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Journal articles on the topic 'Wages – European Economic Community countries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Courtis, Kenneth S. "La politique industrielle dans la Communauté économique européenne : Crise et changement." Études internationales 12, no. 2 (2005): 269–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701195ar.

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The ultimate goal of industrial policy is to allow constant improvement in both the quality and standard of living. Necessary conditions to such improvement are full employment at both high, real wages and at increasing rates of productivity. For the European Economic Community, productivity must not only increase absolutely but also relatively, in comparison to other international competitors. Yet during the 60's and early 70's, Europe's competitive position in a number of major industrial sectors weakened, such that the energy shock, when it did come, signaled a reversal in established terms

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2

Palapa, N., and O. Drebot. "Problems of sustainable rural development in foreign countries and ways of their solutions." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 29, 2015): 16–24. https://doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2015.317626.

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In the article the problems of rural areas both Ukraine and other countries are examined. The main problems include a steady decline in population, migration, weakening agricultural sector production, pollution, unsustainable land use and so on. In Ukraine the development of rural areas is characterized by complex imbalance. Both in Ukraine and Europe one of the main problems of sustainable rural development is a process of depopulation of rural population due to the search for better conditions for life and employment. According to studies, up to 2030 increase of the urban population of Europ

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Villani, Leonardo, Roberta Pastorino, Walter Ricciardi, John Ioannidis, and Stefania Boccia. "Inverse correlates of COVID-19 mortality across European countries during the first versus subsequent waves." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 8 (2021): e006422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006422.

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The objectives of the study were to calculate the standardised mortality rates (SMRs) for COVID-19 in European Union/European Economic Area countries plus the UK and Switzerland and to evaluate the correlation between SMRs and selected indicators in the first versus the subsequent waves until 23 June 2021. We used indirect standardisation (using Italy as the reference) to compute SMRs and considered 16 indicators of health and social well-being, health system capacity and COVID-19 response. The highest SMRs were in Belgium, the UK and Spain in the first wave (1.20–1.84) and in Hungary, Czechia

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Ostapenko, Viktoriia. "Management of tax system adopting to European standards." Development Management 17, no. 1 (2019): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/dm.5(1).2019.05.

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Ukraine is a social and legal state and seeks to become part of the European community. Therefore, the tax system needs to be reorganized regarding the level of financing of public goods, which will ensure the formation of financial resources sufficient for the fulfillment of the assigned functions of the state and guaranteeing citizens a sufficient standard of living. All this requires harmonization of the legal norms of Ukraine in accordance with the requirements of the European Union. Formation of tax policy in post-socialist countries has features related to the restructuring of the socio-

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Galutskykh, Nataliia А., Iryna L. Didorchuk, Olena А. Shuba, and Mamedova Melana V. "Gender Inequality in the Economy of the EU Countries: A Modern Aspect." Business Inform 9, no. 560 (2024): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2024-9-52-60.

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The aim of the article is to determine the current state of gender equality in the economy of the EU countries and to generalize proposals for overcoming the existing gender inequality. The understanding of gender inequality has always depended on the level of social development, and until now there is no unified approach to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of «gender inequality» in the scientific community. The main factors of gender inequality in the economy of the EU countries are religion, stereotypes and gender attitudes, which are interrelated and to some extent influence

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Borovsky, Y. V., and O. V. Shishkina. "Securitization of Energy Supply within the European Integration." MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, no. 3 (2021): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-3-78-57-81.

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The article uses the constructivist securitization concept to analyze the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Union (EU) approaches to ensuring energy security. It seeks to establish whether the energy supply has been securitized within the European integration process and if so when it happened. The literature review does not give a definitive and comprehensive answer to this question which is essential for all the history of the EEC and the EU. The authors of this study use an extensive documentary database available on the EU websites. They established that for the EEC/EU th

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Meilaender, Peter C. "Democracy, Community, and Modernity: Lessons from Jeremias Gotthelf's Die Käserei in der Vehfreude." German Politics and Society 29, no. 4 (2011): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2011.290402.

