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Journal articles on the topic 'Walking patterns'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lacquaniti, F., R. Grasso, and M. Zago. "Motor Patterns in Walking." Physiology 14, no. 4 (1999): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.4.168.

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Despite the fact that locomotion may differ widely in mammals, common principles of kinematic control are at work. These reflect common mechanical and neural constraints. The former are related to the need to maintain balance and to limit energy expenditure. The latter are related to the organization of the central pattern-generating networks.

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Doran, Frances M., and Nellie A. Buckley. "Walking patterns in pregnancy." Australian Journal of Primary Health 19, no. 3 (2013): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py12064.

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Women are encouraged to be active before, during and after pregnancy. However, most pregnant women do not engage in sufficient levels of physical activity. For women who experience gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), physical activity recommendations are part of the standard management. Walking is the most common activity undertaken by women across the lifespan and often recommended by health professionals. Little research specifically exploring the patterns of walking before, during and after pregnancy has been undertaken. This study investigated patterns of walking undertaken by pregnant wo

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3

Parker, A. W., R. Bronks, and C. W. Snyder. "WALKING PATTERNS IN DOWN'S SYNDROME." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 30, no. 4 (2008): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1986.tb01327.x.

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4

Pellegrini, Barbara, Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga, Chiara Zoppirolli, et al. "Mechanical energy patterns in nordic walking: comparisons with conventional walking." Gait & Posture 51 (January 2017): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.10.010.

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Santos, Paulo C. R., and Diego Orcioli-Silva. "Editorial: Effects of aging on locomotor patterns." Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior 16, no. 5 (2022): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v16i5.353.

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Aging and age-associated neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, may impair walking performance. Changes in walking performance are related to an increase in fall risk, institutionalization, hospitalization, survival rate, and mortality. Due to the increase in the older population, especially age-related diseases, the number of research aiming at understanding the mechanisms behind such changes and tools (interventions) to improve walking performance has increased substantially. In this special issue, we target to compile information and strengthen the discu

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6

Crosbie, Jack, Roongtiwa Vachalathiti, and Richard Smith. "Patterns of spinal motion during walking." Gait & Posture 5, no. 1 (1997): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(96)01066-1.

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Bates, Anna, Julie Stebbins, Nicky Thompson, and Tim Theologis. "Walking patterns in hereditary spastic paraparesis." Gait & Posture 24 (December 2006): S195—S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.11.135.

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8

Nagasaki, H. "Walking patterns in human free walk." Gait & Posture 3, no. 4 (1995): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-6362(96)82864-5.

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Nagasaki, Hiroshi, Hajime Itoh, Ken Hashizume, Taketo Furuna, Hitoshi Maruyama, and Takashi Kinugasa. "Walking Patterns and Finger Rhythm of Older Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 2 (1996): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.2.435.

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Walking patterns and rhythmic movement of the fingers were examined in a total of 1,134 male and female community residents 65 years of age and over. Walking patterns were characterized according to the ratio of step length divided by step rate (cadence), called the Walk Ratio, during level walking at preferred and maximum speeds. The walking pattern tended to change according to age; older subjects walked with shorter steps (smaller Walk Ratio). Rhythmic movement was examined using the finger-tapping test in time to the sound of a 4-Hz metronome. Hastened tapping or finger festination, in whi

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10

Han, Shuyang. "The Influence of Walking Speed on Gait Patterns During Upslope Walking." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 5, no. 1 (2015): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2015.1354.

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11

Powell, Douglas, Kurt Clowers, Maria Keefer, and Songning Zhang. "Short-leg Walking Boots Alter Muscle Activation Patterns during Level Walking." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (2006): S258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-02002.

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12

Zielińska, Teresa. "Transforming Biological Patterns into Robot Concepts." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 27, no. 1 (2023): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_247/27.

