Journal articles on the topic 'Wang luo ying xiao'

The development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has received increasing attention for its potential to get rid of dependence on fossil fuels and curb carbon emissions[1]. However, the application of PEMFC has been limited by the consumption of platinum due to the sluggish kinetics of the cathode reaction and limiting platinum reserves. So far, forming Pt-M (M = non-precious metal) alloying phase catalysts has been regarded as an efficient method to improve the activity and decrease the cost of platinum. However, the introduction of the non-precious metal content will decrease the stability of the catalysts by accelerating the dissolution of metal atoms and agglomeration of the nanoparticles[2]. In this research, the nitrogen-doped carbon coating structure was applied to protect the PtCo nanoparticles. And both ordered (I-PtCo@CNx) and disordered (D-PtCo@CNx) PtCo alloy phase core was synthesized to further explore the role of nitrogen-doped carbon shell in improving the activity and stability. To study the electronic statement and structure changes of the catalysts, both in-situ and ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was applied at BL36XU at SPring-8. The synthesis of order PtCo catalysts, generally, requires a high temperature to overcome the energy barrier of forming the ordering phase, which will cause severe Ostwald ripening and get larger nanoparticles[3]. However, in the participation of nitrogen-doped carbon shells, the particle size could be limited to less than 5 nm. The I-PtCo@CNx exhibited high mass activity and specific activity at 1.08 A mgPt -1 and 1.51 mA cmPt -2, respectively. The XAS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed the decreased electronic density on the I-PtCo@CNx compared with I-PtCo catalysts, which suggested the increase of the activity might be originated from the interaction from the nitrogen-doped carbon shell. Furthermore, the accelerate durability tests (ADTs) were applied to measure the stability of the catalysts. In the rotating disk electrode and fuel cell condition, after 30,000 cycles ADTs, the activity of I-PtCo@CNx showed less decrease compared with other samples. The EXAFS analysis confirmed the high stability of I-PtCo@CNx might come from the less oxygen species generation during the ADTs, especially for the Co, and the confined structure benefits to maintaining the structure. In addition, the operando XAS analysis of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) samples also showed the high stability of I-PtCo@CNx after polarization at 1.1 V for 1 h. Figure 1. The Pt L3 edge and Co K edge FT-EXAFS spectra of disordered-PtCo, ordered-PtCo, and ordered-PtCo@CNx in different ADTs cycles at 80 °C in MEA operation condition. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the project (JPNP20003) and a NEDO FC-Platform project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). And China Scholarship Council (CSC) was acknowledged for the doctoral scholarship of Yunfei Gao (202006270046). Reference s : [1] Zhao L.; Zhu J.; Zheng Y.; Xiao M.; Gao R.; Zhang Z.; et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2102665. [2] Sun Y.; Polani S.; Luo F.; Ott S.; Strasser P.; Dionigi F. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 (1), 5984. [3] Yang C.; Wang L.; Yin P.; Liu J.; Chen M.; Yan Q.; et al. Science 2021, 374 (6566), 459-64. Figure 1

Mimarachnidae is an extinct planthopper family of the superfamily Fulgoroidea, with ten genera from the Cretaceous of Eurasia. Here, we describe a new genus, Cretodorus gen. nov. and two new species, Cretodorus granulatus sp. nov. and C. angustus sp. nov., on the basis of four specimens from the mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. This remarkable genus can be separated from all other mimarachnids as follows: moderately elongate head, anteriorly protruded pronotum with straight lateral carinae, and unbranched MP of tegmen. Additionally, a new species of Burmissus Shcherbakov, 2017, Burmissus latimaculatus sp. nov., is described from the same Burmese amber, and the morphological characters of Burmissus szwedoi Luo, Jiang, Wang & Xiao, 2020 are supplemented for pronotum, clypeus, rostrum, and legs. These new discoveries enrich the palaeodiversity of mimarachnid planthoppers to fifteen species, ten of which are described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, suggesting that this extinct family remained highly diverse during this period.

The structures and stabilities of charged, copper-doped, small silicon clusters [Formula: see text] (n = 1–7) have been systematically investigated using the density functional theory method at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level. For comparison, the geometries of neutral CuSi n clusters were also optimized at the same level, although most of them have been reported previously [see Xiao CY, Abraham A, Quinn R, Hagelberg F, Comparative study on the interaction of scandium and copper atoms with small silicon clusters, J Phys Chem A106:11380, 2002; Liu X, Zhao GF, Guo LJ, Wang XW, Zhang J, Jing Q, Luo YH, First-principle studies of the geometries and electronic properties of Cu m Si n (2 ≤ m + n ≤ 7) clusters, Chin Phys16:3359, 2007]. Our results for the ground state structures of neutral CuSi n clusters agree well with those of Liu et al. and Xiao et al. except for CuSi3 and CuSi7 . Removing or adding an electron greatly changes some ground state structures, i.e. for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]; others are almost unchanged, e.g. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. The ground states of ionic [Formula: see text] are all singlet, except for the smaller CuSi- and [Formula: see text]. Based on the optimized geometries, various energetic properties, including binding energies, second-order difference energies, the highest occupied molecular orbit and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) energy gaps, ionization potential and electron affinities, were calculated for the most stable isomers of [Formula: see text]. All the results indicate that anionic [Formula: see text] and cationic [Formula: see text] clusters are relatively stable. The higher stability of the latter has been confirmed by Beck's observations.

Abstract Liver cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the third cause of cancer death worldwide. In the United States, it remains higher incidence rates and worse survival in the Hispanic population than the other populations. Studies have demonstrated that autoantibodies to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) could be biomarkers with low-cost, efficient, and highly sensitive characteristics. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to measure three autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1, and GNA11 in sera from 25 Hispanic Americans with HCC, 28 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), and 27 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) as well as sera from 85 healthy individuals. At the 95% specificity for healthy controls, 56%, 48%, and 44% of HCC sera (or patients) showed elevated levels of autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1, and GNA11 respectively. Among the patients with LC, frequencies for autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1, and GNA11 were 44%, 36%, and 25% respectively. In patients with CH, the frequencies of autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1, and GNA11 were 22%, 22%, and 15%, which were significantly lower than those in HCC (p<0.01). The area under the curves (AUCs) of autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1, and GNA11 for identifying HCC from healthy controls were 0.912, 0.915, and 0.915, respectively. The sensitivity could be improved to 68% when three of the autoantibodies were combined with the AUC of 0.932. Therefore, autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1, and GNA11 showed significantly higher levels in Hispanic HCC than those in the CH or healthy controls. Also, these three autoantibodies could enhance the detection of HCC if they were combined as the parallel test. In conclusion, autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1, and GNA11 could be potential biomarkers for the detection of HCC in Hispanic Americans. Large size of samples is needed to further determine their potential value in clinical application. Citation Format: Cuipeng Qiu, Xiao Wang, Bofei Wang, Yangcheng Ma, Xiaojun Zhang, Jian-Ying Zhang. Autoantibodies to PAX5, PTCH1 and GNA11 as serological biomarkers in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hispanic Americans [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5149.

