have incomes to satisfy all their social and spiritual needs, since a large portion of income goes to the minimum needs of subsistence, payment for utilities, cellular communication services and internet, and transport.
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Миргород, Екатерина, Ekaterina Mirgorod, Лидия Архипова, and Lidiya Arkhipova. "Basic Aspects of Macroeconomic of Wage ControlAsan Indicatorof the Economic Resilience of Russia." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 5, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59816b94e59460.46423677.
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The article deals with the issues of state and collective-contractual salary regulation, as the most important indicators of the sustainability of the socioeconomic development of the Russian Federation. The basic proportions in remuneration of labour in Russia and tendencies of their change in the light of their influence on the stability of the development of regions, the well-being of the population are analysed. The relationship between low size and wage imbalances and the scale of population poverty and social inequality is shown. The methods and instruments of regulation are described, the use of which would contribute to the creation of economic and organizational conditions for the formation of fair and decent wages. The territorial features of the ratio of wages and the value of the subsistence minimum are presented as an indicator of the differentiation of regions in terms of the standard of living of the population.
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Ilyashenko, V. V. "Financial and economic aspects of corporate social responsibility." SHS Web of Conferences 89 (2020): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208907002.
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The article shows the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in ensuring sustainable development of the country. The types of CSR and its features in various states are considered. The author describes the economy of the Russian Federation and its impact on the system of corporate social responsibility in the country. The high profitability of resource-extractive industries and their use of the country’s national wealth defines their special role in CSR not only towards their employees through wages and the allocation of social benefits from profit, but also to the society. It is shown that the established country’s political system significantly influences the possibility of implementing a system of corporate social responsibility. The author characterizes the significant regulatory and stimulating role of the state in social development through taxation and the structure of government spending. When assessing the financial conditions of CSR, the author analyses the impact of capital outflow on its development. Corporate social responsibility also includes the responsibility of organizations to the environment. The author provides a rating assessment of Russian oil and gas, mining and metallurgical companies openness in terms of environmental responsibility.
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Szekeres, V. "Foreign Capital and Economic Development in Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 3 (October 1, 2001): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.3.4.
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In economics literature, a number of authors emphasize the need to study both domestic and foreign enterprises in order to properly grasp the effect of foreign direct investment on the local economy. Differences between foreign and domestic enterprises stem from the fact that multinational enterprises operate in a global network extending into many countries, which most certainly exerts influence on all aspects of their production activity. This paper presents a comparative analysis of performance of domestic and three types of foreign enterprises in Hungary. Total-factor pro- ductivity, factor intensity, wages, export intensity, profitability, as well as the effective rate of tax are examined by the combined tools of comparison, regression analysis and Wilcoxon test for data of the whole economy of Hungary. While foreign firms are found to contribute to the revitalization of the economy as far as capital intensity, productivity, export performance and level of wages are concerned, they do not yet seem to produce profitably.
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Mortikov, Vitalii. "About surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market." Population 24, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.10.
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The objective of the article — to analyze not only microeconomic, but macroeconomic aspects of surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market, to research economic policy oriented on its redistribution. The concept of employer/employee surplus in the labor market is clarified. This surplus is a socio-economical phenomenon, some noneconomic factors must be taken into account in researching it. The influence of inflation, social and age characteristics, changes in the market positions of labor market subjects on their salary offers and surplus has been determined. It makes sense to differentiate between nominal and real surplus, fixed surplus and surplus that can be influenced. The article presents grouping of job advertisements based on salary formulation. Informational aspects of the identifying economic surplus are considered. The author proposes direct and indirect indicators to reveal the changes in economic surplus: wage proposals in the vacancy announcements, salary reviews, resume data, population polls, prices for services of individual entrepreneurs, dynamics of unemployment and shadow employment etc. Potential of the government policy on surplus redistribution and the regulation of employer/employee behavior is substantiated. Some instruments aimed at such redistribution through incomes of employers, employees are proposed: minimum wages regulations, changes in taxation (personal income taxation, wage taxes); indexation of personal incomes, subsidization of wages, antimonopoly and administrative regulation of prices. The government can also influence the behavior of surplus receivers through immigration policy. The influence of some instruments on surplus regulation is contradictory. Minimum wage regulations can increase and decrease the surplus at the same time.
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Mayangsari Runtu, Elizabeth Irianti. "PELEPASAN HAK ATAS UPAH DALAM PERJANJIAN BERSAMA ANTARA PENGUSAHA DAN PEKERJA/BURUH." Jurnal HUKUM BISNIS 3, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31090/hukumbisnis.v3i1.836.
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Humans must work to maintain their survival, without working humans will not be able to maintain their lives well. Economic development is inseparable from the name of employment which covers all aspects of people's lives where labor and employers conduct a work relationship as an effort to meet the economic needs of the community. Work agreements between employers and workers cannot be separated from the discussion of the problem of the amount of wages and the method of payment. In accordance with Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower Article 88 paragraph (1), paragraph (2) and paragraph (3a), the government establishes wage policies to protect workers in order to obtain income that fulfills decent livelihoods for humanity, including through minimum wages. In this thesis the constituent focuses on releasing the right to wages made by workers / laborers with a joint agreement between the parties, which also discusses sanctions imposed on employers if the employer pays a wage under the minimum wage stipulated by the local governor. And the compilation target in this journal is whether the release of rights in a collective agreement has binding power in the implementation of Constitutional Court No 72 / PUU-XIII / 2015 decision, of course in legal corridors as stipulated in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Labor. Hopefully this journal can be a useful reading and add insight to its readers.
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Šoltés, Viktor, Katarína Repková Štofková, and Filip Lenko. "The impact of foreign workforces on selected aspects of economic development of society." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 07057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219207057.
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Research background: The process of globalization brought changes in society that are manifesting themselves in many areas. One of the areas in which the greatest changes occurs is the socio-economic area. The development of society, which is associated with increasing competitiveness, the creation of new job positions, rising wages, and thus the quality of citizens’ life, can be examined through various indicators. The creation of new job positions brings with it changes in the labor market, especially in its opening for the arrival of foreign employees. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to point out the relationship between the development of society and the migration of the population for work. To this purpose, it is necessary to examine the development of foreigners’ employment in selected regions and the impact of this employment on the development of regional gross domestic product, wages of employees, household expenditure and other indicators. Methods: The development of regional disparities in the context of regional development will be examined through descriptive statistics and other coefficients measuring social disparities, such as the Gini coefficient. Subsequently the dependence between the employment of foreigners and individual indicators can be examined. Findings & Value added: Research findings can be used to support the development of the least developed regions and to increase their competitiveness. The findings can thus be used not only by public authorities (in the case of state support), but also by employers from the private sector (employment policy).
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Vence Conti, Agustina, and Eduardo Martín Cuesta. "PRICES AND WAGES IN THE 1890 CRISIS IN BUENOS AIRES." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 34, no. 2 (September 4, 2015): 267–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000257.
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ABSTRACTThe growth of Argentina’s economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was so great that it was called “The Great Expansion”. This explains the interest of economic historians to observe, analyze and explain the conditions under which such growth occurred. One of the topics is the 1890 crisis, or “Baring Crisis”. This was seen by contemporaries as the worst economic debacle of the nineteenth century. Studies in economic history have seen this crisis both their macroeconomic aspects, and from the impact that would have occurred in the population. Also, in recent years there has been a renewed interest in the production and analysis of series of prices and wages, as key to analyzing economic indicators economy conditions and living conditions and inequality. Given this historiographical renewal, in this article a new series of prices and wages of Buenos Aires in the late nineteenth century are presented. With this new information, and open discussion with previous works, a new perspective on the evolution of prices and wages is provided, with a different perspective on the impact of the 1890 crisis.
