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Journal articles on the topic 'Wake-Up radio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 March 2023

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1

Bello, Hilal, Zeng Xiaoping, Rosdiadee Nordin, and Jian Xin. "Advances and Opportunities in Passive Wake-Up Radios with Wireless Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things Applications." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 12, 2019): 3078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143078.

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Wake-up radio is a promising approach to mitigate the problem of idle listening, which incurs additional power consumption for the Internet of Things (IoT) wireless transmission. Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting technique allows the wake-up radio to remain in a deep sleep and only become active after receiving an external RF signal to ‘wake-up’ the radio, thus eliminating necessary hardware and signal processing to perform idle listening, resulting in higher energy efficiency. This review paper focuses on cross-layer; physical and media access control (PHY and MAC) approaches on passive wake-up radio based on the previous works from the literature. First, an explanation of the circuit design and system architecture of the passive wake-up radios is presented. Afterward, the previous works on RF energy harvesting techniques and the existing passive wake-up radio hardware architectures available in the literature are surveyed and classified. An evaluation of the various MAC protocols utilized for the novel passive wake-up radio technologies is presented. Finally, the paper highlights the potential research opportunities and practical challenges related to the practical implementation of wake-up technology for future IoT applications.

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2

Fumtchum, C. Achille, Florin Doru Hutu, Pierre Tsafack, Guillaume Villemaud, and Emmanuel Tanyi. "Towards a Battery-Free Wake-Up Radio." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202449.

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This paper proposes a contribution to the development of autonomous wake-up radios from the energy supply perspective. More precisely, a rectifier circuit, designed and manufactured in order to provide the energy needed for a quasi passive wake-up radio receiver (WuRx). The WuRx is intended to operate continuously and to ensure a zero energy consumption in standby mode.After the presentation of the said WuRx, the energy requirement for its power supply is defined. Then, the energy harvesting circuit, able to power up the quasi-passive WuRx, is designed, implemented, and then measured. Compared to the state of the art, the energy harvester that we present here is among the few recent designs that replaced the matching network lumped component by butterfly stubs, which brings compactness to the circuit. The rectifier is built on a high efficiency substrate which increases its performance and reduces its form factor.

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3

Hierold, Martin, Robert Weigel, and Alexander Koelpin. "Assessment of Transmitter Initiated Wake-Up Radio Versus Pure Wake-Up Receiver Decoding." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 27, no. 4 (April 2017): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2017.2678446.

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4

Lopez-Aguilera, Elena, and Eduard Garcia-Villegas. "Bandwidth-Based Wake-Up Radio Solution through IEEE 802.11 Technology." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 7597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227597.

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IEEE 802.11 consists of one of the most used wireless access technologies, which can be found in almost all consumer electronics devices available. Recently, Wake-up Radio (WuR) systems have emerged as a solution for energy-efficient communications. WuR mechanisms rely on using a secondary low-power radio interface that is always in the active operation mode and is in charge of switching the primary interface, used for main data exchange, from the power-saving state to the active mode. In this paper, we present a WuR solution based on IEEE 802.11 technology employing transmissions of legacy frames by an IEEE 802.11 standard-compliant transmitter during a Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) period. Unlike other proposals available in the literature, the WuR system presented in this paper exploits the PHY characteristics of modern IEEE 802.11 radios, where different signal bandwidths can be used on a per-packet basis. The proposal is validated through the Matlab software tool, and extensive simulation results are presented in a wide variety of scenario configurations. Moreover, insights are provided on the feasibility of the WuR proposal for its implementation in real hardware. Our approach allows the transmission of complex Wake-up Radio signals (i.e., including address field and other binary data) from legacy Wi-Fi devices (from IEEE 802.11n-2009 on), avoiding hardware or even firmware modifications intended to alter standard MAC/PHY behavior, and achieving a bit rate of up to 33 kbps.

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5

Caballe, Marti Cervia, Anna Calveras Auge, and Josep Paradells Aspas. "Wake-Up Radio: An Enabler of Wireless Convergence." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 3784–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3048673.

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6

Valta, Mikko, Pekka Koskela, and Jouni Hiltunen. "Wake-up radio implementation for internet of things." International Journal of Autonomous and Adaptive Communications Systems 9, no. 1/2 (2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaacs.2016.075393.

