Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wang family'

Using the theoretical approach of discursive psychology, this thesis examines the interactive uses of mental state talk, in particular the term want , in everyday family interaction. In mainstream cognitive psychology mental state terms are examined as words which signify internal referents. How individuals come to competently participate in social interaction is formulated as a problem of how individual, isolated minds come to understand the contents of other minds. This thesis challenges these individualistic notions and examines notions of wanting as interactionally managed participants concerns. The data are taken from two sources; a set of video recordings taken from a series of fly-on-the-wall documentary programmes which each focus on a particular family and videotapes of mealtimes recorded by three families. Recordings were initially transcribed verbatim and sections related to the emerging themes within the thesis were subsequently transcribed using the Jefferson notation system. These transcripts were then analysed, alongside repeated viewings of the video recordings. The thesis considers a range of analytic themes, which are interlinked via one of the primary research questions, which has been to examine how, and to what end, speakers routinely deploy notions of wanting in everyday talk-in-interaction. A major theme has been to highlight inherent problems with work in social cognition which uses experimental tasks to examine children s Theory of Mind and understanding of desires . I argue that the assumptions of this work are a gross simplification of the meaning wanting for both children and adults. A further theme has been to examine the sequential organisation of directives and requests in both adults and children s talk. Finally, I examine speakers practices for rejecting a proposal regarding their actions and for denying a formulation of their motivations by a co-interactant. The conclusions of the thesis show that expressions of wanting are practical expressions which work within a flow of interactional and deontic considerations and that making claims regarding one s own or others wants is entirely a social matter. I argue that rather than being examined for what they may reveal about the mind , mental state terms may be fruitfully examined as interactional matters.

This thesis uses a range of recent television and film texts to interrogate postfeminist media formations of masculinity. In particular, this work focuses on increasingly prevalent media narratives that are about producing men as suitable romantic partners for postfeminist women. Arguing that existing literature on postfeminism ignores or trivialises the issue of masculinity, this thesis addresses new cultural formations of masculinity that are linked not only to postfeminist discourse, but also related cultural and economic shifts such as post-industrialisation and the rise of neo-liberal cultural politics. Analysing texts from the mid-1990s to 2012, the work argues that such representations are rife with tensions and contradictions. They represent in part an ungendering of previously feminine arenas (such as the makeover, and the home) yet are also marked by a discourse that requires the reassertion of sexual difference and the maintenance of heteronormativity. As such, the urge towards coupling becomes central to these formations, across the range of texts discussed within this thesis. The thesis argues that postfeminist media representations of masculinity are often characterised by an interplay between dominant, residual and emergent formations. In the makeover show, the mission is to improve a man to satisfy his existing partner (perhaps as preparation for a proposal) or to ready him for entry into the dating market. In the lifestyle show, the advice given on how to manage domestic labour is committed to encouraging harmony between the heterosexual couple. The homebuilding sitcom focuses on the challenges of the transition between youth and the establishment of a family unit: finding the right partner, settling down, building a home, having children. The Hollywood romantic comedy, even in its recent, male-centred incarnations, still presents successful coupling as integral, essential, and inevitable, even if its attitude to the union is sometimes ambivalent. In all of these television and film genres, there is a considerable focus on how men must change in order to become, and stay, "marriageable". This emphasis on coupling is paired with images of singledom as failure, a pathologisation which, this thesis argues, is rapidly becoming ungendered. The example texts' reinforcement of compulsory heterosexuality, their focus on a particular 'life-stage' (the early stages of independent living) and the increased focus on men's private lives means that domestic space and the home become key sites in which these tensions and battles are played out. This thesis examines the central role of the home, its decor, arrangement and labour, as both one of the major negotiations of coupling and as an aesthetic strategy for representing different formations of masculinity and postfeminist dilemmas of masculinity within this group of texts.

The United States, during both the Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan administrations, pursued humanitarian relief in the Horn of Africa and East Africa with an eye towards Cold War politics. During the Carter administration the focus was on Ethiopia and the regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam, while during the Reagan administration the United States’ efforts were mainly targeted towards Sudan and the regime of Gaffar Nimeiry. In both instances, the United States was concerned with the politics of the Cold War, trying to create a more positive image of the U.S. abroad by relieving world hunger, while also propping up governments that supported U.S. interests during the Cold War against the Soviet Union.