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Firov, N. V. "Wages in the Russian Federation: status, problems, areas of improvement." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 33, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2017-33-4-77-85.
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The state of wage systems at the enterprise level, in the sectoral and regional aspects is considered. The main problems arising from the current situation in the wage system are formulated, its influence on the social and economic differentiation of society is shown, the main directions of development are revealed.
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Muchtar, Muchtar. "IMPACT OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ON INDONESIA ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 15, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v15i1.2081.
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<p>Indonesia participates in various free trade agreements with its main trading partners and it raises a research problem namely whether the participation would create benefits for Indonesia economic performances. Then, the research problem generates research questions that are what are the impacts of free trade agreements several aspects particularly for economic, social, and environment.<br />Main objectives of this research will focus to assess the impacts of free trade agreements on: (i) economic aspects such as economic growth, export and import performances, balance of trade, terms of trade, investment, inflation, government expenditure and consumption, and sector output; (ii) social aspect such as labor market, wages, income gap between skilled and unskilled labor, social welfare; and (iii) environment aspect.<br />Method of the research employs an economic model of computable general equilibrium on international trade, namely Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP Model 8 version). There are two policy simulations of tariff reduction namely; (i) Simulation I, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 65% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 85%; (ii) Simulation II, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 80% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 100% The research found that in general, impact of free trade agreement benefit for Indonesia economic performances, it indicated by economic variables that contribute positively to the economic performances are greater than economic variables that contribute negatively to the economic performances. The positive economic variables are economic growth, export performance, terms of trade, balance of trade, investment, government expenditure and consumption, wages, social welfare. While the negative economic variables are import performance, inflation, sector output, labor market, income gap of skilled and unskilled labors, emission proliferation.Research limitations related to the secondary data sources that depend on data published by international and national institutions as well as the data that already embodied in the GTAP Model. Policy implication to the government policy namely: (i) to undertake economic and trade reform to improve competitiveness; (ii) to undertake deeply comprehensive study before participation in the FTA; (iii) to give assistances for loser business particularly for small and medium enterprises; (iv) to socialize actively about the FTA to related business community.</p>
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TOROGELDIEVA, A. B. "SOCIO-HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE KYRGYZ ECONOMY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 10 (2020): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.10.03.003.
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The article deals with the organization of pension provision in Kyrgyzstan in the conditions of transition to a market economy. The author concludes that pension provision is a process of material support directly related to an individual's work activity, the size, terms and conditions of which are derived from the amount of wages, working conditions, work experience, etc. This provision is based on the economic interests of generations with different levels of income and economic development.
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MacCoun, Robert, and Peter Reuter. "Are the Wages of Sin $30 an Hour? Economic Aspects of Street-Level Drug Dealing." Crime & Delinquency 38, no. 4 (October 1992): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038004005.
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One hundred and eighty-six probationers in Washington, D.C., who acknowledged a recent history of drug dealing were interviewed regarding their legitimate and illegitimate activities. They reported median net earnings of $721 per month from drug sales - $2,000 per month among the 37% who reported selling drugs selling drugs on a daily basis. These figures compare with median monthly earnings of $800 from legitimate employment for the 75% who reported such earnings. Street-level drug dealing appears to be a complement to, rather than a substitute for, legitimate employment, and it appears to be less profitable than media reports would suggest.
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Voznyak, Halyna, and Iryna Zherebylo. "Social aspects of Ukrainian economy development: current state and new challenges." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 5(139) (2019): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-5-5.
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Modern changes in the economy of Ukraine caused by the socio-political situation in the country as well as a number of initiated reforms encourage scientific exploration of the socio-economic development of the country. The purpose of the article is to conduct a problem-oriented analysis of the social component of the economy of Ukraine. The article presents the results of a study of socio-economic development of Ukraine during the past five years. The following areas of analysis were selected: labor markets, poverty, unemployment, income / expenditures of the population. Low growth rates of the subsistence level are proven to be causing a decrease in social standards, which negatively affects the living standards of the population in Ukraine; a significant drop in real income of the population in 2014-2015 aggravated the purchasing power of the population; the increase in the share of wages and social benefits in the structure of the population's income during the analyzed period is an indication of the excessive dependence of the population's well-being on state support, as well as the absence of the so-called middle class in the country. The visible growth in the unemployment rate is caused by the military actions in the East of Ukraine, the deepening of the financial and economic crisis and the deterioration of the socio-political situation in the country. Emphasis is placed on differentiation in wages in economic sectors. Low level of the average salary in the budget sphere is proven to be caused by the peculiarities of calculating the size of the minimum salary on the basis of the subsistence minimum, which ultimately leads to the “depreciation” of the work of employees of the budgetary sphere and the reduction of the cost of highly skilled labor. Challenges to further development of Ukraine have been identified, such as excessive unemployment, poor level of remuneration, the level of social protection, military conflict in Eastern Ukraine among the key ones.
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ACHDUT, NETTA, and HAYA STIER. "The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Job Quality Components in Determining Welfare Exit." Journal of Social Policy 50, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000977.
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AbstractContemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit means tested public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labor market. Studies on welfare use determinants that traced these policy changes focused on individuals’ characteristics, economic condition, and various policy components. Little attention was paid to welfare recipients’ job quality or its role in determining welfare exit. The present study examined the contribution of various job quality aspects, beyond wages, to welfare exit among welfare recipients in Israel. We considered the use of workers’ own skills and occupation, existence of standard employment contract (versus temporary), irregular work schedule, and application of mandatory and non-mandatory non-wage compensation attributes. The data derive from a national panel survey of 2,800 single-mother recipients of welfare in 2003. The results indicate the importance of these job components for welfare exit, above and beyond wages. Implications for policy are discussed.
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Sotnikova, Yuliia, and Khalida Ahaverdiieva. "Psychological aspects of social security in Ukraine." Economics of Development 18, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ed.18(2).2019.05.
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Negative trends in the social sphere and the social problems that exist because of this lead to a sharpening of state national security issues. At the same time, domestic and foreign scholars do not pay sufficient attention to the psychological component of social security, which characterizes the subjective assessment of the state of the social sphere development by the population. This very aspect of social security has become a basis for the formulation of the research goal as an analysis of the state of social security of Ukraine in a regional context in accordance with the system of indicators taking into account the psychological component. The main methods of the investigation are analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, cluster analysis method. The practical result is the definition of the main components of national security, special attention is paid to the analysis of the interpretation of the definition of “social security” by domestic scientists. The expediency of allocating the psychological component of social security has been substantiated. The list of social security indicators has defined in accordance with the methodological recommendations for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine, namely: the ratio of nominal wages to the subsistence minimum per working age person; the ratio of the size of the labor pension to the subsistence minimum of the disabled persons; the number of HIV-infected persons with the first diagnosis, persons per 100 thousand people); the number of patients with active tuberculosis with the first diagnosis, persons per 100 thousand people; level of crime. The so-called indexes of social tension have been added to this list, which take into account the psychological aspect of the population of the state, namely: arrears of wages; the level of payment by the population of housing and communal services; the level of registered unemployment; the number of employees who were in forced full-time employment. A cluster analysis of the regions of Ukraine has carried out on the basis of the listed social security indicators, which resulted in the definition of regions with high indicators of social security, namely: Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Kyiv, Luhansk, Odesa and Kharkiv regions.