Abstract Background: In this study, we aimed to observe initial palliative treatment choices and clinical outcomes for premenopausal hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer patients (MBC) in the Chinese population in real life.Methods: The China National Cancer Center database was used to identify 2194 MBC patients diagnosed between 2004 to 2015. Premenopausal patients with HR+ HER2- MBC were included. Clinicopathological features, initial palliative treatment choices and survival information were extracted. First-line progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Prognostic factors associated with OS were analyzed using Cox regression model with 95% confidence interval (95%C.I.).Results: A total of 451 premenopausal patients meeting study criteria were identified. Median age was 44 years. The number of patients receiving chemotherapy alone, endocrine therapy and chemotherapy followed by endocrine therapy as initial palliative treatment strategy were 222(49.2%), 80 (17.7%), and 149 (33.0%), respectively. Patients receiving initial chemotherapy were more likely to be luminal B subtype, had more de novo stage IV disease than recurrent disease and had more liver metastasis, compared with patients receiving initial endocrine therapy. Both PFS and OS were significantly longer for chemotherapy-endocrine therapy group (median PFS 18.9 months and OS 75.0 months), than for endocrine therapy group (median PFS 11.7 months and OS 53.5 months). Chemotherapy alone group presented with worst survival outcomes (median PFS 7.1 months and OS 43.9 months). However, in multivariate analysis, none of the three treatment strategies were independently associated with PFS or OS.Conclusions: In real world, a high percentage of premenopausal patients with HR+ HER2- disease received chemotherapy as initial palliative treatment in China, which was not associated with worsened survival. This unexpected guideline non-adherence reflects the unmet need of establishing treatment guidelines specifically for premenopausal patients in the Chinese population. Further studies with larger sample size across China are needed to explore the relationship between this guideline non-adherence and clinical outcomes. Citation Format: Yiqun Li, Hongnan Mo, Xiuwen Guan, Shaoyan Lin, Zijing Wang, Yimeng Chen, Shanshan Chen, Qiao Li, Ruigang Cai, Jiayu Wang, Yang Luo, Ying Fan, Peng Yuan, Pin Zhang, Qing Li, Fei Ma, Binghe Xu. In real world, a high percentage of premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer receive chemotherapy as first-line treatment: A study of the National Cancer Center, China [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-16-06.

Abstract ZX-101A is a next-generation PI3Kδ/γ dual inhibitor, exerting synergistic effects on PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ-mediated processes through multifaceted mechanisms of actions. Phase 1/2a study, ZX-101A-101 (NCT04504708) is ongoing to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, recent preclinical studies of ZX-101A showed that dual inhibition of PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ restored the immune surveillance to inhibit solid tumor growth. ZX-101A-201 is a phase 1/2a open-label, multiple-dose ascending study to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary antitumor activity of once daily oral ZX-101A in 28-day cycles in patients with advanced solid tumors.ZX-101A had minimal effects on solid tumor-derived CT26, 4T1 and A20 cells in in vitro cell proliferation assay. In contrast, ZX-101A inhibited tumor growth when CT26 cells were grafted to wild-type syngeneic mice, while only showed a limited tumor growth inhibition when CT26 tumors grew on T-cell deficient nude mice. Thus, in vivo tumor growth inhibition in wild-type mice was attributed to the enhanced anti-tumor immunity by ZX-101A treatment. Flow cytometry analysis on ex vivo tumor tissues from syngeneic mouse demonstrated that ZX-101A decreased regulatory T cells and increased M1/M2 macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. In A20 syngeneic model, ZX-101A in combination of anti-PD1 antibody achieved 99.7% TGI after 18 days of treatment, while anti-PD1 antibody alone only had TGI at 11.7%. Synergistic inhibitory effect of ZX-101A and anti-PD1 antibody was also observed in LLC, CT26 and humanized MC38 syngeneic mouse models. Safety assessment on the mouse spleen, thymus and colon organs indicated minimal side effects by the treatment of the ZX-101A alone and in combination with anti-PD1. These results suggested ZX-101A as a potential immunotherapeutic agent to treat appropriate solid tumor types. ZX-101A-201 study consists of 2 parts, Dose Escalation and Dose Expansion. Part 1 dose escalation is designed to determine the safety, tolerability, and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of ZX-101A monotherapy in patient with advanced solid tumors. Part 2 dose expansion will evaluate ZX-101A activity in up to three disease-specific cohorts. Inclusion of combination therapy is planned after obtaining the initial clinical assessment of ZX-101A on its safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in patients. Citation Format: Xiaoli Qin, Lori Luo, Li Ying-ying, Yin Wang, Shuaijun Sun, Xiaolin Hao, Jinfu Yang. A Phase 1/2a Study of a PI3Kδγ dual inhibitor ZX-101A in patients with advanced solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT526.

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising technology for grid scale stationary energy storage to complement renewable energy systems. Although RFBs have a relatively low energy density, they offer important benefits such as long lifetime, decoupled energy and power, high round-trip efficiency, scalability and design flexibility, fast response and low environmental impacts. These benefits make them superior to many other stationary energy storage technologies [1-3]. The vanadium RFB (VRFB) is the most widely used RFB in industry for grid scale energy storage and for integration of renewable energy generation systems [4]. However, due to their slow redox reaction rates, their performance and stability are limited and VRFBs would thus benefit from enhancement of the electrode kinetics [5]. Various catalysts have been employed to improve the redox reaction rates [5-6]. Bismuth is considered a suitable candidate due to its good reactivity with oxygen, low toxicity, relatively low cost and comparable catalytic properties to other metal competitors [5, 7-8]. In this study, we present a novel modified VRFB electrode composed of carbonized bismuth-polyaniline (Bi-PANI) on a thermally-treated carbon paper substrate. The battery performance was evaluated in a 5 cm2 flow cell using a ‘zero-gap’ design with a 1.6 M VOSO4 in 3 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Charge-discharge of the VRFB was performed at a constant current density (ranging from 10 to 80 mA cm−2) with upper and lower voltage cut-offs of 1.65 and 0.8 V, respectively. Thermally treated carbon paper electrodes were tested as a comparison, and it was found that the VRFB efficiency was significantly enhanced, from 51% to 68% at a current density of 80 mA cm− 2, due to the modification of the electrodes with Bi-PANI. The charge-discharge capacity was also improved by around 17.2%. In addition, the stability of the battery using the modified electrodes was evaluated for over 200 cycles. The improved battery performance was attributed to the catalytic effect of the Bi particles on the VO2+/VO2 + and V2+/V3+ redox reactions leading to a significant increase in capacity, voltage, and energy efficiency. References: [1] M. Skyllas-Kazacos, L. Cao, M. Kazacos, N. Kausar, A. Mousa, ChemSusChem. 9 (2016) 1521–1543. [2] A.K. Singh, M. Pahlevaninezhad, N. Yasri, E. Roberts, ChemSusChem. (2021). [3] M. Pahlevaninezhad, P. Leung, M. Pahlevani, F. C. Walsh, C. Ponce de Leon, and E. P. L. Roberts, Experimental and Computational Studies of Disperse Blue-1 in Organic Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries, J. Power Sources, Volume 500, 15 July 2021, 229942. [4] X.Z. Yuan, C. Song, A. Platt, N. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Li, K. Fatih, D. Jang, Int. J. Energy Res. (2019). [5] S. Moon, B.W. Kwon, Y. Chung, Y. Kwon, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 166 (12) A2602-A2609 (2019) [6] W. Lee, C. Jo, S. Youk, H. Y. Shin, J. Lee, Y. Chung, and Y. Kwon, Appl. Surf. Sci., 429, 187 (2018) [7] Z González, A. Sánchez, C. Blanco, M. Granda, R. Menéndez, and R. Santamaria, Electrochem. Commun., 13, 1379 (2011). [8] B. Li, M. Gu, Z. Nie, Y. Shao, Q. Luo, X. wei, X. Li, J. Xiao, C. Wang, V. Sprenkle, and W. Wang, Nano Lett., 13, 1330 (2013).

