Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wali'

L’institution du gouverneur, selon son statut moderne, créée en 1956, a survécu à plusieurs contingences de l’histoire du Maroc moderne : l’instabilité des années 1970, l’ouverture d’une nouvelle ère de lois et règlements administratifs visant la stabilisation du système de gouvernance et la reconnaissance d’une autonomie limitée à travers l’adoption de la décentralisation afin de mitiger les inconvénients de la centralisation excessive tout en instaurant les bases d’une déconcentration administrative. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les éléments de continuité qui caractérisent l’action des gouverneurs. L’institution du gouverneur au Maroc joue un rôle central dans l’administration du pays ; l’étude de sa genèse, de son statut, de sa condition juridique, de ses droits, de ses obligations, de ses responsabilités et de ses attributions, aussi bien traditionnelles que modernes, représente un intérêt certain. Cette thèse se propose d’être une contribution au débat actuel portant sur la réforme des institutions au Maroc
The institution of governor, in its modern status, created in 1956, has survived to so many contingencies in the modern Moroccan history: instability in the 1970s, the setting of a new era of administrative laws stabilizing the governing system, and the recognition of a limited autonomy to territorial collectivities through decentralization process in order to mitigate the centralization inconvenients by adopting “administrative deconcentration”. The objective of this thesis is to study the elements of continuity characterizing the action of governors. This contribution is an attempt to identify them in regard to their status and competencies. The institution of Governor in Morocco plays a central role in the local administration of the country, the study of its genesis, its legal status, rights, obligations, responsibilities, and functions, both traditional and modern has an accurate interest. This thesis is intended as a contribution to the actual debate on institutional reform in Morocco

Depuis la plus haute antiquite jusqu'a nos jours, l'homme a toujours recherche un recours pour exorciser la peur qui l'habite et en particulier la peur de la mort. En islam, la peur a donne naissance a une forme de pensee, celle de la mystique islamique et a une architecture originale, celle de la zawiya, espace sacre. Nous avons retrouve une relation etroite entre la structure du monument, le rituel, les gestes et la peur. La representation geometrique de cette recherche de dieu est la zawiya. Bien plus, le monument n'est plus seulement le lieu de sepulture d'un wali, mais l'image meme du cosmos
Since ancient times untill to-day, man has always sought a refuge to exorcise fear which is in him, and in particular his dread of death. In islam, fear has given birth to a way of thinking, that of islamic mysticism, and at a specific and original architecture : the zawiya as a sacred area. There is a close relation between the monument structure, the ritual, the acts and dread. This geometrical representation for the search of god is the "zawiya". This monument is not only the wali's sepulture, but it is also the cosmos itself

The early split of Islam is regarded as one of the most profound and complex events in Islamic history, not only would it lay the foundation of two predominant branches of Islam, but it would also be one of the oldest arguments in Islamic history. Who is the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammed? This essay aims to explore the deep root behind the initial schism of Islam and understand the arguments both schools use to legitimize their position. What do the Sunnis and Shi’as say about the event of Ghadir, the hadith of the two weighty things and the incident of Saqifa, and how do each school of Islam interpret these events? The source material consists of Hadiths and scholastic literatures from both Sunni Islam, Shi’a Islam, as well as literatures from Secular sources. By basing the analysis on Wilfred Madelung’s and Ali Asghar’s theory of disserting Orientalist understanding of a monolith perspective on Islamic history, the essay aims to understand and broaden the reality of the schism of Islam and to bring emphasis on the events that often goes ignored throughout history. Finally, the results prove that both Sunnis and Shi’as differ regarding the caliphate, and the assertions for these lay in their respective interpretations. The Shi’as maintain that Ali should’ve been the successor, while the Sunnis believe Abu Bakr was the caliph.

This study examines the Islamic concept of Al-Wala’ wal Bara’ (Loyalty and Disavowal) in modern Salafism referred to here as WB. The research is divided into two parts. Part One introduces the phenomenon of modern Salafism and the concept of WB (Chapter One). It also demonstrates how the Quran, particularly its sixtieth chapter (Surah Al-Mumtahanah) and the concept of Millat Ibrahim (Religion of Abraham) play an important role in formulating the modern Salafi concept of WB (Chapter Two). Part Two discusses the realities and complexities of the concept. First, the concept in Wahhabism, whose adherents form the majority of modern Salafis, and whose tradition is believed to have influenced and shaped modern Salafism, is discussed (Chapter Three). The complexities of WB are described as the research recognizes the diversity or “spectrum” of the concept in modern Salafism, which ranges from what might be termed “very mild” to “very extreme” (Chapter Four). The research shows that one of the main reasons for this diversity is the different Salafi orientations or the backgrounds from which modern Salafis emerge. This is proven through analyzing the writings on WB by Salafis of purist, politico and Jihadi backgrounds – a specific categorization of modern Salafis used for the purpose of this research (Chapter Five). The analysis is conducted by mainly observing the role of WB within their intellectual systems. Through this analysis, it is concluded that a particular Salafi orientation has an effect on the style of writing and presentation of the concept by modern Salafis. This reflects the position of WB in modern Salafism as being fluid and multi-dimensional. The research then, aims to explore the centrality, breadth and complexity of the WB concept in modern Salafism, and proves that WB in modern Salafism is not static but flexible and dynamic. The significance of the research lies in the fact that understanding modern Salafi conceptions of WB is an urgent priority in the lives of Muslims today. This understanding is critical, as Muslims increasingly live as minority communities across the globe and WB has specific implications for whether (and how) Muslims can live with non-Muslims. The research concludes that the consequences of applying the modern Salafi concept of WB are serious – WB generally promotes a way of life that is insular and hostile towards non-Muslims and this, it might be argued, is at variance with more tolerant, inclusive nature of Islam.