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Biology not only provides inspiration in the design of walking machines, but also suggests detailed design solutions. Concise information on legged locomotion in the animal world is presented, and the relationships between engineering solutions and the biological world are shown. The construction of animal legs is briefly described and the most commonly used leg structures for walking machines are discussed, including references to biological patterns. Examples of bio-inspired walking machines developed by our team are given and several concepts of bio-inspired robots are discussed. The genera

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Liau, Ben-Yi, Fu-Lien Wu, Yameng Li, Chi-Wen Lung, Ayman A. Mohamed, and Yih-Kuen Jan. "Effect of Walking Speeds on Complexity of Plantar Pressure Patterns." Complexity 2021 (August 28, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6571336.

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Various walking speeds may induce different responses on the plantar pressure patterns. Current methods used to analyze plantar pressure patterns are linear and ignore nonlinear features. The purpose of this study was to analyze the complexity of plantar pressure images after walking at various speeds using nonlinear bidimensional multiscale entropy (MSE2D). Twelve participants (age: 27.1 ± 5.8 years; height: 170.3 ± 10.0 cm; and weight: 63.5 ± 13.5 kg) were recruited for walking at three speeds (slow at 1.8 mph, moderate at 3.6 mph, and fast at 5.4 mph) for 20 minutes. A plantar pressure meas

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14

Zollikofer, C. "STEPPING PATTERNS IN ANTS - INFLUENCE OF SPEED AND CURVATURE." Journal of Experimental Biology 192, no. 1 (1994): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.192.1.95.

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The locomotory behaviour of workers of 12 ant species belonging to four different genera (Formicinae: Cataglyphis, Formica, Lasius; Myrmicinae: Myrmica) was studied by filming individuals walking on smoked-glass plates. Subsequent multivariate analyses of footfall positions and walking kinematics revealed a set of constant features characterizing ant locomotion. The alternating tripod gait prevails over a wide range of speeds. The temporal rigidity of tripod coordination is paralleled by spatially rigid footfall patterns. Tripod geometry is preserved irrespective of speed and curvature. When w

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15

Dickson, Greig, Daria Burtan, Shelley James, et al. "Walking on Visual Illusions." i-Perception 12, no. 1 (2021): 204166952098110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669520981101.

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In nature, sensory and physical characteristics of the environment tend to match; for example, a surface that looks bumpy is bumpy. In human-built environments, they often don’t. Here, we report observations from people exploring if mismatch between visual and physical characteristics affected their perceived walking experience. Participants walked across four flat floors, each comprising of a visual illusion: two patterns perceived as alternating 3D “furrows and ridges,” the Primrose Field illusion, and a variant of the Cafe Wall illusion as a control pattern without perceived 3D effects. Par

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16

Jin, Su Jung, Min Joo Kim, Yoon Sun Son, Jee Eun Son, and Dae Taek Lee. "Age and Sex Differences of Walking Patterns during Unrestricted Park Trail Walking." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (2008): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322446.91333.78.

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17

Duch, C., and H. J. Pflüger. "Motor patterns for horizontal and upside down walking and vertical climbing in the locust." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 9 (1995): 1963–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.9.1963.

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The motor patterns of the locust's flexor tibiae and metathoracic subcoxal joint muscles were compared during unrestrained horizontal walking, vertical climbing and walking upside-down hanging from a branch. Combining anatomical and structural data with the results from myographic recordings revealed the role of these muscles during walking and their functional adjustments to different loads and gravity effects caused by changes in walking conditions. Motor patterns are remarkably constant during a given walking situation even at quite different walking speeds. In all walking situations, chang

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18

Cappellini, G., Y. P. Ivanenko, R. E. Poppele, and F. Lacquaniti. "Motor Patterns in Human Walking and Running." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 6 (2006): 3426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00081.2006.

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Despite distinct differences between walking and running, the two types of human locomotion are likely to be controlled by shared pattern-generating networks. However, the differences between their kinematics and kinetics imply that corresponding muscle activations may also be quite different. We examined the differences between walking and running by recording kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activity in 32 ipsilateral limb and trunk muscles during human locomotion, and compared the effects of speed (3–12 km/h) and gait. We found that the timing of muscle activation was accounted for by

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19

TU, KUO-YANG, and MI-SHIN LIU. "PLANNING OF SAGITTAL GAIT OF BIPED ROBOTS BASED ON MINIMUM MOTION ENERGY." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 07, no. 04 (2010): 635–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843610002271.