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Among the challenges of today's globalizing world is the disruption that local communities experience, in developed and developing countries alike, in the face of economic and political modernization. Yet, such problems are not unprecedented. To the contrary, communities across nineteenth-century Europe faced similar difficulties as a result of the Industrial Revolution and political upheaval. For insights into such challenges, I turn to a perhaps unlikely resource for coming to grips with globalization: Jeremias Gotthelf, whose novel Die Käserei in der Vehfreude has been described by Hanns Pe

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Zabrocki, Patryk Roger. "Wpływ współczesnych migracji terrorystycznych na bezpieczeństwo." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2(34) (September 15, 2021): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2021.2.34.4.

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The premise of this text is to analyze by means of selected examples the issues related to the broad definition of security, and modern and developing terrorist migration. Moreover, the aim of this paper is to approach the subject in question from the perspective of the current legal state by means of the formal and dogmatic method, but also by means of the method of criticism and analysis of the literature, which will allow a full understanding of the shape, functioning and causes of errors of modern security bodies. The above will influence the formulation of de lege ferenda postulates in th

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Izergina, Nina I. "Formation of Russian identity in the context of socio-economic policy." Economic History 16, no. 1 (2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.048.016.202001.020-030.

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Introduction. The study of the conditions and factors of the modern process of formation and strengthening of Russian identity is actualized by the interrelated causes of the conceptual and practical-political plan. The purpose of the article is to draw the attention of researchers to the socio-economic issues of Russian identity formation at the present stage. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is an organic approach to achieving the strategic goals of the state national policy, which makes it possible to exclude the opposition of civil and ethno-c

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Khanin, Vladimir (Ze'ev), and Petr Viktorovich Oskolkov. "French-speaking jewish community in contemporary Israel: sociological and political profile." Contemporary Europe, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0201708323040046.

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The article examines the sociological, demographic, and political characteristics of a French-speaking repatriate community in Israel. The community is an important factor in both Israeli and French internal politics and the bilateral relations between Israel and European countries. The authors conclude that multiple identities are preserved, consisting of French-speaking, Jewish, and Israeli elements, and underline the quantitative and qualitative difference between the 2010s wave of repatriation and the previous waves. The difference is tainted by the reasons that pushed the French Jews to t

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Simonova, Natalya B. "Journalism. Institutionalization of Profession on the Boundary of the 19th – 20th Centuries: World Trends and Russian Specificity." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 19, no. 6 (2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-6-33-47.

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The article spans the growth of journalism as a profession, analyzes the process of its institutionalization in Europe, the USA and in Russia at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. The focus of the article is the genesis and development of professional organizations associated with internal corporate professional reflection. The journalism as a profession was established and recognized by society and the professional community almost simultaneously in European countries, in the USA, and in Russia, in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. At the same period significant changes shocked the ec

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Cooke, Martin. "Policy Changes and the Labour Force Participation of Older Workers: Evidence from Six Countries." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 25, no. 4 (2006): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cja.2007.0015.

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ABSTRACTIn response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This pape

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Tokar, P., and M. Lyashko. "Research on the impact of migration on the EU countries and Ukraine in the framework of international projects." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, no. 4 (2023): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-96-101.

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The war in Ukraine caused large-scale migration waves of refugees from the war to Europe and North America, led to the emergence of new socio-economic problems, an even greater decline in the economy, general crisis phenomena in all spheres of social life, threats and challenges to the national security of the state. This process led to profound changes not only in the Ukrainian community, but also in all European countries and on the global political map of the world as a whole. It is mostly irreversible. Therefore, the study of all these phenomena and processes is an important scientific tas

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Rafalska, A. M., and V. O. Bukina. "Brexit: Causes and consequences of the British referendum." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (July 18, 2023): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.03.5.

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The British vote in the June 2016 referendum to leave the European Union shook the entire European continent and beyond. It was one of the most important events in Europe since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and could very well mean the beginning of the end of the European Union as everyone knew it. On the eve of the election campaign, it was announced that the country wants to “take back control” of its borders, money and laws, which caused a resonance among voters. The vote comes after decades of growing hostility to the European project, which has ensured the supremacy of EU law in cer

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Ramonienė, Meilutė, and Jogilė Teresa Ramonaitė. "Language attitudes, practices and identity in the new Lithuanian diaspora." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 4 (2021): 1024–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-4-1024-1046.