My purpose has been to discover and present all that is known of Moses Wall (1606?-1664+). In approximately 62,000 words this study addresses the three main aspects of his work. 1 HOUSE OF LORDS DEPOSITIONS. These documents were officially destroyed but secretly copied. I found and examined them in the House of Lords archive. I present detailed considerations of the material and the implications of Moses Wall's close involvement with Sir Harry Vane, as messenger and as spy for the Independents. 2 TRANSLATION OF SPES ISRAELIS. As a scholar and millennial idealist Moses Wall was the anonymous translator for the first English edition of Spes Israelis by the Dutch Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel. Responding to MP Edward Spencer's reply, the second edition contained a cogent and well-argued Discourse by Wall, establishing a rational and religious case for readmitting the Jews as citizens of England. I establish the context and consequences of this work. 3 CORRESPONDENCE with SAMUEL HARTLIB and JOHN MILTON. Fourteen letters written by Moses Wall between 1652 and 1660 are available from the Hartlib archive. They offer political, personal and practical information, with rare insights into daily survival under the Commonwealth. In my work these letters are edited and examined as a body for the first time. Together with supporting detail from other sources I show how these offer a living record of the man Moses Wall and his achievement. I offer the possibility that these letters conveyed more than their immediate meaning. One single letter from Moses Wall to John Milton survives, well known and discussed by Milton scholars. In the context of other material here presented, this is perceived as a source of inspiration and influence from 1659 to1980.

Wall-Couture is a project within the textile design field, which aims to explore methods for surface design in digitally printed wallpaper. Through a practice based working method, textile after-treatment techniques have been used to manipulate digitally printed wallpaper with hand-painted motives. Practices borrowed from haute couture have influenced the working method. The result is a range of design examples displaying various expressions of the techniques. The project shows that several surface materials could be applied in ways that enhance tactility and visual depth to digitally printed wallpaper, and also that methods from craftsmanship could be use to design contemporary wallpaper. The combination of techniques increases the designer’s opportunities to design wallpaper by using alternative approaches to material and surfaces. The work also strives to higher the value of handicraft, decoration and ornamentation in the design field. Another value is to strengthen the position of digital printing in the textile industry; the work encourages technical progress for creating digital print in combination with surface treatments.

För vissa är graffiti konst, för andra är det ett tecken på förlorad kontroll. För mig är det ett redskap för att mötas.  Jag har delat in mitt examensarbete i två delar. Den första behandlar visionen jag baserat mitt arbete på. Den andra handlar om design och placering av de fysiska paviljongerna.  I den första delen har jag utgått ifrån ett scenario där den fysiska arkitekturen återspeglas i ett virtuellt gallerisystem jag get namnet Gallery Wall. Denna del finns bara på idébasis men har varit utgångspunkt då jag formgivit mina paviljonger.  Jag har skapat fem olika paviljongstyper som tillsammans på ett teoretiskt plan utgör en och samma virtuella huvudform. I, eller rättare sagt på, paviljongerna ges tillfälle för vem som helst att måla och presenteras sin gatukonst.  Min förhoppning är att mina paviljongtyper skall inspirera andra att bygga egna varianter som alla är del av Gallery Wall. Systemet är tänkt att vara open source.  Jag vill också med mitt arbete ifrågasätta och belysa vad som får visas upp och värdesätts inom konstvärlden och i samhället.  Mitt examensarbete är baserat på en dröm som förhoppningsvis i framtiden blir verklighet.

Tese de Doutoramento em Design, com a especialização em Design apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
O presente projecto de investigação teve como objecto de estudo, o desenvolvimento de um sistema de wayfinding orientado para a pessoa idosa em condição de baixa visão em meio hospitalar, que lhes permitisse moverem-se de forma autónoma e independente. O envelhecimento da população é uma realidade e esta faixa da população, representa os que em maior número se deslocam a hospitais, por diferentes questões relacionadas com a sua saúde. Para esta investigação, foi identificada uma unidade hospitalar, o IOGP - Instituto de Oftalmologia Dr. Gama Pinto, que desenvolve a sua actividade, em exclusivo, no acompanhamento e tratamento de questões relacionadas com a visão. Esta investigação, permitiu aferir junto de pessoas com idade superior a 65 anos e em condição de baixa visão, as suas limitações visuais e motoras, assim como as suas percepções reais na interpretação do ambiente que as rodeia e como se referenciam para se deslocarem. Assim, foi possível poder estruturar e desenvolver um conceito de orientação em espaços, suportado por informação visual e táctil adaptada às suas limitações, que permitisse uma circulação orientada e independente nesses espaços, tornando-os mais acessíveis na forma de exposição da informação veiculada e, consequentemente, promotora de melhor mobilidade e qualidade de vida. O estudo do espaço, a distribuição dos serviços e o questionar as equipas técnicas quanto à funcionalidade e o grau de interpelação que os utentes realizam para identificação dos destinos no edifício, foram determinantes na análise espacial. Só desta forma se puderam identificar as particulares necessidades e parametrizar o objectivo final desta investigação, isto é, estabelecer um conceito ou matriz para a definição da forma de representação da informação visual e háptica, como processo de uma percepção mais sensorial dos espaços e ambientes - usufruir, fluir e sentir os espaços através da visão e do tacto. Um sistema de informação adaptado às limitações da percepção visual deste grupo-alvo, pode representar um passo na consciência de que a informação de orientação pode ser desenvolvida num espectro mais alargado e inclusivo.
ABSTRACT: This research project had as object of study, the development of a wayfinding system oriented to the elderly in low vision condition in hospitals, that would allow them to move in an autonomous and independent way. Population aging’ is a reality and this range of the population, represents those who more access hospitals, due to different situations related to their health. For this research, a hospital unit was chosen, the IOGP - Instituto de Oftalmologia Dr. Gama Pinto, that develops its activity, exclusively in following and treating issues related with vision. This research project have permitted to gauge within people over 65 years old and with low vision, their visual and motor impairments, as well as, their real perceptions in the environment interpretation and how they define their landmarks when moving., So it was possible to structure and develop a space orientation concept, supported by visual and tactile information adapted to their limitations, that would allow an oriented and independent circulation in those spaces, making them more accessible in the way information is expressed and consequently, allowing a better mobility and life quality. The study of the space, the distribution of services and the questioning of the technical teams regarding the functionality and the degree of interpellation that the users will achieve to identify the destinations in the building, were determinant in the spatial analysis. Only in this way were identified the particular needs and parametrize the final objective of this research, that is, to establish a concept or matrix for the definition of way of representing the visual and sensory-motor information as a process in a more sensorial perception of the spaces and environments - enjoy, circulate and feel the spaces through vision and touch. The creation of an information system adapted to the limitations of perceptual vision in this target group are a step towards the conscience that the orientation information can be developed in a wider spectrum and inclusive view.
N/A