The research reported in this thesis is an investigation of identities of primary school leavers (10-13 years old) residing on the Caribbean territory, St. Kitts. Through two main phases and a pilot of an ethnography conducted intermittently between 2008 and 2011, I explored volunteer-participants' individual and collective identities. In particular, I explored their aspirations for the future and everyday living, the influences they perceive, and conceptualizations of and aspirations for the Caribbean. The aim was to gain insights into their understanding of Caribbean, thus, illuminating Caribbean-identity; two terms fuelling debates in the Social Science literature alleging a Caribbean-identity crisis. One of the main innovations of the design was my partnership with a group of primary school leavers who were trained to help as co-researchers to collaboratively generate and partially analyse data. The findings suggest participants have very positive perceptions of themselves as individuals; however, their identities seem more localized. They generally aspire to migrate, especially to America, to achieve success, and their conceptions of Caribbean vary greatly and seem uncertain while their overarching-aspiration for their island and region is for them to become "better" places socially, economically, politically, culturally, and environmentally. In part, this main finding conflicts with the idea of an identity-crisis on an individual-level, but supports ideas of a lack of a resolute sense of self on a regional-collective level for participants. Equally important, participants report many positive impacts resulting from their involvement. For some, the process contributed clarity about self and aspirations, and for others, it helped with not only a clearer-perspective, but also the development of life-skills.

Twenty-five percent of working women now occupy the top levels of the labour market (ONS 2013c). This presents an opportunity to assess the extent to which adult daughters have been influenced in their aspirations for work and family life by growing up with a mother with a successful career –a significant research gap. Intergenerational narrative interviews with 30 mother and daughter pairs explored their observations about the effects on their ambitions, relationships, emotions and identities. The mothers were most often the prime influence on their daughters' embarking upon high status, satisfying careers. However, neither most mothers, nor their daughters aspired to ‘get to the top', which challenges both the idea of progress towards gender equality at the highest levels in organisations and traditional definitions of career success. The mothers managed work and motherhood thoughtfully and most did not experience disjuncture between their identities (Bailey 1999). Key original contributions are that almost all the daughters thought that having a mother who worked mainly full--‐time out of the home in a career she found satisfying benefited them or, at least, did them no damage. Despite this, most daughters did not think that emulating their mothers would be fine for the children the daughters anticipated having. The main explanations for this are the pervasive idea that working part--‐time would give them the ‘best of both worlds' as mothers and workers, the motherhood culture of ‘intensification of responsibility' (Thomson et al. 2011, p.277), and the perceived lack of examples of satisfying flexible career paths within organisational careers for women and men. Many of the mothers took a pragmatic approach to their ‘emotion management' (Hochschild 1983, p.44) of work--‐life trade--‐offs but did not transmit their experience of managing their feelings about working motherhood. I argue that doing so could benefit their working daughters.

The social scientific debate over consumption is of increasing concern to commentators addressing the cultural implications of socio-economic change. All too often, however, the individual meanings that consumers have for the goods they consume have been neglected by these commentators, notably in favour of abstract discussions of the role of consumption in the emergence of a 'postmodern' culture. Arguing that consumption provides the sociologist with an invaluable means of addressing questions concerning the relationship between structure and agency, this thesis attempts to move beyond the limited conception of a fragmented self, picking and choosing his or her identity from the menu of life, to begin to establish an empirical grounding for the relationship between consumption and identity amongst young people. Data were collected from a triangulated three-stage research process, in the form of a series of focus group interviews, informed by Personal Construct Psychology, a participant observation study in a sports shop, and a Consumer Meanings Questionnaire. Arguing that young people's identities are largely constructed in peer group settings, the evidence presented suggests that consumption provides an everyday cultural framework, within which young consumers negotiate some semblance of everyday stability in a 'risk' society. In this sense, young people appear to pursue a dual task. First, they are intent upon forming group-based identities. Second, they attempt to construct a sense of individuality in this context. Hence, it is argued that whilst young people choose consumer goods according to peer group meanings, they tend to see their own choices as 'individual' and those of their peers as being determined by media and marketing-created desires. As such, whilst it would be misleading to see young people as dupes of the capitalist system, neither are they free agents. Teenagers construct their identities partially through the framework that consumption provides, but not with products of their own choosing. Far from being whimsical consumers in this context, I argue that essentially, young people are modernists, adapting to the rational constraints upon their everyday lives and changing the character of their consumption patterns accordingly. The situated realities of so-called postmodern forms of consumption can therefore only be understood, it is argued, through innovative triangulated research methods which address consumer meanings in routine everyday settings and which, in turn, consider the theoretical implications of such meanings, for both an understanding of the ideological impact of consumerism and it's relationship to debates concerning structure and agency.