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are listed as one of the ideal alternatives for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the abundant sodium resources, cost-effective electrode materials of NIBs, and same architecture of NIBs to LIBs. To enable the practical implementation of NIBs, advanced cathodes with higher energy/power densities, better safety and cycle life, as well as lower cost are required. Layered lithium transition metal oxides (LiTMO2) are one of the most successful cathode materials for commercial LIBs. Similarly, layered sodium transition metal oxides (NaxTMO2, also termed as sodium layered oxides) are of particular interest for commercial NIBs owing to their high specific capacity, a wide variety of redox-active elements, and the possibility for the manufacturers to employ established synthesis processes as their lithium counterparts. Sodium layered oxides are built up by ordered stacking of alternate alkali-metal (Na+) layers and transition metal layers (TmO2). The two-dimensional structure makes them the natural hosts for alkali-metal ions and other ions or small molecules, such as H2O. Therefore, when exposed to moist atmospheres, layered oxide materials tend to react with H2O which adsorbed on their surface and thus deteriorate their structure and electrochemical performances. Accordingly, the air-sensitive sodium layered oxides should be well protected from the moist atmospheres, rendering a higher manufacturing and preservation cost. Here, based on the reaction mechanisms, critical influencing factors, and modification methods of layered oxides in moisture, we try to reach a comprehensive understanding of the air-stability of sodium layered oxides. Moreover, future efforts to resolve the air-stability of sodium layered oxides from Argonne National Laboratory will be also presented. References 1. Han, M. H.; Gonzalo, E.; Singh, G.; Rojo, T. A comprehensive review of sodium layered oxides: powerful cathodes for Na-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 81-102. 2. Zuo, W.; Qiu, J.; Liu, X.; Ren, F.; Liu, H.; He, H.; Luo, C.; Li, J.; Ortiz, G. F.; Duan, H.; Liu, J.; Wang, M. S.; Li, Y.; Fu, R.; Yang, Y. The stability of P2-layered sodium transition metal oxides in ambient atmospheres. Commun. 2020, 11, 3544. 3. Xu, G. L.; Liu, X.; Zhou, X.; Zhao, C.; Hwang, I.; Daali, A.; Yang, Z.; Ren, Y.; Sun, C. J.; Chen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Amine, K. Native lattice strain induced structural earthquake in sodium layered oxide cathodes. Commun. 2022, 13, 436. 4. Zuo, W.; Xiao, Z.; Zarrabeitia, M.; Xue, X.; Yang, Y.; Passerini, S. Guidelines for Air-Stable Lithium/Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes. ACS Materials Letters 2022, 4, 1074-1086. 5. Fu, F.; Liu, X.; Fu, X.; Chen, H.; Huang, L.; Fan, J.; Le, J.; Wang, Q.; Yang, W.; Ren, Y.; Amine, K.; Sun, S. G.; Xu, G. L. Entropy and crystal-facet modulation of P2-type layered cathodes for long-lasting sodium-based batteries. Commun. 2022, 13, 2826.

Abstract Introduction: Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) is associated with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Immunotherapy has recently showed robust clinical activity in ES-SCLC. In this double-blind, phase 3 trial, we evaluated adebrelimab (SHR-1316), a novel anti-PD-L1 antibody, in combination with standard chemotherapy (chemo) as first-line treatment for ES-SCLC. Methods: Patients naïve to systemic treatment for ES-SCLC were randomized 1:1 to receive 4-6 cycles of adebrelimab (20 mg/kg, iv, d1, q3w) or placebo with carboplatin (AUC 5, d1, q3w) plus etoposide (100 mg/m2, d1, d2, d3, q3w), followed by maintenance therapy with adebrelimab or placebo. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Results: 462 patients were randomized and treated (adebrelimab+chemo, n=230; placebo+chemo, n=232). As of Oct 08, 2021, with an median follow-up of 13.5 mo (all patients; 22.5 mo for patients alive), OS was significantly prolonged with adebrelimab+chemo vs placebo+chemo (median, 15.3 mo [95% CI 13.2-17.5] vs 12.8 mo [95% CI 11.3-13.7]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.72 [95% CI 0.58-0.90], 1-sided p=0.0017); OS rate was 62.9% vs 52.0% at 12 mo and 31.3% vs 17.2% at 24 mo. Progression-free survival (PFS) per independent review committee (IRC) was 5.8 mo (95% CI 5.6-6.9) with adebrelimab+chemo vs 5.6 mo (95% CI 5.5-5.7) with placebo+chemo (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54-0.83); PFS rate was 49.4% vs 37.3% at 6 mo and 19.7% vs 5.9% at 12 mo. Objective response rate (ORR) and duration of response (DoR) also favored the adebrelimab+chemo group (Table 1). Grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 85.7% vs 84.9% of patients with adebrelimab+chemo vs placebo+chemo, with the most common (frequency ≥5%) being hematological toxicities in both groups. Conclusions: The addition of adebrelimab to chemotherapy significantly improved OS with an acceptable safety profile, supporting this combination as a new first-line treatment option for ES-SCLC. Efficacy outcomes Adebrelimab+Chemo (n=230) Placebo+Chemo (n=232) Median OS (95% CI), mo 15.3 (13.2-17.5) 12.8 (11.3-13.7) HR (95% CI)*, 1-sided log-rank p 0.72 (0.58-0.90); p=0.0017 12-mo OS rate (95% CI), % 62.9 (56.3-68.8) 52.0 (45.4-58.2) 24-mo OS rate (95% CI), % 31.3 (24.9-37.9) 17.2 (12.1-23.0) Median PFS (95% CI), mo 5.8 (5.6-6.9) 5.6 (5.5-5.7) HR (95% CI)*, 1-sided log-rank p 0.67 (0.54-0.83); p <0.0001 6-mo PFS rate (95% CI), % 49.4 (42.4-56.0) 37.3 (30.7-43.9) 12-mo PFS rate (95% CI), % 19.7 (14.5-25.5) 5.9 (3.1-10.1) IRC-assessed ORR (95% CI), % 70.4 (64.1-76.3) 65.9 (59.5-72.0) Median DoR (95% CI), mo 5.6 (4.6-6.7) 4.6 (4.3-5.5) *Stratified Cox proportional-hazards model Citation Format: Ying Cheng, Jie Wang, Caicun Zhou, Wenxiu Yao, Qiming Wang, Xuhong Min, Gongyan Chen, Xingxiang Xu, Xingya Li, Fei Xu, Yong Fang, Runxiang Yang, Guohua Yu, Youling Gong, Jun Zhao, Yun Fan, Quan Liu, Lejie Cao, Yu Yao, Yunpeng Liu, Xiaoling Li, Jingxun Wu, Zhiyong He, Kaihua Lu, Liyan Jiang, Huiqing Yu, Chengping Hu, Wenhua Zhao, Jian Zhao, Gang Wu, Dingzhi Huang, Chengshui Chen, Cuimin Ding, Baihong Zhang, Xiuwen Wang, Hui Luo, Baolan Li, Ben Zhang, Haowen Li, Ke Ma. Adebrelimab or placebo plus carboplatin and etoposide as first-line treatment for extensive-stage SCLC: A phase 3 trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT038.

