Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wages – Effect of marriage on

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Wages – Effect of marriage on'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wages – Effect of marriage on"

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Kossova, Elena, Bogdan Potanin, and Maria Sheluntcova. "Estimating effect of marriage on male wages in Russia." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 7 (April 28, 2020): 1649–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2019-0184.

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PurposePurpose of the article is to investigate the effect of marriage on male wages in Russia. The paper provides insight about contribution of observed and unobserved factors to wages of Russian men regarding their marital status.Design/methodology/approachDatabase is the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) for 2016. We add to the literature by introducing Generalized Oaxaca–Blinder Decomposition of the difference in mean wages of married and unmarried men. This generalization is free of conditional mean independence assumption.FindingsWe reveal negative observed price effect and substantial positive effect of changes in unobserved characteristics of married and unmarried men in Russia.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, our study is the first one that gives estimation of the volume and structure of the male marriage wage premium in Russia. The proposed approach is applicable for estimating labor market premiums and penalties for various individual characteristics.
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Agege, Emmanuel A., Ezekiel Uba Nwose, and Stella Odjimogho. "Parents’ perception on factors of early marriage among the Urhobos in Delta State of Nigeria." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180213.

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Early marriage forces girls into adulthood before they are emotionally and physically matured, and it has harmful effects on their health, educational, economic and social development. In many countries, 18 years is the legal age of marriage and Nigeria has made a constitutional effort to establish same as a minimum age for marriage. This narrative review examined the causes and consequences of early marriage with a view to establish framework to assess the perception on factors among Urhobos in Nigeria. Unpublished stories are appraised alongside news media and published literature to illustrate scenarios that exemplify discussed causes. Several causes of early marriage were noted and gender discrimination, ignorance, and unexpected pregnancy appear salient or are under-discussed. There is evidence that men and women prefer husbands to earn higher wages than wives and females are less ambitious. Although there are public health concerns in the literature, data on perception of parents, especially those in low socioeconomic status, regarding public health is lacking. Critical appraisal posits that early marriage is not only shrouded in legalities, but is also caused by multiple factors. The factors that cause or lead to early marriages need to be identified for each society to appropriately address the associated ramifications. The lack of data on perception of parents suggests that educational intervention needs to start with community needs assessment.
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Madalozzo, Regina, and Carolina Flores Gomes. "The impact of civil status on womencs wages in Brazil." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 42, no. 3 (September 2012): 457–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612012000300002.

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Consensual union, also known as cohabitation, has become more frequent in recent decades in Brazil and many other countries. In this context, some studies have analyzed the impact of marriage on women's wages. This article analyzes the effects of marital status on Brazilian women's wages by specifically investigating the individual characteristics of these effects using data from the 2000 Brazilian Census Database. This study concludes that wages differ by up to 15 per cent between married and single women and up to 3 per cent between married and cohabiting women.
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Chen, Daniel L. "Gender Violence and the Price of Virginity: Theory and Evidence of Incomplete Marriage Contracts." Journal of Religion and Demography 7, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 190–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589742x-12347108.

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Abstract This paper builds and tests a model of marriage as an incomplete contract that arises from asymmetric virginity premiums and examines whether this can lead to social inefficiencies. Contrary to the efficient households hypothesis, women cannot prevent being appropriated by men once they enter marriage if they command lower marriage market opportunities upon divorce. Because men cannot or do not commit to compensating women for their lower ex post marriage market opportunities, marriage is an incomplete contract. Men may seek to lower women’s ex ante “market wages” in order to induce entry into joint production. Inefficient or abusive marriages are less likely to separate. Equalizing virginity premiums may reduce domestic and non-domestic violence. Female circumcision and prices women pay doctors to appear virgin before marriage in many countries suggest asymmetric virginity premiums continue to exist. Evidence from China and the US suggest asymmetric virginity premiums persist over economic development. Asymmetric virginity premiums are strongly positively correlated with female but not male virginity premiums. I use variation in religious upbringing to help estimate the effect of virginity premiums on gender violence in the US. The OLS relationship between virginity premiums and female reports of forced sex may be biased downwards if shame is associated with abuse and this shame is greater for women with higher virginity premiums. But the OLS relationship for males might not be biased downwards. Asymmetric virginity premiums are positively correlated with men forcing sex on women and paying women for sex. The model complements a growing empirical literature on inefficient households and human rights abuses, visible manifestations of female appropriability across time and space.
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Loughran, David S., and Julie M. Zissimopoulos. "Why Wait?: The Effect of Marriage and Childbearing on the Wages of Men and Women." Journal of Human Resources 44, no. 2 (2009): 326–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2009.0032.