This thesis is concerned with a fundamental unit of the economy: Households. Even in advanced economies, upwards of 70% of the population live in households composed of multiple people. A large number of decisions are taken at the level of the household, that is to say, they are taken jointly by household members: How to raise children, how much and when to work, how many cartons of milk to purchase. How these decisions are made is therefore of great importance for the people who live in them and for their well-being.But precisely because household members make decisions jointly it is hard to know how they come about and to what extent they benefit individual members. This is why households are often viewed as unique decision makers in economics. Even if they contain multiple people, they are treated as though they were a single person with a single set of preferences. This unitary approach is often sufficient and can be a helpful simplification. But in many situations it does not deliver an adequate description of household behavior. For instance, the unitary model does not permit the study of individual wellbeing and inequality inside the household. In addition, implications of the unitary model have been rejected repeatedly in the demand literature.Bargaining models offer an alternative where household members have individual preferences and come to joint decisions in various ways. There are by now a great number of such models, all of which allow for the study of bargaining power, a measure of the influence a member has in decision making. This concept is important because it has implications for the welfare of individuals. If one household member’s bargaining power increases, the household’s choices will be more closely aligned with that member’s preferences, ceteris paribus.The three chapters below can be divided into two parts. The first part consists of Chapter 1, which looks to detect the influence of intra-household bargaining in a specific set of consumption choices: Consumption of the arts. The research in this chapter is designed to measure aspects of the effect of bargaining power in this domain, but does not seek to quantify bargaining power itself or to infer economic well-being of household members.Precisely this last point, however, is the focus of the second part of the thesis, consisting of Chapters 2 and 3. These focus specifically on the recovery of one measure of bargaining power, the resource share. Resource shares have the advantage of being interpretable in terms of economic well-being, which is not true of all such measures. They are estimated as part of structural models of household demand. These models are versions of the collective model of household decision making.Pioneered by Chiappori (1988) and Apps and Rees (1988), the collective model has become the go-to alternative to unitary approaches, where the household is seen as a single decision-making unit with a single well-behaved utility function. Instead, the collective model allows for individual utility functions for each member of the household. The model owes much of its success to the simplicity of its most fundamental assumption: That whatever the structure of the intra-household bargaining process, outcomes are Pareto-efficient. This means that no member can be made better off, without making another worse off. Though the model nests unitary models as special cases, it does have testable implications.The first chapter of the thesis is entitled “Household Decisions on Arts Consumption” and is joint work with Caterina Mauri, who has also collaborated with me on many other projects in her capacity as my girlfriend. In it, we explore the role of intra-household bargaining in arts consumption. We do this by estimating demand for various arts and cultural events such as the opera or dance performances using a large number of explanatory variables. One of these variables plays a special role. This variable is a distribution factor, meaning that it can be reasonably assumed to affect consumption only through the bargaining process, and not by modifying preferences. Such variables play an important role in the household bargaining literature. Here, three such variables are used. Among them is the share of household income that is contributed by the husband, the canonical distribution factor.The chapter fits into a literature on drivers of arts consumption, which has shown that in addition to such factors as age, income and education, spousal preferences and characteristics are important in determining how much and which cultural goods are consumed. Gender differences in preferences in arts consumption have also been shown to be important and to persist after accounting for class, education and other socio-economic factors (Bihagen and Katz-Gerro, 2000).We explore to what extent this difference in preferences can be used to shed light on the decision process in couples’ households. Using three different distribution factors, we infer whether changes in the relative bargaining power of spouses induce changes in arts consumption.Using a large sample from the US Current Population Survey which includes data on the frequency of visits to various categories of cultural activities, we regress atten- dance rates on a range of socio-economic variables using a suitable count data model.We find that attendance by men at events such as the opera, ballet and other dance performances, which are more frequently attended by women than by men, show a significant influence of the distribution factors. This significant effect persists irrespec- tively of which distribution factor is used. We conclude that more influential men tend to participate in these activities less frequently than less influential men, conditionally on a host of controls notably including hours worked.The second chapter centers around the recovery of resource shares. This chapter is joint work with Denni Tommasi, a fellow PhD student at ECARES. It relies on the collective model of the household, which assumes simply that household decisions are Pareto-efficient. From this assumption, a relatively simple household problem can be formulated. Households can be seen as maximizers of weighted sums of their members’ utility functions. Importantly the weights, known as bargaining weights (or bargaining power), may depend on many factors, including prices. The household problem in turn implies structure for household demand, which is observed in survey data.Collective demand systems do not necessarily identify measures of bargaining power however. In fact, the ability to recover such a measure, and especially one that is useful for welfare analysis, was an important milestone in the literature. It was reached by (Browning et al. 2013) (henceforth BCL), with a collective model capable of identi- fying resource shares (also known as a sharing rule). These shares provide a measure of how resources are allocated in the household and so can be used to study intra- household consumption inequality. They also take into account that households gen- erate economies of scale for their members, a phenomenon known as a consumption technology: By sharing goods such as housing, members of households can generate savings that can be used elsewhere.Estimation of these resource shares involves expressing household budget shares functions of preferences, a consumption technology and a sharing rule, each of which is a function of observables, and letting the resulting system loose on the data. But obtaining such a demand system is not free. In addition to the usual empirical speci- fications of the various parts of the system, an identifying assumption has to be made to assure that resource shares can be recovered in estimation. In BCL, this is the assumption that singles and adult members of households share the same preferences. In Chapter 2, however, an alternative assumption is used.In a recent paper, Dunbar et al. (2013) (hereafter DLP) develop a collective model based on BCL that allows to identify resource shares using assumptions on the simi- larity of preferences within and between households. The model uses demand only for assignable goods, a favorite of household economists. These are goods such as mens’ clothing and womens’ clothing for which it is known who in a household consumes them. In this chapter, we show why, especially when the data exhibit relatively flat Engel curves, the model is weakly identified and induces high variability and an im- plausible pattern in least squares estimates.We propose an estimation strategy nested in their framework that greatly reduces this practical impediment to recovery of individual resource shares. To achieve this, we follow an empirical Bayes method that incorporates additional (or out-of-sample) information on singles and relies on mild assumptions on preferences. We show the practical usefulness of this strategy through a series of Monte Carlo simulations and by applying it to Mexican data.The results show that our approach is robust, gives a plausible picture of the house- hold decision process, and is particularly beneficial for the practitioner who wishes to apply the DLP framework. Our welfare analysis of the PROGRESA program in Mexico is the first to include separate poverty rates for men and women in a CCT program.The third Chapter addresses a problem similar to the one discussed in Chapter 2. The goal, again, is to estimate resource shares and to remedy issues of imprecision and instability in the demand systems that can deliver them. Here, the collective model used is based on Lewbel and Pendakur (2008), and uses data on the entire basket of goods that households consume. The identifying assumption is similar to that used by BCL, although I allow for some differences in preferences between singles and married individuals.I set out to improve the precision and stability of the resulting estimates, and so to make the model more useful for welfare analysis. In order to do so, this chapter approaches, for the first time, the estimation of a collective household demand system from a Bayesian perspective. Using prior information on equivalence scales, as well as restrictions implied by theory, tight credible intervals are found for resource shares, a measure of the distribution of economic well-being in a household. A modern MCMC sampling method provides a complete picture of the high-dimensional parameter vec- tor’s posterior distribution and allows for reliable inference.The share of household earnings generated by a household member is estimated to have a positive effect on her share of household resources in a sample of couples from the US Consumer Expenditure survey. An increase in the earnings share of one percentage point is estimated to result in a shift of between 0.05% and 0.14% of household resources in the same direction, meaning that spouses partially insure one another against such shifts. The estimates imply an expected shift of 0.71% of household resources from the average man to the average woman in the same sample between 2008 and 2012, when men lost jobs at a greater rate than women.Both Chapters 2 and 3 explore unconventional ways to achieve gains in estimator precision and reliability at relatively little cost. This represents a valuable contribution to a literature that, for all its merits in complexity and ingenious modeling, has not yet seriously endeavored to make itself empirically useful.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