Para el presente trabajo de investigación, el equipo identificó una necesidad insatisfecha por parte de personas que necesitan realizar terapias físicas, el gran problema que describen estas personas es la accesibilidad a las citas, esto debido a la alta demanda de pacientes. Es por ello que se realizó una investigación extensa validando la necesidad identificada, con entrevistas a los pacientes, los cuales buscan alternativas que satisfagan sus necesidades y la posibilidad de ser atendidos. Nuestro servicio ofrece una atención personalizada a cargo de terapistas profesionales y el beneficio es que la atención es a domicilio, ahorrando a los pacientes el traslado hacia el centro de salud, tomando en cuenta que se encuentran con alguna discapacidad. En la actualidad el uso de medios digitales se ha incrementado debido al avance tecnológico, es por ello que los pacientes podrán programar sus citas en nuestra página web desde la comodidad de sus casas, ofreciéndoles desde ese momento una experiencia diferente en el servicio.
For the present research work, the team identified an unmet need on the part of people who must perform physical therapies, the problem that these people present is the accessibility to appointments, and this is due to the high demand of patients. That is why we conducted an extensive investigation validating the identified need, with interviews with patients, the alternatives that meet their needs and the possibility of being attended to. Our service offers personalized attention a charge of professional therapists and the benefit is that the attention is at home, saving patients the transfer to the health center, taking into account that they are disabled. Currently, the use of digital media has increased due to technological advancement that is why patients can schedule their appointments on our website from the comfort of their homes, offering them from that moment a different experience in the service.
Trabajo de investigación

Interpersonal touch is frequently promoted for its positive outcomes in business communication. Frontline employees touch consumers primarily to foster a better consumer-employee relationship, leading to higher revenue. This thesis examines how consumers respond to an employee touch during a service recovery. Using three experiments, this thesis addresses the following research gaps: (a) the absence of literature on the effects of interpersonal touch during service recovery; (b) understanding the joint effect of interpersonal touch and perceived employee responsibility during service recovery; and (c) the absence of empirical analysis of interpersonal touch mediators regarding interpersonal touch during service recovery.

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Bachelors
English
Arts and Humanities
Creative Writing

Wari and CajamarcaThis article summarizes the archaeological evidence for Wari presence in the Cajamarca basin, of Peru's north highlands. Artifacts from a private collection are discussed. Wari presence seems to be limited to a defined area, and totally absent outside it. Wari contact does not seem to have interrupted local Cajamarca culture, that continued uninterrupted development.
En este artículo se resumen los datos arqueológicos wari en el valle de Cajamarca, sierra norte del Perú, y se presentan los materiales de una colección privada. La presencia wari en este valle se limita a una zona, fuera de la cual no parece existir evidencia alguna. Aparentemente el contacto con Wari no significa una interrupción, sino que se percibe una continuidad de la cultura Cajamarca.

This thesis investigates a constructive technique, within the materials and methods of conventional practice, which allows for a common building material such as concrete block to carry form and beauty. Furthermore, this project seeks to demonstrate the role human ingenuity, patience, attention, and perception can continue to play in architecture and construction. The project focuses on an experimental wall type consisting of regular eight inch concrete half-block masonry units, stack-bonded in elevation and subtly transformed in plan to reveal a gradual shift of the exposed faces of the units. A wall was constructed at the Building Research and Demonstration Facility to investigate one example of this wall type.
Master of Architecture

Walk 14 Blocks is a document that describes my two-year investigation of simulation in everyday life. It describes how I examine both simulated places and the tools of simulation. I explain the key elements relating my work to simulation; experience, language, and the video monitor. I trace how I have utilized these elements in several works that led to my thesis exhibition titled Evidence.

In 3D and 2D animations walk cycles of characters appear very frequently and are an important way of expressing various aspects of the story told. However walk cycles are tedious and time consuming to animate. In this work an Autodesk MAYA plug-in has been developed, that aims at automating this process. The walk cycle plug-in can be highly beneficial for animators when creating convincing walk cycles in a fast and simple way. The plug-in calculates the right values for each phase in the walk cycle. The GUI of the plug-in makes it easy to provide the required input parameters. In addition, the plug-in allows the animation of a character to walk along a chosen path.

Individuals may write themselves, their communities and their friendships into being on social network sites (Sundén 2003) (boyd 2008). That is, they write themselves into being by providing information about themselves in the form of personal profiles; they write their communities into being by setting up groups with which to connect with like-minded people; and they write their friendships into being by displaying contact lists and through continual interaction with their friends online. Since communication is key to the upkeep of friendship ties, a linguistic perspective has the potential to expand on the idea of writing friendship into being through a consideration of the ‘writing’ itself. The Facebook wall-to-wall conversation is a new means of computer-mediated communication and may be conceptualised as a way of typing friendship into being. Facebook ‘Friends’ write on each other’s ‘profile walls’ in turn, and in doing so they augment the interpersonal connection between them that originated offline by undertaking strategies of positive face enhancement in tandem. As semi-synchronous, semi-public dialogues in plain text, the wall-to-wall conversation is exclusive to two Facebook users as active participants, but visible to a special public of their mutual Facebook Friends. This thesis considers the type, semantic form, sentence position, orthography and pragmatic function of vocatives in a corpus of Facebook wall-to-wall conversations engaged in by students from the University of Sydney, Australia and from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. The vocatives are examined qualitatively through a lens of (Im)Politeness theory, drawing from Brown and Levinson (1987), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1992; 2002) and Culpeper (1996; 2008) with a focus on positive politeness, mock deference and mock impoliteness. The joint engagement in creativity, playfulness and humour with regards to the formation and exchange of vocatives is attested in both the Australian English and the Swiss French corpora.
University of Sydney Honours Scholarship