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Wołowiec, Tomasz. "ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF PROGRESSIVE AND PROPORTIONAL TAXATION OF INCOMES." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9939.
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The case for a flat tax has been around for over two decades. In the early 1980s, Robert Hall and Alvin Rabush-ka of the Hoover Institution developed a tax system that is based on a single rate of taxation for all sources of income, as close as possible to the source. All income is classified as either business income or wages and taxed at one rate, except for a personal allowance exempting lower income individuals and families from taxation (this makes the Hall-Rabushka proposal to some extent progressive). There are no other exemptions, no deductions, no loopholes. The other essential aspect of the flat tax system developed by Hall-Rabushka is radical simplification of the tax system, by removing any deductions or reliefs, and by eliminating double taxation. This proposal repre-sents a fundamental change in the way governments would collect tax revenue. Flat tax is believed to help reduce red tape and associated difficulties and confusion. With tax form down to size of postcard the flat tax system makes tax filling much simpler and more efficient; achieve simplicity, economic efficiency and fairness (same rate for all) – three principle of effective/sound taxation; reduce tax evasion and cheating, by lowering opportunity cost of avoiding taxes. Flat tax systems means elimination of relief, allowances and thus eliminates loopholes in the sys-tem and provide incentives to work, save and invest that trigger an economic boom.
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Andrei, Dalina, and Liviu C. Andrei. "Labour Market, Wages and Their Policies in the EU Area." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjbpa-2018-0003.
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Abstract Interesting and challenging is not exactly that economic thinking is divided between those who admit that labour would be a good negotiated on its specific market segment and those who don’t, but other two-three aspects. The one is that those who do admit it are classic, neoclassic and (interestingly!) Marxian schools. The last thinkers certainly see it as pejorative. Interesting is equally that those who ‘reject labour market concept’ work around the Keynesian thinking school. The author of ‘General Theory…’ rejected the idea that employer and employee could ever be economically equal to each other and that labour could keep any real market supply specific behaviour. Thirdly, Keynes was the first one who pointed to unemployment as a real modern problem, but also interestingly his view on the same unemployment wasn’t satisfactory for our present. At present, unemployment is a problem and even an unsolved one for the European economy and for the EU Organization. The EU documents might indicate it as a problem (and not only economic) and a policy priority, together with the wages issue, but basically employment and wages cannot make any policy priority against economic targets like productivity, cost reduction and industrial efficiency.
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Mashika, H. V. "Economic and geographical aspects of research into the economic potential of the Carpathian region." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 3 (October 5, 2019): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111943.
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The article clarifies that during the administrative and territorial reform in Ukraine an important role is played by the capacity of the territory and the efficiency of the economic -managerial operations, in the assessment of which the most significant indicator is the availability of economic potential of the territory. Regarding the natural and geographical aspects of the research of the territorial structure of the economic complex of the Carpathian region, this region has a substantial natural capacity for the development of economic potential. Therefore, this region has all the preconditions to become one of the most developed regions of Ukraine . There are different classifications of the resources which make up and form the natural potential of the region. One of them is the allocation of resources according to the production spheres and industries where they can be applied, such as agricultural; non-productive; industrial. When it comes to the economic aspects of the research on the territorial structure of the economic complex of the Carpathian region, their dynamics are determined by the demographic situation of the region. Their dynamics are characterized by decrease in the rural population, cutback of the growth rate of the rural population, its ageing (individuals over 70 years old take up the largest share in the general age structure of the population), and emigration of young people, which is observed alongside some positive tendencies in birth rate increase. Accordingly, the processes of labour force ageing negatively affect the informational enhancement of all spheres of economy functioning throughout the region. This is connected with the failure of the region to embrace the state-of-the-art technologies. Such a demographic situation has influenced the structure of the labour market, the formation of which is accompanied by the release of a significant amount of labour resources and the deterioration of the situation in occupation and employment. At the same time, the freeing up of border crossing has contributed to the mass emigration of villagers to neighbouring countries seeking for employment. This has happened as a consequence of the economic processes that have taken place in the region, which are: high unemployment, prevalence of part-time jobs, and low wages. When we take into account the available and favourable natural, economic, scientific and technical factors in the development of the economic complex in the region, its historical and geographical inheritance, it is clear that strategic goals should include reasonable use of natural, material and technical, labour and intellectual capacities, and creation of an effective economic system. Such a system has to be able to provide material needs of various industries of the territorial economy and increase the level of environmental safety in the region. Herewith, based on the received data on the socio-economic and ecological status, we have identified are some main priorities for developing the Carpathian region. These priorities are as follows: development of tourist and recreational, agricultural and industrial, and forestry complexes; development of the non-productive sphere (especially in the area of mountainous territories); increase of the economic development of the Carpathian region; protecting the environment and raising the responsibility for the irrational use of natural resources and large amounts of pollutant emissions into the environment; taking measures to restore the historical and cultural traditions of the Carpathian region.
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Nasreen, Shagufta, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "Economic Globalization And Women’s Employment: Study Of Industrial Sector Of Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 5, no. 1 (December 8, 2011): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v5i1.392.
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Globalization is a term which has different meanings for different people and the reason is its multidimensional connection with economic, political, social, cultural, environmental and many other aspects shaping the lives of people around the world. Although it has vast meaning but one of its important aspects is economic this has appeared to be the major factor of influence for its other dimensions as well. This study explores the impacts of these policies on women working in industrial sector of Karachi. The impacts are not on employment but their health, safety, working conditions and decision making. It shows that formal jobs for women was already low and informal, contract based jobs are increasing. In some sectors more women are hired because of their perceived docile, tolerant and satisfied with substandard wages. Majority of women are hired in garments. Analysis of secondary data from the year 1990-2009 shows that the perceived idea of growth, increase in employment and development was not successful. Economic globalization in the form of economic policies of trade liberalization, privatization and fiscal austerity could not improve the macroeconomic indicators of Pakistan thereby increasing burden on poor, salaried class and women.
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Li, Jiangtao, Jianyue Ji, and Yanxia Wang. "A study of the relationship between employee wage and commercial banks efficiency in China." Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management 7, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchrm-07-2016-0015.
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Purpose Efficiency of a commercial bank affects both its competitiveness and the role it plays in the process of economic development. Although great efforts have been exerted in developing the various aspects of banking efficiency, there seems to be a lack of research on examining the impact of the bank efficiency from the employee wage perspective. The mechanism of how employee wage affects commercial bank efficiency and the relationship between the two were analyzed in this paper. Based on the growing body of research on efficiency in banking, the aim of this paper is to examine if competitiveness of employee wages at any commercial bank has any impact on the bank efficiency score. Design/methodology/approach The method used was quantitative analysis, which was based on comparing the evaluated efficiencies of the banks with employee wages published in the bank reports. The empirical data in this paper were based on 16 Chinese listed commercial banks from 2004 to 2012. The per capita wage of commercial banks was selected as the wage indicator, and the efficiency value obtained by the slack-based measure (SBM) model was selected as the efficiency indicator. According to the calculated data, the Tobit regression model was built to analyze the relationship between employee wage and commercial bank efficiency. Findings The research results show that employee wage is the key variable that influences the efficiency of Chinese commercial banks, and the inverted U-shaped relationship between employee wage and commercial banks efficiency shows up. Practical implications The wage structure data of the composition of basic pay and bonus were not available at the time of conducting the research. Per capita wages were used instead to reflect the employee wage levels of Chinese banks. Originality/value This study can provide some help for the banking industry by analyzing the wage levels from the perspective of efficiency and also further enriches the theoretical system of the relationship between employee wage and bank efficiency.