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7

Chrobak, Marek, Leszek Gsieniec, and Dariusz R. Kowalski. "The Wake‐Up Problem in MultiHop Radio Networks." SIAM Journal on Computing 36, no. 5 (January 2007): 1453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0097539704442726.

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8

Gu, Lin, and John A. Stankovic. "Radio-Triggered Wake-Up for Wireless Sensor Networks." Real-Time Systems 29, no. 2-3 (March 2005): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11241-005-6883-z.

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9

Stepanova, Ekaterina, Dmitry Bankov, Evgeny Khorov, and Andrey Lyakhov. "On the Joint Usage of Target Wake Time and 802.11ba Wake-Up Radio." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 221061–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3043535.

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10

Froytlog, Anders, Thomas Foss, Ole Bakker, Geir Jevne, M. Arild Haglund, Frank Y. Li, Joaquim Oller, and Geoffrey Ye Li. "Ultra-Low Power Wake-up Radio for 5G IoT." IEEE Communications Magazine 57, no. 3 (March 2019): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2019.1701288.

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11

Le-Huy, Philippe, and Sébastien Roy. "Low-Power Wake-Up Radio for Wireless Sensor Networks." Mobile Networks and Applications 15, no. 2 (June 18, 2009): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11036-009-0184-3.

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12

Pursula, Pekka, Ville Viikari, and Juha-Matti Saari. "Wake-up radio architecture utilizing passive down conversion mixing." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 55, no. 5 (March 23, 2013): 1038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.27493.

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13

Lopez-Aguilera, Elena, Ilker Demirkol, Eduard Garcia-Villegas, and Josep Paradells. "IEEE 802.11-Enabled Wake-Up Radio: Use Cases and Applications." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010066.

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IEEE 802.11 is one of the most commonly used radio access technologies, being present in almost all handheld devices with networking capabilities. However, its energy-hungry communication modes are a challenge for the increased battery lifetime of such devices and are an obstacle for its use in battery-constrained devices such as the ones defined by many Internet of Things applications. Wake-up Radio (WuR) systems have appeared as a solution for increasing the energy efficiency of communication technologies by employing a secondary low-power radio interface, which is always in the active state and switches the primary transceiver (used for main data communication) from the energy-saving to the active operation mode. The high market penetration of IEEE 802.11 technology, together with the benefits that WuR systems can bring to this widespread technology, motivates this article’s focus on IEEE 802.11-based WuR solutions. More specifically, we elaborate on the feasibility of such IEEE 802.11-based WuR solutions, and introduce the latest standardization efforts in this IEEE 802.11-based WuR domain, IEEE 802.11ba, which is a forthcoming IEEE 802.11 amendment, discussing its main features and potential use cases. As a use case consisting of green Wi-Fi application, we provide a proof-of-concept smart plug system implemented by a WuR that is activated remotely using IEEE 802.11 devices, evaluate its monetary and energy savings, and compare it with commercially available smart plug solutions. Finally, we discuss novel applications beyond the wake-up functionality that IEEE 802.11-enabled WuR devices can offer using a secondary radio, as well as applications that have not yet been considered by IEEE 802.11ba. As a result, we argue that the IEEE 802.11-based WuR solution will support a wide range of devices and deployments, for both low-rate and low-power communications, as well as high-rate transmissions.

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14

Sampayo, Sebastian L., Julien Montavont, and Thomas Noël. "REFLOOD: Reactive routing protocol for wake-up radio in IoT." Ad Hoc Networks 121 (October 2021): 102578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102578.

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15

Deng, Der-Jiunn, Shao-Yu Lien, Chun-Cheng Lin, Ming Gan, and Hsing-Chung Chen. "IEEE 802.11ba Wake-Up Radio: Performance Evaluation and Practical Designs." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 141547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3013023.

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16

Ghose, Debasish, and Frank Y. Li. "Enabling Backoff for SCM Wake-Up Radio: Protocol and Modeling." IEEE Communications Letters 21, no. 5 (May 2017): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2017.2653779.