The context of my embodied project, I Walk to See, I Walk to Know: Walking to Wongawol, is an exploration into 1) the absence of Western Desert Aboriginal narratives via the act of walking as knowing and 2) my recently discovered ancestral connections, which were historically erased by the state. The location of my project is Wongawol Station in the Western Desert, Western Australia, where my Indigenous ancestors lived, and whose lives I draw upon to make connections with the narratives and sensations of the desert landscape. I use the methodology of walking to investigate the interconnectivity between body and space/place and how this might be interpreted in relation to my research. For Nandi Chinna (2014), walking defines the body as the sensory vessel that can experience the dimensions of told and untold narratives of life on earth. I further explore the act of walking through the lens of rhythmanalysis—an approach that refers to how movement is a primary way of “engaging with the world” (Chen, 2013, p. 531). This is illustrated by works such as Raban’s Fergus Walking (Chen, 2013), a structural film that experiments within a nonbinary representation of walking within disrupted notions of time and space. Expanding on this idea, I have incorporated Derrida’s concepts of absence/presence within language/text, time and space as informed by his deconstructionism and nonbinary phenomenology to disrupt accepted literary and philosophical dichotomies. Indigenous film maker Thornton (2018) is also examined from the perspective of cinematography techniques in relation to body, memory, history and the land. Anselm Kiefer’s artworks, which convey the effects of Nazi Germany’s holocaust, allow a potent comparison reflecting “an intimate involvement with destruction and apocalypse [which acts] to provoke and keep memory alive” (Spies, 2016, p. 17). Underpinning my practice-led research are the writings of phenomenologists Merleau- Ponty (1962, 2012) and Heidegger (1962), who believe that the body and the world cannot be separated and that the body is essentially the primary place of knowing and interpreting the world (Merleau-Ponty, 2012): “my existence as subjectivity is identical with my existence as a body and with the existence of the world” (p. 431). The resultant dynamism and potentialities of working with materials to define the place/space of my ancestors comprises the act of walking, field notes, archives, photographic processes, ceramics and print processes. Further, the knowledge gained from acute immersive processes, experiential outcomes in situ and references to government documents characterises this exegesis as preparatory work towards a much larger body of research yet to be undertaken.

In this thesis we are to investigate two discrete interacting particle systems, namely annihilating random walk and coalescing random walk. By mapping the annihilating random walk to Glauber model and employing empty interval method respectively, we prove there is a similar structure behind them albeit their apparent differences, that is, they are both Pfaffian point process under a special initial condition. Then we extend the result to investigate whether the Pfaffian property preserves in the case of multi-time correlation function, which is called extended Pfaffian property. And we also investigate the case which the initial condition is changed from independent particles to another peculiar one-sided initial condition and proved it also preserved the Pfaffian property.

Les suspensions rencontrées dans diverses applications d’ingénierie (telles que l’extraction de pétrole brut, l’élaboration d’aliments, de béton ou de produits cosmétiques) peuvent présenter une dynamique riche lorsqu’elles sont soumises à un écoulement dans des géométries complexes. Il est important de savoir prédire la réponse de ces matériaux hétérogène sous écoulement compte tenu des applications. Pour construire des modèles prédictifs, il est indispensable de comprendre les phénomènes à différentes échelles, dans diverses configurations telles que l’écoulement d’une dispersion solide-liquide dans un coude ou dans un canal en forme de T, le mélange de cette dispersion par un agitateur, etc. Les écoulements de suspension normaux à un obstacle ont reçu peu d’attention (le fluide porteur étant liquide). Dans ce contexte, nous avons examiné la dynamique des particules dans l’écoulement de Hiemenz (un écoulement de type couche limite incident à une paroi), à l’aide de simulations numériques. Nous nous sommes concentrés essentiellement sur une ou deux particules de même densité que le fluide, et de taille finie comparée à l’épaisseur de couche limite (les particules ont une inertie finie près de la paroi car elles sont forcées de s’arrêter à la paroi). Nous avons utilisé des simulations numériques directes afin de mesurer le glissement des particules par rapport à l’écoulement local, la force d’interaction de nature hydrodynamique ainsi que la perte d’énergie. Toutes ces quantités ont été déterminées en tant que fonctions uniques du rapport entre la taille des particules et l’épaisseur de la couche limite visqueuse. Les simulations ont mis en évidence que l’approche d’une particule vers la paroi, suivant l’axe de symétrie de l’écoulement, subit une transition d’un régime de ralentissement dominé par les effets visqueux à un régime de type rebond, cette transition prenant place pour une taille de particule O. Nous avons établi un modèle pour la force hydrodynamique exercée sur la particule s’approchant de la paroi et pour le coefficient de restitution en écoulement normal à la paroi. Pour deux particules identiques sur l’axe, certaines séparations conduisent à une collision de particules avant que la particule inférieure (la plus proche de la paroi) ne touche la paroi; l’échange de quantité de mouvement qui en résulte conduit à une vitesse d’impact supérieure à celle d’une particule particule isolée. Les simulations révèlent que la dynamique de la paire inclut un rebond sans contact de la particule inférieure avec la paroi, en raison de la mise à l’abri par la particule supérieure contre la tranée, permettant à la force de pression de dominer
Two-phase suspensions encountered in various engineering applications(like crude oil extraction, elaboration of food, concrete or cosmetics), can exhibit rich dynamics when submitted to flow in complex geometries. Predicting the response of such heterogeneous material under flow is an important issue in view of applications. To build these predictive models, basic understanding of the dif- ferent scales is required for configurations such as pipe flow through an elbow or T-shape section, mixing a solid-liquid dispersion by a rotating impeller, etc. Suspension flows normal to an obstacle have seen limited attention with the carrier fluid being liquid phase. In this context, we examined particle dynamics in the well-known Hiemenz boundary-layer flow, with the aid of numerical simu- lations. We focused essentially on one or two neutrally buoyant particles, which are of finite size compared to the boundary layer thickness (particles have a finite inertia near the wall because they are forced to stop at the wall), and which are located at the symmetry axis of the flow. We used direct numerical simulations in order to measure the particle slip with respect to the local flow, the hydrodynamic force experienced by the particle and the energy loss during solvent-mediated particle-wall interaction. All these quantities were determined as unique functions of the ratio between the particle size and the thickness of the viscous boundary layer. When the particle size is increased, the simulations highlighted a transition of the particle dynamics from viscous damping to rebound, occurring for particle size O(). We established a model for the hydrodynamic force experienced by the incident particle, and for the restitution coefficient in wall-normal flow. For two identical particles on the axis, certain separations lead to particle collision before the lower (closer to wall) particle hits the wall; the resulting momentum exchange leads to larger impact velocity than for one particle. The simulations reveal that dynamics of the colliding pair includes unexpected rebound without contact with the wall for the lower of two particles, due to sheltering by the upper particle from drag allowing the pressure force to dominate