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Sumarni, Yenti. "Manajemen Ekonomi Islam dalam Menangani Pandemi Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) di Indonesia." Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/ba.v5i1.3123.
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This COVID-19 case can affect macroeconomic aspects in general. In this journal, aspects of previously published by McKibbin and Wilcoxen will be developed of Warwick McKibbin and Roshen Fernando. In this Journal will analyze sharia management on transactions using money by the Central Bank, nominal wages and financial policy. The journal uses qualitative research methods with natural research methods because the research is conducted in natural conditions. The findings of this study are First, transactions using the central bank. The concept of Islamic economics, transactions using official money issued by the government. money is used in transactions for activities that work and works as a precaution in an emergency conversation. Second, the nominal payment has been realized properly in accordance with the Islamic economy, it can be seen from the policies set by the government and related ministries. The third concerning economic policy has objectives related to Islamic economics. For further research, it is expected to conduct research on asset accounts and fund flows and the merging of two different models between households and companies so that aspects of McKibbin and Wilcoxen can be full analyzed.
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Gutsalenko, L. V., and D. O. Mokiienko. "Modern remuneration system in foreign country." Bioeconomics and Agrarian Business 11, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bioeconomy2020.01.040.
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The article describes the formation features of modern remuneration systems, taking into account the main aspects and methods of labour organization in foreign countries. It also determines the requirements for compulsory salary increase in certain foreign countries. The article focuses on the observers’ forecast of remuneration level changes and the formation of five trends in employee salary and additional payments, such as: regular bonus payments for performance; transparent remuneration; more employees will receive bonuses; analysis of equity aimed at remuneration payments; the formation by states of their own minimum wage policy. It notes that there has been a positive economic change and an increase in demand among states due to increased political influence on the establishment of minimum wages. The data on the minimum wage for January 2020 has been studied and it was pointed that in 2020 Ukraine took the fifteenth place out of 54 countries in the growth rating of minimum wages in the world. Moreover, the main components of the system used at enterprises to provide incentives and increase productivity of employees have been determined. It is also noted that in some foreign countries there is a tendency to regulate and establish maximum wages of intellectual workers. The article gives a comparative analysis of wages of intellectual workers versus manual workers; and it indicates that the wages of intellectual workers are on average higher than wages of manual workers: in Germany – by 20%; in Italy and Denmark — by 22 %; in Luxembourg — by 44 %; in France and Belgium — by 61 %. In comparison with qualified workers, craftsmen earn more: in Germany – by 15%; in the Netherlands — by 23 %, in France— by 30 %, in Belgium — by 40 %. In the United States, lower-level executives (craftsmen, group and sector leaders) have an annual income on average 1.5 times higher than an annual income of manual workers. The article points out that foreign countries tend to use and combine various remuneration systems, each of which consists of two parts: basic (permanent) and additional (variable). It has been suggested to improve and develop new approaches to provide incentives for employees of domestic enterprises that will have a positive impact on their performance.
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Drydakis, Nick. "Bullying at school and labour market outcomes." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 8 (October 28, 2014): 1185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2012-0122.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-term correlates of bullying in school with aspects of functioning in adult employment outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Bullying is considered and evaluated as a proxy for unmeasured productivity, and a framework is provided that outlines why bullying might affect employment outcomes through differences in skills and traits. Using Bivariate and Heckit models the paper employs a variety of specifications and finds several interesting patterns. Findings – By utilising the 2008 Greek Behavioural Study data set the regression outcomes suggest that labour force participation, employment rate and hourly wages are negatively affected by bullying. In addition, men, homosexuals, immigrants, unmarried people, those having higher negative mental health symptoms, and those having lower human capital are more negatively affected by bullying in terms of labour force participation, employment probability and hourly wages. Moreover, Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions suggest that labour force participation gaps, employment gaps and hourly wage gaps between minority and majority groups, especially for gay men and the disabled, can be explained by bullying incidents. Practical implications – It seems likely that having been a victim of bullying also has economic implications later in life due to withdrawal from the labour market and lower wages. Originality/value – The retrospective bullying index used in the current study measured the combined and ordered effect of the duration and intensity of bullying, which generates 17 outcomes that ultimately capture a large range of alternative options. In addition, the author suggested that bullying might be understood as a productivity trait that provides a direct input into the production process, which might drive abilities or traits and influence adult employment outcomes. Contemporary economic analysis suggests that cognitive and non-cognitive skills are important factors that affect labour productivity through reasoning ability and productivity.
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Silineviča, Irēna, and Ivana Slovikova. "RESEARCH INTO SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS RELATED TO EMIGRATION: THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA AND LATVIA." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 7 (October 21, 2015): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2015vol1.7.1189.
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The common problem in the EU countries is a high rate of youth unemployment. Many well- educated young people emigrate from their native countries with the aim to look for better job opportunities abroad. Slovakia and Latvia are the countries with a high rate of youth emigration. The major reason for emigration is the economic situation in both countries - high rate of unemployment and low wages. Usually emigrants from these countries are employed as unskilled workers abroad. Thereby the native countries of emigrants lose well-educated people but the destination countries of migrants do not exploit the skills and knowledge of these people. In this case this problem is a social problem at the EU level. The aim of this research study is to evaluate and to compare the economic situation in Slovakia and Latvia, as well as in the destination countries of migrants. Suggestions referred to the decrease in human capital flight or brain drain from Latvia and Slovakia are presented in this paper. The main sources exploited in the analysis embrace the European statistical database and the statistical databases of the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Latvia. This research focuses on the annual data of two countries covering a period of 2004-2014. The year 2004 for both countries is the year of their accession to the EU. The main research methods employed in this study are as follows: comparison analysis, statistical analysis, content analysis.
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Dukhanina, I. V., A. G. Malyavin, O. Yu Alexandrova, and M. V. Dukhanina. "Objective assessment of quality of work and material stimulation of medical staff in a hospital." PULMONOLOGIYA, no. 6 (December 28, 2005): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2005-0-6-77-80.
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We propose and substantiate criteria of objective assessment of quality of work of medical staff in a hospital facility in order to restrict a length of inpatient treatment, to improve work of a doctor and a whole department and to achieve adequate material stimulation and appropriate wages. The criteria consider economic, medical and social aspects, allow computerized analysis of a doctor's and a department work, systematic analysis on clinical conferences and disclosure of factors worsening the quality of inpatients treatment.
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Bin Lahuri, Setiawan. "PERLINDUNGAN ISLAM TERHADAP BURUH." Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v4i2.223-238.
