Academic literature on the topic 'Waltheria indica'

Anisodiplosis waltheriae Maia, a new genus and species of Cecidomyiidae that induces galls on leaves, leaf buds, and inflorescences of Waltheria indica (Sterculiaceae), is described (larva, pupa, male, and female) based on material from Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Safety evaluation of Waltheria indica Linn. root was carried out in Wistar rats. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=5); A–D. Group A served as control group while groups B, C and D were administered with 200, 400 and 800 mg/Kg of crude ethanol extract of Waltheria indica Linn. root. After 28 days of administration, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected and serum prepared. Haematological and biochemical parameters, as well as serum electrolyte were determined according to standard procedures. The 200 mg/Kg of Waltheria indica Linn. root caused the highest percentage increase in body weight. The kidney was also significantly increased at 400 mg/kg. The total WBC and lymphocytes counts were significantly increased at 400 mg/kg. The serum levels of ALT and chloride were significantly increased at 800 mg/kg. Waltheria indica Linn. root also caused hepatic necrosis and renal tubular degeneration in Wistar rats. Therefore, Waltheria indica Linn. root should be used with caution especially at higher dose despite its therapeutic potentials.

Waltheria indica (L.) is a species in the list of medicinal plants in Vietnam. However, information about this species is still at the basic level. In order to provide more data on this medicinal plant, the present research has gone into further on the characteristics of the plant through morphological classification method, observing the thin slices of vegetative and reproductive organs and measuring with a reticule on the eyepiece and a stage micro-meter equipped for a light microscope. Combination of statistical analysis of botanical morpho-anatomical traits with characteristics of soil and climatic where the plants distribute was conducted to find ecological adaptation of the plants. The results showed that the plants growing in regions with different ecological conditions had significant differences in structural characteristics. This is the basis for collecting the medicinal plants Waltheria indica (L.) and continue to determine their pharmacological properties in the future.

<p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate methanolic extract of leaves of Waltheria indica linn. for hepatoprotective potency of the potent solvent extract. The hepatotoxicity was induced by diclofenac, carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and acetaminophen. In CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity study, animals were divided into five groups (n=6). Methanolic extract of Waltheria indica (WIM) groups were injected in doses of 400 mg/kg and 600mg/kg body weight along with CCl 4 and Silymarin 100mg/kg was taken as standard drug. Similarly procedure was followed in diclofenac and acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity. Blood samples and liver were collected and liver hisopathological studies were carried out. These histopathological analysis suggested that WIM extract have the ability to reduce the degree of hepatic fibrosis induced by various factors. And concluded that WIM extract has significant hepatoprotective activity thus this study scientifically support the theory to use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver disorders.</p>

Au Burkina Faso, W. indica L. syn. W. americana est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle dans la prise en charge aussi bien curative que préventive de l'asthme. Basée sur une approche ethnopharmacologique, cette étude visait à caractériser W. indica sur le plan chimique et pharmacologique en relation avec l'usage traditionnel contre l'asthme. Méthodologie : Après avoir confirmé les données bibliographiques sur l'usage antiasthmatique de la plante par un entretien avec des tradipraticiens de santé, une recherche bioguidée a été réalisée. Des investigations chimiques à type d'extraction, de purification et de détermination structurale ont été conduites en alternance avec les investigations biologiques de laboratoire. En outre, une caractérisation in situ des groupes chimiques a été réalisée dans différentes parties de la plante. Puis, une évaluation de la