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After the changes in the socio-political situation in many countries of Eastern and Central Europe in the last decade of the 20th century, these countries experienced a major growth of emigration. In the context of the European Union, Lithuania is one of the countries that has faced the highest rates of emigration. The quick and somewhat sporadic emigration mainly for economic reasons is of interest both to linguists and language policy makers in order to support and give guidelines for the maintenance of the heritage language and identity. This paper deals with the data of the new post-Soviet

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Palat, Milan. "Integration prospects of Turkey into European Structures and Turkish Immigration to Germany." BORDER CROSSING 1, no. 1 (2014): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v4i1-2.515.

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The objective of the paper was to evaluate Turkey’s integration prospects into European structures and relationships between immigration from Turkey and economic indicators in Germany using quantitative methods. Despite Turkey’s unclear European integration prospects, it is predicted that Turkish immigration to established member countries of the EU will continue. The strongest waves may flow to Germany, Netherlands or France, where numerous Turkish minorities are already present and where the living standards are high. Results from the statistical analysis of the paper showed a positive corre

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Shevchenko, O. "Formation of strategic bases of separate elements of hybrid war of the Russian Federation: legislative aspect." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 69 (April 15, 2022): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.69.77.

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The article reveals the evolution of the national security strategies of the Russian Federation during the years of independence through the prism of defining in them the legislator of certain elements of hybrid warfare. It is determined that at the highest state level of Russia a number of issues related to the creation of the most effective system of state security within the existing at various stages of state formation National Security Strategies of Russia remain unresolved. hybrid war they waged against Ukraine, the EU and NATO. The content of concepts and strategies for ensuring t

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18

Sokolov, D. "COVID-19 and mobilization of healthcare in the post-Soviet space." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2020): 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2020-2-96-119.

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Those social changes that took place in the Spring and Summer of 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic were mainly related to information pressures, lockdowns, economic collapses, and, in most cases, to civil and governmental solidarity focusing on the idea to save human lives. The political elites of Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, and Armenia largely shared European and North American ideas and practices of combatting the pandemic, sometimes successfully using media power and quarantines to solve their political problems. Belarus followed a different path that eventually proved to be costly for it

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Cavric, Branko. "The new planning in the latest Yugoslav state alliance of Serbia and Montenegro." Spatium, no. 8 (2002): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0208014c.

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In the waves of transition and recent changes to political and planning regulatory mechanisms in most eastern and central European countries, the Yugoslav planning fabric is discovering new avenues and trying to develop new endeavors within the framework of economic, political and professional independence. The main idea of this paper is to challenge the history and evolution of Yugoslav planning system, legislature administration and education; planning techniques and the planning implementation. All these and other constitutive and important elements of a viable and flexible planning need to

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Mosakova, E. A., and K. Kizilova. "Labor market in the UK in digital era: The gender dimension." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 3 (2021): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-3-512-519.

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The article considers gender discrimination in the field of labor relations in the United Kingdom (UK) in the pre-covid period. In the past decades, the Western European countries have made the most significant progress in achieving gender equality in various fields, including labor relations, and became the world leader in this area. However, despite all the efforts of the international community, no country has achieved a full gender equality, and Great Britain is no exception. The authors argue that the British anti-discrimination legislation (before leaving the European Union) was based on

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Aliev, T. "Poverty in Kazakhstan." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 12 (2015): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-105-115.

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To properly assess the extent of poverty in Kazakhstan it is important to understand the methodology of its definition and measurement. There are three basic concepts of measuring poverty. Absolute poverty is based on the establishment of a living wage or poverty line. The position of the World Bank is dominant in the world in the assessment of absolute poverty. The WB experts use multiple criteria income. An internationally accepted poverty line was established in 2005 at US$ 1.25 (PPP) per person per day. They also used less “hard” indicator of US$ 2 per day (in constant 2005 prices) which i

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Galgóczi, Béla, and Emmanuel Mermet. "Wage developments in candidate countries." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 1 (2003): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900106.