Carbon felts are commonly utilized electrodes in vanadium flow batteries due to their low cost, light weight, good electronic conductivity, and chemical inertness. In contrast, their activity in catalyzing the vanadium redox reactions is less remarkable. In particular at the negative side, where V3+ reduction competes with the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at low potentials. In the literature, the addition of Bi3+ into the electrolyte [1] or its deposition on the felts has been suggested as a remedy. However, it is not clear yet, whether the Bi decoration remains stable with time and cycling and which mechanisms are responsible for the observed performance increase. The aim of this work is therefore to unravel more details about the catalyzing effect of Bi and its stability on the cell level. To this effect, the electrode kinetics with and without Bi decoration were studied comparing results obtained using Friedl’s method [2] with cyclic voltammetry (CV) data analyzed by the Polarographica curve fitting routine [3]. This approach can also be generalized to obtain precise kinetic information with other decorating metals. We furthermore applied negative dynamic hydrogen bubble templating (DHBT) deposition as an interesting way to coat commercially available carbon felts with a structured metallic layer of high surface area. Using this strategy, a significant positive effect was observed. However, the drying parameters and post-processing of the felts are important parameters which severely affect the final performance. In order to study the stability of Bi deposits in realistic battery experiments, in-situ synchrotron radiography has been used to monitor the Bi-decorated felts during charge-discharge cycles [4]. The figure demonstrates the effect of different flow rates on the Bi deposition patterns. Dark spots show metal-decorated areas within the felts at flow rates of 5 mlmin-1 (left), 15 mlmin-1 (middle) and 25 mlmin-1 (right). It can be easily seen that the operation conditions influence the felt decoration significantly, while Bi deposits dissolve and deposit during the charge-discharge routine. Further studies will be necessary to find out a) whether different deposit positions affect the performance enhancement and b) if DHBT-Bi remains more stable under operating conditions. In our presentation, we will not only focus on the materials, but also highlight techniques especially suitable for the stuctural and electrochemical analysis of felt electrodes. [1] B. Li, M. Gu, Z. Nie, Y. Shao, Q. Luo, X. Wei, X. Li, J. Xiao, C. Wang, V. Sprenkle, W. Wang, Bismuth Nanoparticle Decorating Graphite Felt as a High-Performance Electrode for an All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, Nano Letters 13(3) (2013) 1330-1335. [2] J. Friedl and U. Stimming, Determining Electron Transfer Kinetics at Porous Electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 227 (2017) 235–245. [3] T. Tichter, J. Schneider, D. Andrae, M. Gebhard, and C. Roth, Universal algorithm for simulating and evaluating cyclic voltammetry atmacroporous electrodes by considering random arrays of microelectrodes, ChemPhysChem 21 (2019) 428 –441. [4] M. Gebhard, T. Tichter, J. Schneider, J. Mayer, A. Hilger, M. Osenberg, M. Rahn, I. Manke, C. Roth J. Power Sources 478 (2020) 228695. Figure 1

Abstract Except breast cancer and gastric cancer, HER2 gene amplification or overexpression is also expressed in other solid tumors, including but not limited to colorectal cancer (CRC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gallbladder cancer, renal pelvis cancer and pancreatic cancer. The reports of immunotherapy combined with HER2-targeted therapy are limited. KN046 is a novel bispecific antibody that blocks both PD-L1 interaction with PD-1 and CTLA4 interaction with CD80/CD86. KN026 is a novel bispecific antibody that simultaneously binds to two distinct HER2 epitopes. Here the preliminary safety and efficacy results of KN046 in combination KN026 were reported in patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic other solid tumors who received ≥ 1 line prior systemic therapy. Methods: HER2-positive locally advanced unresectable or metastatic other solid tumors with progression after ≥ 1 line of prior systemic therapy were recruited, including 14 CRC patients, 4 NSCLC patients, 4 gallbladder cancer patients, 1 renal pelvis cancer patient and 1 pancreatic cancer patient. These patients were by KN046 (iv. 5 mg/kg Q3W) plus KN026 (iv. 30 mg/kg Q3W, loading on C1D1, D8) until progression, unacceptable toxicity, or patient withdrawal. Efficacy was assessed according to RECIST 1.1 Q6W. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Results: As of the August 10th, 2021, 24 non-breast or non-gastric cancer patients with the median age of 56 years (range: 37-66) were enrolled. 20 and 24 patients were evaluable for overall response and safety, respectively. The ORR was 55.0% (11 of 20, 95% CI: 31.5-76.9). And the disease control rate (DCR) was 85.0% (17 of 20, 95% CI 62.1-96.8). The 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 84.1%. 11 CRC patients were evaluable for overall response. The ORR and DCR in CRC was 45.5% (5 of 11, 95% CI: 16.7-76.6) and 90.9% (10 of 11, 95% CI 58.7-99.8), respectively. Twenty of total 24(87.9%) patients suffered from treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of any grade. Total 4 of 24 (16.7%) patients had experienced ≥grade 3 TRAEs, including 4 cases related to KN046 and 3 cases related to KN026. The most common (≥10%) TRAEs were infusion related reaction (29.2%), diarrhea (19.4%), alanine aminotransferase increased (16.7%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (16.7%), vomiting(12.5%) and decreased appetite (12.5%). No treatment-related deaths were observed. Conclusion: This chemotherapy-free regimen of KN046 in combination with KN026 has shown promising clinical efficacy and manageable toxicity in HER2-positive non-breast and non-gastric solid tumors with ≥ 1 line prior systemic therapy. The trial is currently ongoing. ClinicalTrials.gov Number, NCT04521179 Citation Format: Jifang Gong, Lei Chen, Meili Sun, Yanming Zhang, Jieer Ying, Xiangcai Wang, Mingli Ni, Zhixiang Zhuang, Baohong Guo, Long Xiao, Summer Xia, Lin Shen. Preliminary safety and efficacy results of KN046 in combination with KN026 in patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive solid cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT542.

