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Journal articles on the topic 'Walram'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Álvarez, Andrés. "Léon Walras and Augustin Cournot on the Regulation of Paper Money: Rules vs. Discretion at the End of the 19th Century." Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought 7, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/ijhe.69402.

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This paper compares Léon Walras’ and Augustin Cournot’s views on monetary regulation. It shows that whereas Cournot believed discretionary monetary regulation to be convenient and acceptable, Walras held that the only acceptable monetary system is based exclusively on the stability of the value of money under a monetary rule following a strict equivalence between metallic reserves and a pure medium of exchange form of money. The paper also advances Cournot understood more clearly than Walras the evolution of the monetary system of their days because Walras was trying to guarantee the coherence of his pure theory with his applied theory, which made him unable to accept the evolution toward a monetary system based on fiat money.

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2

Braun, Carlos Rodriguez. "A proposito del Walras de Segura." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 6, no. 3 (1988): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261090000094x.

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Alianza Editorial ha publicado recientemente la primera versión castellana de los Elementos de economía política pura, de Walras, en edición y traducción de Julio Segura. Léon Walras (1834–1910) fue un extraordinario economista que coprotagonizó la ya centenaria Revolución Marginal y contribuyó mucho a dar a la ciencia económica rasgos que la caracterizan aún hoy. Además, era reformador progresista, y Julio Segura —en su introducción a los Elementos y en un artículo reciente en la Revista de Historia Económica— parece creer que la posteridad ha ignorado vergonzante ese color ideológico y ha dado una imagen sesgada de Walras.

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3

Segura, Julio. "Leon Walras en la historiografia del pensamiento economico: Materiales para una reinterpretacion." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 6, no. 1 (1988): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900015561.

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La obra de Léon Walras (1834–1910) es, en su mayoría, casi desconocida, incluso por el público especializado. La escasa lectura directa de Walras ha dado lugar a la transmisión de una imagen incompleta y, lo que es peor, deformada de uno de los economistas más importantes de la historia del pensamiento económico.Existen varias razones que explican el porqué la escasa lectura de Walras. En primer lugar, su obra, muy extensa y dispersa, está escrita en un estilo farragoso y reiterativo que no sólo la convierte en poco atractiva desde el punto de vista literario, sino que, además, la hace a veces poco inteligible.

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4

Tomo, Shigeki. "Beyond Walras." History of Economic Thought 51, no. 2 (2009): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5362/jshet.51.2_84.

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5

Tarascio, Vincent J. "Jaffé's Walras." History of Economics Society Bulletin 10, no. 2 (1988): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1042771600005676.

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6

Herland, Michel. "Three French Socialist Economists: Leroux, Proudhon, Walras." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 18, no. 1 (1996): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002996.

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Are Pierre Leroux, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Leon Walras economists? Certainly, but to a different extent. This alphabetical order, which is also that of chronology, seems to be in inverse order of merit—at least in the opinion of Joseph A. Schumpeter, who praised Walras as “the greatest of all economists…as far as pure theory is concerned” (1954, p. 827), but who briefly described Proudhon as someone who defended “results that are no doubt absurd” (ibid., p. 457). Leroux's name does not even appear in Schumpeter's 1954 book, nor in any other history of economic thought. Although the judgment pronounced by a historian on one or another of our three authors may be contested, there seems no reason to call into question the hierarchy implicitly established by Schumpeter. In a certain way the succession: Leroux, Proudhon, Walras, represents and summarizes the development of political economy, beginning with the embryonic stage (which would be represented by Leroux), passing through the disorders of adolescence (Proudhon), and finally arriving at the stage of scientific maturity (Walras).

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7

Costa, Manuel Luís. "Walras and the NeoWalrasian Diversion." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 20, no. 1 (1998): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200001589.

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This paper addresses the question: How did the promising program set out in Leon Walras' mature writings come to be taken as laying the ground for a totally different line of problems in his later writings and in modern microeconomic theory? The study of Walras' mature work (see Walker, 1996) offers an instructive object lesson in the way in which an interesting line of enquiry leads gradually to analytical difficulties and then to “solutions” that evade issues and constitute a major diversion of analysis down roads not initially contemplated by its originator. This paper attempts to trace the development of that detour from the main road of economic analysis in Walras' mature work to the side road of abstract exercises in contemporary neowalrasian literature.