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This article examines wage developments in 1990-2000 in the central and eastern European candidate countries. Two basic approaches are used: a comparison of wage levels in these countries with wages in EU countries and an examination of the development of wages in relation to other indicators of economic performance in the countries observed. Nominal wage levels were found to be 17% of EU levels whereas wage levels at purchasing power parity were found to be 39% of EU levels. The authors conclude that real wages in the period between 1992 and 2000 lagged substantially behind labour productivit

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Kosuliev, Aleksandar. "Do Wages Follow Productivity? Evidence from European Countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 18, no. 1 (2024): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2024-0011.

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Abstract Economic theory assumes that factors are paid according to their marginal productivity, however the empirical validity of this hypothesis has been questioned in some of the literature. We use data from Eurostat to examine the changes of labour remuneration and labour productivity during the period 2004-2020 in a panel of European countries. The results from the panel regression analysis confirm that in general there is a strong link between labour productivity and the compensation of employees. However, exploratory analysis shows that the sample is characterized with internal heteroge

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Włodarczyk, Włodzimierz Cezary. "Globalne ocieplenie – wyzwanie dla zdrowia publicznego." Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie 22, no. 1 (2025): 26. https://doi.org/10.4467/20842627oz.24.006.21288.

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In recent years, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events has reached a dimension that allows to talk about a crisis of global warming. Mighty heat waves cause long-term changes in the environment, such as straining of the land with devastating economic, social (migration, unemployment) and political (internal and external conflicts) consequences. They also cause serious health consequences; trigger temporary and permanent weakening of immunity, an increase in the incidence of many diseases and, consequently, an rise in mortality. Certain social groups are particularly

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Tanning, Lembo, and Toivo Tanning. "The Lithuania Companies Working Efficiency Before and After the Economic Crisis." Greener Journal of Business and Management Studies 3, no. 3 (2013): 132–42. https://doi.org/10.15580/gjbms.2013.3.021013444.

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This article focuses on the analysis of productivity and their relations in East Europe, primarily in Lithuania. The objective of this article is to analyse the working efficiency, or labour productivity of Lithuania companies, and to compare them on the Baltic Tiger (Baltic States) and European Union (EU) level. Industry, construction, trade and transport in Lithuania have been viewed separately. On labour productivity the company and its relationship to labour costs is directly dependent on the country's competitiveness. Wages make up the main part of labour costs.  Labour market pr

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Slaveski, Trajko, and Kristijan Kozheski. "Labour Productivity, Wages, and Inflation: Evidence from Selected Central and South-East European Countries." Journal of Eurasian Economies 3, no. 1 (2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/j03.1.0130.

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The relationship between inflation, worker wages, and labour productivity growth has been a widely discussed topic among academics in recent decades. Labour productivity is a critical component for maintaining and improving the competitiveness of national economies and establishing sustainable economic growth. The increase in labour productivity serves as the foundation for increasing workers' wages, thereby enhancing their purchasing power and overall well-being. However, empirical data from Southeast European countries indicate that labour productivity growth rates have been insufficient to

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Behr, Andreas, and Ulrich Pötter. "Downward Wage Rigidity in Europe: A New Flexible Parametric Approach and Empirical Results." German Economic Review 11, no. 2 (2010): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00472.x.

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Abstract We suggest a new parametric approach to estimate the extent of downward nominal wage rigidity in ten European countries between 1995 and 2001. The database used throughout is the User Data Base of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). The proposed approach is based on the generalized hyperbolic distribution, which allows to model wage change distributions characterized by thick tales, skewness and leptokurtosis. Significant downward nominal wage rigidity is found in all countries under analysis, but the extent varies considerably across countries. Yearly estimates reveal incr

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Menguy, Séverine. "Efficiency of Demand Shocks in Order to Reduce Current Account Imbalances in the EMU." ISRN Economics 2013 (November 7, 2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/787352.