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17

Deng, Der-Jiunn, Ming Gan, Yu-Chen Guo, Jian Yu, Ying-Pei Lin, Shao-Yu Lien, and Kwang-Cheng Chen. "IEEE 802.11ba: Low-Power Wake-Up Radio for Green IoT." IEEE Communications Magazine 57, no. 7 (July 2019): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2019.1800389.

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18

Chlebus, Bogdan S., Gianluca De Marco, and Dariusz R. Kowalski. "Scalable wake-up of multi-channel single-hop radio networks." Theoretical Computer Science 615 (February 2016): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2015.11.046.

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19

Koutsandria, Georgia, Valerio Di Valerio, Dora Spenza, Stefano Basagni, and Chiara Petrioli. "Wake-up radio-based data forwarding for green wireless networks." Computer Communications 160 (July 2020): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.05.046.

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20

Del Prete, Massimo, Alessandra Costanzo, Michele Magno, Diego Masotti, and Luca Benini. "Optimum Excitations for a Dual-Band Microwatt Wake-Up Radio." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 64, no. 12 (December 2016): 4731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2016.2622699.

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21

Tang, Suhua, and Sadao Obana. "Energy Efficient Downlink Transmission in Wireless LANs by Using Low-Power Wake-Up Radio." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2405381.

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In the downlink of a wireless LAN, power-save mode is a typical method to reduce power consumption. However, it usually causes large delay. Recently, remote wake-up control via a low-power wake-up radio (WuR) has been introduced to activate a node to instantly receive packets from an access point (AP). But link quality is not taken into account and protocol overhead of wake-up per node is relatively large. To solve these problems, in this paper, a broadcast-based wake-up control framework is proposed, and a low-power WuR is used to receive traffic indication map from an AP, monitor link quality, and perform carrier sense. Among the nodes which have packets buffered at the AP, only those whose SNR is above a threshold will be activated, contending via a proper contention window to receive packets from the AP. Optimal SNR threshold, deduced by theoretical analysis, helps to reduce transmission collisions and false wake-ups (caused by wake-up latency) and improve transmission rate. Extensive simulations confirm that the proposed method (i) effectively reduces power consumption of nodes compared with other methods, (ii) has less delay than power-save mode in times of light traffic, and (iii) achieves higher throughput than other methods in the saturation state.

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22

Bdiri, Sadok, Faouzi Derbel, and Olfa Kanoun. "An 868 MHz 7.5 µW wake-up receiver with −60 dBm sensitivity." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 5, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-433-2016.

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Abstract. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), batteries are unlikely to be replaced or recharged once they get depleted, because of costs and feasibility. In a typical application, sensor nodes should be accessible and able to respond within a defined period of time, especially in real-time applications. However, the idle listening of the radio wastes most of the energy since the radio transceiver is constantly active. On the other hand, putting it into sleep state disconnects the node from the network. To cope with such a challenge, an ultra-low-power radio receiver referred to as a wake-up receiver (WuRx) handles the idle listening while keeping the main radio completely off. A WuRx consumes much less power than the main transceiver and triggers an interrupt only when a packet with a user-defined address is received. Embedding such a device enables better event-triggered applications where real-time behavior is required and a longer lifetime is mandatory. The proposed WuRx features practical sensitivity and includes the minimum number of active components in order to remain within the power budget. In this paper, an ultra-low-power WuRx with a power of 7.5 µW and a sensitivity of −60 dBm is developed. The decoding process of 16 bit of a wake-up packet (WuPt) takes less than 15 ms.

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23

Fatima, Syeda Gauhar. "Increasing Network Lifetime by Radio Wake-up for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4125.

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24

Shih, Wen-Chan, Raja Jurdak, David Abbott, Pai Chou, and Wen-Tsuen Chen. "A Long-Range Directional Wake-Up Radio for Wireless Mobile Networks." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 4, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan4030189.

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25

Park, Hyunhee. "Anti-Malicious Attack Algorithm for Low-Power Wake-Up Radio Protocol." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 127581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3008431.

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26

Rostami, Soheil, Petteri Kela, Kari Leppanen, and Mikko Valkama. "Wake-up Radio-Based 5G Mobile Access: Methods, Benefits, and Challenges." IEEE Communications Magazine 58, no. 7 (July 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.001.1900614.