Abstract Background: OVERSTEP is a multicenter, randomized clinical trial of capecitabine (CAP) versus endocrine therapy (HT) as maintenance therapy after 1st-line CAP-based combination chemotherapy in HR+/HER2- ABC/MBC. At 2020 SABCS conference, we have reported the primary endpoint (progression-free survival, PFS) of the OVERSTEP (NCT02597868) trial. With a median follow-up of 24.3 months,Median PFS (mPFS) of HT cohort was significantly longer than that of CAP group (17.5 months vs. 12.2 months, HR=0.625, 95%CI: 0.429-0.909, P=0.013). In this annual meeting, we will report the update of mPFS and the secondary endpoint (overall survival, OS). Methods: HR+ and HER2- metastatic breast cancer were enrolled in this study. All patients were histologically confirmed and received at least 4 cycles of CAP-based combination regimen as 1st-line salvage chemotherapy. The patients who achieved CR, PR or durable SD by RECIST criteria entered into the maintenance therapy setting (MT), and randomly (1:1 ratio) assigned to either CAP single or HT group. Randomization was done centrally with stratification by endocrine sensitive or resistance and visceral or non-visceral metastasis. The primary endpoint was mPFS, and the secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS), safety, et al. The superiority test was performed in all patients who received at least one dose maintenance therapy. The last follow-up ended in June 30, 2021. The medium follow-up duration was 41.4 months and the OS event was mature. Results: A total of 181 eligible patients were enrolled in this study from Jun 5, 2013 to Jan 14, 2019. After combined chemotherapy, 75.14% (n=136) cases entered into the maintenance therapy setting, and 24.86% case were disease progressed (PD) during combined chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 41.4 months (IQR 21.57-79.23), the update mPFS in HT group remained superior to CAP cohort (17.7 months vs. 12.2 months, P=0.011). In addition, the median maintenance duration of HT group was significantly longer than that of CAP group (13.8 months vs. 7.4 months, P= 0.008). For endocrine sensitive patients, mPFS was greatly prolonged in HT group compared to CAP cohort (29.3 months vs. 14.8 months, HR=0.515, 95%CI: 0.269-0.988, P=0.042). Besides, in non-visceral metastasis patients, median PFS of HT group was 25.3 months which was longer than CAP subgroup 17.0 months (HR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.300-0.972, P=0.037). However, in endocrine resistance patients, there was no significant difference between HT and CAP group (13.6 months vs. 12.0 months, HR=0.791, 95%CI: 0.499-1.253, P=0.314). There was no difference observed between HT and CAP group in visceral involved cases (14.3 months vs. 11.0 months, HR= 0.668, 95%CI: 0.410-1.089, P=0.101). The median OS was 51.7 months (95%CI: 36.614-66.786) in HT cohort and 39.8 months (95%CI:14.083-65.517) in CAP group, respectively (HR=0.882, 95%CI: 0.550-1.414, P=0.600). Conclusions: For HR+ and HER2- MBC, after 1st-line salvage combined chemotherapy, HT maintenance therapy demonstrated sustained better survival benefits than CAP, especially for hormone sensitive or non-visceral involved patients. The primary endpoint of this study was successfully reached and the median OS was prolonged by 11.9-months. Citation Format: Xiao-Jia Wang, Jian Huang, Xi-ying Shao, Li Cai, Yong-mei Yin, Li-li Zhang, Peng Shen, Yan-xia Shi. Hormone therapy (HT) brings more survival benefits than capecitabine (CAP) as maintenance therapy following the 1st-line chemotherapy in HR+/HER2-ABC/MBC: Update primary endpoint of OVERSTEP(ZJCHBC001) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-17-04.

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to joint damage, systemic inflammation and early mortality. Though the precise molecular mechanism in the triggering immune response are not fully understood, the emergence of antibodies against self-antigens can serve as diagnostic biomarker. Multiple antigens have been confirmed. However, the profiling of serum antigen, antigenome, remains poorly known.ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the serum antigenomic profiling and determine potential diagnostic biomarkers using label-free proteomic technology implemented with machine-learning algorithm.MethodsWe captured serum antigens from a cohort consisting of 60 RA patients (45 ACPA-positive RA patients and 15 ACPA-negative RA patients), sex- and age-matched 30 osteoarthritis patients and 30 healthy controls. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed. We then trained a machine learning model to classify RA, ACPA-positive RA and ACPA-negative RA based on proteomic data and validated in the cohort.ResultsWe identified 62, 71 and 49 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in RA, ACPA-positive RA and ACPA-negative RA respectively, compared to OA and healthy controls. Among these DEPs, the pathway enrichment analysis and protein-protein interactions networks were conducted. Three panels were constructed to classify RA, ACPA-positive RA and ACPA-negative RA using random forest models algorithm based on the molecular signature of DEPs, whose area under curve (AUC) were calculated as 0.9949 (95% CI = 0.9792-1), 0.9913 (95%CI = 0.9653-1) and 1.0 (95% CI = 1-1).ConclusionThis study presented serum antigen profiling of RA. Among them, three panels of antigens were identified to classify RA, ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative RA patients as diagnostic biomarkers.References[1]Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (London, England). (2016) 388: 2023-38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30173-8[2]De Rycke L, Peene I, Hoffman IE, Kruithof E, Union A, Meheus L, et al. Rheumatoid factor and anticitrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: diagnostic value, associations with radiological progression rate, and extra-articular manifestations. Ann Rheum Dis. (2004) 63: 1587-93. doi: 10.1136/ard.2003.017574[3]Kampstra ASB, Dekkers JS, Volkov M, Dorjée AL, Hafkenscheid L, Kempers AC, et al. Different classes of anti-modified protein antibodies are induced on exposure to antigens expressing only one type of modification. Ann Rheum Dis. (2019) 78: 908-16. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214950[4]Liao W, Li Z, Li T, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wang X. Proteomic analysis of synovial fluid in osteoarthritis using swath‑mass spectrometry. Mol Med Rep. (2018) 17: 2827-36. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8250[5]Peffers MJ, Smagul A, Anderson JR. Proteomic analysis of synovial fluid: current and potential uses to improve clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Proteomic. (2019) 16: 287-302. doi:10.1080/14789450.2019.1578214[6]Swan AL, Mobasheri A, Allaway D, Liddell S, Bacardit J. Application of machine learning to proteomics data: classification and biomarker identification in postgenomics biology. Omics: a journal of integrative biology. (2013) 17: 595-610. doi: 10.1089/omi.2013.0017[7]Mahler M, Martinez-Prat L, Sparks JA, Deane KD. Precision medicine in the care of rheumatoid arthritis: focus on prediction and prevention of future clinically-apparent disease. Autoimmun Rev. (2020) 19: 102506. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102506[8]Mun S, Lee J, Park A, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Son H, et al. Proteomics approach for the discovery of rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers using mass spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci. (2019) 20. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184368[9]Li K, Mo W, Wu L, Wu X, Luo C, Xiao X, et al. Novel autoantibodies identified in acpa-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. (2021). doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218460Figure 1.Study overview and antigenome characterizationDisclosure of InterestsNone declared