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Ahmed, Riaz. "The impact of flooding on marriage: evidence from Pakistan." Disaster Prevention and Management 27, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-05-2017-0094.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the flood on marriages in flooded households compared to marriages in unaffected households by utilizing the 2010 Pakistani flood as a type of natural experiment. Design/methodology/approach A difference-in-difference approach is used to estimate the effect of the flood on marriages in 62 flooded districts compared with those in 53 non-flooded districts by utilizing the six waves of the household level surveys data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement, 2004-2005 to 2014-2015. Findings Results show that the flood decreased marriages; by 17 marriages per 1,000 individuals aged 15-50 years in flooded districts during the flood year and the effect disappeared after the flood year. The negative impact of the flood on rural marriages is significantly higher and robust. Social implications The flood seemingly discouraged individuals in flooded districts to be engaged in long term relationship mainly due to the flood related economic and financial losses. In order to acquire and maintain individual overall well-being, sexual health in vital to maintain mental and physical health, so policy makers/humanitarian aid-providers should assist the affected adults financially or by arranging their marriages at least during the flood year. The study also suggests that the delay of marriages means the accumulation of human capital in the form of school attainment of male marriages, so younger adult should be discouraged marrying at early age. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature in the following ways: first, the study empirically investigates the impact of flood – both immediate and long term – on marriage rates by using a natural experiment. Second, it examines the relationship based on geographic location and gender. Third, it investigates the impact of natural hazards on child marriage.
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Ludwig, Volker, and Josef Brüderl. "Is There a Male Marital Wage Premium? New Evidence from the United States." American Sociological Review 83, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 744–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122418784909.

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This study reconsiders the phenomenon that married men earn more money than unmarried men, a key result of the research on marriage benefits. Many earlier studies have found such a “male marital wage premium.” Recent studies using panel data for the United States conclude that part of this premium is due to selection of high earners into marriage. Nevertheless, a substantial effect of marriage seems to remain. The current study investigates whether the remaining premium is really a causal effect. Using conventional fixed-effects models, previous studies statistically controlled for selection based on wage levels only. We suggest a more general fixed-effects model that allows for higher wage growth of to-be-married men. The empirical test draws on panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 to 2012). We replicate the main finding of the literature: a wage premium remains after controlling for selection on individual wage levels. However, the remaining effect is not causal. The results show that married men earn more because selection into marriage operates not only on wage levels but also on wage growth. Hence, men on a steep career track are especially likely to marry. We conclude that arguments postulating a wage premium for married men should be discarded.
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Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Ryan Finnigan. "Rights for Same-Sex Couples and Public Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians in Europe." Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 6 (September 20, 2018): 868–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414018797947.

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This article investigates how changes in same-sex rights affect attitudes toward homosexuality. We argue that different same-sex relationship policies vary in their impact. Whereas registered partnership laws construct a distinct target population that receives new benefits, marriage equality sends an unambiguously positive signal and reduces the perceived group difference through inclusion into existing rights. As a consequence, marriage equality should have a positive effect on attitudes toward homosexuality, whereas partnership laws should have much less positive effects and could even lead to backlash among some groups. Combining data from eight waves of the European Social Survey with data on legislation, we analyze the effects of same-sex marriage, registered partnerships, and marriage bans on attitudes toward gays and lesbians. Marriage has a positive effect, bans and registered partnerships have a negative effect. Legalized partnership is especially associated with significantly more negative attitudes among nonreligious and less educated people.
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Keane, Michael P. "Labor Supply and Taxes: A Survey." Journal of Economic Literature 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 961–1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.4.961.