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is a relatively more accurate and reliable alternative to solution of Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations in simulating complex turbulent flows at a lesser computational cost than a direct numerical simulation (DNS). However, LES of wall-bounded flows still requires a very high grid resolution in the inner wall layer making its widespread use difficult. Different attempts have been made in the past time to overcome this problem by modeling the near wall turbulence instead of resolving it. One such approach is a two-layer wall model that solves for a reduced one-dimensional equation in the inner wall layer, while solving for the filtered Navier-Stokes equations in the outer layer. The use of such a model allows for a coarser grid resolution than a wall resolved LES. This work validates the performance of a two-layer wall model developed for an arbitrary body fitted non-orthogonal grid in the flow over a wall mounted hump at Reynolds number 9.36x105. The wall modeled large eddy simulation (WMLES) relaxes the grid requirement compared to a wall resolved LES (WRLES) by allowing the first off-wall grid point to be placed at a y+ of approximately 20-40. It is found that the WMLES results are general good agreement with WRLES and experiments. Surface pressure coefficient, skin friction, mean velocity profiles, and the reattachment location compare very well with experiment. The WMLES and WRLES exhibit some under prediction of the peak values in the turbulent quantities close to the reattachment location, with better agreement with the experiment in the separated region. In contrast, a simulation that did not employ the wall model on the grid used for WMLES failed to predict flow separation and showed large discrepancies with the experimental data. In addition to the relaxation of the grid requirement in the wall normal direction, it was also observed that the wall model allowed a reduction in the number of computational cells in the span-wise direction by half. However an LES calculation on a grid with reduced number of cells in span-wise direction turned unstable almost immediately, thereby highlighting the effectiveness of the wall model. Besides reducing the number of grid points in the spatial domain, the relaxed grid resolution for the WMLES also permitted the use of a larger time step. This resulted in an order of magnitude reduction in the total CPU time relative to WRLES.
Master of Science

This licentiate thesis deals with the design of lined rockcaverns used for the storage of gas under high pressures (20-25MPa). This storage technique has been developed in Swedenduring the last 20 years. The concept has been named LRC (LinedRock Cavern).

The goal of the research has been to develop a methodologyfor the design of the cavern wall so that it can fulfil thesafety demands put placed upon it by the society. To achievethis, an extensive knowledge about the properties of the wallmaterials, and how they interact, is required.

The proposed design methodology is based on the cavern wallbuild-up principles that have emerged during the many years ofdevelopment of the LRC concept. The cavern wall consists, inshort, of (from inside outwards): a gastight steel lining, asliding layer of bitumen, a reinforced concrete lining, ashotcrete layer and finally the rock mass.

In the thesis, a step-by-step approach is proposed toanalyse the deformations and strains that the cavern wall issubjected to as the rock caverns expands as a result of thepressurisation. The analysis begins with an assessment of thedeformation properties of the rock mass and proceeds with anestimation of the deformation in the most strained part of therock cavern. The analysis continues with an examination of howthe rock deformation is transmitted through the wall structure,ending in an assessment of the strain in the most strained partof the steel lining. The final step in the methodology is tocompare the calculated steel strain with the acceptable strain,derived from acceptable risk criteria or extracted fromrelevant codes. As an LRC storage is subjected to hundreds ofload cycles (with potentially high strain levels in the steellining) during its lifetime, the dimensioning load case is lowcycle fatigue.

The methodology is based on several assumptions regardingthe properties of the structural parts included in the cavernwall and how they react to the pressure load, both as singleparts and in interaction with adjacent structural parts. Theassumptions regard e.g. the deformation properties of the rockmass, the behaviour of the rock mass during repeatedhigh-pressure loading, the crack distributing effect of thereinforcement and the properties of the sliding layer.

Support for these assumptions has been gathered fromtheories, previous experiences and performed practical tests.The long concept development work has included numeroustechnical studies and tests, which have been used in thecreation of the design methodology. The experiences gained fromthe Pilot tests in Grängesberg have been especiallyvaluable to this end. A series of laboratory tests on themechanical properties of the sliding layer, for the load casein question, have been performed as part of this licentiatework.

The proposed design methodology for the cavern wall is basedon a probabilistic approach. This approach has been chosen forseveral reasons, among others because LRC is a new technologywithout established design practice and because a probabilisticview is a good way to manage the uncertainties, which in thepresent case originates from the stochastic nature of the rockmass. The properties of the rock mass vary within the volumeand are better described by an interval or a distributioninstead of a deterministic value.

The calculation tools used are in themselves rather simple.The basis is an elastoplastic analytical solution for thedeformation of the rock cavern during pressurisation. Thecalculations are performed as Monte Carlo simulations in aspreadsheet model. The choice of calculation tool was done fortwo main reasons, partly to get a lucid method where each stepin the process can be followed, partly because of limitationsin time and budget. However, a large number of FEM calculationshave been used, in addition to the observed behaviour of thePilot Plant, to verify and calibrate the model.

The proposed methodology shows one practicable way ofdesigning an LRC storage. The methodology has already beenapplied in the design of the world’s first large scale LRCstorage (the LRC Demo Plant at Skallen, near Halmstad insouth-western Sweden).

Areas where it is judged possible to improve or supplementthe proposed design methodology are:•A thorough evaluation of the deformationbehaviour of the Demo Plant can be used to check the validityof the assumptions made. Depending on the outcome of such acheck, this might lead to a modification of the designmethodology.•The sliding layer is of great importance for thestress and strain in the steel lining. It is urgent to continuethe development and testing of the sliding layer material andits properties.•It should be examined if, and in which case how,the use of stochastic FEM analysis, asa calculation tool,could improve the handling of uncertainties in the designmethodology.