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With the current European sovereign public debt crisis and current account imbalances difficulties in the EMU, many papers now underline that the problem of the European construction is its lack of institutional framework and common economic governance necessary to make a monetary union viable. According to these papers, the solution would lie in a stronger economic cooperation, with the Northern European countries contributing to lighten the burden of the Southern debtor countries. In this context, our model shows that a symmetric positive demand shock in the EMU could only slightly reduce th

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Batrancea, Larissa M., Mehmet Ali Balcı, Ömer Akgüller, and Lucian Gaban. "What Drives Economic Growth across European Countries? A Multimodal Approach." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (2022): 3660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193660.

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This research study examines the factors that determined economic growth measured by gross domestic product, gross value added, final consumption expenditure of households, and gross fixed capital formation across a sample of 36 European countries during the time frame Q3 2018−Q3 2021. We conducted a panel data analysis with the first-difference generalized method of moments (GMM) approach and cross-section fixed effects. Empirical results estimated with four econometric models indicated a significant robust impact of the independent variables exports, imports, foreign direct investment inflow

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Marchal, Sarah, and Ive Marx. "Stemming the tide: What have European Union countries done to support low-wage workers in an era of downward wage pressures?" Journal of European Social Policy 28, no. 1 (2017): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717704747.

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Governments across the European Union (EU) have been striving to get more people into work while at the same time acknowledging that more needs to be done to ‘make work pay’. Yet this drive comes at a time when structural economic shifts are putting pressure on wages, especially of less skilled workers. This article focuses on trends in minimum wages, income taxes and work-related benefits within a selection of 15 EU countries, for the period 2001–2012, with three US states included as reference cases. We find evidence for eroding relative minimum wages in various EU countries, yet combined wi

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Dragoman, Diana, and Cristina Raţ. "Do Perceptions About the Causes of Poverty and Wealth Shape Attitudes Towards Progressive Taxation? An Exploratory Analysis for 2021 Romania." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 69, no. 1 (2024): 39–83. https://doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2024-0002.

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Abstract Lying at the backbone of European welfare states, taxation is both an enabler of redistribution and a predilect means of fiscal welfare. Among Central and Eastern European countries, Romania was an early adopter of flat rate taxation two decades ago, in 2004. As Kovács (2022) convincingly argues, in terms of net wages this shift led to less revolutionary outcomes than expected; however, it clearly diminished the tax burden for middle and higher wages, while those on lower wages paid gradually bigger taxes, as deductions eroded. By 2021, opinion polls indicate that three quarters of Ro

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Bosna, Jurica. "Examining regional economic differences in Europe: The power of ANFIS analysis." Journal of Decision Analytics and Intelligent Computing 5, no. 1 (2025): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.31181/jdaic10010022025b.

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The paper analyzes the interrelation between labour markets, demographic factors, and economic performance in Northern and Southeastern European countries during the period 2012–2023, using advanced ANFIS methodology. The aim of the study was to identify key differences between the developed countries of Northern Europe (Sweden, Norway, Finland) and the less developed countries of Southeastern Europe (Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania) and to pinpoint factors contributing to sustainable economic development. The research findings reveal significant differences in labour market structures, the impact

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Advokatova, N. O. "FACTORS INFLUENCING ON UKRAINIAN LABOR`S MIGRATION WITHIN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION." Economic innovations 19, no. 2(64) (2017): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.2(64).12-18.

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The article presents factors influencing on the Ukrainian labor`s migration within conditions of European integration. We denoted the impact factors on migration processes in Ukraine within conditions of European integration. This analysis allows to work out measures for improving migration policy, and as a result � economical growth of the country. We defined the causes and effects. We traced the Ukrainian migration flows into the international economy. The impact factors of Ukrainian labor migration abroad within conditions of European integration in the current political and economic situat

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Malina, Anna. "Assessment of women’s situation on the labour market in EU countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 3 (2020): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0458.

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The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate the changes in women’s situation on the labour market of European Union countries in the years 2005–2018. The analysis focused on the economic activity of women and men and the following selected aspects of the labour market: the employment and unemployment rates and the relation between women and men’s wages. A hypothesis that women’s situation on the labour market improved, and the pay discrimination against women shrank in EU countries, has been formulated. The study utilised statistical data from the Eurostat Data Base. The evaluation of wo

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Kołoszycz, Ewa. "ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF DAIRY FARMS IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 3 (2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3986.