toxicité générale aigue de l'extrait hydro alcoolique des racines a été réalisée chez la souris. Résultats et discussion : Des alcaloïdes et des polyphénols ont été mis en évidence dans les différentes parties de la plante. Plusieurs composés ont été isolés à partir de l'extrait hydro alcoolique (HA) des racines. Un seul a été identifié comme étant (-)-épicatéchine. HA, ses fractions n-hexane (F1), dichlorométhane (F2), acétate d'éthyle (F3), la fraction résiduelle (F4) et l'épicatéchine isolée de F3 inhibaient in vitro l'activité de la 5-LOX, la LOX-IB de soja et la PLA2 de manière dose dépendante. L'inhibition de la PDE4A1α par les fractions n'était pas dose dépendant. Sur le plan tissulaire, HA, F3 et les fractions dérivées de F3 inhibaient les contractions induites par l'acétylcholine sur la trachée de rat ex vivo. Un effet dose dépendant était observé avec une CI50 de 1051 µg/mL pour HA, entre 181 et 477 µg/mL pour F3 et ses fractions. HA est modérément toxique chez la souris par voie intrapéritonéale (DL50 =210 mg/Kg). Cette étude est la première investigation pharmacologique de l'usage traditionnel de W. indica contre l'asthme. Nos résultats supportent cet usage traditionnel de la plante et démontrent la participation de l'épicatéchine aux propriétés antiasthmatiques. Conclusion : La validation pharmacologique de l'usage traditionnel de W. indica contre l'asthme doit être complétée par les futures investigations précliniques avec l'isolement et les tests biologiques d'autres composés de la plante qui participeraient à l'activité de W. indica.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The cultivation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in Brazil has been frequently carried out without irrigation, with frequent occurrence of dry periods during the crop cycle. The negative effects of water deficit on plant production can be intensified by weed infestations and result in lower crop performance. Therefore, the objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of temporary water deficits on the soil and of competition in the growth and dry matter partition, macronutrient accumulation and efficiency, and physiological characteristics of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. cv BRS Guariba) and two weeds Commelina benghalensis L. and Waltheria indica L. For that, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Department of Plant Sciences of the Federal University Rural Semi-Arid. The experimental unit corresponded to a plastic vessel with a volumetric capacity of 10 dm-3. The experimental design for the randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 5x2 factorial, with the first factor corresponding to the types of interaction between the species (V. unguiculata + C. benghalensis; V. unguiculata + W. indica; V. unguiculata, C. benghalensis and W. indica in monoculture), and the second, of water regimes (Irrigated and Water deficit). The water deficit was simulated when the the cowpea plants were with the second definite trefoil (stage V4), being maintained for eleven days, until the photosynthetic rate of the culture, at 9:00 am, reached values close to zero, when irrigation was resumed. From the date of the suspension of irrigation, the plants were submitted to the following evaluations: water potential at pre-dawn and at noon; stomatal conductance; transpiration; and net photosynthetic rate; until the CO2 assimilation rates of the plants submitted to the water deficit were similar to those of the irrigated ones. At the end of the experiment, we evaluated: the number of leaves per plant; the leaf area; the dry mass of leaves, stems, roots, and total; the dry mass partitioning; and macronutrient accumulation and partition. The water deficit reduced the water potential and the gas exchange of the plant species, cultivated alone or in interaction. Cowpea and C. benghalensis tolerated the water deficit in the soil through the strict control of the stomatal opening, being categorized as more water conservative species. Competition among plants anticipated the negative effects of soil water deficit. Waltheria indica presented greater competition capacity for water, having delayed the recovery of cowpea. The soil water deficit reduced nutrient content in the following decreasing order: cowpea - Ca (stem), K (root), Mg (leaf) and N (root); C. benghalensis - N, P and K (stem); and W. indica – K, N, P, Ca and Mg (leaf). The