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27

Ghose, Debasish, Frank Y. Li, and Vicent Pla. "MAC Protocols for Wake-Up Radio: Principles, Modeling and Performance Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14, no. 5 (May 2018): 2294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2805321.

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28

Oller, J., E. Garcia, E. Lopez, I. Demirkol, J. Casademont, J. Paradells, U. Gamm, and L. Reindl. "IEEE 802.11‐enabled wake‐up radio system: design and performance evaluation." Electronics Letters 50, no. 20 (September 2014): 1484–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.2468.

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29

Wang, Jiang, Liang Dong, and Yuzhuo Fu. "Modeling of UHF voltage multiplier for radio-triggered wake-up circuits." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 39, no. 11 (July 1, 2010): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.692.

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30

Song, Taewon, and Taeyoon Kim. "Performance Analysis of Addressing Mechanisms in Inter-Operable IoT Device with Low-Power Wake-Up Radio." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 21, 2019): 5106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235106.

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Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly expanding the use of its application, from individuals to industries. Owing to this, the number of IoT devices has been exponentially increasing. Considering the massive number of the devices, overall energy consumption is becoming more serious. From this point of view, attaching low-power wake-up radio (WUR) to the devices can be one of the candidate solutions to deal with this problem. With WUR, IoT devices can go to sleep until WUR receives a wake-up signal, which enables a significant reduction of its power consumption. Meanwhile, one concern for WUR operation is the addressing mechanism, since operational efficiency of the wake-up feature can significantly vary depending on the addressing mechanism. We therefore introduce addressing mechanisms for IoT devices equipped with WUR and analyze their performances, such as elapsed time to wake up, false positive probability and power/energy consumption, to provide appropriate addressing mechanisms over practical environments for IoT devices with WUR.

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31

Pegatoquet, Alain, Trong Nhan Le, and Michele Magno. "A Wake-Up Radio-Based MAC Protocol for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 27, no. 1 (February 2019): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2018.2880797.

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32

Liu, Renzhi, Asma Beevi K. T., Richard Dorrance, Deepak Dasalukunte, Vinod Kristem, Mario A. Santana Lopez, Alexander W. Min, Shahrnaz Azizi, Minyoung Park, and Brent R. Carlton. "An 802.11ba-Based Wake-Up Radio Receiver With Wi-Fi Transceiver Integration." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 55, no. 5 (May 2020): 1151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2019.2957651.

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33

Park, Hyunhee, and Eui-Jik Kim. "Wake-up Radio-resilient Scanning Mechanism for Mobile Device in IEEE 802.11ba." Sensors and Materials 30, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 2961. http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/sam.2018.1961.

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34

Djiroun, Fatima Zahra, and Djamel Djenouri. "MAC Protocols With Wake-Up Radio for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 19, no. 1 (2017): 587–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comst.2016.2612644.

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35

Jurdzinski, Tomasz, and Grzegorz Stachowiak. "Probabilistic Algorithms for the Wake-Up Problem in Single-Hop Radio Networks." Theory of Computing Systems 38, no. 3 (April 14, 2005): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00224-005-1144-3.

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36

Ali, Imran, Muhammad Asif, Muhammad Riaz Ur Rehman, Danial Khan, Huo Yingge, Sung Jin Kim, YoungGun Pu, Sang-Sun Yoo, and Kang-Yoon Lee. "A Highly Reliable, 5.8 GHz DSRC Wake-Up Receiver with an Intelligent Digital Controller for an ETC System." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 19, 2020): 4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144012.

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In this article, a highly reliable radio frequency (RF) wake-up receiver (WuRx) is presented for electronic toll collection (ETC) applications. An intelligent digital controller (IDC) is proposed as the final stage for improving WuRx reliability and replacing complex analog blocks. With IDC, high reliability and accuracy are achieved by sensing and ensuring the successive, configurable number of wake-up signal cycles before enabling power-hungry RF transceiver. The IDC and range communication (RC) oscillator current consumption is reduced by a presented self-hibernation technique during the non-wake-up period. For accommodating wake-up signal frequency variation and enhancing WuRx accuracy, a digital hysteresis is incorporated. To avoid uncertain conditions during poor and false wake-up, a watch-dog timer for IDC self-recovery is integrated. During wake-up, the digital controller consumes 34.62 nW power and draws 38.47 nA current from a 0.9 V supply. In self-hibernation mode, its current reduces to 9.7 nA. It is fully synthesizable and needs 809 gates for its implementation in a 130 nm CMOS process with a 94 × 82 µm2 area. The WuRx measured power consumption is 2.48 µW, has −46 dBm sensitivity, and a 0.484 mm² chip area.