Metal hydride systems for hydrogen storage are now commercially manufactured and the demand for them is constantly growing. Metal hydrides have the following features: a unique combination of properties of metal-hydrogen systems; extremely high volumetric densities of hydrogen atoms in the metal matrix; a wide range of operating pressures and temperatures; the selectivity of the hydrogen absorption process; significant changes in the physical properties of the metal when it is saturated with hydrogen; their catalytic activity, etc. The purpose of our research was to study the effect of the temperature of cathodic polarisation on the diffusion-kinetic, thermodynamic, and physical properties of Al-Sm-H alloys.In our study we used electrodes of Al-Sm-H alloys obtained electrochemically using cathodic intercalation from a 0.5 M dimethylformamide solution of samarium salicylate at Еcp = –2.9 V (relative to the non-aqueous silver chloride electrode) and the temperature of 25 °С for 1 hour. We used the electromotive force method to determine the thermodynamic properties: Gibbs free energy (ΔG), entropy (ΔS), and enthalpy (ΔH). The potentiostatic method was used to calculate the diffusionkinetic properties: intercalation constants, adsorption, switching current density, and the diffusion coefficient. The microstructural analysis allowed us to determine the effect of the temperature on the changes in the surface morphology.The study showed that an increase in the temperature results in an increase in ΔG, ΔS, and ΔH, which means that at higher temperatures the degree of the system disorder increases. Nevertheless, the calculated characteristics comply with the existing literature. References 1. Fateev V. N., Alexeeva O. K., Korobtsev S. V.,Seregina E. A., Fateeva T. V., Grigorev A. S., Aliyev A. Sh.Problems of accumulation and storage of hydrogen.Chemical Problems. 2018;16(4): 453–483. DOI:https://doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2018-4-453-483 (InRuss., abstract in Eng.)2. 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В данной работе продемонстрирована возможность применения ИК-микроспектроскопии для многомерной визуализации и анализа интеграции с нативными твердыми тканями зуба человека нового поколения биомиметических материалов, воспроизводящих минералорганический комплекс эмали и дентина.На основе ИК-картирования интенсивности конкретной функциональной молекулярной группы с использованием синхротронного излучения найдены и визуализированы характеристические особенности биомиметического переходного слоя в межфазной области эмаль/стоматологический материал и определено расположение функциональных групп, отвечающих процессам интеграции биомиметического композита REFERENCES Rohr N., Fischer J. Tooth surface treatment strategies for adhesive cementation // The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics, 2017, v. 9(2), pp. 85–92. https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2017.9.2.85 Pereira C. N. de B., Daleprane B., Miranda G. L. P. de, Magalhães C. S. de, Moreira A. N. 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School readiness is critical to academic achievement in first grade. However, often parents only focus on cognitive readiness without paying much attention to children's emotional factors and parental factors that affect school readiness. This study aims to identify the relationship between parenting skills, emotional quotient (EQ), intelligence (IQ), and children's school readiness. This study uses a correlation design that focuses on parental and internal factors. The research subjects were parents and students from 21 kindergartens in Magelang (n=165) who were selected through simple random sampling. Data collection was carried out through online questionnaires for parents, Raven Intelligence Scale, EQ Scale, and school readiness tests for children. The data obtained were analyzed through regression analysis techniques. The results of the study show that emotional intelligence has the strongest correlation with school readiness. Intelligence also correlates with children's school readiness. However, there is no significant correlation between parental skills and children's school readiness. Based on gender, there is no significant difference in school readiness between boys and girls. The findings of this study imply that school readiness needs to be improved by developing children's emotional intelligence as important as cognitive intelligence. Keywords: parenting skills, children’s EQ and IQ, school readiness References: Arnold, C., Bartlett, K., Gowani, S., & Shallwani, S. (2008). Transition to school: Reflections on readiness. Journal of Developmental Processes, 3(2), 26–38. Blankson, A. N., Miner, J., Leerkes, E. M., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S. D., & Marcovitch, S. (2017). Cognitive and Emotional Processes as Predictors of a Successful Transition into School HHS Public Access. Early Educ Dev, 28(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2016.1183434 Cohen, J. (2006). 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Целью данной работы является синтез и исследование свойств синтетического айкинита, PbCuBiS3.Синтез проводили в откачанных кварцевых ампулах в течение 7–8 ч, максимальная температура составляла 1250–1325 К. Далее образцы охлаждали и выдерживали при 600 К в течение недели. Потом ампулы вскрывали, образцы тщательно перетирали и после плавки отжигали при 600–800 К в зависимости от состава не менее двух недель для приведения образцов в равновесное состояние. Отожженные образцы исследовали методами дифференциально-термического (ДТА), рентгенофазового (РФА), микроструктурного (МСА) анализов, а также измерением микротвердости и определением плотности. РФА проводили на рентгеновском приборе модели Д 2 PHASER с использованием CuKa- излучении Ni-фильтр.Комплексом методов физико-химического анализа изучены разрезы CuBiS2–PbS, Cu2S–PbCuBiS3, Bi2S3–PbCuBiS3, PbBi2S4–PbCuBiS3, PbBi4S7–PbCuBiS3 квазитройной системы Cu2S–Bi2S3–PbS и построены их фазовые диаграммы.Установлено, что кроме сечения PbBi2S4–PbCuBiS3 все разрезы квазибинарные и характеризуются наличием ограниченных областей растворимости на основе исходных компонентов.При изучении разреза CuBiS2–PbS установлено образование четверного соединения состава PbCuBiS3, встречающееся в природе в виде минерала айкинита, плавящегося конгруэнтно при 980 К. Установлено, что соединение PbCuBiS3 кристаллизуется в ромбической сингонии с параметрами решетки: а = 1.1632, b = 1.166, с = 0.401 нм, прост. группа Pnma, Z = 4. Методами ДТА и РФА установлено, что соединение PbCuBiS3 является фазой переменного состава с областью гомогенности от 45 до 52 мол. % PbS. 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In post-socialist China, gender norms are marked by rising divorce rates (Kleinman et al.), shifting attitudes towards sex (Farrer; Yan), and a growing commercialisation of sex (Zheng). These phenomena have been understood as indicative of market reforms unhinging past gender norms. In the socialist period, the radical politics of the time moulded women as gender neutral even as state policies emphasised their feminine roles in maintaining marital harmony and stability (Evans). These ideas around domesticity bear strong resemblance to pre-socialist understandings of womanhood and family that anchored Chinese society before the Communists took power in 1949. In this pre-socialist understanding, women were categorised into a hierarchy that defined their rights as wives, mothers, concubines, and servants (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). Women who transgressed these categories were regarded as potentially dangerous and powerful enough to break up families and shake the foundations of Chinese society (Ahern). This paper explores the extent to which understandings of Chinese femininity have been reconfigured in the context of China’s post-1979 development, particularly after the 2000s.The popular television dramas Chinese Style Divorce (2004, Divorce), Dwelling Narrowness (2009, Dwelling), and Divorce Lawyers (2014, Lawyers) are set against this socio-cultural backdrop. The production of these shows is regulated by the China State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), who has the power to grant or deny production and distribution permits. Post-production, the dramas are sold to state-owned television stations for distribution (Yu 36). Haiqing Yu summarises succinctly the state of Chinese media: “Chinese state manipulation and interference in the media market has seen the party-state media marketized but not weakened, media control decentralized but not reduced, and the media industry commercialized but not privatized” (42). Shot in one of the biggest cities in Shandong, Qingdao, Divorce focuses on Doctor Song Jianping and his schoolteacher wife Lin Xiaofeng and the conflicts between Song and Lin, who quits her job to become a stay-at-home mom after her husband secures a high-paying job in a foreign-invested hospital. Lin becomes paranoid and volatile, convinced that their divorced neighbour Xiao Li is having an affair with Song. Refusing to explain the situation, Song is willing to give her a divorce but fights over guardianship of their son. In the end, it is unconfirmed whether they reconcile or divorce. Divorce was recognised as TV Drama of the Year in 2004 and the two leads also won awards for their acting. Reruns of the show continue to air. According to Hui Faye Xiao, “It is reported that many college students viewed this TV show