water deficit reduced the N and P utilization efficiency of cowpea, and of Mg of C. benghalensis. The competition provided variable effect on the accumulation and efficiency of macronutrients utilization of cowpea and weeds C. benghalensis and W. indica. The cowpea suffered greater interference with the W. indica weed when cultivated on soil not irrigated. C. benghalensis presented high potential for macronutrient cycling in the two water regimes. The water deficit reduced the growth of cowpea plants, C. benghalensis and W. indica. The competition between plants increased the effects of temporary water deficit in the soil. The W. indica leaf was the organ most affected by the water deficit. W. indica has greater capacity competition for water with V. unguiculata than C. benghalensis
O cultivo de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) no Brasil tem sido frequentemente realizado em condições de sequeiro, o que aumenta a possibilidade de ocorrência de veranicos durante o ciclo da cultura. Os efeitos negativos do déficit hídrico podem ser intensificados por infestações de plantas daninhas e resultar em menor desenvolvimento da cultura. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de déficit hídrico temporário no solo e da competição no crescimento e partição de massa seca, acúmulo e eficiência de macronutrientes, e nas características fisiológicas de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. cv BRS Guariba) e das plantas daninhas trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis L.) e malva-branca (Waltheria indica L.). Para tanto, foi realizado experimento em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. A unidade experimental correspondeu a um vaso plástico com capacidade volumétrica de 10 dm-3. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x2, com o primeiro fator correspondente aos tipos de interação entre as espécies (feijão-caupi + trapoeraba; feijão + malva-branca; feijão-caupi, trapoeraba e malva-branca em monocultivo), e o segundo dos regimes hídricos (Irrigado e Déficit hídrico). O déficit hídrico foi simulado quando as plantas de feijão-caupi estavam com o segundo trifólio definitivo (estádio V4), sendo mantida por onze dias, até a taxa fotossintética da cultura, às 09h00min da manhã, alcançar valores próximos de zero, momento em que foi retomada a irrigação. A partir da data da suspensão da irrigação, as plantas foram submetidas às seguintes avaliações: potencial hídrico ao préamanhecer e ao meio-dia; condutância estomática; transpiração e a taxa fotossintética líquida; até que as taxas de assimilação de CO2 das plantas submetidas ao déficit hídrico fossem semelhantes às das irrigadas. Ao final do experimento, foram avaliados: o número de folhas por planta; a área foliar; a massa seca de folhas, caules, raízes, e total; a partição de massa seca; o acúmulo e partição de macronutrientes. O déficit hídrico reduziu o potencial hídrico e as trocas gasosas das espécies, cultivadas isoladamente ou em interação. O feijão-caupi e C. benghalensis toleraram o déficit hídrico no solo por meio do rígido controle da abertura estomática, sendo espécies mais conservadoras. A competição entre plantas antecipou os efeitos negativos do déficit hídrico no solo. Waltheria indica apresentou maior capacidade de competição por água, tendo atrasado a recuperação do feijão-caupi. O déficit hídrico no solo reduziu o conteúdo dos nutrientes na seguinte ordem decrescente: feijão-caupi - Ca (caule), K (raiz), Mg (folha) e N (raiz); C. benghalensis - N, P e K (caule); e W. indica – K, N, P, Ca e Mg (folha). O déficit hídrico reduziu a eficiência de utilização de N e P do feijão-caupi, e de Mg da C. benghalensis. A competição proporcionou efeito variável sobre o acúmulo e eficiência de utilização de macronutrientes de feijão-caupi e das plantas daninhas C. benghalensis e W. indica. O feijão-caupi sofreu maior interferência com a planta daninha W. indica quando cultivado em solo não irrigado. C. benghalensis apresentou elevado potencial para ciclagem de macronutrientes nos dois regimes hídricos. O déficit hídrico reduziu o crescimento das plantas de feijão-caupi, C. benghalensis e W. indica. A competição entre plantas aumentou os efeitos do déficit hídrico temporário no solo. A folha de W. indica foi o órgão mais afetado pelo déficit hídrico. A W. indica tem maior capacidade de competição por água com o feijão-caupi do que a C. benghalensis.