Locomotion, the ability to walk freely in virtual environments, is a problem with no standardized solution. Walk-in-Place is one strand of solutions in which the user’s physical movement creates forward movement in the virtual environment. This technique is particularly useful for navigation in smartphone-based virtual reality without location detection. However, current mobile implementations use gaze-directed steering which limits the user’s ability to simultaneously scan the environment, which can reduce maneuverability. Additionally, step detection is triggered by head movement which shakes the head-mounted display and can therefore create discomfort and motion sickness. Detached Walk-in-place (dWIP) uses an external gyroscope attached to the body, or held in the hand, to track the user’s body rotation. This detaches the walking direction from gaze direction and removes step detection from the head-mounted-display. In this paper, I present a study of two different dWIP solutions (Torso- and Hand-directed). Both solutions are tested and compared with an existing mobile walk-in-place solution. Performance, user preference and simulator sickness were measured as the participants had to navigate a curved track using each method. The result shows that both dWIP methods required less steps compared with the current WIP, but the torso-directed dWIP is slower compared to the other two. There was no significant difference in user preference or simulator sickness. Overall, dWIP was well received and shows great potential as a mobile VR locomotion method.
Möjligheten att röra sig fritt i virtuella miljöer är ett problem utan en standardiserad lösning. Walk-in-place är en gren av lösningar som innebär att användarens fysiska rörelse skapar framåtrörelse i den virtuella miljön. Den här typen av lösning är speciellt användbar i smartphone-baserade virtuella miljöer utan platsregistrering. Nuvarande walk-in-place implementationer för smartphones använder huvudriktningen för styrning, vilket begränsar användarens förmåga att röra sig och samtidigt överblicka omgivningen, något som kan begränsa manövreringsförmågan. Dessutom triggas stegdetektering av huvudrörelser vilket kan skaka om headsetet och bidra till obehag och illamående. Frikopplad Walk-in-Place (dWIP) använder ett externt gyroskop som sätts fast på kroppen, eller hålls i handen, för att registrera användarens kroppsrotation. Detta frikopplar gångriktningen från huvudriktningen och tar bort stegdetekteringen från headsetet. I den här artikeln presenterar jag en studie av två olika dWIP-lösningar (Kropp- och Handriktad). Båda lösningarna är testade och jämförda med en existerade Walk-in-Place lösning för smartphones. Prestation, preferens och illamående mättes. Studiens deltagare navigerade igenom en böjd bana där de använde alla lösningarna varsin gång. Resultatet visar att deltagarna tog sig igenom banorna på färre steg med båda dWIP-lösningarna jämfört med den nuvarande WIP-lösningen, men att det tog längre tid med kroppsriktad dWIP. Det var ingen signifikant skillnad mellan deltagarnas preferenser eller upplevda illamående. Sammanfattningsvis blev dWIP väl mottaget av deltagarna och visade på en stor potential som navigationsmetod för VR till smartphones.

A theoretical analysis is presented to determine the forces of interaction between an electrically charged cylindrical or spherical particle and a charged plane boundary wall when the particle translates parallel to the wall and rotates around its axis in a symmetric electrolyte at rest. The electroviscous effects, arising from the coupling between the electrical and hydrodynamic equations, are determined as a solution of three partial differential equations, derived from Cox's general theory, for electroviscous ion concentration, electroviscous potential and electroviscous flow field. It is a priori assumed that the double layer thickness surrounding each charged surfaces is much smaller than the length scale of the problem. Using the matched asymptotic expansion technique, the electroviscous forces experienced by the cylinder and by the sphere are explicitly determined analytically for low and intermediate Peclet numbers, but small particle-wall distances. The solution for the sphere-wall interactions is extended to arbitrary particle-wall distances analytically for the tangential component of the force and numerically for the normal component of the force by the use of a bipolar coordinate system. The tangential and normal components of the electroviscous force experienced by the sphere-wall interactions for both arbitrary particle-wall distances and arbitrary Peclet numbers are also determined numerically by the use of the finite difference approximation in the bipolar coordinate system. It is found that the tangential force usually increases the drag above the purely hydrodynamic drag, although for certain conditions the drag can be reduced. Similarly the normal force is usually repulsive, i.e. it is an electrokinetic lift force, but under certain conditions the normal force can be attractive.

Protection of our environment, and greater use of renewable energy are two major topics discussed throughout the world in recent years. It is imperative that every one understands the importance of leading a sustainable life-style. This project was aimed at utilising solar energy for domestic space heating. A conceptual design of solar wall was proposed. It was suggested that the disadvantages of the Trombe wall could be largely overcome by using heat pipes as a thermal diodes between the solar energy source and the thermal mass of the wall. A computer model of such a wall was developed to predict its performance and this model was used to optimise the geometry and the materials in the design of the solar panel and the wall into which it was to be incorporated. A prototype panel of this design was manufactured and subjected to an experimental testing program. In the first phase of the testing program the panel was heated by a hot water bath and the heat output was measured in another cold water tank. As a result of these first tests, some modifications were made to the panel which was then tested again to ensure that it would meet the design requirements. In the second testing phase, the panel was subjected to solar radiation as the heat input, and its behaviour as a solar panel determined and compared with typical flat plate collectors. After obtaining satisfactory results from these experiments, a prototype wall was constructed. To measure the useful space heating effect of the wall, a calorimeter box was constructed on the room side of the wall. Auxiliary equipment and instrumentation enabled monitoring of the net energy requirement of maintaining this box at the same temperature as the surrounding room. Time constraints required that the wall be tested during summer time, but the temperature distribution across the wall and the average energy output from the wall to the room was able to be obtained under these conditions and compared with the predictions of the computer model. From this comparison, the model was modified to match the actual results as closely as possible. The modified model then able to be used to predict the winter performance of the wall. Both quantitative and qualitative conclusions about the wall concept and its performance were able to be drawn, and some recommendations for further work made.

Stockholm is facing a great expansion. The city is among the fastest growing population centers in the world. But where are the citizens seen in this development? How can we make this expansion process more democratic?   This thesis is an investigation in new ways to involve the citizens in the building process. A quest for answers to how politicians, developers, planners and architects can work together with the people when forming their city.   This thesis tries to create a center for this discussion, an operation that unifies all initiatives and projects about how Stockholm handles the existing environment and the future expansion. I call this project “Open City”. It refers to the aim to open up the discussion and processes and let the citizens in. Open City also means a city without boundaries, with a narrow net of infrastructure where all districts have their own strong identity. Open City would take place as hubs in different areas around the city in order to decrease the centralization. This thesis also zooms in on one of these hubs, on Järvafältet.
Stockholm står inför en stor expansion. Staden är bland de snabbast växande i världen. Men var syns medborgarna i denna utveckling? Hur kan vi göra denna utvecklingsprocess mer demokratisk?   Detta examensarbete är en undersökning i att hitta nya sätt att involvera invånarna i byggandet av deras stad. Ett sökande efter svar på hur politiker, byggherrar och arkitekter kan arbeta tillsammans med medborgarna i formandet av staden.   I detta examensarbete utreds möjligheten att skapa ett center för denna diskussion, ett projekt som samlar alla initiativ och allt engagemang som rör hur Stockholm hanterar den befintliga stadsmiljön och den framtida expansionen. Jag kallar detta projekt ”Open City”. Det refererar till målet att öppna upp diskussionen och processen och släppa in invånarna. Open City står också för en stad utan barriärer med ett tätt nät av infrastruktur där alla områden har sina egna starka identiteter. Projektet skulle ta plats i form av center på ett flertal platser spridda över staden. I detta examensarbete zoomar jag in på centret på Järvafältet.