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I survey the male and female labor supply literatures, focusing on implications for effects of wages and taxes. For males, I describe and contrast results from three basic types of model: static models (especially those that account for nonlinear taxes), life-cycle models with savings, and life-cycle models with both savings and human capital. For women, more important distinctions are whether models include fixed costs of work, and whether they treat demographics like fertility and marriage (and human capital) as exogenous or endogenous. The literature is characterized by considerable controversy over the responsiveness of labor supply to changes in wages and taxes. At least for males, it is fair to say that most economists believe labor supply elasticities are small. But a sizable minority of studies that I examine obtain large values. Hence, there is no clear consensus on this point. In fact, a simple average of Hicks elasticities across all the studies I examine is 0.31. Several simulation studies have shown that such a value is large enough to generate large efficiency costs of income taxation. For males, I conclude that two factors drive many of the differences in results across studies. One factor is use of direct versus ratio wage measures, with studies that use the former tending to find larger elasticities. Another factor is the failure of most studies to account for human capital returns to work experience. I argue that this may lead to downward bias in elasticity estimates. In a model that includes human capital, I show how even modest elasticities—as conventionally measured—can be consistent with large efficiency costs of taxation. For women, in contrast, it is fair to say that most studies find large labor supply elasticities, especially on the participation margin. In particular, I find that estimates of “long-run” labor supply elasticities—by which I mean estimates that allow for dynamic effects of wages on fertility, marriage, education and work experience—are generally quite large. (JEL D91, J13, J16, J22, J31, H24)
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Ravanera, Zenaida R., and Fernando Rajulton. "Changes in Economic Status and Timing of Marriage of Young Canadians." Canadian Studies in Population 34, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6cd0j.

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Using the longitudinal panel data collected through the Canadian Surveys of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) from 1993 to1998, we examined the hypotheses that (a) higher education delays marriage; (b) labour force participation and earnings of women, like those of men, increase the likelihood of marriage; and, (c) the magnitude of the effects of education and income varies by life course stages of the youth. Analyses were done for men aged 17-19, 20-22, and 23-25 and for women aged 15-17, 18-20, and 21-23 at the start of the panel surveys. Our findings confirm our hypotheses, namely, a longer stay in school lowers the risk of marrying while greater economic well-being increases the risk. The results also show that the effects of wages and salaries are strongest among the middle cohorts of men (20-22) and women (18-20) who are at the stage of forming their own independent lives.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wages – Effect of marriage on"

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De, Melo Patricia Sofia Coelho. "Estimatin the effect of agglomeration economies on wages." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520937.

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Hotaling, Mary. "Effect of clinical laboratory practitioner licensing on wages." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/860.

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Professional licensing directly affects about 29% of U.S. workers and is considered a primary means to establish and maintain health care practitioner competence. Clinical laboratory practitioner licensing was largely ignored in the literature with only 2 studies 30 years apart that provided conflicting conclusions regarding wage effects. This research provided the first study of clinical laboratory practitioner licensing effects on wages after controlling for human capital and individual characteristics wage determinants. This nonexperimental correlational study extended the literature on licensing effects on wages, including women's wages and professions not uniformly licensed across 50 states. The theoretical foundation relied on the human capital wage model that wages vary according to human capital investment, namely education and experience. Census 2000 5% Public Use Microdata Sample provided wages and control variable data, including educational attainment, experience, gender, marital status, and children. Using hierarchical regression analysis, this study found clinical laboratory practitioner wages were significantly higher (5.8%) in licensing states compared to nonlicensing states after controlling for these human capital and individual characteristics, R 2change (p < .001). Female clinical laboratory practitioners working in licensing states earned significantly higher wages (5.0%) compared to those in nonlicensing states, R 2change (p < .01). This study has potential for positive social change in clinical laboratory practitioner licensing policy development, implementation, and analysis by providing urgently needed empirical wage data for legislators to make informed decisions on costs to adopting such legislation.
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Zhang, Xu. "Fecundity and husband-wife age and education gaps at first marriage." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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Mamun, Arif Al. "Essays in economics of the family : incorporating cohabitation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7500.

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Milinkovich, Steven M. "Analysis of perceived financial conditions of US Navy enlisted personnel." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FMilinkovich.pdf.

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Grek, Jenny. "The effect of smoking and drinking on wages in Sweden." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-89.

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The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of smoking and drinking on wages in Sweden. The data used in this study is the Swedish Level-of-living survey (LNU) from 1991. A multinomial logit model and the marginal effects from the estimated model are used to study the effect of smoking and drinking on wages in Sweden. The empirical results conclude that medium drinking increases the probability of having a high income, i.e. there is a positive significant relationship between medium drinking and wages in Sweden. Also concluded from the empirical results is that there is not a significant relationship between smoking and wages in Sweden.

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Schroeder, Daniel Gene. "Self-esteem moderates the effect of wage trends on employment tenure." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3035977.

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Pioli, Mark. "The Effect of Cohabitation on Egalitarianism in Marriage." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26083.