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In Islam, the determination of wages is not only based on the quality of labor as the physical, mental, work experience, professionalism and so on. But there are other considerations, they are aspects of personal and family needs. Thus, there are important implications of the theory above, the Islamic theory of wage determination is in contrast to the capitalist economic system, and there are elements in common with the socialist economic system. Mechanisms of wage determination in Islam does not depend on the institutional market. Islam is a religion that upholds universal human values. Islam is very concerned with the rights and obligations of all people, including the workers and laborers. Teaching that can be seen from several hadith clearly provides real assurance that the workers have to work in a comfortable state, far from the threat of layoffs, delays in awarding salary, job demands beyond the limits of human ability and so on. Thus, Islam gives an overview of the importance of laborers and workers in human life. Islam gives us the importance of laborers and workers in human life. Islam thus providing strong values as a form of protection to the workers and employees.
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Lanchenko, Yevhenii. "Efficiency of production of the blocked ground products: economic and social aspects." University Economic Bulletin, no. 41 (March 30, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-41-22-29.
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Topicality. Vegetables and mushrooms of the blocked ground are indispensable products of human food ration. They are grown by rural households and enterprises of the blocked ground. The research of the efficiency of production of the blocked ground is relevant because it provides food security of the country and employment of the rural population during the winter and spring. Formulation of the problem. At present, attention is not paid to the social problems of the agrarian sector of the economy and rural areas. As a result of the reformation of land relations, the number of workers of agricultural enterprises and rural population is rapidly decreasing. Almost the other side is the problem of increasing the social efficiency of the agrarian economy. Activities of enterprises of the blocked ground are aimed at the production and provision of vegetable and mushroom products of the population of the country during the off-season period. This reduces seasonal labor in the industry and unemployment in the countryside. The subject of research covers the scientific and practical principles of effective production of products of the blocked ground in the context of socio-economic development of rural areas. The aim of the work is to substantiate the directions of ensuring the efficient production of agricultural products in enterprises of the blocked ground. Methods of conducting research: statistic-economic; monographic; system approach; abstract-logical. Results of the work: economic analysis of the production of agricultural products of the blocked ground in Ukraine as a whole and in the context of economic forms; economic, technical and social-labor directions of increasing the efficiency of economic activity in enterprises of the blocked ground are substantiated. Practical implementation: the process of developing state and local programs for the development of the agrarian sector of the economy and promoting employment, the state investment policy, management and economic work in enterprises of the blocked ground. Conclusions: the importance of controlling the costs of production of blocked ground and ensuring rational employment of the population in the agrarian sector of the economy in the inter-season period is determined; the directions of increase of profitability, number of employees and their wages in enterprises of the blocked ground are grounded.
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Mamyachenkov, Vladimir N. "Soviet Citizens’ Wages and Their Purchasing Power in 1940–1955 (Sverdlovsk Region)." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 5 (October 10, 2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2227-6564-v045.
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Material living conditions of the Soviet population during World War II and in the postwar years have been studied by a large number of scholars. At the same time, few publications deal with wages as a socio-economic category. This article aimed to examine the level, dynamics, and purchasing power of Soviet citizens’ wages in 1940–1950, taking the Sverdlovsk Region as an example. The chosen topic is relevant, since payment for work is, in the majority of cases, the most important incentive to human activity. The period under consideration was extremely eventful for the Soviet Union, encompassing the Great Patriotic War and the postwar reconstruction. From 1940 up to the early 1960s, the number of scholarly publications on the problematic aspects of wages was rather limited. Importantly, this paper claims that the analysis of wages is unproductive without taking into account the specifics of the realities of Soviet everyday life, which affected consumption figures. It is noted that during the war, the state ration prices remained practically unchanged, while commercial prices rose more than tenfold, which made the goods virtually inaccessible to the vast majority of consumers. The author concludes that the prewar level of consumption for most citizens of the USSR was achieved by the early 1950s.
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Darmawan, M. Indra, Jaka Darma Jaya, Adzani Ghani Ilmannafian, and Rika Safitri. "ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA GREEN POLYBAG DARI LIMBAH INDUSTRI KELAPA SAWIT." Mimbar Agribisnis: Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ma.v6i1.2578.
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Green polybag is one result of the utilization of palm oil waste. Green polybag which is eco-friendly will be needed, so it has opportunity to be marketable comodity. This study aimed to determine the business feasibility of establishing green polybag business. Data were collected by observation, interview and documentation. The method used were analysis of technical aspects, analysis of economic aspects based on the calculation of business feasibility namely Break Event Point (BEP) production, BEP rupiah, Return On Investment (ROI), Payback Period (PBP) and Benefit Cost Ratio (B / C), analysis of market aspects and sensitivity analysis. Analysis of technical aspects show that the availability of raw materials were sufficient, the equipment used was feasible and the processing method was easy. Based on economic aspects the results of BEP production was 4.216.58, BEP rupiah was Rp.5.059.897.66, ROI was 12.17%, PBP was 7.86 months and B / C was 1.13. Analysis of market aspects showed that the prospect of a green polybag business has a great opportunity based on none competitors. Sensitivity analysis based on the assumption of an increase in wages of labor with a percentage of 8.34% per year of business was feasible, assuming an increase in the cost of tapioca flour with a percentage of 3.5%, 3% and 3% were also said feasible based on B / C value ratio> 1.
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Susidenko, Yuliіa. "Directions for improving internal audit methods of expenses on enterprises business payment." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 19 (May 31, 2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.19.2019.2.
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The purpose of the article is to summarize and critically evaluate the current theoretical positions, methodologies, organization and practices of accounting and audit of labor costs, develop recommendations for their improvement and practical use for the adoption of sound accounting and management decisions at leading enterprises of Ukraine in modern economic conditions. The main directions of improvement of the methodology of audit of labor costs are considered, it is proved that wages are one of the factors of the efficiency of the enterprise, since the size of the accrued wages, the timeliness and completeness of settlements with employees affects the quality of work of hired workers and the amount of expenses of the enterprise. It is proved that one of the main factors influencing the effective activity and competitiveness of the enterprise is the cost of labor remuneration. For the employer company, the wages of its employees are one of the most important items of expenditure. In the current difficult economic situation in Ukraine, issues relating to the payment of labor citizens is one of the most important places. Introduction of new systems and forms of remuneration, automation of accounting and auditing, introduction of electronic document management is a prerequisite for further development of business and competitiveness in the labor market, along with growing labor migration abroad. The methodology of the research is to use the fundamental provisions of modern economic science, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the issue of ensuring the totality of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of accounting and auditing of labor costs. The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in theoretical substantiation and development of methodical approaches and practical recommendations for improving accounting and auditing of labor costs of enterprises. Conclusions. One of the main factors influencing the effective activity and competitiveness of the enterprise is the cost of labor remuneration. For the employer company, the wages of its employees are one of the most important items of expenditure. For the improvement of the system of wages and employee motivation, a flexible model based on performance criteria is proposed, which will increase the interest of employees in individual indicators as well as in the final results of the work of the business entity.
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Gavranovic, Ante. "How to deal with new challenges? Economic, technological and social aspects of the textile and clothing industry." Textile & Leather Review 1, no. 1 (June 2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2018.vol1.iss1.p29-33.a3.