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura com a especialização em Desenho e Computação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de Doutor.
Os aglomerados urbanos em rápido crescimento contribuem e enfrentam hoje, as consequências de crises globais, como a poluição, as alterações climáticas, a diminuição dos recursos naturais, conflitos sociais e migrações em massa. O planeamento e projecto do ambiente construído são essenciais para uma correcta organização da vida urbana, de modo a reduzir a poluição, distribuir recursos de maneira justa, fortalecer laços sociais e comunitários e prosperar economicamente. Projectar cidades incentivando a pedestrianização como meio de transporte constitui uma contribuição para esses objectivos, facilitando a mitigação da poluição, o acesso livre e democrático aos recursos urbanos, revitalizando as ruas e consequentemente apoiando as economias locais. Embora a investigação sobre a pedestrianização e caminhabilidade do ambiente construído já tenha décadas, temos hoje dados urbanos atualizados e ferramentas mais precisas do que nunca, que permitem uma análise detalhada dos factores que promovem a pedestrianização, podendo suportar decisões baseadas em evidências para o desenvolvimento de uma mobilidade mais sustentável. Tais ferramentas de planeamento viabilizam também uma melhor integração destes dados nos processos de projecto bem como a sua comunicação aos vários agentes participantes na decisão. Esta dissertação defende a necessidade de um método de análise 3D à escala da rua para informar soluções flexíveis de projecto urbano baseadas em dados urbanos rapidamente actualizáveis e acessíveis remotamente, obtidos sem a necessidade de pesquisas no local. Este método preenche uma lacuna existente na literatura propondo um fluxo de trabalho semi-automático. Este fluxo de trabalho propõe-se solucionar a desconexão entre a investigação no campo da pedestrianização, as ferramentas existentes e os processos de planeamento e projecto urbano. Argumenta-se que essa desconexão resulta da priorização de preocupações financeiras nos processos de planeamento e desenho urbano e da falta de métodos de avaliação rápidos e práticos aplicáveis nas várias etapas e escalas de projecto e de um modo fragmentado ou holístico. Além disso, os métodos existentes de avaliação da caminhabilidade que avaliam contextos urbanos nestas escalas e detalhe, não são capazes de avaliar ruas através de dados urbanos acedidos remotamente, recorrendo geralmente a auditorias ou pesquisas onerosas e morosas no local. O fluxo de trabalho proposto neste estudo visa responder a esta necessidade; combina um modelo 3D de uma unidade de vizinhança desenvolvido num ambiente de programação visual, SIG e códigos personalizados, e utiliza um modelo de análise morfológica chamado Convex e Solid-Void, combinado com técnicas de Web-scrapping e reconhecimento de imagem. A dissertação contribui para a investigação sobre caminhabilidade, propondo um fluxo de trabalho de análise de caminhabilidade em escala micro, em 3D, e remotamente aplicável, além de distinguir indicadores aplicáveis a ruas com diferentes formas e usos. O método promove o modelo computacional de análise urbana, Convex e Solid-Void, apresentando a sua primeira aplicação ao problema urbano da caminhabilidade. Também demonstra a integração de fontes de dados acessíveis remotamente, incluindo imagens de Street View obtidas de uma plataforma de mapas on-line e dados de redes sociais geo-localizados, para a avaliação quantitativa dos espaços urbanos. De futuro, pretende-se desenvolver o método para permitir o acesso remoto da avaliação a várias dessas fontes de dados. Tal é possível pelo uso combinado de SIG com representações espaciais 3D e ferramentas de programação integradas no mesmo fluxo de trabalho. Estes ambientes, que facilitam a associação de elementos espaciais com informações semânticas por meio de bases de dados, possibilitam a utilização de quaisquer dados que possam ser processados em análise espacial para alimentação de processos de projecto gerativo. O resultado desta pesquisa apresenta-se na forma de recomendações de planeamento e desenho urbano e também pretende ser um recurso prático a ser usado em projectos de reabilitação urbana. Como parte do modelo Convex e Solid-Void usado neste estudo, apresenta-se uma nova unidade espacial 3D "Street-Void", na qual todos os dados coletados são agregados para análise. Identificam-se indicadores específicos para avaliar com mais precisão os espaços das ruas, primeiro distinguindo entre ruas e praças e depois avaliando quantitativamente espaços semelhantes a ruas e espaços semelhantes a praças, e ainda espaços residenciais e de uso misto. Com base nos resultados da aplicação do método a quatro bairros estudados nas cidades de Istambul e Lisboa, e uma classificação das ruas usando os indicadores identificados, apresenta-se um conjunto de recomendações, que se atribuem a intervalos de valores próprios das tipologias específicas de ruas. Estas recomendações são formuladas para que possam ser aplicadas holisticamente ou de maneira fragmentada em diferentes fases de projecto ou cenários de melhoria urbana. Este estudo amplia o conhecimento sobre pedestrianização, sugerindo diferentes indicadores e faixas de valor para a avaliação de ruas, relacionando caminhabilidade com a variação das suas formas e usos. A tese está organizada da seguinte forma. No capítulo de introdução, são apresentados brevemente os objetivos da pesquisa, a contribuição e importância para o tema, metodologia, resultados e conclusão. No segundo capítulo, são apresentadas as questões de investigação a que a tese responde e a hipótese construída sobre essas questões. Estas questões podem ser listadas da seguinte maneira. Como podem a caminhabilidade e seus critérios serem integrados nos processos de desenho urbano (à escala do bairro)? Quais as qualidades do ambiente urbano construído que devem ser consideradas para a avaliação da caminhabilidade, para que as decisões de projecto possam ser informadas com mais eficácia? Como podemos avaliar a pedestrianização de um bairro num ambiente urbano complexo e em constante mudança? O terceiro capítulo apresenta uma revisão da literatura no tema da pesquisa, incluindo os temas do projecto urbano centrados no ser humano, investigação existente sobre a medição da caminhabilidade e sobre ferramentas de projecto algorítmico desenvolvidas para a escala urbana e em particular para a escala do bairro. No quarto capítulo, são explicados o método do estudo realizado e os princípios do fluxo de trabalho acima apresentados. Discute-se o processo de selecção utilizado para determinar os atributos quantitativos para a medição da caminhabilidade. As “características” sob as quais esses atributos são agrupados são a densidade, diversidade, conectividade, escala humana, complexidade, clausura (enclosure), forma, inclinação, permeabilidade e infraestrutura. Estas características e atributos são reduzidos posteriormente através de um processo de eliminação aos seus componentes