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8

Baldin, Claire, Ludovic Ragni, and Paul-Marie Romani. "Competition and Justice in the Works of Adolphe Landry and Léon Walras." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (October 2012): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2012-002006.

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This article revisits the reasons why Leon Walras did not give enough consideration to the economic and social analysis of Adolphe Landry. Both were fervent defenders of socialism and their recommendations for social economics are based on thorough economic analysis. We show that Walras did not evaluate Landry's work fairly because of various methodological inconsistencies and different assessments of the forms of competition and resulting rules related to distributive justice.

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9

Gloria, Sandye. "Menger contre Walras." Revue économique Prépublication (2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.pr2.0119.

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10

Defoe, Peter S., and Ian Frame. "Was Waldram wrong?" Structural Survey 25, no. 2 (2007): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800710747681.

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11

Defoe, Peter S. "Waldram was wrong!" Structural Survey 27, no. 3 (2009): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800910971329.

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12

GHOSAL, S., and H. M. POLEMARCHAKIS. "Nash–Walras equilibria." Research in Economics 51, no. 1 (1997): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reec.1996.0034.

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13

Misaki, Kayoko. "Elucidating the intellectual origin of Walras's General Equilibrium Theory." Impact 2021, no. 2 (2021): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.2.80.

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Léon Walras was a French economist who pioneered the development of general equilibrium theory in a mathematical form. Walras' work has inspired economic theory over the last century but, as with any historical publication, the understanding of it is not without its challenges. Professor Kayoko Misaki, based within the Faculty of Economics at Shiga University in Japan, is working to elucidate the intellectual origin of Walras's general equilibrium theory by using the original texts within which he conceived his ideas.

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14

Ganem, Angela. "O mercado como ordem social em Adam Smith, Walras e Hayek." Economia e Sociedade 21, no. 1 (2012): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-06182012000100006.

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O objetivo do artigo é apresentar criticamente as teorias do mercado de Adam Smith, Leon Walras e F. A. Hayek, sublinhando o que se considera terem em comum, ou seja, a ideia de mercado como expressão da ordem social capitalista. Entende-se que esta concepção do mercado como ordem social aparece originariamente na história do pensamento econômico e na história das ideias através da solução de Adam Smith frente aos filósofos do contrato e avança, analiticamente, um século após, na tentativa de demonstração lógico-matemática da Teoria do Equilíbrio Geral em Walras para adquirir a souplesse teórica necessária a sua sobrevivência, no século XX, na teoria de Hayek, em que a história realizaria o autodesenvolvimento da ordem do mercado. O texto percorre as filiações filosóficas e as implicações metodológicas das teorias do mercado desses grandes autores, mostrando as formas diferenciadas que elas assumem: ordem natural para Smith, ordem racional para Walras e ordem espontânea para Hayek.

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15

Julien, Ludovic A. "Stackelberg-Walras and Cournot-Walras Equilibria in Mixed Markets: A Comparison." Theoretical Economics Letters 02, no. 01 (2012): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2012.21013.

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16

Hébert, Claude, and Jean-Pierre Potier. "The Surprising History of the Melanges D'Economie Politique Et Sociale, A Previously Unpublished Work by Leon Walras." History of Economics Society Bulletin 9, no. 1 (1987): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1042771600004026.

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Three quarters of a century after the death of Léon Walras, the founder of the Lausanne School, the Auguste and Léon Walras Center in Lyons has published for the first time his Mélanges d'économie politique et sociale. This volume includes twenty-nine papers, all prepared by Léon Walras, and maps out his theoretical itinerary. It spans works that he wrote in his youth, which were strongly influenced by his father's ideas, and mature works that he devoted to the three fields of pure economics, applied economics, and normative economics. His efforts were part of a lifelong project: the creation of a “scientific, liberal and humanitarian socialism.” The Mélanges reasserts Walras's desire to achieve a synthesis of these three fields that have been separated by too many of his disciples, who have retained only the one devoted to economic theory. The Mélanges plays an important part in the writings of Léon Walras. Initially conceived as containing remnants that had not appeared in the volumes published during Walras's life, it underwent a progressive development due to the succession of papers that he kept adding to it right up until the time of his death. Walras's revisions of the papers; his directions for the publication of the essays; his incorporation of unpublished papers on the teaching of political economy at the end of the nineteenth century; the character of the Mélanges as being a synthesis of the Elements d'économie politique pure, the Etudes d'économie sociale and the Etudes d'économie politique appliquée; and the insertion into the Mélanges of Léon Walras's last articles all make this work a genuine and important scientific testament.