as a textbook on married life in urban settings” (118). Dwelling examines the issue of skyrocketing housing prices and the fates of the Guo sisters, Haizao and Haiping, who moved from rural China to the competitive economically advanced metropolis. Haiping is obsessed with buying an apartment while her younger sister becomes the mistress of a corrupt official, Song Siming. Both sisters receive favours from Song, which leads to Haiping’s success in purchasing a home. However, Haizao is less fortunate. She has a miscarriage and her uterus removed while Song dies in a car accident. Online responses from the audience praise Dwelling for its penetrating and realistic insights into the complex web of familial relationships navigated by Chinese people living in a China under transformation (Xiao, “Woju”). Dwelling was taken off the air when a SARFT official criticised the drama for violating state-endorsed “cultural standards” in its explicit discussions of sex and negative portrayals of government officials (Hung, “State” 156). However, the show continued to be streamed online and it has been viewed and downloaded more than 100 million times (Yu 34). In Lawyers, Luo Li and Chi Haidong are two competing divorce lawyers in Beijing who finally tie the knot. Chi was a happily married man before catching his wife with her lover. Newly divorced, he moves into the same apartment building as Luo and the drama focuses on a series of cases they handle, most of which involve extramarital affairs. Lawyers has been viewed more than 1.6 billion times online (v.qq.com) and received the China Huading award for “favourite television drama” in 2015. Although these dramas contain some conventional elements of domestic melodramas, such as extramarital affairs and domestic disputes, they differ from traditional Chinese television dramas because they do not focus on the common trope of fraught mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationships.Centred on the politics of family ethics, these hugely popular dramas present the transformation in gender norms as a struggle between post-socialist and pre-socialist understandings of femininity. On the one hand, these dramas celebrate the emergence of a post-socialist femininity that is independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated, epitomising this new understanding of womanhood in the figures of single women and mistresses. On the other hand, the dramas portray these post-socialist women in perpetual conflict with wives and mothers who propound a pre-socialist form of femininity that is sexually conservative and defined by familial relationships, and is economically less viable in the market economy. Focusing on depictions of femininity in these dramas, this paper offers a comparative analysis into the extent to which gender norms have been reconfigured in post-socialist China. It approaches these television dramas as a pedagogical device (Brady) and pays particular attention to the ways through which different categories of women interrogated their rights as single women, mistresses, wives, and mothers. In doing so, it illuminates the politics through which a liberal post-socialist femininity unleashed by market transformation is controlled in order to protect the integrity of the family and maintain social order. Post-Socialist Femininity Unleashed: Single Women and Mistresses A woman’s identity is inextricably linked to her marital status in Chinese society. In pre-socialist China, women relied on men as providers and were expected to focus on contributing to her husband’s family (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). This pre-socialist positioning of women within the private realm of the family, though reinterpreted, continued to resonate in the socialist period when women were expected to fulfil marital obligations as wives and participate in the public domain as revolutionaries (Evans). While the pressure to marry has not disappeared in post-socialist China, as the derogatory term “leftover women” (single women over the age of 27) indicates, there are now more choices for single women living in metropolitan cities who are highly educated and financially independent. They can choose to remain single, get married, or become mistresses. Single women can be regarded as a threat to wives because the only thing holding them back from becoming mistresses is their morals. The 28-year-old “leftover woman” Luo Li (Lawyers) is presented as morally superior to single women who choose to become mistresses (Luo Meiyuan and Shi Jiang) and therefore deserving of a happy ending because she breaks up with her boss as soon as she discovers he is married. Luo Li quits to set up a law firm with her friend Tang Meiyu. Both women are beautiful, articulate, intelligent, and sexually liberated, symbolising unleashed post-socialist femininity. Part of the comic relief in Lawyers is the subplot of Luo’s mother trying to introduce her to “eligible” bachelors such as the “PhD man” (Episodes 20–21). Luo is unwilling to lower her standards to escape the stigma of being a “leftover woman” and she is rewarded for adhering to her ideals in the end when she convinces the marriage-phobic Chi Haidong to marry her after she rejects a marriage proposal from her newly divorced ex-lover. While Luo Li refuses to remain a mistress, many women do not subscribe to her worldview. Mistresses have existed throughout Chinese history in the form of concubines and courtesans. A wealthy and powerful man was expected to have concubines, who were usually from lower socio-economic backgrounds (Ebrey and Watson; Liu). Mistresses, now referred to as xiaosan, have become a heated topic in post-socialist China where they are regarded as having the power to destroy families by transgressing moral boundaries. Some argue that the phenomenon is a result of the market-driven economy where women who desire a financially stable life use their sexuality to seek rich married men who lust for younger mistresses as symbols of power. Ruth Y.Y. Hung characterises the xiaosan phenomenon as a “horrendous sex trade [that is] a marker of neoliberal market economies in the new PRC” (“Imagination” 100). A comparison of the three dramas reveals a transformation in the depiction of mistresses over the last decade. While Xiao Li (Divorce) is never “confirmed” as Song Jianping’s mistress, she flirts with him and crosses the boundaries of a professional relationship, posing a threat to the stability of Song’s family life. Although Haizao (Dwelling) is university-educated and has a stable, if low-paying job, she chooses to break up with her earnest caring fiancé to be the mistress of the middle-aged Song Siming who offers her material benefits in the form of “loans” she knows she will never be able to repay, a fancy apartment to live in, and other “gifts” such as dining at expensive restaurants and shopping at big malls. While the fresh-faced Haizao exhibits a physical transformation after becoming Song’s mistress, demonstrated through her newly permed hair coupled with an expensive red coat, mistresses in Lawyers do not change in this way. Dong Dahai’s mistress, the voluptuous Luo Meiyuan is already a successful career woman who flaunts her perfect makeup, long wavy hair, and body-hugging dresses (Episodes 12–26). She exudes sexual confidence but her relationship is not predicated on receiving financial favours in return for sexual ones. She tells Dong’s wife that the only “third person” in a relationship is the “unloved” one (Episode 15). Another mistress who challenges old ideas of the power dynamic of the rich man and financially reliant young woman is the divorced Shi Jiang, Tang Meiyu’s former classmate, who becomes the mistress of Tang’s husband (Cao Qiankun) without any moral qualms, even though she knows that her friend is pregnant with his child. A powerful businesswoman, Shi is the owner of a high-end bar that Cao frequents after losing his job. Unable to tell his wife the truth, he spends most days wandering around and is unable to resist Shi’s advances because she claims to have loved him since their university days and that she understands him. In this relationship, Shi has taken on the role traditionally assigned to men: she is the affluent powerful one who is able to manipulate the downtrodden unemployed man by “lending” him money in his time of need, offering him a job at her bar (Episode 17), and eventually finding him a new job through her connections (Episodes 23–24). When Cao leaves home after Tang finds out about the affair, Shi provides him with a place to stay (Episode 34). Because the viewers are positioned to root for Tang due to her role as the female lead’s best friend, Shi is immediately set up as one of the villains, although she