With an increase in the pace of life in the United States, there comes a recognition of the importance of prioritizing time, especially for fathers. Of the two-thirds of children who live with their father, only a percentage of them have fathers who report regular play time with their children. However, literature in the field does not explain specifically whether or not this play between father and child influences the child’s later risk taking behaviors in high school. Using data from the 2003 Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), waves 3, 4, and 6, this quantitative study sought to understand the connection between a father’s play with his young children and the number of risk taking behaviors exhibited by those children in high school. The results from this study indicate that high school students who had fathers that played with them when they were young, as well as high school students who had fathers that did not play with them when they were young both exhibited similar rates of risk taking behaviors.

Significant shifts in social ideology and legislation have brought about considerable changes in work and family dynamics in the Western world, and the male as breadwinner-wife as homemaker model is no longer the norm. However, despite increasingly gender egalitarian ideals, the division of labor among dual-earner couples tends to adopt a "neo traditional" once children are born, where women devote more time to family labor and men spend more time in paid employment Although asymmetrical divisions of labor have clear workplace and societal consequences in terms of women's earnings, organizational advancement, and inequality, the effects on individual well-being are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to apply the theoretical lens of person-environment fit to examine how misfit between dual-earner couples' pre-child division of labor preferences and post-child actual divisions of labor relate to affective (career, marital, and family satisfaction) and health-related (depression and physical health symptoms) well-being. Additionally, several conditions were posited to temper the strengths of these relationships (domain centrality, gender, voice in division of labor decision making, and satisfaction with the current division of labor). Participants were 126 dual-earner couples with small children, and hypotheses were testing using polynomial regression analyses. The results suggested that congruence between an individual's own pre-child desires for the division of paid labor and the actual post-child division of paid labor relates to his/her own career and marital satisfaction, depression, and physical health symptoms. Congruence in the family domain is also important, as desire-division of family labor fit related to affective sentiments toward family and one's spouse. With the exception of career satisfaction, these relationships were curvilinear, such that deviations in either direction from perfect fit related to poorer well-being. On the other hand, there was little evidence for spousal effects, as dual-earner well-being did not relate the congruence between division of labor abilities and spousal demands. Finally, evidence of moderation was only found in a few cases, and none were consistent with prediction, highlighting the need for future research on the contextual conditions of P-E fit in the dual-earner context.

Uppsatsen undersöker två svenska socknar kring nödåret 1867. Syftet är att se de direkta och varierande konsekvenserna av en missväxt. Socknarna är Vilhelmina i Norrland och Döderhult i Småland och den avgränsade tidsperioden är 1865-1870. Undersökningen har gjorts utifrån församlingarnas kyrkoarkiv samt Statistiska Centralbyråns (SCB) befolkningsstatistik. Forskningsläget visar på varierande konsekvenser av nödåren 1867-1869 och ett tydligt samband med en ökad emigration till Nordamerika, men det finns ingen liknande jämförelse på mikronivå som detta arbete kan visa. I uppsatsen finns en översikt över Sverige på 1860-talet, missväxtåren samt en beskrivning över Vilhelmina och Döderhult. Stapeldiagram presenterar de två socknarnas födda, döda, utflyttade, emigrerade samt totala befolkningsmängd. Vad undersökningen kommer fram till är en negativ men icke dramatisk befolkningsutveckling som skiljer sig åt mellan de två socknarna, framförallt vad gäller emigrationerna.
This essay focuses on two swedish parishes before, during and after the famine in Sweden 1867. The purpose is to see the direct and varying impacts by crop failures. The parishes are Vilhelmina in northern Sweden and Döderhult in southern Sweden. The delimited period is 1865-1870. The study was made based on the parishes' church archives and statistics from Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB). Previous research shows various impacts by the crop failures 1867-1869 and a clear relationship with the following mass emigrations to North America. But there is no previous comparison on a micro level and between these two different geographical areas which this essay has done. The essay gives an overview about the crop failures, Sweden in the 1860's and facts about Vilhelmina and Döderhult. Statistic bars display the number of deceased, born, expatriates, emigrants and total population. The conclusion of the study is a  negative but not dramatic evolvement of the populations, and with differences between the parishes, particularly regarding the emigrations