principais. O quinto capítulo apresenta os estudos de caso dos bairros que são utilizados no desenvolvimento do fluxo de trabalho de medição, a interpretação dos atributos de caminhabilidade face aos dados medidos e uma análise inicial desses dados quantitativos. No sexto capítulo, o uso de dados de redes sociais e imagens street view como representantes de caminhabilidade são testados por métodos estatísticos e os espaços das ruas analisados são classificados com base nos atributos medidos (através de um método de clustering). Tipologias de rua com atributos específicos são identificadas nas várias classes (clusters) obtidas. Os atributos são avaliados com base na comparação de seus resultados quantitativos para cada tipologia de rua e são reduzidos através de um processo de filtragem. O sétimo capítulo inclui uma reclassificação das ruas com base em suas formas e usos e uma avaliação das medidas dos seus atributos com base na comparação dos seus resultados para essas classes. Através dessa avaliação, diferentes intervalos de valores foram determinados para serem aplicados aos diferentes atributos das ruas, e as descobertas obtidas por este método foram convertidas num guia destinado a informar os processos de desenho e planeamento urbano. O oitavo capítulo resume a produção geral da tese, a sua contribuição para o conhecimento, bem como para os processos de projecto e planeamento urbano. Partindo dos seus aspectos inovadores, fornece também uma visão geral dos estudos futuros que a tese pode proporcionar. No presente desenvolvimento, o método proposto nesta tese para a medição da caminhabilidade e respectivas recomendações para os processos de projecto e planeamento podem ser utilizadas como parte de serviços de consultoria a ser prestados a municípios, consultoria particular e a profissionais de projecto e planeamento. Em estudos futuros, pretende-se tornar o fluxo de trabalho apresentado numa ferramenta que pode ser utilizada diretamente por projectistas e planeadores. Prevê-se que tais estudos sejam desenvolvidos através da multiplicação dos contextos estudados, melhorando a qualidade e a precisão dos dados urbanos utilizados, aumentando o nível de detalhe capturado pelo modelo de análise e aplicando a análise a fenómenos urbanos que não sejam somente a caminhabilidade. Devido às semelhanças dos seus ambientes construídos, os bairros utilizados no presente estudo, que são Kadikoy e Hasanpasa em Istambul e Chiado e Ajuda em Lisboa, permitiram a avaliação de um conjunto consistente de ruas, oferecendo variedade suficiente. Mais especificamente, devido às semelhanças em termos de escala e uso, quando os espaços das ruas desses bairros foram classificados com base nos atributos utilizados, revelaram-se 6 tipologias diferentes de espaços de rua. Prevê-se que essas tipologias sejam multiplicadas pela aplicação do método a contextos diferentes em termos de escala, forma e uso. Devido à disponibilidade de dados detalhados e a uma variedade de espaços nas ruas em termos dos critérios mencionados, Nova York, Singapura e Amsterdão são exemplos de cidades que poderão ser estudadas como novos casos de estudo.
ABSTRACT: Today, rapidly growing urban populations both contribute to global crises such as pollution, climate change, diminishing natural resources, social conflicts and mass migrations and face the consequences. The built environment, its planning and design are critical in organizing urban life so that we pollute less, distribute our resources fairly, strengthen social and communal ties and thrive economically. Designing our cities to support walking as a means of transport contributes in these goals through facilitating pollution free and democratic access to urban resources, supporting local economies and enlivening the street. While research on walkability of the built environment is decades old now, we have more up-to-date, accurate and large-scale urban data than ever and our developing tools make it possible to feed this data into design and management processes to create and sustain more walkable environments. This dissertation argues for the necessity of a street-scale, 3d analysis method to inform flexible urban design solutions based on rapidly updatable and remotely accessible urban data obtained without the necessity of on-site surveys, proposing a semi-automated workflow to fill this gap in existing literature. The workflow combines a 3d neighborhood model in a visual programming environment, GIS and custom codes, utilizing a morphological analysis model named Convex and Solid-Voids, together with web scraping and image recognition techniques. A 3d street space unit “Street-Void” is presented within the Convex and Solid-Void model in which all gathered data is aggregated for analysis. Specific indicators are identified to more accurately assess street spaces, first by distinguishing between and then quantitatively evaluating street-like and square-like, residential and mixed-use streets. Based on the findings from the application of the workflow to four neighborhoods studied in the cities of Istanbul and Lisbon and a classification of street spaces using the proposed attributes, a set of recommendations are presented, with value ranges applicable to specific street typologies. These recommendations are formulated so that they can be applied holistically or in a fragmented way at different stages of planning and urban improvement scenarios with their projected impact grouped under direct/physical or indirect/perceptual. The dissertation contributes to walkability research by proposing a micro-scale, 3d and remotely applicable walkability analysis workflow as well as distinguishing between indicators to be applied to street spaces of different shapes and uses. It furthers the computational urban analysis model Convex and Solid-Voids by presenting its first-time application to the tangible urban problem of walkability. It also demonstrates the integration of remotely accessible data sources including street view images from an online map platform and location based social network data to the quantitative evaluation of urban street spaces. With urban planning and design recommendations, it demonstrates the practical application of the findings to urban improvement scenarios. The study is envisioned to be developed by future work through multiplying the contexts that are studied, improving the quality and accuracy of urban data utilized, increasing the level of detail captured by the morphological analysis model and applying the analysis to other urban phenomena other than walkability.
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This thesis presents a design process. It takes a look at the issue of whether architecture is what one brings to the design or what one discovers in the process. It explores the complexity that comes from an involvement with architecture without having to do complicated things. It is a study to understand what wall is and how it may accommodate performance. This thesis design commits to an architecture of walls to discover.
Master of Architecture