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37

Huang, Changqin, Guosheng Huang, Wei Liu, Ruoyu Wang, and Mande Xie. "A parallel joint optimized relay selection protocol for wake-up radio enabled WSNs." Physical Communication 47 (August 2021): 101320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2021.101320.

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38

Rostami, Soheil, Sandra Lagen, Mario Costa, Mikko Valkama, and Paolo Dini. "Wake-Up Radio Based Access in 5G Under Delay Constraints: Modeling and Optimization." IEEE Transactions on Communications 68, no. 2 (February 2020): 1044–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2954389.

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39

Rinne, Jukka, Jari Keskinen, Paul R. Berger, Donald Lupo, and Mikko Valkama. "Viability Bounds of M2M Communication Using Energy-Harvesting and Passive Wake-Up Radio." IEEE Access 5 (2017): 27868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2713878.

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40

Ramachandran, Vignesh raja Karuppiah, Berend Jan van der Zwaag, Nirvana Meratnia, and Paul J. M. Havinga. "Evaluation of MAC Protocols with Wake-up Radio for Implantable Body Sensor Networks." Procedia Computer Science 40 (2014): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.12.025.

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41

Guntupalli, Lakshmikanth, Debasish Ghose, Frank Y. Li, and Mikael Gidlund. "Energy Efficient Consecutive Packet Transmissions in Receiver-Initiated Wake-Up Radio Enabled WSNs." IEEE Sensors Journal 18, no. 11 (June 1, 2018): 4733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2018.2825540.

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42

Caballe, Marti Cervia, Anna Calveras Auge, Elena Lopez-Aguilera, Eduard Garcia-Villegas, Ilker Demirkol, and Josep Paradells Aspas. "An Alternative to IEEE 802.11ba: Wake-Up Radio With Legacy IEEE 802.11 Transmitters." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 48068–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2909847.

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43

Jelicic, Vana, Michele Magno, Davide Brunelli, Vedran Bilas, and Luca Benini. "Benefits of Wake-Up Radio in Energy-Efficient Multimodal Surveillance Wireless Sensor Network." IEEE Sensors Journal 14, no. 9 (September 2014): 3210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2014.2326799.

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44

Weber, Maximilian, Ghofrane Fersi, Robert Fromm, and Faouzi Derbel. "Wake-Up Receiver-Based Routing for Clustered Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 23, 2022): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093254.

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The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the most promising solutions for the supervision of multiple phenomena and for the digitisation of the Internet of Things (IoT). The Wake-up Receiver (WuRx) is one of the most trivial and effective solutions for energy-constrained networks. This technology allows energy-autonomous on-demand communication for continuous monitoring instead of the conventional radio. The routing process is one of the most energy and time-consuming processes in WSNs. It is, hence, crucial to conceive an energy-efficient routing process. In this paper, we propose a novel Wake-up Receiver-based routing protocol called Clustered WuRx based on Multicast wake-up (CWM), which ensures energy optimisation and time-efficiency at the same time for indoor scenarios. In our proposed approach, the network is divided into clusters. Each Fog Node maintains the routes from each node in its cluster to it. When a sink requires information from a given node, it’s corresponding Fog Node uses a multicast wake-up mechanism to wake up the intended node and all the intermediate nodes that will be used in the routing process simultaneously. Measurement results demonstrate that our proposed approach exhibits higher energy efficiency and has drastic performance improvements in the delivery delay compared with other routing protocols.

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45

Chen, Jianfei, Zhaohua Dai, and ZhiQiang Chen. "Development of Radio-Frequency Sensor Wake-Up with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as an Aerial Gateway." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 1, 2019): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051047.