碩士
中原大學
建築研究所
89
A Study of the Wang-Family Cultivated History and Their Old Houses in Shen-kan by Yi-Hsuan Hsieh Thesis Adviser : Professor Huei-Chen Lin Sumitted to the Graduate School of Architecture，Chung-yung Christain University，Taiwan 2000 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of Architecture 2. Thesis Summary The developing history of Shen-kan is an illustration of Han nationality cultivating hardships in Taiwan. With the rapid urbanization of Taipei County, the immigration of many people and the blooming of new buildings, the unique scene of the obscure Shen-kan and its clean river zoology are going to vanish. Shen-kan is full of cultivating vestiges of forefathers. From the viewpoint of history, its development is a struggle history of Han nationality in Taiwan. The cultivation in early period is owed to five clans including Xu, Gao, Chen, Zhang, Wang whose cultivation could be the epitome of Shen-kan developing history. Among these five clans, Wang was the most successful one. It was the richest one and a distinguished family in that area. Until now, this clan is still very influential. The ancient houses of Wang are a serial of rare clan houses, which are exquisite and elegant. Today they are kept nearly intact. The research of Wang clan is divided into two parts in the thesis: one is the basic data including the discussion of the cultivating process of Wang Clan and the introduction of Shen-kan environment; the other is the research of the ancient houses including space allocation, construction form, defending system as well as the analysis and comparison of their differences. The thesis includes five chapters and the following is the summary of each: Chapter Ⅰ Introduction Establish the research motive and purpose, set the research scope and make out the research content and methods so as to achieve the research purpose by collecting and analyzing relative literature and documents. Chapter Ⅱ Cultivation Process of Huang Clan in Shen-kan Introduce Shen-kan environment and its evolution in a simple and straight narrative way to illustrate the in-groups of Wang Clan, its migrating process and political and economic development in the local area and show the pedigree of Wang Clan to collate the relations among the people mentioned in the thesis. Chapter Ⅲ Ancient Houses Research of Wang Shixian In-group After studying the ancient houses of In-group Wang Shixian and other related documents, the author sums up the scattered-village characteristics of the northern part of Taiwan, which can be the basis of the illustration of the Wang houses characteristics in Shen-kan. Therefore, the first part summarizes the family cause of Wang Shixian In-group. The second part is the research of the ancient houses of Wang Shixian. The third part illustrates the differences among the ancient houses. The fourth part sums up the characters of the scattered-village houses in the northern villages of Taiwan. Chapter Ⅳ Dexing Residence of Wang Zhongshu In-group In early years, Wang Zhongshu In-group engaged in tea trade. Until the third generation, Wang Delong, it was already quite successful and could be called tea nabobism in Shen-kan. Its success is owed to the fact that Shen-kan Street is the traffic hinge of Wenshan Area for the tea output. Therefore, the first part discusses the development of Shen-kan Street so as to illustrate how this family became rich on the basis of its favorable position and laid the foundation of the family cause. This part is the foregoing introduction of Dexing Residence and its surrounding environment. The second part summarizes the houses and cause of Huang Zhongshu In-group. The third part studies the characteristics of Dexing Residence. The fourth part compares Dexing Residence with other ancient houses in Shen-kan Street to show the differences between them. Chapter Ⅴ Conclusion The first part analyzes the key point that Wang Shixian In-group became rich. The second part illustrates the influential factors of cultivation system on its ancient house form. The third part analyzes the fact that Wang Zhongshu In-group took part in the flourish industry and its house form. The fourth part proposes the study direction for scholars to continue. Key words: Shen-kan / Wang Clan / Cultivation / Ancient Houses

碩士
國立中正大學
教學專業發展數位學習碩士在職專班
103
This research aims to study the practices and practical strategies of learning family based on twelve books written by parent-chlid writer Wang Pei-Ting. The purpose of this study is to use content analysis methods to explore articles published by parent-chlid writer Wang Pei-Ting between year 2006 and year 2015 discussing how to practice the five goals from Learning Family Questionnaire. These five goals are “Affective commitment”, “Time sharing”, “Self-change”, “Communication- dialogue”, and “Family activities”. The conclusions of this paper are as follows： 1. The first element of a learning family is “Affective commitment”. Believing "love" is the core literacy of a learning family. Let your children understand that their parents love them. Never say corrupt words. Saying gentle words let your family feel love. 2. The first step of a learning family is “Time sharing”. Wang Pei-Ting would rather give up high-paying jobs In exchange for more “Time sharing” with family. Parents need to spend time and create opportunities listening your children, especially when your children under five to fifteen years old. 3. The secret tip of a learning family is “Self-change”. The spiritual conversion for construction a learning family is willing to change themselves, and self-transcendence, and always maintain flexibility. Saying "sorry" to your children will not be ashamed, but to win more respect. Parents’ systems thinking is doing your best, and then wait. 4. The atmosphere of a learning family is full of free “Communication- dialogue”. Discussion, consultation and mutual trust is the foundation of learning family. Creating opportunities let your children talk. Let the children trust you, chat with your children that is the basis of trusting relationship. 