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Economic, financial and political development has strongly influenced on the textile industry, which accelerated the pace of change. In order to catch the pace it is necessary to take certain steps now or in the near future. The Far East countries record high economic growth, while other, mostly developed industrial countries growth has considerably declined. Consumer behaviour tends to restrain from purchasing of clothing products, raw material prices are growing and lack of raw materials on the market is noticeable. These trends are causing a certain amount of restlessness in the textile industry. The textile and clothing industry have their distinctive features visible in a manufacturing sector which dominantly depends on brand name firms that spread their business all over the world. Production mainly takes place in developing and fast growing countries, since their production destinations, working conditions and wages are most affordable. For example, about 90 % of clothing items sold in northern countries are produced in Eastern Europe or at the Far East. At the same time, in the northern countries, where most of clothing products are sold, manufacturing facilities of the clothing industry almost doesn’t exist.
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Krishka, V. I., and N. N. Solopova. "EMPIRICAL AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OF LABOR FORCE REPRODUCTION SPECIFICS IN THE SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN ECONOMIC." Economics Profession Business, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201986.
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The article considers the General economic model of labor reproduction in relation to the market economy, including the stages of its purchase and sale, productive consumption (labor), purchase by employees of consumer goods and the process of their consumption. In particular, it is proposed to start the analysis of labor force reproduction with its employment, which means the transfer to the employer of the right of employees to manage the labor force for a certain working time, while retaining the right of employees to receive income in the form of wages for “work performed”. The article emphasizes that “completed work” is a product of a special kind, the market of which is formed within economic organizations to link monetary remuneration to a specific work performed. In this regard, it is proposed to switch to calculating the average median value of disposable wages, taking into account the formation of normal savings to compensate for consumer durables that are part of the main consumer capital, instead of the arithmetic average of accrued wages, which is currently practiced. The article draws attention to the fact that the consumption process includes various aspects related, for example, to the production function of households, leisure, child rearing and the formation of the so-called “human capital”. It is suggested that the practice of paying benefits related to “maternity capital” should be expanded and linked to a targeted approach aimed at the reproduction of the labor force.
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Viatkin, Konstantyn. "TERRITORIAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF URBAN PLANNING SYSTEMS: INFLUENCE FACTORS." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 76 (March 1, 2021): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.76.37-48.
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The article is devoted to the definition of certain aspects of the territorial-spatial development of urban planning systems. The article identifies the basic centers of attraction by analyzing the main economic indicators of Ukraine's development. Based on the analysis of migration links, centers of attraction of the population were identified, which have high indicators of the economic block of functions of the urban planning system. Analyzing the systems of population settlement and spatial-territorial planning, it is advisable to note that meeting the needs of the population and the processes of socio-economic development of territories is determined by determining the zones of influence of individual centers that perform a number of economic, social, environmental and spatial functions. The boundaries of the influence of such centers are determined by a set of socio-economic ties and depend on the scale of the center of influence of its economic development and the degree of urbanization. The largest center of attraction for the population in Ukraine is the capital Kiev. The next cities in terms of attractiveness that significantly affect the migration processes of the population are the cities of Kharkov, Lviv, Odessa and Dnipro. These cities have similarly high indicators of the economic block of functions of the urban planning system. Analysis of economic indicators of the development of territories showed the dependence of the development of the level of wages. The higher the indicators of economic development of territories, the more attractive it is for the population and acts as a center of gravity. However, it should be noted that for further analysis of territorial development, it is advisable to introduce indicators of the efficiency of economic systems, providing workers with social guarantees and analysis of the level of wages, are important indicators of the impact on territorial attractiveness.
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Aisyah, Sitti, and Sulastri Sulastri. "Tracing the Labor Absorption Rate in the Medium and Large Industrial Sectors." EcceS (Economics, Social, and Development Studies) 7, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v7i2.17992.
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The high rate of population growth and the workforce raises the problem of job opportunities, because it involves various aspects both economic and non-economic. At the same time as massive industrialization, it is not automatically able to create adequate work. This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of the number of business units, the provincial minimum wage, and economic growth on the rate of labor absorption in the medium and large industrial sectors in South Sulawesi in the period 2010-2019. This research is expected to be one of the benchmarks for the government and private sector in paying attention to the absorption rate of labor in the industrial sector in South Sulawesi. The type of research used in this research is quantitative. The type of data used in this study is secondary data. The data used in this study are time series data in the years 2010-2019. The results of this study indicate that (1) the number of business units has a positive and significant effect on the rate of employment in the industrial sector in the province of South Sulawesi, (2) the provincial minimum wage has a negative and significant effect on the rate of employment in the medium and large industrial sector in South Sulawesi, (3) economic growth has a significant effect in a negative direction on employment in the medium and large industrial sectors in South Sulawesi. The government should design an industrialization policy direction that should be more inclusive, the incoming investment should be based on empowering local workers, reducing unemployment, creating more expansive employment opportunities and synergizing local economic development.Keywords: Economic Growth; Industry; Labor; Wages.
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Onyshchenko, Volodymyr, Anna Kozachenko, and Taina Zavora. "Region Housing Policies in Terms of its Social and Economic Security." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14368.
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The basics of the state housing policies formation are explored. Analysis of the housing policies formation directions in terms of transformational changes is conducted. Connection between economic and social spheres in the context of region social and economic security providing is substantiated. Special aspects of housing policies impact on region social and economic security formation are defined. Simulation of housing policies impact on region social and economic security is conducted. Integral estimation of housing policies is developed and its connection with some of the principal regional development social and economic indices is analyzed. Correlational relationships between the received housing policies integral estimation and such indices as household income, personal expenditures on goods and services purchasing, population income differentiation R/P 10%, proportion of population with lower monthly income per capita than enacted living wages, correlation between monetary income of the most and the least haves 10% of population, and number of sicknesses. Dependence between people income from relative indices such as housing resources in average per capita and capital investment into house building is defined.
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Antes, Danielle Ledur, Daniela Furuzawa Ribeiro, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Tânia Rosane Bertoldo Benedetti, and Eleonora d'Orsi. "Socioeconomic profile of the elderly in Florianópolis: Comparative analysis studies Perfil do Idoso 2002 and EpiFloripa Idoso 2009." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1415-790x201400010015eng.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the socioeconomic profile of the population aged 60 or older living in Florianópolis in 2002 and 2009. METHODS: Data were obtained through the studies Perfil do Idoso 2002 and EpiFloripa Idoso 2009 based on household surveys. RESULTS: There was a predominance of aged 60 to 69 years old, married and living with spouse and children. There was a significant improvement in the level of education and, on the economic aspects, retirement remains the main source of income, increasing the number of families receiving no more than three minimum wages and reducing those with monthly income above 10 minimum wages. The number of older adults who considers their current financial situation better than age 50 increased as the proportion of subjects with fair/poor self-perception health. It was also highlighted greater purchasing private health insurance. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the two studies presented here can support the actions of managers in order to bring effective results to the population.
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Kasdi, Muh Fajrin. "Transformation Of Social And Economic Livelihoods Of Rubber Farmers." EcceS (Economics, Social, and Development Studies) 7, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v7i2.17946.