is portrayed in a more sympathetic light after she reveals to Cao that she was forced to give up her son to her ex-husband in America (who cheated on her) in order to finalise her divorce (Episode 29).The portrayal of different mistresses in Lawyers signals a transformation in the representation of gender compared to Divorce and Dwelling, because the women are less naïve than Haizao, financially well-off because of their business acumen, and much more outspoken and determined to fight for what they want. On the surface these women are depicted as more liberated and free from gender hierarchies and sexual oppression. Hung describes xiaosan as “an active if constrained agent . . . whose new mode of life has become revealingly defensible and publicly acceptable in socioeconomic terms that reflect the moral changes that follow economic reforms” (“State” 166). However, the closure of these storylines suggest that although more complex reasons for becoming a mistress have been explored in the new drama, mistresses are still regarded as a threat to social stability and therefore punished, challenging Hung’s argument about the “acceptability” of mistresses in post-socialist China. Post-Socialist Femininity Restrained: Wives and MothersCountering these liberal forms of post-socialist femininity are portrayals of righteous wives and exemplary mothers. These depictions articulate a moral positioning grounded in pre-socialist and socialist understandings of a woman’s place in Chinese society. These portrayals of moral women check the transgressive powers of single women and mistresses with the potential to break families up. More importantly, they remind the audience of desired gender norms that retain the integrity of the family and anchor a society undergoing rapid transformation.The three dramas portray wives who are stridently righteous in their confrontations with women they perceive as a threat to their families. These women find moral justification for the violence they inflict on transgressors from cultural understandings of their rights as wives. Lin Xiaofeng (Divorce) repeatedly challenges Xiao Li to explain the “logic” underlying her actions when she discovers that Xiao accompanied Song Jianping to a wedding (Episode 14). The “logic” Lin refers to is a cultural understanding that it is her right as wife to accompany Song to public events and not Xiao’s. By transgressing this moral boundary, Xiao accords Lin the moral authority to cast doubt on her abilities as a doctor in a public confrontation. It also provides moral justification for Lin to slap Xiao when she suggests that Lin is an embarrassment to her husband, an argument that underscores Lin’s failure and challenges her moral authority as wife. Jiang Miaomiao (Dwelling) draws on similar cultural understandings when she appears at the apartment Haizao shares with Song Siming (Episode 33). Jiang positions herself in the traditional role of a wife as a household manager (Ebrey) whose responsibilities include paying Song’s mistresses. She puts Haizao into a subordinate position by arguing that since Haizao is less than a mistress and slightly better than a prostitute, she is not worth the money Song has given her. When Haizao refuses to return the money a tussle ensues, causing Haizao to have a miscarriage. Likewise, Miao Jinxiu (Lawyers) draws on similar cultural understandings of a wife’s position when she laments popular arguments that depict mistresses such as Luo Meiyuan as usurping the superior position of wives like herself who are less attractive and able to navigate the market economy. Miao describes these arguments as “inverting black into white” (Episode 19). She publicly humiliates Luo by throwing paint on her at a charity event (Episode 17) and covers Luo’s car with posters labelling Luo a “slut,” “prostitute,” and “shameless” (Episode 18). Miao succeeds in “winning” her husband back. The public violence Miao inflicts on Luo and her success in protecting her marriage are struggles to reinforce the boundaries defining the categories of wife and mistress as these limits become increasingly challenged in China. In contrast to the violent strategies that Lin, Jiang, and Miao adopt, Tang Meiyu resists Shi Jiang’s destructive powers by reminding her errant husband of the emotional warmth of their family. She asks him, “Do you still remember telling me what the nicest sound is at home?” For Cao, the best sounds are Tang’s laughter, their baby’s cries, the sound of the washing machine, and the flushing of their leaky toilet (Episode 43). The couple reconciles and even wins a lottery that cements their “happy ending.” By highlighting the warmth of their family, Tang reminds Cao of her rightful place as wife, restrains Shi from breaking up the couple, and protects the integrity of the family. It is by drawing on deeply entrenched cultural understandings of the rights of wives that these women find the moral authority to challenge, restrain, and control the transgressive powers of mistresses and single women. The dramas’ portrayals of mothers further reinforce the sense that there is a need to restrain liberal forms of post-socialist femininity embodied by errant daughters who transgress the moral boundaries of the family. Lin Xiaofeng’s mother (Divorce) assumes the role of the forgiving wife and mother. She not only forgives Lin’s father for having an affair but raises Lin, her husband’s love child, as her own (Episode 23). On her deathbed, she articulates the values underlying her acceptance of this transgression, namely that one needs to be “a little kinder, more tolerant, and a little muddleheaded” when dealing with matters of the family. Her forgiveness bears fruit in the form of the warm companionship and support she enjoys with Lin’s father. This sends a strong pedagogical message to the audience that it is possible for a marriage to remain intact if one is willing to forgive. In contrast, Haizao’s mother (Dwelling) adopts the role of the disciplinary mother. She attempts to beat Haizao with a coat hanger when she finds out that her daughter is pregnant with Song Siming’s child (Episode 31). She describes Haizao’s decision as “the wrong path” and is emphatic that abortion is the only way to right this wrong. She argues that abortion will allow her daughter to start life anew in a relationship she describes as “open and aboveboard,” which will culminate in marriage. When Haizao rejects her mother’s disciplining, her lover dies in a car accident and she has a miscarriage. She loses her ability to speak for two months after these double tragedies and pays the ultimate price, losing her reproductive abilities. Luo Li’s mother (Lawyers), Li Chunhua, extends this pedagogical approach by adopting the role of public counsellor as a talk show host. Li describes Luo’s profession as “wicked” because it focuses on separating the family (Episode 9). Instead, she promotes reconciliation as an alternative. She counsels couples to remain together by propounding traditional family values, such as the need for daughters-in-law to consider the filial obligations of sons when managing their relationship with their mothers-in-law (Episode 25). Her rising ratings and the effectiveness of her strategy in bringing estranged couples like Miao Jinxiu and Dong Dahai back together (Episode 26) challenges the transgressive powers of mistresses by preventing the separation of families. More importantly, as with Haizao’s and Lin’s mothers, the moral force of Li’s position and the alternatives to divorce that she suggests draw on pre-socialist and socialist understandings of family values that underscore the sanctity of marriage to the audience. By reminding errant daughters of deeply embedded cultural standards of what it means to be a woman in Chinese society, these mothers are moral exemplars who restrain the potentiality of daughters becoming mistresses. ConclusionMarket reforms have led to a transformation in understandings of womanhood in post-socialist China. Depictions of mistresses and single women as independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated underscores the emergence of liberal forms of post-socialist femininity. Although adept at navigating the new market economy, these types of post-socialist women threaten the integrity of the family and need to be controlled. Moral arguments articulated by wives and mothers restrain the potentially destructive powers of post-socialist womanhood by drawing on deeply embedded understandings of the rights of women shaped in pre-socialist China. It is by disciplining liberal forms of post-socialist femininity such that they fit back into deeply embedded gender hierarchies that social order is restored. 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