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Traditional planning of biped robot walking patterns solves optimal trajectory for minimizing energy consumption. However, a diversity of biped robot walking functions lead to a variety of walking types. The walking patterns to implement a variety of biped robot objectives should have enough parameters to cope with their functions. In this article, walking patterns based on two 4-3-4 polynomials for the trajectories of biped robot waist and lower limb are proposed. The main advantage of the walking pattern is that 4-3-4 polynomials containing the parameters of acceleration and deceleration for

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20

Jo, Heung-Kuk, and Soo-Young Ye. "Classification of walking patterns using acceleration signal." Journal of the Korean Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 14, no. 8 (2010): 1901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2010.14.8.1901.

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21

Qiang Huang, K. Yokoi, S. Kajita, et al. "Planning walking patterns for a biped robot." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 17, no. 3 (2001): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/70.938385.

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22

Van Der Krogt, M., C. Doorenbosch, J. Becher, and J. Harlaar. "P080 Gait patterns vary with walking speed." Gait & Posture 28 (September 2008): S98—S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(08)70149-8.

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23

Zielińska, Teresa. "Utilisation of Biological Patterns in Walking Machines." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 20 (1997): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)44294-7.

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24

Koopman, H. F. J. M., H. J. Grootenboer, and H. J. de Jongh. "A model to predict prosthetic walking patterns." Journal of Biomechanics 23, no. 4 (1990): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(90)90160-5.

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25

Saga, Mizuki, and Norihiko Saga. "Gait Analysis of Elderly and Young People Based on Joint Angles and Positions." Applied Sciences 14, no. 21 (2024): 9646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14219646.

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For the elderly, the motor function of walking is significant for the maintenance and improvement of their quality of life (QOL). Walking patterns have been postulated to be associated with a decline in walking ability. The objective of this study was to develop a wearable sensor that can capture changes in walking ability in daily life. To this end, motion capture was employed to measure the lower limb joint angles and the trajectories of the lower limbs and knees for each subject while walking at a normal walking speed and to compare the results between elderly and young patients. The differ

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26

Misu, Shogo, Tsuyoshi Asai, Shunsuke Murata, et al. "Association between Abnormal Gait Patterns and an Elevated Degree of Pain after Daily Walking: A Preliminary Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (2022): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052842.

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This study aimed to investigate whether abnormal gait patterns are associated with experiencing an elevated degree of pain after daily walking. In this preliminary, cross-sectional study, 223 community-dwelling older adults were assessed for pain experienced after daily walking using a simple question that involved asking the subject about their past experiences of an elevated degree of pain after walking for 400 m or more. Gait patterns were assessed using the Comprehensive Gait Assessment using InerTial Sensor score (C-GAITS score), derived from the data measured by Inertial sensors attached

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27

Torres-Oviedo, Gelsy, and Amy J. Bastian. "Natural error patterns enable transfer of motor learning to novel contexts." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 1 (2012): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00570.2011.

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Successful behavior demands motor learning to be transferable in some cases (e.g., adjusting walking patterns as we develop and age) and context specific in others (e.g., learning to walk in high heels). Here we investigated differences in motor learning transfer in people learning a new walking pattern on a split-belt treadmill, where the legs move at different speeds. We hypothesized that transfer of the newly acquired walking pattern on the treadmill to natural over ground walking might depend on the pattern of errors experienced during learning. Error patterns within a person's natural ran

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28

Jamon, M., and F. Clarac. "Locomotor patterns in freely moving crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 3 (1995): 683–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.3.683.