5. The most important “Family activities” are reading children stories and traveling. Family travel is worth the investment. Reading storybook time makes normal family life full of love. Parents feed children the storybook just as they feed them milk and three meals.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
新聞研究所
103
In this study, anti-eviction movement of the Wang family, activist groups Taiwan alliance for victims of urban renewal organization spread and mobilization strategy, discovered the advantages in the long course of nearly four years of resistance, in the organization decision aspects, horizontal organization allow members to maintain momentum, but the disadvantage is personnel flow and cause organization unstable. In terms of tandem mass, activist groups to entities preliminary interpersonal relations to establish foreign aid groups, extending to the virtual network space, through social networking site Facebook is converted to "social graph", repeatedly rolling down and expansion between online and offline. In terms of social dialogue, after the outbreak of the demolitions, triggering mass media spotlight presence, joint social networking site Facebook to track the number of surge. The activist group considers a limited time, manpower; take the most direct contact can reach the masses the communication strategy mode, but both successful experiences, lead to activist groups in the blind spot on the communication strategy. The study is found that the Internet is not a panacea for social movement, it exists power as well as limitations. Although the Internet can be quickly assembled masses, at the demand of long-term resistance and innovative communication strategies still need to pay attention to the production system and information on the package. Secondly, the study is also revealed that Internet is no longer exclusive patent to activist group; social movements face the same tactics against the forces of public relations, media war launched to counter threats through online and offline. Internet might be an extension of the existing social differences; it fears that future social movements will face more severe challenges. The research method takes participant observation, the experience from the participation of the researcher.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
歷史學系
102
Since the economy of the products rise from the mid-Ming, groups of merchants have started to first integrate with a form of business group though every field around the world, and also with a form of business stages in the society classes. Discussion about merchants, their capital, and business organizations, such as business groups and halls, academics have already had rich study results. Merchants’ classes, their awareness, and interactions between scholars and businessmen are concerned by many scholars as well. Especially the interactions and changes of the two identities between scholars and businessmen, which involve in society culture, make everyone wonder. Moreover, changes between scholars and businessmen are not that scholars are going to abandon the identity of academics, and devote into business for development. Yet they are interactions between both, that is, some scholars who fail the imperial examination may choose to get into business; meanwhile, businessmen tend to turn economy capital into culture capital, or try to gain a official position by donating. Even some may get themselves or grow their children to get promoted into academic career. Or pursue taste of luxury to model the cultural life of scholars. From scholars to merchants or from merchants to scholars, it seems to be very different, but in fact it is the same. It is even an important strategy of running a family at many times. The development of a family is that the first generation starts a business, and then the second is going to conserve and expand, and then finally the third will turn into business scholars so that they can stead their families’ development by their fame. Or everyone in the family is going to take part in different field. Some may do something commercial; others may take an imperial examination. Whatever the family cooperate with is a way to mutual aid. The typical epitome of this strategy is Wang Dao Kun and Wang’s family. This study is based on Wang Dao Kun and his relatives, investigating the third generation of Wang’s family, except choosing to work in academic, actively get into Jiang Nan cultural community to increase the fame in Shihlin, and then turn into the identity of merchants to lead the development of Huizhou culture.

