Academic literature on the topic 'Wall impulse response'

To identify the damage within retaining wall structures, the Hilbert–Huang Transforms of the impulse response function and virtual impulse response function were performed. The Hilbert marginal energy ratio spectrums of the impulse response function and virtual impulse response function were acquired. To reflect damage information effectively, those bands with stronger damage sensitivity were extracted via the threshold value ε0. Then, the Hilbert feature bands, which were more sensitive to damage within retaining walls, were selected by considering the contribution of the residual band to the damage identification. Based on the feature bands, the Hilbert damage feature vector, which reflects the variations of Hilbert marginal energy ratio caused by damage, was created. Based on the damage feature vector, two damage identification indexes (the energy ration standard deviation and Energy Ration Standard Deviation), which were based on the impulse response function and virtual impulse response function, respectively, were proposed to identify damage within retaining walls. To investigate the validity of the damage indexes, vibration tests on a pile plate retaining wall were done. The test results show that the damage feature vector is a zero vector or the value of damage index is zero when the wall is undamaged. The damage feature vector is a nonzero vector or the value of the damage index is more than zero when the wall is damaged. Thus, the damage state of the wall can be detected sensitively via the damage feature vector or damage indexes. Partial damage causes greater fluctuation of trend surface of the damage index. The location of partial damage can be diagnosed validly via the coordinate of peak value in the trend surface. The quantitative relationship formula between the damage index and damage intensity is established. The damage intensity of the wall can be calculated reversely, when the damage index is available. Either the energy ration standard deviation or Energy Ration Standard Deviation can be used to detect the damage state, diagnose the damage location, and identify the damage intensity. In comparison with the energy ration standard deviation, the stability and damage sensitivity of the Energy Ration Standard Deviation is much better.

We study the evolution of velocity fluctuations due to an isolated spatio-temporal impulse using the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. The impulse is introduced as an external body force in incompressible channel flow at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=10\,000$. Velocity fluctuations are defined about the turbulent mean velocity profile. A turbulent eddy viscosity is added to the equations to fix the mean velocity as an exact solution, which also serves to model the dissipative effects of the background turbulence on large-scale fluctuations. An impulsive body force produces flow fields that evolve into coherent structures containing long streamwise velocity streaks that are flanked by quasi-streamwise vortices; some of these impulses produce hairpin vortices. As these vortex–streak structures evolve, they grow in size to be nominally self-similar geometrically with an aspect ratio (streamwise to wall-normal) of approximately 10, while their kinetic energy density decays monotonically. The topology of the vortex–streak structures is not sensitive to the location of the impulse, but is dependent on the direction of the impulsive body force. All of these vortex–streak structures are attached to the wall, and their Reynolds stresses collapse when scaled by distance from the wall, consistent with Townsend’s attached-eddy hypothesis.

Impulse ground motions are applied to single story structures with different in-plane wall strength and stiffness, rotational inertia, and out-of-plane wall stiffness to obtain the dynamic response considering torsion. A simple hand method to evaluate the impulse response is developed. It is shown that the median increase in response of the critical component considering torsion from many earthquake records is similar to that from impulse records. Using this information, a simple design methodology is proposed which enables the likely earthquake response of critical elements considering torsion to be obtained from building analyses not considering torsion. A design example is also provided.

Pressure-impulse diagrams have been extensively used for damage assessments of structural components subject to a specified blast loading. In this paper, a numerical method is used to generate pressure-impulse diagrams for unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading. A previously developed plastic damage material model accounting for strain rate effects is used for brick and mortar. Three levels of damage criteria are defined based on maximum deflection of the wall and rotation of the supports. The obtained blast response for unreinforced masonry walls are validated against field test data. It is shown that the obtained pressure-impulse diagrams have an improved ability to evaluate the damage level of masonry walls.

In order to obtain the damage characteristics of a roadway wall caused by a gas explosion, the damage evaluation theory of a roadway wall under the dynamic and static loads of a gas explosion is analyzed in this paper. Meanwhile, an evaluation method (overpressure–impulse criterion) is selected to evaluate the damage of the roadway wall under the impact load of the gas explosion. A mathematical model and a physical analysis model of the roadway wall damage are established by LS-DYNA software. The dynamic response of the roadway wall caused by the dynamic and static loads of the gas explosion is numerically simulated. The overpressure and impulse of gas explosion propagation are measured, while the damage data of the roadway wall under different overpressure and impulse loads are obtained. The P-I curves of the roadway wall under different dynamic and static loads of gas explosion are drawn. The fitting formula of P-I curves of the roadway wall is obtained. The influence of different geostress loads (0–20 MPa) on the P-I curve is analyzed. The shape of the P-I curve is similar under different geostress conditions. The difference is mainly shown in different sizes of P0 and I0. The numerical simulation results show that the P-I curve and the effect of geostress on roadway wall damage could reflect the dynamic response of the roadway wall. The damage degree and damage range of the roadway wall increase with the increase in explosion load energy. Under the action of different geostresses, the overpressure asymptote P0 and the impulse asymptote I0 show linear changes. The above research results could provide a theoretical basis and data support for the evaluation of roadway wall damage caused by gas explosions.