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Freely walking crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, were studied using a video analysis procedure adapted especially for use with crayfish. The animals were placed in a tank and their homing behaviour was filmed as they returned in a straight line to their shelter. Various sequences were studied at the two following levels. First, the trajectory of each pair of legs (from leg 2 to leg 5) during the step cycle (power stroke and return stroke) was studied to measure stride length and to analyse in detail changes in acceleration. Each leg was found to contribute in a specific manner to locomotion. Seco

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29

Smith, J. L., and P. Carlson-Kuhta. "Unexpected motor patterns for hindlimb muscles during slope walking in the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 5 (1995): 2211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2211.

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1. Hindlimb kinematics and motor patterns were assessed from high-speed cine film synchronized with electromyographic (EMG) data from cats trained to walk on a walkway placed at four grades (25, 50, 75, and 100%). 2. Flexor muscles of the hip (iliopsoas) and ankle (tibialis anterior) had similar activity patterns for the swing phase of up- and down-slope walking; both flexor muscles also had stance-related activity during down-slope walking and this was unexpected. Extensor muscles of the hip (anterior biceps femoris and anterior semimembranosus), knee [vastus lateralis (VL)], and ankle [later

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30

Buurke, Jaap H., Anand V. Nene, Gert Kwakkel, Victorien Erren-Wolters, Maarten J. IJzerman, and Hermie J. Hermens. "Recovery of Gait After Stroke: What Changes?" Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 22, no. 6 (2008): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968308317972.

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Background. Little is known about whether changes in coordination patterns of muscle activation after stroke are related to functional recovery of walking. Objective . The present study investigated the longitudinal relationship between changes in neuromuscular activation patterns of paretic muscles in hemiplegic gait and improvement in walking ability after stroke. Methods. Thirteen patients diagnosed with a first unilateral ischemic stroke had their recovery of walking measured by the Rivermead Mobility Index, Functional Ambulation Categories, Barthel Index, Trunk Control Test, Motricity Ind

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Powell, Douglas, Kurt Clowers, Maria Keefer, and Songning Zhang. "Alterations in neuromuscular activation patterns associated with walking in short-leg walking boots." Journal of Sport and Health Science 1, no. 1 (2012): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2012.02.003.

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32

Prosser, Laura A., Christopher J. Stanley, Tracy L. Norman, Hyung S. Park, and Diane L. Damiano. "Comparison of elliptical training, stationary cycling, treadmill walking and overground walking. Electromyographic patterns." Gait & Posture 33, no. 2 (2011): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.11.013.

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33

Sun, Y. "EXPLORING POTENTIAL OF CROWDSOURCED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN STUDIES OF ACTIVE TRAVEL AND HEALTH: STRAVA DATA AND CYCLING BEHAVIOUR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 14, 2017): 1357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-1357-2017.

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In development of sustainable transportation and green city, policymakers encourage people to commute by cycling and walking instead of motor vehicles in cities. One the one hand, cycling and walking enables decrease in air pollution emissions. On the other hand, cycling and walking offer health benefits by increasing people’s physical activity. Earlier studies on investigating spatial patterns of active travel (cycling and walking) are limited by lacks of spatially fine-grained data. In recent years, with the development of information and communications technology, GPS-enabled devices are po

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34

Law, James C. L., Thomson W. L. Wong, Debbie C. L. Chan, and Wing-Kai Lam. "Effects of Shoe Top Visual Patterns on Shoe Wearers’ Width Perception and Dynamic Stability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, no. 4 (2018): 682–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518783456.

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Visual illusions caused by varied orientations of visual patterns may influence the perception of space and size, possibly affecting body stability during locomotion. This study examined the effect of variations in shoe top visual patterns on perception and biomechanical stability while walking and running. Twenty healthy adults performed five walking and running trials along an instrumented walkway when wearing shoes with five different striped patterns (plain, vertical, outward, horizontal, and inward). Before these locomotion trials, participants ranked their perceptions of shoe width. We u

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35

Soangra, Rahul, Jo Armour Smith, Sivakumar Rajagopal, Sai Viswanth Reddy Yedavalli, and Erandumveetil Ramadas Anirudh. "Classifying Unstable and Stable Walking Patterns Using Electroencephalography Signals and Machine Learning Algorithms." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136005.