碩士
輔仁大學
宗教學系碩士在職專班
104
The present study explores Chinese ancestor worshipping of the Chen Dexing Hall, a historical relic and century-old ancestral hall of the Chen clan. By means of field investigation and collecting genealogy books, the genealogy of the Chen Wan-jin family is compiled. Details of ancestor tomb sweeping, ancestor worshipping and the passing-down of worshipping rites are documented. The first recorded ancestor who immigrated to Taiwan is Chen Lian-yuan. Now there are eleven family tombs. The researcher put the collected genealogies of the Chen clan in order. What follows is a thorough discussion of the source of the two hall names, “Nan Yuan” and “Jin Dun,” mainly based on Manuscript Genealogy of the Chen Family of the Nanyuan-Jindun Branch complied by Chen Dui-hou, together with the genealogy compiled by Chen Wen-cheng. The genealogies discussed in this study are collected from filed investigation. It is hoped that through the study, the younger generation can pay respect to their ancestors and family clans, gain a new understanding of the meaningful existence of family clans, and that the society can develop proper social values after understanding the essence of worshipping ancestors.

碩士
國立臺南大學
文化與自然資源學系碩士班
107
At present, the image material using on the Wan-Li research is minority. This article focus on the Ye’s family in the Wan-Li area. The Ye’s family had a lot of influence on the political, economic and religious beliefs aspect. Additionally, The Ye’s family had many 1950s to 1970s old photos. Many local family can't afford to photograph at the time. The research methods include literature review and interview with residents. Through the research methods different from the traditional analysis, the researcher uses the photos of daily life to understand the unique culture and family development process in the Wan-Li area. Through the different life styles of the family, observe the family's life in the Wan-Li area, and then construct the development and landscape changes of the Wan-Li settlement. Compared with the photos of life in the Wan-Li area, the family travel photos are extended from daily family life to the family relatives, then observing the interaction between family members and the background of leisure activities.