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This study examines the relationship between premarital cohabitation and egalitarianism in marriage using data from the two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 13,017). Multiple regression and path analysis techniques are used to test this effect. Cohabitation is viewed as an experience in which patterns of behavior and attitudes are formed that influence later marriages. It is hypothesized that this experience leads to a more egalitarian household division of labor and less traditional gender ideologies among married individuals who cohabited premaritally, as compared to those that did not. Path models test the extent to which cohabitation’s effect on later marriages is explained by the household division of labor and gender ideology at time-1. Based on attitude-behavior research, 1) a higher correlation between household division of labor and gender ideology is expected for premarital cohabitors than for non-cohabitors; and 2) a measure of attitude toward sharing housework should better predict household division of labor than does general gender ideology. The analysis showed that premarital cohabitation does have a positive effect on household division of labor and gender ideology in marriage through indirect (and possibly direct) paths. The attitudinal and behavioral measures were not more closely linked for cohabitors, and the specific attitude-toward-thebehavior measure was not a better predictor of household division of labor than general gender ideology. I conclude from this analysis that the experience of cohabitation leads to more egalitarian marriages and that this is largely due to household labor during cohabitation.
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Li, Xin Ran. "The effect of international trade on wages : a case study of China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2553449.

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Hall, Edwin Andrew. "The effect of professional associations on wages and employment in the UK." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312443.

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Books on the topic "Wages – Effect of marriage on"

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Korenman, Sanders. Marriage, motherhood, and wages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Brown, Charles. The employer size wage effect. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.

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Dickens, Richard. The effect of minimum wages on UK agriculture. London: London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, 1994.

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Green, Francis. Employer size-wage effect: Is monopsony the explanation? London: Centre for Economic Performance, 1992.

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Hatton, T. J. The union wage effect in late nineteenth century Britain. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1992.

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Barth, Erling. Employer size or skill-group size effect on wages? Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Blanchflower, David. Wages, profits and rent-sharing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Adams, James D. Technology, trade, and wages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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Acevedo, Gladys Lopez. Wages and Productivity in Mexican Manufacturing. Washington, D.C: Economic Policy Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, World Bank, 2003.

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Dickens, Richard. Estimating the effect of minimum wages on employment from the distribution of wages: A critical review. London: London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wages – Effect of marriage on"

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Grossbard, Shoshana. "Revisiting Labor Supply Effects of Sex Ratio, Income, and Wage. Effects of Marriage-Related Laws." In The Marriage Motive: A Price Theory of Marriage, 71–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1623-4_6.

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Sakurai, Kojiro. "Effect of Trade on Wages." In Trade and the Labor Market, 77–101. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5993-3_4.

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Tachibanaki, Toshiaki, and Tomohiko Noda. "The Effect of Unions on Wages." In The Economic Effects of Trade Unions in Japan, 79–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333983805_5.

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Deng, Quheng. "Estimating the Effect of Minimum Wages on Firm Profitability in China." In Minimum Wages in China, 259–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2421-9_10.

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Rodriguez, Clara E. "The Effect of Race on Puerto Rican Wages." In Hispanics in the Labor Force, 77–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0655-7_4.

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Metcalf, David, and Stephen Nickell. "The Effect of Collective Bargaining on Relative and Absolute Wages (1978)." In Tackling Inequality, 105–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230375284_7.

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Brynin, Malcolm. "Using CASMIN: The Effect of Education on Wages in Britain and Germany." In Advances in Cross-National Comparison, 327–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9186-7_18.

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Terai, Kimiko, Amihai Glazer, and Naomi Miyazato. "The Effect of the Elderly on Taxation and Minimum Wages in the US States." In Advances in Japanese Business and Economics, 83–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5536-4_6.

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Tachibanaki, Toshiaki, and Tomohiko Noda. "The Effect of Unions and Employee Voice on Wages and Working Conditions: Their Endogeneity Problem." In The Economic Effects of Trade Unions in Japan, 93–113. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333983805_6.

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Espeel, Stef, and Sam Geens. "Feeding inequalities: the role of economic inequalities and the urban market in late medieval food security. The case of fourteenth-century Ghent." In Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect, 389–428. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.25.

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Although the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) revised their theoretical model of food security for over two decades ago, historians have been slow in adopting these new insights to study pre-modern societies. Showcasing the potential of the holistic approach proposed by the FAO, this paper analyses the evolution of food security in the calamitous fourteenth century in Ghent, one the most populated cities at that time. In the long-term, access to food seem to have bettered during the second half of the century thanks to increased wages, wealth and investments into farmland. While these gains can partly be linked to demographic evolutions, we found no evidence of an often-hypothesized Malthusian ceiling before the Black Death.
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Conference papers on the topic "Wages – Effect of marriage on"

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Azhary, Muhammad Rifqi, and Dwi Noerjoedianto. "Evaluation of Information and Adolescent Counseling Center Management to Delay Early Marriage in Adolescents in Senior High School 4, Jambi, Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.51.