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Analyzing unstable gait patterns from Electroencephalography (EEG) signals is vital to develop real-time brain-computer interface (BCI) systems to prevent falls and associated injuries. This study investigates the feasibility of classification algorithms to detect walking instability utilizing EEG signals. A 64-channel Brain Vision EEG system was used to acquire EEG signals from 13 healthy adults. Participants performed walking trials for four different stable and unstable conditions: (i) normal walking, (ii) normal walking with medial-lateral perturbation (MLP), (iii) normal walking with dual

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36

Chen, Nemin, Theodore Huppert, Robert Krafty, and Andrea Rosso. "Patterns of Prefrontal Activation and Performance During Walking Tasks Among Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2869.

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Abstract Differences in prefrontal cortex (PFC) control of walking in older age likely arise from changes in neural capacity and compensation. PFC activation by changes in oxygenated hemoglobin from functional near infra-red spectroscopy was examined in 29 older adults (mean age=76). Tasks included standing with cognitive challenge and walking with and without cognitive challenge on even and uneven surfaces. Three PFC activation-performance patterns were identified using K-means clustering: 1) low activation during walking tasks and high activation during standing cognitive task, with the best

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37

Fathizadeh, Maysam, Hossein Mohammadi, and Sajjad Taghvaei. "A modified passive walking biped model with two feasible switching patterns of motion to resemble multi-pattern human walking." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 127 (October 2019): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2019.06.018.

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38

Kim, Hyejoo, Hyeon-Joo Kim, Jinyoon Park, Jeh-Kwang Ryu, and Seung-Chan Kim. "Recognition of Fine-Grained Walking Patterns Using a Smartwatch with Deep Attentive Neural Networks." Sensors 21, no. 19 (2021): 6393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196393.

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Generally, people do various things while walking. For example, people frequently walk while looking at their smartphones. Sometimes we walk differently than usual; for example, when walking on ice or snow, we tend to waddle. Understanding walking patterns could provide users with contextual information tailored to the current situation. To formulate this as a machine-learning problem, we defined 18 different everyday walking styles. Noting that walking strategies significantly affect the spatiotemporal features of hand motions, e.g., the speed and intensity of the swinging arm, we propose a s

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Barnett, Anthony, Ester Cerin, Man-chin Cheung, and Wai-man Chan. "An In-depth Pilot Study on Patterns, Destinations, and Purposes of Walking in Hong Kong Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 23, no. 1 (2015): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2013-0026.

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Walking is a suitable activity for older adults and has physical and mental health benefits. To devise interventions that impact levels of walking it is necessary to first understand the purposes for which people walk and the destinations to which they walk. Using a 7-day diary and accelerometry, this study investigated destinations and purposes of walking in older adult residents of an ultra-dense Asian city. Participants reported an average of 17.1 walking trips per week and total weekly accelerometer/diary determined trip walking time averaged 735 min per week; much higher than reported for

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Courtine, Grégoire, and Marco Schieppati. "Tuning of a Basic Coordination Pattern Constructs Straight-Ahead and Curved Walking in Humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 4 (2004): 1524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00817.2003.

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We tested the hypothesis that common principles govern the production of the locomotor patterns for both straight-ahead and curved walking. Whole body movement recordings showed that continuous curved walking implies substantial, limb-specific changes in numerous gait descriptors. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to uncover the spatiotemporal structure of coordination among lower limb segments. PCA revealed that the same kinematic law accounted for the coordination among lower limb segments during both straight-ahead and curved walking, in both the frontal and sagittal planes: turn-

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Mendelsohn, Asher, and Carlos Zerpa. "The Dual-Tasking Texting Effect of Cell Phone Technology on Walking." International Journal of Extreme Automation and Connectivity in Healthcare 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeach.2020010101.