In the 2012 Families First Agenda, the Government of British Columbia outlined the provision of ‘evidence-based’ parenting information as part of its official commitment to support vulnerable families. This thesis investigates and analyzes the particular views and assumptions about parenting responsibility and child development in a selection of web-based parenting resources endorsed by the BC government. Study findings show that parenting education materials promote a universalized account of childrearing that privileges expert-driven knowledge, largely drawn from Euro-Western frameworks. The examined materials are also found to present a view of parents as responsible for monitoring and mitigating personal and environmental stressors. Discussion of these features considers the ways in which parenting education materials marginalize the knowledge and practices of diverse families, and conceal oppressive structures that perpetuate social and economic inequalities. Implications drawn from the findings contribute to a discussion of more inclusive and collaborative approaches to parenting support and education.
Graduate

碩士
國立臺灣大學
歷史學研究所
106
From the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Fang-Liao area of Taiwan was populated by many people due to its local environment. However, as a result of the geographical location being far from any controlling authorities, combined with the influence of the restriction on people from entering the mountain areas after the Chu Yi-Guei incident, there existed a lot of hoodlums (gangsters) disturbing the peace. The local authorities administering the area, lacking power, could not resolve the disturbance created by the hoodlums. The authorities turned to the powerful leader in the area for help to stabilize the locality. This decision undoubtedly paved the way to enable the powerful Lin Wan-Jhang family to gain power, and status strengthened by their cooperation with the authorities. Lin Chi-Chuan was one of the first pioneers of the Lin family of Shuidi-Liao in Taiwan, who sought the commercial opportunities within the restricted areas. By doing so, he created firm friendships with the “Savages” (the indigenous Taiwanese inhabitants). Operating the Wan-Ke store also helped strengthen his family’s position within the community. By this time, the Lin family of Shuidi-Liao was well known to the authorities. However, after Lin Chi-Chuan died, his son, Lin Wan-Jhang, fell into a disagreement with the authorities concerning his family’s compensation for their assistance in putting down civil unrest, notwithstanding their contribution in the saving of foreign ship wrecks. In 1853, because of the conflict, Lin Wan-Jhang and Lin Gong rebelled, causing the fall of the Fengshan county town, during which time many officials died. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) occupied Nanjing in 1853. This initiated many uprisings in the Fujian province, including that of Lin Gong in Taiwan. However, the Qing government could not provide military assistance because the problem caused by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was still unresolved. Consequently, the Taiwan Prefecture was surrounded for several months by Lin Gong and his army. The officials in Taiwan were unable to put down the uprising, deciding instead to quell the commotion in both northern and southern ways. The officials in Taiwan successfully quelled the disturbance caused by Ling Gong, while armed confrontation between the Han and the Hakka in southern Taiwan still remained a problem. The Hakka even accused Lin Wan-Jhang to be the criminal leader of the Lin Gong incident. Due to the conflict created by Lin Gong, the Lin family of Shuidi-Liao’s relationship with the local authorities disintegrated. According to Robert Swinhoe, the authorities now regarded Lin Wan-Jhang as “an outlaw chief,” resulting in armed conflicts between them. After the death of Lin Wan-Jhang, his widow, Lin Li-Chao, and son, Lin Yu-Tsai, worked hard to preserve the Lin family of Shuidi-Liao’s relationship with the authorities, which was especially reflected in the cooperation during the Tai Chao-Chun incident. However, with the death of Lin Yu-Tsai at Zhangzhou while combatting the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, together with the subsequent death of his mother Lin Li-Chao, the Lin family of Shuidi-Liao began its decline. Through the analysis of the rise to prosperity followed by the decline of the Lin family of Shuidi-Liao, we can understand the complex interactions between a powerful family, society, and the authorities. Moreover, we can also come to terms with the Lin family of Shuidi-Liao’s decline impacted by the actions of the authorities and the lack of a powerful successor.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
98
This thesis discusses the biography of a historical architecture, Zeng Family’s house, which symbolize the characteristic of Huazhai village in Pescadores Island, Taiwan. Simultaneously, the contemporary digital technology is used for represent the transition of its construction condition. Firstly, 3D Laser Scanner is the important tool that collects the digital data of Zeng’s house, as the point cloud data can show the reality and precision for conservation of the construction. Nevertheless, before apply the action to conserve hierarchy, the point cloud data have to transit into the common data format, that is build up a three dimension model. In consideration of popularize the 3D Laser Scanner technology into conservation theme, the erection of 3D model, by using the point cloud data, becomes the very beginning topic. Secondly, the searching of historical data is equally of concern for reinstate the construction situation in early periods. The information from those data represents diachronic character which shows the changes of its materials, spaces and form. Since the digital technology nowadays could not shows the past, the point cloud data that surveying among the village is used to collaborate with old photos, measured sketches, in order to build up the 3D models of the house situation in the early periods. At last, according to the traditional housings’ “Construction Process” in Pescadores Island, which is a building method study, a coding system is designed to differentiate all the elements thus illustrate the original construction and transition of Zeng’s house within the past decades.