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17

Béraud, Alain. "Walras et l’économie publique." OEconomia, no. 1-3 (September 1, 2011): 351–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/oeconomia.1515.

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18

Lenfant, Jean-Sébastien. "Walras est-il moderne ?" OEconomia, no. 8-1 (March 1, 2018): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/oeconomia.2904.

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19

Flåm, S. D., and K. Gramstad. "Reaching Cournot-Walras Equilibrium." ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys 57 (2017): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc/201657012.

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20

Baranzini, Roberto, and Raphaël Fèvre. "Walras as an ordoliberal?" European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 26, no. 2 (2019): 380–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2019.1576058.

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21

Béraud, Alain. "Walras et l’économie publique." OEconomia 2011, no. 03 (2011): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.4074/s211352071101303x.

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22

Kandel, Eugene, and Avi Simhon. "Between Search and Walras." Journal of Labor Economics 20, no. 1 (2002): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/323932.

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23

Vroey, Michel De. "Transforming Walras Into a Marshallian Economist: A Critical Review of Donald Walker's Walras's Market Models." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21, no. 4 (1999): 413–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200004545.

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The history of economics can be compared to a calm sea that once in a while happens to be shaken by heavy storms. This arises when works come out aimed at turning upside down the received interpretation of a great bygone economist's views. Professor Donald A. Walker's recent book, Walras's Market Models (1996), is likely to be among them. Its main thrust is that the view present-day economists have of Léon Walras is incorrect. The basic reason, he claims, is that to date all interpretations of Walras have been based on the last (posthumous) edition of the Eléments d' économie pure (henceforth the Elements), itself a slightly amended version of its fourth edition. To him this is a pity because Walras's most interesting theoretical ideas are to be found in its second and third editions—the embodiment of what he calls Walras's mature phase of theoretical activity—yet were abandoned by him when he revised his work for the fourth edition. The aim of Walker's book, then, is to bring to the fore the picture of what he considers to be the real Walras: an economist interested in the functioning of real-world markets and abiding by a realistic methodology who is attentive to the institutional set-up underlying his system of equations, and who is keen to provide his readers with disequilibrium models. In other words, Walker is trying to make the same claim apropos Walras as Axel Leijonhufvud (1968) did thirty years ago about Keynes when defending the view of a breach between the economics of Keynes and Keynesian economics. To Walker, modern Walrasian economics, or neo-Walrasian theory as it is more often called, is a betrayal of Walras's economics.

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24

TURK, MICHAEL H. "THE MATHEMATICAL TURN IN ECONOMICS: WALRAS, THE FRENCH MATHEMATICIANS, AND THE ROAD NOT TAKEN." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 34, no. 2 (2012): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837212000156.

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One of the pivotal moments in the move toward mathematizing economics occurred at the turn of the twentieth century, with Leon Walras as perhaps its most ardent champion. Yet, there is no small irony here, in that the leading French mathematicians to whom Walras turned to buttress and defend the case for a mathematical economics, especially Henri Poincare and Emile Picard, laid out reservations to the scope of this mathematizing program. They even pointed to matters, including the hold of the past on future events and hysteresis, a subject already in the discourse of mathematical physicists, which might have fashioned economics differently from the neoclassical mold being formed. This alternate pathway, though, was not pursued at the time.

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25

Potier, Jean-Pierre. "Le socialisme de Léon Walras." L Economie politique 51, no. 3 (2011): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/leco.051.0033.

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26

Potier, Jean-Pierre. "Présentation : Walras et l’intervention publique." OEconomia, no. 1-3 (September 1, 2011): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/oeconomia.1503.

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27

Astigarraga, Jesús, and Juan Zabalza. "Walras in Spain (1874-1936)." History of Economic Thought 51, no. 1 (2009): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5362/jshet.51.1_1.

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28

Lallement, Jérôme. "Individu et société selon Walras." Revue de philosophie économique 18, no. 1 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpec.181.0057.