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Rubber production in Bulukumba Regency continues to increase the amount of production every year, to be precise in Bulukumpa District, Batulohe Village. But in fact, the life of rubber farmers is still very far from prosperous. The novelty of this research is to try to capture the livelihoods of rubber farmers from sociological and economic aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of land tenure, wage levels, education levels, access to information, and trade value chains in Batulohe Village, Bulukumpa District. This research was conducted in Batulohe Village, Bulukumpa District, Bulukumba Regency. This type of research is qualitative ethnographic in nature, this model seeks to study cultural events, which present the subject's view of life as an object of study. The data source of this research comes from direct interviews with rubber farmers. Data processing and data validation techniques used were source triangulation techniques to test the validity of the information obtained from informants. The results showed that there was no imbalance in land tenure structure because in fact the community already owned land. The level of wages given to farm laborers is not proportional because it does not follow the prevailing rubber price trend. The education level of farmers is still relatively low. Meanwhile, existing access to information is not transparent and unequal because it is monopolized by traders at both the village and city levels. Finally, the trade chain that occurs involves several actors, starting from farmers, village traders, urban traders to the processing industry, which tends not to benefit farmers. A big push intervention policy from the government is needed so that there will be a redistribution of fiscal allocations to the poor and an improvement in livelihoods and income. Keywords: Rubber Farmers, Social Economic; Welfare.
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Melnyk, Iryna. "DIAGNOSTICS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION OF COMMODITY CIRCULATION SPHERE IN UKRAINE." Economic Analysis, no. 28(4) (2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.04.023.
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Introduction. The article focuses on the study of the role of the commodity circulation sphere in the social and economic development of Ukraine and the consequences of modernization of this sector for society and economy. Purpose. The article aims to diagnose positive and negative trends in the development of the commodity circulation sphere in the process of its social and economic modernization. Method (methodology). To achieve the goal, it is carried out the economic assessment of such indicators of the development of the commodity circulation sector as the volume of retail turnover per unit of the existing population; the population's supply of retail space; the retail turnover per one retail trade object; the turnover of goods stocks; labour productivity; number of employees and wages according to the State Statistics Service. The object of the study is the development of the commodity circulation sphere in Ukraine. The subject of the research is the scientific and practical principles of the diagnostics of the commodity circulation sphere in the conditions of its social and economic modernization. Results. It is noted that the efficiency of functioning and development of the commodity circulation sphere in Ukraine is still not on the sufficient level. Such characteristics as retail trade turnover per unit of population in rural areas, rural population's supply of shops, volumes and levels of employment, wages, and in particular its material and immaterial stimulation have to be improved within the social plan. The negative aspects and trends of the social and economic modernization of the commodity circulation sphere in Ukraine, which have been revealed, should be taken into account when planning and implementing a more qualitative, well-balanced and effective state policy in this area.
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Becker, Daniel M. "The Addicts on Main Street." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 3 (2018): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110518804211.
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Mortality rates for middle-aged whites in the U.S. are rising due to drugs, alcohol, and depression. Unique to our country, these “deaths of despair” disproportionately occur among the under-educated, who are at particular risk for dying young. At one time, less-educated persons aspired to work in the same factory as their parents, at union wages, with benefits. Those jobs, and the sense of community and prosperity and security they allowed, are evaporating. Many former workers suffer from chronic pain, which underlies America's ongoing opioid overdose epidemic. The pain is not only physical. It is psychic, spiritual, and economic.
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Pujiharti, Yulia, Oteng Haridjaja, Eriyatno, and I. Wayan Rusastra. "Sustainable Dry Land Management Model on Corn Agribusiness System." Journal of Tropical Soils 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2008.v13i1.67-76.
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The study aimed at building model of dry land management. Dynamic System Analysis was used to build model and Powersim 2.51 version for simulating. The parameter used in model were fertilizer (urea, SP-36, ACL), productivity (corn, cassava, mungbean), soil nutrient (N, P, K), crop nutrient requirements (corn, cassava, mungbean, mucuna), price (corn, cassava, mungbeans corn flour, feed, urea, SP-36, KCl), food security credit, area planted of (maize, cassava, mungbean), area harvested of (maize, cassava, mungbean), (corn, cassava, mungbean) production, wages and farmer income. Sustainable indicator for ecology aspect was soil fertility level, economic aspects were productivity and farmer income, and social aspects were job possibility and traditions. The simulation result indicated that sustainable dry land management can improve soil fertility and increase farmer revenue, became sustainable farming system and farmer society. On the other hand, conventional dry land management decreased soil fertility and yield, caused farmer earnings to decrease and a farm activity could not be continued. Fertilizer distribution did not fulfill farmer requirement, which caused fertilizer scarcity. Food security credit increased fertilizer application. Corn was processed to corn flour or feed to give value added.
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Malina, Anna. "Assessment of women’s situation on the labour market in EU countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0458.
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The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate the changes in women’s situation on the labour market of European Union countries in the years 2005–2018. The analysis focused on the economic activity of women and men and the following selected aspects of the labour market: the employment and unemployment rates and the relation between women and men’s wages. A hypothesis that women’s situation on the labour market improved, and the pay discrimination against women shrank in EU countries, has been formulated. The study utilised statistical data from the Eurostat Data Base. The evaluation of women’s situation was performed by means of a synthetic measure whose values were determined using the non-standard formula. That measure served as the basis for the linear ordering of EU countries according to the situation of women on the labour market. The study demonstrated that overall, women’s situation on the labour market improved in most EU countries in the analysed period. In all EU countries, the employment rate of women remains lower than the employment rate of men, and additionally, the former strongly varies throughout EU countries. The indicator which differentiates between the women’s and men’s labour markets to a large extent is the percentage of persons employed part-time. Part time employment is more popular in Western European countries and concerns women to a much greater extent than men. The study indicates that the levelling of women’s and men’s wages is taking place; nevertheless, women’s wages in nearly half of EU countries still do not exceed 80% of men’s average wages.
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Shostachuk, Andrii. "THE SOME ASPECTS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HIGHER ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN UKRAINE." Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», no. 1(48) (May 27, 2021): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2021.48.460-464.
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For many years there is a sharp decline in the number of applicants seeking engineering education in Ukraine. The trend has a direct threat to the economic situation and the existence of the Ukrainian state, because there are engineers and workers who determine GDP growth in our country, increase a welfare, a social benefits, an ability to reform the tax, judicial, law enforcement and health care systems, increasing of the defense capabilities of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, etc. Instead, today the most popular specialties among entrants are: foreign philology, law, international economics and psychology. The purpose of the article is to analyse main changes necessary for the implementation in the higher engineering education to level up graduates’ ability to solve the complex problems of technology and research in the industrial enterprises. The analysis of the reasons leading to the decline of the engineering education in Ukraine is conducted. Classification of factors that are the determinants for maintenance of high-quality engineering education is provided. Main factors that determine the popularity of engineering education and ways to increase its prestige are analysed. In particular, emphasis is placed on improving of the quality of secondary education, including mathematics and physics, on the importance of basic education of mechanical engineers, state policy in advertising engineering education, workload and wages, material-technical support, etc. It was proposed to gradually reduce the annual workload and to increase the allowances for the degree. The list of general engineering courses, fundamental in the training of a mechanical engineer, was provided.
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Mierzejewski, Alfred C. "The German National Railway Company, 1924–1932: Between Private and Public Enterprise." Business History Review 67, no. 3 (1993): 406–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500070355.
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This article examines some major aspects of the history of the state-owned, privately operated German National Railway Company under the reparations regime of 1924 to 1932. It explores the dispute that erupted between the Reichsbahn and the government concerning whether the DRG should be used primarily to serve national economic and social ends or to earn a surplus to pay reparations. The controversies that erupted concerning tariffs, motor vehicle competition, and wages are examined against the background of the Reichsbahn's financial performance. The article argues that the political and cultural clashes caused by the introduction of Western management priorities and practices were more significant than the financial burdens that reparations imposed on the Reichsbahn.