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The aim of the study was to assess the economic viability of farms specializing in dairy cattle breeding in countries with the highest share of milk production in the EU. Viability was measured using two models based on the opportunity cost of unpaid labour and equity. The study used a comparative analysis of farm viability indicators calculated on the basis of data collected in the FADN system in 2008-2017, taking changes in income in the short and long term into account. The research indicates that farms with greater economic potential were characterized by higher economic viability. Italian

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Noé, Claus. "The euro - wages - employment." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 4, no. 1 (1998): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899800400106.

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The arrival of the euro will do away with all possibilities of using exchange rate adjustments to accommodate excessively high or excessively low pay settlements. In a situation of mass unemployment and extremely slow price developments, there is a risk of excessively low wage settlements being reached in order to win markets to the detriment of Euro-partners. There is a threat of mercantilist races to devaluation and a deflatory spiral would destroy any successes achieved on the growth and employment front. Under a single monetary and coordinated fiscal policy (EU stability pact), there is al

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Pernica, Martin. "Evaluation of the adequacy of government minimum wage valorization policy in the Czech Republic in 2017 in the European context." Oeconomia Copernicana 8, no. 1 (2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.v8i1.2.

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Research background: The government of the Czech Republic has agreed to an increase in the minimum monthly wage as of the beginning of 2017 to 11,000 CZK, which represents a year-over-year increase of over 11 %. The government is thus fulfilling its objective set out in February 2014 and stipulated in the Government Statement of Purpose, i.e. to approximate the minimum wage to 40 % of average wages. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to assess the adequacy of the Government Minimum Wage Valorization Policy, in particular from two points of view. Firstly, in view of sel

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Kocurová, Tamara, Lenka Viskotová, Remo Rossi, and David Hampel. "Determination of Factors Affecting Wage Differentiation in EU Countries." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 21 (November 15, 2024): 2203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2024.21.181.

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This study aims to identify the determinants of wage differentiation in European Union (EU) countries using panel data analysis. The literature review provides an overview of previous studies on wage differentiation, the current situation of wage differentiation in the EU, and the potential determinants and consequences of wage differentiation. The analysis shows that many potential variables influence wages and that direct modeling is problematic. However, the application of factor analysis led to the identification of significant factors, namely the economic strength of a country, the level

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Fuentes, Itzel, Karla Henriquez, Fausto Muñoz, et al. "COVID-19 situation in Honduras: lessons learned." Gaceta Médica de Caracas 128, S2 (2020): S242—S250. http://dx.doi.org/10.47307/gmc.2020.128.s2.12.

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Introduction: Several emerging and re-emerging diseases in the last decade have shown the global weakness to detect and act in a timely manner in situations that threaten the health of the planet. Latin America has been vulnerable to outbreaks as a result of increased poverty, social inequity and the poor response capacity of the public health system. Objective: Describe the situation of COVID-19 in Honduras and the challenges it presents. Methodology: Analysis of the epidemiology and control strategies applied in the country to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, in the context of the social an

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Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.

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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provi

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V, Kovorotnyi, and Levchenko O. "PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCES OF THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TRANSPORT COMPLEX OF UKRAINE." National Transport University Bulletin 49, no. 2 (2021): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-2-49-084-094.

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The object of research – staffing, labor market trends and employment in enterprises by type of activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities». The purpose of the work – 1) to investigate 93 the indicators of wages and labor movement in domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities»; 2) compare labor market indicators with those of the European Union. The research method is monographic and statistical. The article is devoted to the study of trends in the staffing of domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «T

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Kondonassis, A. J. "The European Economic Community: Thirty Years Later." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i1.6312.

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The European Economic Community has been in operation for about 30 years. During this period an increased economic cooperation has been attained but the goal of a truly integrated Europe has remained elusive. The Single European Act, which was ratified in 1987, represents a recommitment to an integrated Europe by 1992. It is premised on a number of changes and reforms. Above all the effectiveness of the new effort will depend on the achievement of social cohesion and supranationalism among the EEC countries.