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The advent of autonomous navigation, positioning, and general robotics technologies has enabled the improvement of small to miniature-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or ‘drones’) and their wide uses in engineering practice. Recent research endeavors further envision a systematic integration of aerial drones and traditional contact-based or ground-based sensors, leading to an aerial–ground wireless sensor network (AG-WSN), in which the UAV serves as both a gateway besides and a remote sensing platform. This paper serves two goals. First, we will review the recent development in architecture, design, and algorithms related to UAVs as a gateway and particularly illustrate its nature in realizing an opportunistic sensing network. Second, recognizing the opportunistic sensing need, we further aim to focus on achieving energy efficiency through developing an active radio frequency (RF)-based wake-up mechanism for aerial–ground data transmission. To prove the effectiveness of energy efficiency, several sensor wake-up solutions are physically implemented and evaluated. The results show that the RF-based wake-up mechanism can potentially save more than 98.4% of the energy that the traditional duty-cycle method would otherwise consume, and 96.8% if an infrared-receiver method is used.

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46

Lattanzi, Emanuele, Matteo Dromedari, Valerio Freschi, and Alessandro Bogliolo. "A Sub-A Ultrasonic Wake-Up Trigger with Addressing Capability for Wireless Sensor Nodes." ISRN Sensor Networks 2013 (September 19, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/720817.

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Wireless sensor nodes spend most of the time waiting either for sensed data or for packets to be routed to the sink. While on board, sensors can raise hardware interrupts to trigger the wake-up of the processor, incoming packets require the radio module to be turned on in order to be properly received and processed; thus, reducing the effectiveness of dynamic power management and exposing the node to unintended packets cause energy waste. The capability of triggering the wake-up of a node over the air would makes it possible to keep the entire network asleep and to wake up the nodes along a path to the sink whenever there is a packet to transmit. This paper presents an ultrasonic wake-up trigger for ultra-low-power wireless sensor nodes developed as a plug-in module for VirtualSense motes. The module supports a simple out-of-band addressing scheme to enable the selective wake-up of a target node. In addition, it makes it possible to exploit the propagation speed of ultrasonic signals to perform distance measurements. The paper outlines the design choices, reports the results of extensive measurements, and discusses the additional degrees of freedom introduced by ultrasonic triggering in the power-state diagram of VirtualSense.

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47

Djidi, Nour El Hoda, Matthieu Gautier, Antoine Courtay, Olivier Berder, and Michele Magno. "How Can Wake-up Radio Reduce LoRa Downlink Latency for Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes?" Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030733.

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LoRa is popular for internet of things applications as this communication technology offers both a long range and a low power consumption. However, LoRaWAN, the standard MAC protocol that uses LoRa as physical layer, has the bottleneck of a high downlink latency to achieve energy efficiency. To overcome this drawback we explore the use of wake-up radio combined with LoRa, and propose an adequate MAC protocol that takes profit of both these heterogeneous and complementary technologies. This protocol allows an opportunistic selection of a cluster head that forwards commands from the gateway to the nodes in the same cluster. Furthermore, to achieve self-sustainability, sensor nodes might include an energy harvesting sub-system, for instance to scavenge energy from the light, and their quality of service can be tuned, according to their available energy. To have an effective self-sustaining LoRa system, we propose a new energy manager that allows less fluctuations of the quality of service between days and nights. Latency and energy are modeled in a hybrid manner, i.e., leveraging microbenchmarks on real hardware platforms, to explore the influence of the energy harvesting conditions on the quality of service of this heterogeneous network. It is clearly demonstrated that the cooperation of nodes within a cluster drastically reduces the latency of LoRa base station commands, e.g., by almost 90% compared to traditional LoRa scheme for a 10 nodes cluster.

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48

Kardi, Amine, and Rachid Zagrouba. "Securing wake up radio for green wireless sensor networks against denial of sleep attacks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 36, no. 3 (2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2021.117228.

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49

Zagrouba, Rachid, and Amine Kardi. "Securing wake up radio for green wireless sensor networks against denial of sleep attacks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 36, no. 3 (2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2021.10039560.

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50

Nilsson, Emil, and Christer Svensson. "Ultra Low Power Wake-Up Radio Using Envelope Detector and Transmission Line Voltage Transformer." IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 3, no. 1 (March 2013): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2013.2242777.

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