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ABSTRACT Background: Teenage marriage have historically been associated with a variety of negative outcomes such as lower education levels, higher unemployment rates, worse health, lower wages and higher crime rates. Studies have revealed significant differences in most of the dimensions of marital quality, before and after marital counselling. The purpose of this study was to investigate evaluation of information and adolescent counseling center management to delay early marriage in adolescents. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with a case study approach. The study was conducted at Public Senior High School 4 Jambi, Indonesia, from January to May 2019. 10 key informants were selected for this study. The data were collected by indepth interview and observation. The data were analyzed using source, data, and method triangulations. Results: The implementation of adolescent’s guidance and counseling center services still has room for improvement. There were several factors that lack of optimal results, for example the process of members or educators recruitment and training (input aspects), planning, report and evaluation system (process aspect) and students’ knowledge about health reproduction and adolescent marriage (output aspect). Conclusion: There is a need to improve information and counseling service. Keywords: evaluation, counseling and information center service, adolescents, delayed early marriage Correspondence: Muhammad Rifqi Azhary. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: rifqiazhary.ra@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285363817339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.51
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Sagita, Ranti. "The Effect of Peer Group and Religiosity on Early Marriage Motivation." In Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.040.

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Tan, Wenhao, and Zhenpeng Ma. "“In-Laws Effect” of the Enterprise and the Bank Equity Marriage." In Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Education, E-learning and Management Technology (EEMT 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceemt-18.2018.73.

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ZHANG, CAIJUAN, and XIAOHONG LIU. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE LAW IN MAINTAINING FAMILY STABILITY." In Conference on Uncertainty Modelling in Knowledge Engineering and Decision Making (FLINS 2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813146976_0114.

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Eriani Putri, Yulia, and Santi Tri Indriani. "The Effect of Inflation, Investment and Wages Rate on Unemployment in The East Java Province." In 2nd International Conference on Economic Education and Entrepreneurship. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006893607910798.

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Yurtseven, Ahmet. "An Evaluation of Turkistan Tradesman in Terms of Social Policy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00396.

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The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of those countries that declared their independency after collapse of former Soviet Union. It tries to implement the market economy. The petroleum sector is one of the top of the rapidly developing economic sectors. But it is not a labor intensive sector. Poverty and unemployment are the main socioeconomic problems. The level of the wages is low throughout the country. Even though poverty exhibits tendency to drop, it prevails in the rural area. In our study, socio-economic structure, organization, working relations, social-cultural life, consumers’ characteristics, and problems of bazaar tradesman in the Turkistan city are being introduced. The average of age of 66% of Turkistan bazaar tradesman, most of them are women, is between 20 and 40, the rate of marriage for 6-11 years is 30%, average number of children is 3, schooling rate is 100%. Turkistan bazaar tradesman’s saving habit is 24%, percentage of insured ones is 6%, the percentage of them who take advantage of laws that arrange the working life is 27%. Although the Republic of Kazakhstan has a large land, it has population problems. Literacy level is high with the rate of 98%. Policies in favor of increasing the number of population are being followed. The increase of the number of the children in the family is being encouraged. Policies for bringing the Kazakh citizens who live abroad and reaches up to 5-6 million into the country are being followed.
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Bule, Larisa, Līga Leitāne, and Kristīne Rozīte. "Personal income tax reform in Latvia: assessment of effect." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.069.

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Personal income tax (PIT) policy in Latvia has been changed significantly in 2018 with the aim to reduce the tax burden and increase the income of working population by amending progressive tax rates and increasing the non-taxable minimum and minimum wage. Purpose − the aim of this study is to estimate the impact of PIT reform by assessing the effect of implementation of non-taxable minimum, deductions and substantiated spending on the dynamics of income and tax administration efficiency. Research methodology − PIT theoretic and normative concepts have been analyzed; unpublished data on actual wages in 2015−2018 provided by Latvian State Revenue Service and State Social Insurance Agency have been estimated. Findings − the main conclusion of this study is that the aim of the reform has not been achieved: income inequality hasn’t been reduced, an increase of income has been irrelevant, the gains from the reform have become unobtainable for the most unprotected groups because of the insufficient level of income. The implementation of the differentiated non-taxable minimum has generated PIT debts and higher administrative burden. Practical implications − the study may be implemented in case of progressive PIT for the reassessment of the tax framework and its future development. Originality/Value − this study is original, the actual effect of PIT reform in Latvia previously hasn’t been analyzed.
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Gauvreau, Paul. "Robotics in Construction and the New Era of Efficient Concrete Bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0182.