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Dual-tasking is the simultaneous performance of two tasks causing a divided allocation of attentional resources. Dual-tasking is apparent in our society in the form of cell phone use while walking, which alters gait characteristics, resulting in an increased risk of injuries due to falls and collisions. This study explored the effect of cell phone texting on walking and validated the use of accelerometer technology to measure gait characteristics. Twelve young adult participants walked three times across electronic force platforms during regular walking (control), walking while reading a text

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42

Jing, Chenglin, and Jiajia Zheng. "Stable walking of biped robot based on center of mass trajectory control." Open Physics 18, no. 1 (2020): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2020-0148.

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AbstractThe effect of center of mass (CoM) trajectory on stable walking of biped robot was studied in this study. The method of predictive control by controlling CoM trajectory to generate stable walking patterns was discussed, which simulated the principle of adjusting center of gravity in advance during human walking to adapt to the change of road conditions. As for uncertainty of robot modeling and the influence of environment, adding variable zero moment point for variable predictive control system can achieve self-adaptive adjustment of CoM trajectory to generate stable walking patterns.

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Lu, Xianjiu, Manyu Liang, Qingen Meng, and Zhongmin Jin. "Effects of Gait Patterns on the Viscoelastic Squeeze-Film Lubrication of Hip Replacements." Lubricants 13, no. 3 (2025): 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13030131.

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The present study investigated the influence of various gait patterns on the viscoelastic squeeze-film lubrication characteristics of UHMWPE-based artificial hip replacements. Different gait loads (slow walking, normal walking, slow running) measured by Bergmann et al. were adopted in the present lubrication simulation. A comprehensive squeeze-film lubrication model for UHMWPE hip replacement was developed and numerically solved to determine the spatial distributions of film thickness and pressure profiles. The results showed that physiological loads had a negligible impact on the minimum film

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44

FUKUI, Toru, Hideki SHIMIZU, and Nobuhiro SUZUKI. "WALKING PATTERNS AND IMAGE STRUCTURE IN CENTRAL DISTRICTS." Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 433 (1992): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijax.433.0_31.

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45

Muñoz Alonzo, Lisandro, Ronald Rodríguez Riffo, María Cordero Laurie, Jaime Cruces Leal, and Mario Briones Luengo. "LOCOMOTION PATTERNS OF STALL WALKING IN THOROUGHBRED HORSES." Chilean journal of agricultural & animal sciences, ahead (2019): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0719-38902019005000404.

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46

Bjornson, Kristie F., Kit Song, Chuan Zhou, Kim Coleman, Mon Myaing, and Sarah L. Robinson. "Walking Stride Rate Patterns in Children and Youth." Pediatric Physical Therapy 23, no. 4 (2011): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pep.0b013e3182352201.

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47

Cappellini, Germana, Yuri P. Ivanenko, Nadia Dominici, Richard E. Poppele, and Francesco Lacquaniti. "Motor Patterns During Walking on a Slippery Walkway." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 2 (2010): 746–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00499.2009.

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Friction and gravity represent two basic physical constraints of terrestrial locomotion that affect both motor patterns and the biomechanics of bipedal gait. To provide insights into the spatiotemporal organization of the motor output in connection with ground contact forces, we studied adaptation of human gait to steady low-friction conditions. Subjects walked along a slippery walkway (7 m long; friction coefficient ≃ 0.06) or a normal, nonslippery floor at a natural speed. We recorded gait kinematics, ground reaction forces, and bilateral electromyographic (EMG) activity of 16 leg and trunk

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48

Gilchrist, Louise, M. Craib, and D. Morgan. "Variability in the treadmill walking patterns of children." Gait & Posture 5, no. 2 (1997): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(97)83361-9.

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49

Gorton, George E., Christina M. Stevens, Peter D. Masso, and William M. Vannah. "Repeatability of the walking patterns of normal children." Gait & Posture 5, no. 2 (1997): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(97)83379-6.

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50

Vanicek, N., S. Strike, L. McNaughton, and R. Polman. "WALKING PATTERNS IN EXPERIENCED VS. INEXPERIENCED TRANSTIBIAL AMPUTEES." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70495-5.

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