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Frank Qu, Zhaopeng, and Zhong Zhao. "Evolution of the Chinese rural-urban migrant labor market from 2002 to 2007." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 316–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2012-0113.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamic change of the migrant labor market in China from 2002 to 2007 using two comparable data sets. Design/methodology/approach – To understand the factors behind the wage change, the authors use the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition (Oaxaca, 1973; Blinder, 1973) method to study the hourly wage change over this five-year period. Findings – The focus is on the rural-urban migration decision, the wage structure of migrants, the labor market segmentation between migrants and urban natives, and the changes of these aspects from 2002 to 2007. The paper finds that prior migration experience is a key factor for the migration decision of rural household members, and its importance keeps increasing from 2002 to 2007. The results show that there is a significant increase in wages among both migrants and urban natives over this five-year period, but migrants have enjoyed faster wage growth, and most of the increase of wages among migrants can be attributed to the increase of returns to their characteristics. The authors also find evidence suggesting convergence of urban labor markets for migrants and for urban natives during this five-year period. Research limitations/implications – In order to make the 2002 and 2007 data sets comparable, the authors had to restrict the observations with fixed residence only, and can only include seven cities. These limit the representativeness of the sample. When interpret the findings in this paper, it is important to keep this in mind. Originality/value – Due to the scarcity of data, there are few studies on the dynamics of the migrating population and the migrant labor market. Since the urban natives and migrants are still segmented in the labor market, the migrant labor market may have its own characteristics, and also, because of the increasing importance of the migrants in Chinese society, knowledge of the evolution of the migrant labor market is crucial for grasping the whole story behind the Chinese economic miracle.
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Tewari, Shweta, Rajshree Chouhan, and Sanjeev. "GENDER GAP INDEX FOR EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 9 (February 1, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i9.2017.98.
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Women account for nearly half of the human resources of a nation and play an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. In India, in spite of focus on women empowerment, condition of women at the work place is not very encouraging. Women often face greater barriers than men in terms of securing a decent jobs, wages and conducive working conditions. Provisions relating to women’s work were introduced in 1891, with amendment of the Factories Act, 1881. After independence, number of provisions has been made in the constitutions to protect the welfare of women workers. Number of protective legislations have also been made and implemented by the government for the interest of women workers. The basic objective behind implementation of these legislation are to provide equal and a decent level of remuneration, proper child care center , maternity relief and decent working conditions to women workers. Despite these constitutional and legislative arrangements to reduce gender gap, women in India are facing discrimination at work place and suffer from harassment. The present paper critically reviewed the effectiveness of government policies and legislations framed and enacted for the welfare of women workers. It also examines the gender dimensions of the trends in various aspects of labour market viz. labour force participation rate, workforce participation rate, unemployment rate and wage rate. An attempt has been made to capture the discrimination at work by computing Gender Gap Index using major indicators of labour market. For computing the index, data for the last four decades has been used. The analysis shows that there are gaps in effective enforcement of relevant laws and implementation of women responsive policies. The gender gap index for employment opportunities and the analysis of major employment indicators showed that gender gap is increasing in many aspects. Major indicators of employment such as Labour Force participation rate, Worker population ratio, Unemployment rate and wages now have larger gender gaps than before.
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Low, Linda. "Migration and Singapore: Implications for the Asia Pacific." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300203.
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A crude hypothesis is that the wider the spatial inequalities in wages and incomes, accompanied by trade, capital and technology flows and globalization, the more significant is migration. The challenge in the Asia Pacific region is to unravel and synthesize the sociopolitical, legal and institutional aspects with the help of better theoretical and empirical inputs. This case study of Singapore shows that it has managed to balance sociopolitical sensitivities with economic and even demographic objectives. However, the model is not easy to replicate as the control mechanisms combine levies and quotas for foreign workers and strictly meritocratic criteria for emigrants. The policy implications and recommendations include more research and cooperation to strengthen the statistics and information and more government-to-government effort to regulate and expedite migration.
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Gushi, Lívia Litsue, Maria da Candelária Soares, Tania Izabel Bighetti Forni, Vladen Vieira, Ronaldo Seichi Wada, and Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa. "Relationship between dental caries and socio-economic factors in adolescents." Journal of Applied Oral Science 13, no. 3 (September 2005): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572005000300019.
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Dental caries has a multifactorial etiology, including socio-economic variables and access to dental care, which were discussed in the national survey conducted in 2002. The aim of this study was to investigate the socio-economic aspects and access to dental care, associated with caries prevalence and severity in adolescents from the State of São Paulo. The study design was cross-sectional, on which data on 1,825 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years achieved from the data of an epidemiological survey conducted in the State of São Paulo in 2002 were analyzed. Epidemiological exams and interviews with previously formulated questions were used in the survey. The Significant Caries Index (SiC Index) was utilized to determine the group with higher caries experience. Frequency distribution and chi-square association tests were carried out in order to evaluate the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable (DMFT). Confidence intervals and odds ratio (OR) were estimated. The risk factors pointed as indicators of presence of dental caries were as follows: not being a student, studying at public schools, family income lower than 5 Brazilian minimum wages. Moreover, not having an own house or a car seemed to contribute to caries experience. With regard to the access to public dental care, the adolescents assisted at public centers and looking for emergency dental care had the higher caries experience. Thus, the results showed that social deprivation is associated with caries experience in adolescents from the State of São Paulo.
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De Oliveira, Márcio. "Refugio y remesas: un análisis basado en «El perfil socioeconómico de refugiados en Brasil. Subsidios para el desarrollo de políticas»." Migración y Desarrollo 19, no. 36 (July 1, 2021): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/myd.1936.mo.
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Latin American interregional migration has increased dramatically in the past two decades. One of the countries contributing to the growth of these flows is Brazil, whose participation was consolidated due to international factors, its reception and its legal labor policies. Despite this, the relationship between migration, development and remittances remains poorly studied by Brazilian scholars. The discussion presented here focuses on a circumscribed analysis of refugees who had been legally recognized by the Brazilian State by the end of 2018. Thanks to research data on 487 refugees living in Brazil by then, it was possible to analyze their life conditions, the value and regularity of remittances received and/or sent, among other aspects. The results showed that low wages did not prevent refugees, for the most part, from sending remittances abroad nor, for some, from receiving it. Despite its low value, its regularity seems to keep alive the networks and dependency relations between those who migrate and those who remain in the origin countries.
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Collins, Jane. "Wal-Mart, American consumer citizenship, and the 2008 recession." Focaal 2011, no. 61 (December 1, 2011): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2011.610108.
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This article explores dominant ideological framings of the economic crisis that began in 2008, by examining shifting meanings of consumer citizenship in the US. The consumer citizen was a central figure in Keynesian ideology—one that encapsulated important assumptions about the proper relationship between production and consumption and the appropriate arenas for citizen engagement with the economy. Taking Wal-Mart as a case-study example, the article analyzes the way that corporate actors have flattened and reconfigured the concept of consumer citizenship in the US—promoting the “consumer” over the “citizen” and the “worker,” which had previously been important aspects of the concept—and have replaced Keynesian-era conversations about the proper balance between production and consumption with a rhetoric of choice between low prices and high wages.