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<p>Autonomous robots will most likely replace human labour as the primary means of production in bridge construction. This article examines the effect of this transformation of construction on the design of structural systems used for bridges. It begins with a review of changes made to structural systems in response to increases in construction wages in the 1950s and 1960s. High labour costs led to structural systems that were optimized to minimize the quantity of labour but which used materials inefficiently. The expected use of robots as the primary means of production in bridge construction is likely to have the opposite effect. Robots will lower the cost of production relative to human labour, thus making it worthwhile to design structural systems that use materials efficiently. Cast-in-place concrete holds good potential for use as the primary material in this new generation of efficient structural systems. Structural systems that proved themselves in the era of low construction wages prior to mechanization offer a solid basis for the development structural systems that take maximum advantage of the opportunities offered by robotic construction.</p>
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Balcılar, Mehmet, Harun Bal, Neşe Algan, and Mehmet Demiral. "Turkey’s Export Performance: Examining the Main Determinants of Export Volume (1995-2012)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00774.

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The main objective of this study is to investigate the short and the long run relationships between export performance proxied by export volume index and real effective exchange rate changes in Turkey using the aggregated quarterly data sets covering the period of 1995-2012. The other factors that are expected to affect export performance such as wage, foreign income, productivity, trend GDP and exchange rate volatility are also added to the model. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration is performed in the estimation process. The causalities among the variables in the model are determined based on the estimated ARDL models. The empirical results reveal that the variables of interest are cointegrated. Real effective exchange rate coefficient is significantly positive in the short run whereas negative in the long run and exchange rate volatility has no significant effect on export performance in contrast with theoretical expectations. Other evidences indicate that the recent export boom in Turkey can be explained by wages, productivity and world demand, rather than exchange rate changes. Consequently, findings suggest that policies that depressing wages and stimulating high productivity can help export sectors increase their export volume and competitiveness in Turkey.
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Özdemir, Zekai, İlkay Noyan Yalman, and Çağatay Karaköy. "Effects of Openness on Employment in Turkey and EU Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01135.

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According to the general theory, it is recognized that exports increase employment. Recently, in the world economy, increasing unemployment, foreign trade of the impact on employment has led to new research. Many of the aforementioned studies validating the theory, some of them have different results. In recent studies in Turkey was a different result. In this study, Turkey and the European Union countries in terms of trade effect on employment will be examined. For this purpose, employment and foreign trade data for the years 2000-2012 using a panel data analysis will be done. Exports, imports, wages, and production depending on the change in employment and the interaction will be investigated. Depending on available data at the sectoral level, there will be a distinction. Especially in the last ten years, the recession and rise in unemployment in Europe will be discussed with the relevant dynamics. In Turkey, the current account deficit, growth, unemployment issues are noteworthy. European Union accession process, Turkey and the European Union countries in the comparison will be significant in the economic indicators.
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Reports on the topic "Wages – Effect of marriage on"

1

Korenman, Sanders, and David Neumark. Marriage, Motherhood, and Wages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3473.

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Cramton, Peter, Morley Gunderson, and Joseph Tracy. The Effect of Collective Bargaining Legislation on Strikes and Wages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5105.

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Prada, María, Graciana Rucci, and Sergio Urzúa. The Effect of Mandated Child Care on Female Wages in Chile. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21080.

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Kaestner, Robert. The Effect of Illicit Drug Use on the Wages of Young Adults. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3535.

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Card, David. The Effect of Unions on the Distribution of Wages: Redistribution or Relabelling? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4195.

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Freeman, Richard, and Robert Valletta. The Effect of Public Sector Labor laws on Collective Bargaining, Wages, and Employment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2284.

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Schmieder, Johannes, Till von Wachter, and Stefan Bender. The Causal Effect of Unemployment Duration on Wages: Evidence from Unemployment Insurance Extensions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19772.

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Baker, Olesya, and Kevin Lang. The Effect of High School Exit Exams on Graduation, Employment, Wages and Incarceration. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19182.

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Lichtenberg, Frank, and Donald Siegel. The Effect of Takeovers on the Employment and Wages of Central-Office and Other Personnel. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2895.

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Boyle, Paul J., and Hill Kulu. Does cohabitation prior to marriage raise the risk of marital dissolution and does this effect vary geographically? Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2006-051.

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