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29

Negishi, Takashi. "Takuma Yasui and Leon Walras." Transactions of the Japan Academy 70, no. 2 (2016): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/tja.70.2_101.

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30

Huang, Weihong. "Statistical dynamics and Walras’ law." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 46, no. 1 (2001): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(01)00187-1.

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31

Cirillo, Renato. "Leon Walras' Theory of Money." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 45, no. 2 (1986): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1986.tb01922.x.

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32

Collard, D. "William Jaffe's Essays on Walras." History of Political Economy 17, no. 2 (1985): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-17-2-326.

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33

De Vroey, Michel. "Marshall and Walras: Incompatible bedfellows?" European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 19, no. 5 (2011): 765–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2010.540345.

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34

Potier, Jean-Pierre. "Présentation : Walras et l’intervention publique." OEconomia 2011, no. 03 (2011): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.4074/s2113520711013028.

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35

Palley, Thomas. "Walras' Law and Keynesian Macroeconomics." Australian Economic Papers 37, no. 3 (1998): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.00023.

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36

Ellig, Jerome R. "Do we walk with Walras?" Atlantic Economic Journal 14, no. 2 (1986): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02316800.

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37

EREN, Ercan. "Moral İktisadı ve Léon Walras." Yildiz Social Science Review 5, no. 2 (2021): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51803/yssr.577478.

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38

Walker, Donald A. "A Primer on Walrasian Theories of Economic Behavior." History of Economics Society Bulletin 11, no. 1 (1989): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1042771600005743.

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The story of the body of economic analysis that were initiated by Léon Walras can be divided into developments before and after 1930. During the period before 1930 there were two phases to the story. The first was the seminal achievement of Walras. The second was the refinements and extensions made by the generation of Walrasian theorists that followed him. During the period after 1930 the story is also divided into two phases. One is the work that has been done on the type of Walrasian model in which there are no disequilibrium transactions. The other is the beginning of work on the behavior of general equilibrium systems in which disequilibrium transactions and production occur. These phases will be sketched very briefly with the objective of giving a beginner's introduction to some major aspects of the history of general equilibrium theory.

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39

Copithorne, Lawrence W. "La théorie des prix de transfert internes des grandes sociétés." Articles 52, no. 3 (2009): 324–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800680ar.

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Abstract There is considerable merit in thinking of the modern multidivisional corporation as an economy within itself. There is an important similarity between the interaction of divisions within a corporation and the perfectly competitive economic model formulated by Leon Walras1. When we look at modern corporations from this viewpoint we discover that much of what we know in general equilibrium economics may have considerable application inside modern corporations. Some of our existing theorems help clarify distinctions between decentralization and central control in corporate management in the same way that they clarify the distinctions between the market economies and those that run by central decree. They help distinguish which divisions must be centrally managed and those which can be left to look after themselves. This viewpoint offers new insights too—that, for instance, the products transferred between divisions may quite logically have two transfer prices instead of one. This viewpoint also permits an easy synthesis of the existing literature on transfer pricing. While the transfer pricing issue is especially important for multinational and international corporations which transfer goods and services between divisions located in different countries, the principles generally apply to any multidivisional corporation. The purposes of this paper are to present a simple, but general analytic model of the multidivisional corporation, to use it to make a synthesis of the existing literature on transfer pricing, and to make some important new discoveries. 1 Léon Walras, Elements of Pure Economics, édité et traduit par W. Jaffe (London : George Allen and Unwin, 1954). Kenneth Arrow fait mention de cette similitude dans son article : « Optimization, Decentralization and Internal Pricing in Business Firms », Contributions to Scientific Research in Management, 9-18, Western Data Processing Centre, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1961.

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40

Braun, Carlos Rodriguez. "Contestacion a Julio Segura." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 6, no. 3 (1988): 683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000963.

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La detallada respuesta que Julio Segura ofrece en este número a mi nota sobre «su» Walras no hace más que reafirmarme en mi alegría por la incorporación de una figura tan ilustre a los historiadores españoles del pensamiento económico.

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41

Weber, Christian E. "Book Reviews." Journal of Economic Literature 37, no. 1 (1999): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.1.184.r2.