To eliminate the influence of excitation on the wavelet packet frequency band energy spectrum (ES), ES is acquired via wavelet packet decomposition of a virtual impulse response function. Based on ES, a character frequency band vector spectrum and damage eigenvector spectrum (DES) are created. Additionally, two damage identification indexes, the energy ratio standard deviation and energy ratio variation coefficient, are proposed. Based on the damage index, an updated damage identification method for retaining wall structures is advanced. The damage state of a retaining wall can be diagnosed through DES, the damage location can be detected through the damage index trend surface, and the damage intensity can be identified by establishing a quantitative relationship between the damage intensity and damage index. To verify the feasibility and validity of this damage identification method, a vibration test on a pile plate retaining wall is performed. Test results demonstrate that it can distinguish whether the retaining wall is damaged, and the location of partial damage within the retaining wall can be easily detected; in addition, the damage intensity of the wall can also be identified validly. Consequently, this damage identification theory and method may be used to identify damage within retaining wall structures.

Based on the finite element software ABAQUS, this paper deals with numerical simulation to dynamic response of reinforced concrete wall under blast loading. Study shows that the explosion resistance performance of the wall with four edges fixed or with two opposite edges fixed are better than that of the wall one edge fixed and another opposite edge simply supported. The greater the explosion impulse, the bigger the maximum displacement of the wall. When reinforcement ratio of the wall increases, the explosion resistance performance of the wall will be improved. At the same time, reasonable reinforcement and external conditions should be made sure. Keywords: Blast Loading, Numerical Simulation, Shear Wall, Dynamic Response

P-wave and S-wave displacements occur at high angles of incidence in vertical seismic profiles (VSPs). Therefore, the coupling of a geophone sonde to the borehole wall must be rigid in all directions. A sonde that is well coupled should have no resonant frequency within the seismic band and should provide geophone outputs that accurately represent the earth’s ground motion. An in‐situ coupling response experiment conducted under normal VSP field conditions provides a measure of the sonde‐to‐borehole wall coupling. The sonde is locked in the borehole and a surface source is excited at different offsets and azimuths. An analysis of the P-wave direct arrivals enhances damped oscillations that represent an estimate of the coupling impulse response. This response is characterized by the viscoelastic behavior of a Kelvin model related to the complex compliance [Formula: see text], where κ is the elastic spring constant, η is the damping constant, and ω is the angular frequency. The complex modulus κ−iωη is proportional to the contact width of the sonde with the borehole wall. Increasing the width by a factor of 4.5 causes a similar increase in κ−iωη where the resonant frequency and initial amplitude of the coupling impulse response increase by a factor of two. Also, the initial amplitude of the coupling impulse response appears to be inversely proportional to the locking force of the sonde. For a constant contact width, increasing the locking force by a factor of 1.37 decreases the amplitude of the response by 3.5 dB.

1. The electrical responses of nociceptive (N) lateral and N medial neurons of the leech segmental ganglion to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation of the skin were studied in a superfused ganglion-body wall preparation. 2. Mechanical indentation of the skin > 10 mN evoked in both types of cells a sustained discharge of impulses; afterdischarge was often observed with suprathreshold stimulations. 3. Application to the cutaneous receptive area of 10-100 mM acetic acid or of NaCI crystals and solutions also elicited a firing response in N medial and N lateral cells. In contrast, capsaicin applied to the skin (3.3 x 10(-5) to 3.3 x 10(-2) M) excited N lateral but not N medial neurons. Likewise, impulse discharges were obtained when capsaicin was applied to the cell bodies of N lateral but not of N medial neurons. 4. In both types of N neurons, heating of the skin above 39 degrees C evoked a discharge of impulses whose frequency was roughly proportional to temperature values. 5. Application of repeated suprathreshold heating cycles at 10-min intervals enhanced the impulse frequency of the response (sensitization). Shorter time intervals between heating cycles depressed the response to heat. Sensitization could not be obtained by equivalent soma depolarizations obtained by intracellular current injection. 6. Impulse discharges evoked by irritant agents were also augmented by previous application of noxious heat. 7. N lateral neurons fired in response to low-pH solutions and capsaicin directly applied onto the ganglion. N medial neurons responded inconsistently to acid and were insensitive to capsaicin. Action potentials evoked in N lateral cells by capsaicin had a slow rise, a prominent hump, and a prolonged afterhyperpolarization. 8. It is concluded that N neurons of the leech segmental ganglion respond to different modalities of noxious stimuli applied to their peripheral receptive fields and develop sensitization after repeated noxious stimulation. These properties are typical of mammalian polymodal nociceptors; thus N neurons may be a simple model for analysis of membrane mechanisms associated with polymodality of nociceptive neurons.