2017-07-13

The aim of this work was to obtain extracts from two plants, namely Pterospartum tridentatum (Carqueja) and Waltheria indica, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), a green solvent. ScCO2 was used pure or with added co-solvent ethanol. The essential oils from these plants have economic value due to their content in compounds with medicinal properties. For comparison, extraction assays were performed using Soxhlet/ethanol and infusion/water. The highest yields of extraction were obtained when using infusion/water - 22,5% for Carqueja and 25,0% for W. indica – followed by Soxhlet/ethanol - 21,5% for Carqueja and 22,4% for W. indica. In the case of extractions with scCO2, higher yields of extraction were obtained at 500 bar than 350 bar at a temperature of 40 ºC – 1.28% and 0.64%, respectively. These values went up when at the same temperature and 300 bar, ethanol was added to CO2 as co-solvent – maximum of 4.36% for Carqueja and 14 wt.% ethanol, and maximum of 3.13% for Waltheria indica and 10 wt.% of ethanol. Extraction assays were also carried out by Soxhlet/ethanol and infusion/water from Carqueja and W. indica previously extracted with scCO2, with or without co-solvent ethanol. The trend observed was an increase in yields of extraction when Soxhlet/ethanol was used, suggesting that scCO2 was able to remove from both plants compounds that the Soxhlet/ethanol method cannot extract. In the case of infusion/water, the trend observed was a decrease in yields of extraction relative to the values obtained with the original plant material, suggesting that scCO2 was able to remove from both plants some compounds that are also extracted by the infusion/water method. Taking into consideration that polyphenols are the major class of compounds present in Carqueja and in W. indica, the extracts obtained were analyzed with a view to quantifying total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity, the latter through values of EC50 (half maximum effective concentration). The best results for Carqueja were 64, 67 and 118 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of plant and for extracts obtained with scCO2/ethanol, Soxhlet/ethanol and infusion/water, respectively, and for Waltheria indica 10, 77 and 91 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of plant and for extracts obtained with scCO2/ethanol, Soxhlet/ethanol and infusion/water, respectively. The EC50 values were always very high (unfavorable) for extracts from both plants obtained by scCO2/ethanol extraction, and were of ca. 1 and 0.4 g of extract per g of DPPH (radical used in this assay) for Carqueja extracts obtained by Soxhlet/ethanol and infusion/water, respectively, and 2 and 0.3 g of extract per g of DPPH for Waltheria indica extracts obtained by Soxhlet/ethanol and infusion/water, respectively. A preliminary characterization of Carqueja extracts performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) had already evidenced the presence of phenolic compounds in extracts obtained by Soxhlet/ethanol, as well as fatty acids, triglycerides and terpenes in extracts obtained by scCO2, Soxhlet/ethanol and Soxhlet/n-hexane extraction. This work can be considered a first approach to the use of supercritical technology to obtain extracts from Carqueja and W. indica.

Abstract In order to increase the reliability of the oil lubricated journal bearing, the thermal characteristics of the plain journal bearing are investigated and optimized. In this paper, the steady state thermo-hydrodynamic analysis of the plain journal bearing with centered circumferential groove is studied by numerical simulation and experiments. The diameter of the journal bearing is 190mm, and the load of the bearing is 6150N, which is operated with the rotating speed of 5560 r/min. The flow characteristics including the temperature distribution in the clearance of the bearing are simulated by ANSYS CFX, where the Walther viscosity temperature relation and the cavitation effect are considered. The test rig for measuring the pressure and temperature distributing in established, which is driven by electrical motor and certain bearing load can be exerted on it. In the experiments, the temperature distribution of the bearing is measured by 10 temperature sensors, which is arranged on three cross sections along the axial direction. The temperature of the lubricating oil is obtained by the sensors on the shell of the bearing, which is installed in the Babbitt metal. In order to obtain the circumferential distribution of the temperature, the sensors locate at different circumferential angles. The influence of geometrical parameters on the temperature distribution is studied, including the bearing clearance, the bearing length and the groove width by numerical simulation and experiment. The bearing clearance ratios of 1.8‰ and 2.5‰ are compared, and as the increment of the bearing clearance ratio, the temperature of the bearing decreased, which is benefit from the flow mass into the bearing increases. For the bearing length increasing from 90mm to 94mm, the maximum temperature decreases about 3K. For the groove width varying from 20mm to 19mm and 18mm, the temperature of the bearing decreases. The comparison of the numerical results and experiments are presented, and they show similar tendency for the temperature distribution, but the difference of temperature values exists. Based on the results from variation of bearing clearance ratio, bearing length and groove width, the optimized parameters of the bearing are proposed by determining the groove width with 18mm, bearing length with 94mm and the bearing clearance ratio with 2.1‰. The thermo-hydrodynamic analysis from the CFD and the experiments for the optimized bearing are carried out. The results indicate that the thermal performance of the bearing is improved. Compared with original design of the bearing, the maximum temperature is reduced by approximately 5K for optimized design of the bearing.