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Money and General Equilibrium Theory: From Walras to Pareto (1870–1923). By Pascal Bridel. Cheltenham, U.K. and Lyme, NH: Elgar; distributed by American International Distribution Corporation, Williston, VT. 1997. Pp. xiii, 197. $80.00. ISBN 1–85898–623–0. JEL 98–0448

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42

Béraud, Alain, and Guy Numa. "LÉON WALRAS’S THEORY OF PUBLIC INTEREST GOODS: TOWARD AN ORGANIC VIEW OF THE STATE." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 41, no. 4 (2019): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837218000603.

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The purpose of this essay is to analyze Léon Walras’s theory of public interest goods. For him, “services and products of public interest are theoretically those that interest men as members of the community or of the State emanating from the authority to establish social conditions, that is, from the satisfaction of needs that are the same and equal to all” ([1875, 1897a] 1992, EEPA, p. 187). In Walras’s mind, this definition meant that public interest goods could not be factored into the utility function, in sharp contrast with the standard approach in public goods theory. Walras did not imply that public interest goods were not useful, but he maintained instead that their utility was felt only by the community as a whole and not by the individual. Walras developed an anti-individualistic view of the State in which the collective interest was not reducible to the sum of private interests.

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43

VON MAY, RUDOLF, MARGARITA MEDINA–MÜLLER, MAUREEN A. DONNELLY, and Kyle Summers. "The tadpole of the bamboobreeding poison frog Ranitomeya biolat (Anura: Dendrobatidae)." Zootaxa 1857, no. 1 (2008): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1857.1.6.

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Ranitomeya biolat occurs in the lowland rainforest of southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia and uses bamboo internodes as a retreat and reproduction site (Morales 1992; Maldonado & Reichle 2007). Unlike other members of the vanzolinii group, which exhibit biparental care of tadpoles (Summers & McKeon 2004), we have observed that R. biolat exhibits male–only parental care and that tadpoles are transported individually and deposited in water–filled bamboo internodes (Medina–Müller 2006; R. von May, unpublished data). After more than 12 months of sampling, we never observed individuals providing trophic eggs to tadpoles or observed oophagy as clutches were laid 3.5 ± 1.5 cm above the water (n = 55); hence, tadpole oophagy may not be an important food resource as previously suspected (Waldram 2008). Though basic information on its breeding biology has been published (Waldram 2008), its tadpole remains undescribed. With the purpose of filling this gap, we here describe the tadpole of R. biolat.

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44

Gallois, Nicolas. "L'école française contre Walras, économiste hétérodoxe." L Economie politique 51, no. 3 (2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/leco.051.0007.

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45

Okada, Motohiro. "Marx versus Walras on Labour Exchange." History of Economic Thought 52, no. 2 (2011): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5362/jshet.52.2_46.

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46

Davar, Ezra. "Walras and Contemporary Financial-Economic Crisis." Modern Economy 05, no. 05 (2014): 635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2014.55060.

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47

Drèze, Jacques H. "Walras—Keynes equilibria coordination and macroeconomics." European Economic Review 41, no. 9 (1997): 1735–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(97)00085-8.

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48

Vroey, Michel De. "Keynes and the Marshall-Walras Divide." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21, no. 2 (1999): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200003096.

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This paper is a sequel to De Vroey (1998d) and (1998e). In these papers, I pondered upon the relationship between the Marshallian and the Walrasian research programs and defended the view that a divide should be drawn between them, contrary to the opinion of the majority of economists who see no need for such. I argued that these research programs differ on two scores. First, they are based on different conceptions of equilibrium. Second, they differ on the way in which they broach the issue of the working of the decentralized economy. The hallmark of the Marshallian approach is that it proceeds in two steps. The working of particular markets is analyzed in a first stage whereas the issue of their coordination is assigned to the second stage of the inquiry. Contrarily, the hallmark of the Walrasian approach is to immediately start the analysis at the level of the economy as a whole. Put differently, in the Marshallian approach, partial equilibrium analysis is seen as a first preliminary step to general equilibrium analysis, whereas in the Walrasian approach one immediately proceeds with the latter. The aim of the present paper is to show the incidence of this twofold difference on the interpretation of Keynesian theory.

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49

Menard, Claude. "Melanges d'economie Politique et Social.Leon Walras." Journal of Political Economy 98, no. 2 (1990): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261689.

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50

Moss, L. S. "The Evolutionist Economics of Leon Walras." History of Political Economy 31, no. 4 (1999): 780–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-31-4-780.

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