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Alfiyah, Nur Inna, and Very Andrianingsih. "DAMPAK KRISIS EKONOMI YUNANI TERHADAP EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)." PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi 11, no. 1 (2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/feb.v11i1.1318.

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Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from human life, where all international structures and orders change. Easy access to information, technology and the exchange of goods, services and ideology make globalization a very important part. Changing the structure and economic, political and social order at this time requires existing countries to adapt to all changes brought about by globalization. The birth of non-state actors in globalization then brought about its own changes, especially in the economic field. This study aims to explain how the impact of the Greek economic cr

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Gylka, K. "Prospects for European Integration of the Republic of Moldova and the Constitutional Component." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 2 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-2-84-89.

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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages and about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed f

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Babic, Blagoje. "Economic relations between Slavic countries." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 128 (2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0928007b.

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Economic relations between Slavic countries are a taboo topic. This is a reflection of divisions in Europe, which have also been transmitted to the Slavic world. Although the aspiration for Slav unification has existed for centuries, Slavic peoples have been a part of a single community only once - and even then not of their own choice - in the Eastern Block, which emerged from the division of Europe after the Second World War. The decomposition of the Eastern Bloc was followed by the decomposition of the Slavic world as well, which became more disunited than ever before. Changes that have bee

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Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, et al. "Consumption of quinolones in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii37—ii44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab176.

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Abstract Objectives Data on quinolone consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of main subgroups of quinolones. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of quinolones, i.e. ATC group J01M, in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in pa

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Ki, Matthew, and Junfeng Shang. "Prediction of minimum wages for countries with random forests and neural networks." Data Science in Finance and Economics 4, no. 2 (2024): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dsfe.2024013.

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<abstract><p>Minimum wages reflect and relate to many economic indexes and factors, and therefore is of importance to mark the developmental stage of a country. Among the 195 countries in the world, a handful of them do not have a regulated minimum wage mandated by their governments. People debate as to the advantages and disadvantages of imposing a mandatory minimum wage. It is of interest to predict what these minimum wages should be for the selected nations with none. To predict the minimum wages, motivations vary with the specific country. For example, many of these nations are

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Kuchabskyi, Nazariy. "Wages in the system of economic relations of sustainable development: separate issues." Galician economic journal 88, no. 3 (2024): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2024.03.050.

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The article analyzes individual issues of wages in Ukraine in conditions of sustainable development and war. The low level of wages does not contribute to development and social transformations. The average salary level in the country is much lower compared to European countries. This reduces the purchasing power of the population and the general standard of living of individual citizens. At the same time, a significant part of the economy functions in the shadow, that is, without official accounting. Workers who receive an «envelope» salary do not have social guarantees and protections, such

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Boţoroga, Cosmin-Alin, Alexandra Horobeţ, Lucian Belaşcu, Alexandra Smedoiu Popoviciu, and Aura Gîrlovan. "Assessing the Nexus Between Education, Economic Growth, and Innovation: An Empirical Analysis." Studies in Business and Economics 17, no. 3 (2022): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2022-0043.

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Abstract Countries with a higher proportion of tertiary education graduates are wealthier and offer more diverse and motivating career opportunities to individuals, including students. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have examined the impact of education on wages and economic development and the impact of R&D and innovation on economic and social progress. However, research has focused less on the specific impact of education components (competencies, learning methods, information and communications, technology, and infrastructure) on economic development and innovation. T

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Alujas, Juan Antonio. "Empleo-salarios: un binomio clave para garantizar la seguridad económica." Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional 8, no. 2 (2022): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18847/1.16.5.

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Economic security in its labour dimension is linked to both employment and wages, and ultimately has an impact on the level of well-being of a society. The objective of this study is to determine the differences between the countries of the European Union in relation to the level of economic security, based on the lack of employment or its precariousness and also on insufficient income, considering the unequal impact according to gender, age, educational level, type of contract and working time. The data analysed show that job insecurity generates poverty, challenging one of the key elements f

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